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Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details open=""><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators">Combinators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model">The box model</a></li><li><em><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" aria-current="page">Backgrounds and borders</a></em></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links">Styling links</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow">Normal Flow</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids">Grids</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats">Floats</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning">Positioning</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays">Arrays</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code">Looping code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values">Function return values</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form">Your first form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls">Other form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms">Styling web forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance">The "why" of web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Common questions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol></div></div><section class="place side"></section></nav></aside><div class="toc-container"><aside class="toc"><nav><div class="document-toc-container"><section class="document-toc"><header><h2 class="document-toc-heading">In this article</h2></header><ul class="document-toc-list"><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#styling_backgrounds_in_css">Styling backgrounds in CSS</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#borders">Borders</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#summary">Summary</a></li></ul></section></div></nav></aside><section class="place side"></section></div></div><main id="content" class="main-content "><article class="main-page-content" lang="en-US"><header><h1>Backgrounds and borders</h1></header><div class="section-content"><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: CSS building blocks</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li> </ul> <p>In this lesson, we will take a look at some of the creative things you can do with CSS backgrounds and borders. From adding gradients, background images, and rounded corners, backgrounds and borders are the answer to a lot of styling questions in CSS.</p> <figure class="table-container"><table> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">Prerequisites:</th> <td> <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Installing_basic_software">Basic software installed</a>, basic knowledge of <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Dealing_with_files">working with files</a>, HTML basics (study <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML">Introduction to HTML</a>), and an idea of how CSS works (study <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps">CSS first steps</a>.) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Objective:</th> <td>To learn how to style the background and border of boxes.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div><section aria-labelledby="styling_backgrounds_in_css"><h2 id="styling_backgrounds_in_css"><a href="#styling_backgrounds_in_css">Styling backgrounds in CSS</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>The CSS <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background"><code>background</code></a> property is a shorthand for a number of background longhand properties that we will meet in this lesson. If you discover a complex background property in a stylesheet, it might seem a little hard to understand as so many values can be passed in at once:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { background: linear-gradient( 105deg, rgb(255 255 255 / 20%) 39%, rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96% ) center center / 400px 200px no-repeat, url(image.png) center no-repeat, rebeccapurple; } </code></pre></div> <p>We'll return to how the shorthand works later in the tutorial, but first let's have a look at the different things you can do with backgrounds in CSS, by looking at the individual background properties.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="background_colors"><h3 id="background_colors"><a href="#background_colors">Background colors</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-color"><code>background-color</code></a> property defines the background color on any element in CSS. The property accepts any valid <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value"><code><color></code></a>. A <code>background-color</code> extends underneath the content and padding box of the element.</p> <p> In the example below, we have used various color values to add a background color to the box, a heading, and a <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/span"><code><span></code></a> element. Try this out yourself, using any available <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value"><code><color></code></a> value. </p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___color notranslate"><code><div class="box"> <h2>Background Colors</h2> <p>Try changing the background <span>colors</span>.</p> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___color notranslate"><code>.box { padding: 0.3em; background-color: #567895; } h2 { background-color: black; color: white; } span { background-color: rgb(255 255 255 / 50%); } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="color sample" id="frame_color" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="color" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="background_images"><h3 id="background_images"><a href="#background_images">Background images</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-image"><code>background-image</code></a> property enables the display of an image in the background of an element. In the example below, we have two boxes — one has a background image that is larger than the box (<a href="https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/balloons.jpg" class="external" target="_blank">balloons.jpg</a>). The other has a small image of a single star (<a href="https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png" class="external" target="_blank">star.png</a>).</p> <p>This example demonstrates two things about background images. By default, the large image is not scaled down to fit the box, so we only see a small corner of it, whereas the small image is tiled to fill the box.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___background-image notranslate"><code><div class="wrapper"> <div class="box a"></div> <div class="box b"></div> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___background-image notranslate"><code>.wrapper { display: flex; } .box { width: 200px; height: 80px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 20px; } .a { background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/balloons.jpg); } .b { background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png); } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="background-image sample" id="frame_background-image" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="background-image" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <p> If you specify a background color in addition to a background image then the image displays on top of the color. Try adding a <code>background-color</code> property to the example above to see that in action. </p> <h4 id="controlling_background-repeat">Controlling background-repeat</h4> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-repeat"><code>background-repeat</code></a> property is used to control the tiling behavior of images. The available values are:</p> <ul> <li><code>no-repeat</code> — stop the background from repeating altogether.</li> <li><code>repeat-x</code> — repeat horizontally.</li> <li><code>repeat-y</code> — repeat vertically.</li> <li><code>repeat</code> — the default; repeat in both directions.</li> <li><code>space</code> — repeat as many times as possible, adding space between the images if there is extra space available.</li> <li><code>round</code> — similar to <code>space</code>, but stretches the images to fill any extra space</li> </ul> <p>Try these values out in the example below. We have set the value to <code>no-repeat</code> so you will only see one star. Try out the different values — <code>repeat-x</code> and <code>repeat-y</code> — to see what their effects are.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___repeat notranslate"><code><div class="box"></div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: css hidden live-sample___repeat notranslate"><code>.box { width: 200px; height: 80px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 20px; } </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___repeat notranslate"><code>.box { background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="repeat sample" id="frame_repeat" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="repeat" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <h4 id="sizing_the_background_image">Sizing the background image</h4> <p>The <em>balloons.jpg</em> image used in the initial background image example is a large image that was cropped due to being larger than the element it is a background of. In this case, we could use the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-size"><code>background-size</code></a> property, which can take <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length"><code><length></code></a> or <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/percentage"><code><percentage></code></a> values, to size the image to fit inside the background.</p> <p>You can also use keywords:</p> <ul> <li><code>cover</code> — the browser will make the image just large enough so that it completely covers the box area while still retaining its <a href="/en-US/docs/Glossary/Aspect_ratio">aspect ratio</a>. In this case, part of the image is likely to end up outside the box.</li> <li><code>contain</code> — the browser will make the image the right size to fit inside the box. In this case, you may end up with gaps on either side or on the top and bottom of the image, if the aspect ratio of the image is different from that of the box.</li> </ul> <p>In the example below, the <em>balloons.jpg</em> image has length units set to size it inside the box. You can see this has distorted the image.</p> <p>Try the following.</p> <ul> <li>Change the length units used to modify the size of the background.</li> <li>Remove the length units and see what happens when you use <code>background-size: cover</code> or <code>background-size: contain</code>.</li> <li>If your image is smaller than the box, you can change the value of <code>background-repeat</code> to repeat the image.</li> </ul> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___size notranslate"><code><div class="box"></div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: css hidden live-sample___size notranslate"><code>.box { width: 500px; height: 100px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 10px; } </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___size notranslate"><code>.box { background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/balloons.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 80px 10em; } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="size sample" id="frame_size" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="size" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <h4 id="positioning_the_background_image">Positioning the background image</h4> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position"><code>background-position</code></a> property allows you to choose the position in which the background image appears on the box it is applied to. This uses a coordinate system in which the top-left-hand corner of the box is <code>(0,0)</code>, and the box is positioned along the horizontal (<code>x</code>) and vertical (<code>y</code>) axes.</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The default <code>background-position</code> value is <code>(0,0)</code>.</p> </div> <p>The most common <code>background-position</code> values take two individual values — a horizontal value followed by a vertical value.</p> <p>You can use keywords such as <code>top</code> and <code>right</code> (look up the others on the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position"><code>background-position</code></a> page):</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { background-image: url(image.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: top center; } </code></pre></div> <p>And <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length"><code>lengths</code></a>, and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/percentage"><code>percentages</code></a>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { background-image: url(image.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 20px 10%; } </code></pre></div> <p>You can also mix keyword values with lengths or percentages, in which case the first value must refer to the horizontal position or offset and the second vertical. For example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { background-image: url(image.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 20px top; } </code></pre></div> <p>Finally, you can also use a 4-value syntax to indicate a distance from certain edges of the box — the length unit, in this case, is an offset from the value that precedes it. So in the CSS below we are positioning the background 20px from the top and 10px from the right:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { background-image: url(image.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: top 20px right 10px; } </code></pre></div> <p>Use the example below to play around with these values and move the star around inside the box:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___position notranslate"><code><div class="box"></div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><pre class="brush: css hidden live-sample___position notranslate"><code>.box { width: 500px; height: 80px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 20px; } </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___position notranslate"><code>.box { background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 120px 1em; } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="position sample" id="frame_position" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="position" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The shorthand <code>background-position</code> is used instead of <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position-x"><code>background-position-x</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position-y"><code>background-position-y</code></a>, which allow you to set the different axis position values individually.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="gradient_backgrounds"><h3 id="gradient_backgrounds"><a href="#gradient_backgrounds">Gradient backgrounds</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>A gradient — when used for a background — acts just like an image and is also set by using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-image"><code>background-image</code></a> property.</p> <p>You can read more about the different types of gradients and things you can do with them on the MDN page for the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/gradient"><code><gradient></code></a> data type. A fun way to play with gradients is to use one of the many CSS gradient generators available on the web, such as <a href="https://cssgradient.io/" class="external" target="_blank">CSSGradient.io</a>. You can create a gradient and copy and paste the source code that generates it.</p> <p>Try some different gradients in the example below. In the two boxes respectively, we have a linear gradient that is stretched over the whole box, and a radial gradient with a set size, which therefore repeats.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___gradients notranslate"><code><div class="wrapper"> <div class="box a"></div> <div class="box b"></div> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___gradients notranslate"><code>.wrapper { display: flex; } .box { width: 400px; height: 80px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 20px; } .a { background-image: linear-gradient( 105deg, rgb(0 249 255 / 100%) 39%, rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96% ); } .b { background-image: radial-gradient( circle, rgb(0 249 255 / 100%) 39%, rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96% ); background-size: 100px 50px; } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="gradients sample" id="frame_gradients" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="gradients" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="multiple_background_images"><h3 id="multiple_background_images"><a href="#multiple_background_images">Multiple background images</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>It is also possible to have multiple background images — you specify multiple <code>background-image</code> values in a single property value, separating each one with a comma.</p> <p>When you do this you may end up with background images overlapping each other. The backgrounds will layer with the last listed background image at the bottom of the stack, and each previous image stacking on top of the one that follows it in the code.</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Gradients can be happily mixed with regular background images.</p> </div> <p>The other <code>background-*</code> properties can also have comma-separated values in the same way as <code>background-image</code>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>background-image: url(image1.png), url(image2.png), url(image3.png), url(image4.png); background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat-x, repeat; background-position: 10px 20px, top right; </code></pre></div> <p>Each value of the different properties will match up to the values in the same position in the other properties. Above, for example, <code>image1</code>'s <code>background-repeat</code> value will be <code>no-repeat</code>. However, what happens when different properties have different numbers of values? The answer is that the smaller numbers of values will cycle — in the above example there are four background images but only two <code>background-position</code> values. The first two position values will be applied to the first two images, then they will cycle back around again — <code>image3</code> will be given the first position value, and <code>image4</code> will be given the second position value.</p> <p>Let's play. The example below includes two background images. To demonstrate the stacking order, try switching which background image comes first in the list. Or play with the other properties to change the position, size, or repeat values.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___multiple-background-image notranslate"><code><div class="wrapper"> <div class="box"></div> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___multiple-background-image notranslate"><code>.wrapper { display: flex; } .box { width: 500px; height: 80px; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 20px; } .box { background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png), url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/big-star.png); } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="multiple-background-image sample" id="frame_multiple-background-image" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="multiple-background-image" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="background_attachment"><h3 id="background_attachment"><a href="#background_attachment">Background attachment</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>Another option we have available for backgrounds is specifying how they scroll when the content scrolls. This is controlled using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-attachment"><code>background-attachment</code></a> property, which can take the following values:</p> <ul> <li><code>scroll</code>: causes the element's background to scroll when the page is scrolled. If the element content is scrolled, the background does not move. In effect, the background is fixed to the same position on the page, so it scrolls as the page scrolls.</li> <li><code>fixed</code>: causes an element's background to be fixed to the viewport so that it doesn't scroll when the page or element content is scrolled. It will always remain in the same position on the screen.</li> <li><code>local</code>: fixes the background to the element it is set on, so when you scroll the element, the background scrolls with it.</li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-attachment"><code>background-attachment</code></a> property only has an effect when there is content to scroll, so we've made a demo to demonstrate the differences between the three values — have a look at <a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/styling-boxes/backgrounds/background-attachment.html" class="external" target="_blank">background-attachment.html</a> (also <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/tree/main/css/styling-boxes/backgrounds" class="external" target="_blank">see the source code</a> here).</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="using_the_background_shorthand_property"><h3 id="using_the_background_shorthand_property"><a href="#using_the_background_shorthand_property">Using the background shorthand property</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>As mentioned at the beginning of this lesson, you will often see backgrounds specified using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background"><code>background</code></a> property. This shorthand lets you set all of the different properties at once.</p> <p>If using multiple backgrounds, you need to specify all of the properties for the first background, then add your next background after a comma. In the example below we have a gradient with a size and position, then an image background with <code>no-repeat</code> and a position, then a color.</p> <p>There are a few rules that need to be followed when writing background image shorthand values, for example:</p> <ul> <li>A <code>background-color</code> may only be specified after the final comma.</li> <li>The value of <code>background-size</code> may only be included immediately after <code>background-position</code>, separated with the '/' character, like this: <code>center/80%</code>.</li> </ul> <p>Take a look at the MDN page for <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background"><code>background</code></a> to see all of the considerations.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___background notranslate"><code><div class="box"></div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___background notranslate"><code>.box { width: 500px; height: 300px; padding: 0.5em; background: linear-gradient( 105deg, rgb(255 255 255 / 20%) 39%, rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96% ) center center / 400px 200px no-repeat, url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/big-star.png) center no-repeat, rebeccapurple; } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="background sample" id="frame_background" height="320px" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="background" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="accessibility_considerations_with_backgrounds"><h3 id="accessibility_considerations_with_backgrounds"><a href="#accessibility_considerations_with_backgrounds">Accessibility considerations with backgrounds</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>When placing text on top of a background image or color, you should take care that you have enough <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Understanding_WCAG/Perceivable/Color_contrast">contrast</a> for the text to be legible for your visitors. If specifying an image, and if text will be placed on top of that image, you should also specify a <code>background-color</code> that will allow the text to be legible if the image does not load.</p> <p>Screen readers cannot parse background images; therefore, they should be purely decoration. Any important content should be part of the HTML page and not contained in a background.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="borders"><h2 id="borders"><a href="#borders">Borders</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>When learning about the Box Model, we discovered how borders affect the size of our box. In this lesson, we will look at how to use borders creatively. Typically when we add borders to an element with CSS we use a shorthand property that sets the color, width, and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/line-style">style</a> of the border in one line of CSS.</p> <p>We can set a border for all four sides of a box with <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border"><code>border</code></a>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { border: 1px solid black; } </code></pre></div> <p>Or we can target one edge of the box, for example:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { border-top: 1px solid black; } </code></pre></div> <p>The individual properties include the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-width"><code>border-width</code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-style"><code>border-style</code></a>, and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-color"><code>border-color</code></a> shorthand properties:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: black; } </code></pre></div> <p>There are longhand properties for width, style, and color for each of the four sides:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: black; } </code></pre></div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> These top, right, bottom, and left border properties also have mapped <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values#properties"><em>logical</em> border properties</a> that relate to the writing mode of the document (e.g. left-to-right or right-to-left text, or top-to-bottom). We'll be exploring these in the next lesson, which covers <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions">handling different text directions</a>.</p> </div> <p>There are a variety of styles that you can use for borders. In the example below, we have used two different border styles for the box and two different border styles for the heading. Play with the border style, width, and color to see how borders work.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___borders notranslate"><code><div class="box"> <h2>Borders</h2> <p>Try changing the borders.</p> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___borders notranslate"><code>* { padding: 0.2em; } .box { width: 500px; background-color: #567895; border: 5px solid #0b385f; border-bottom-style: dashed; color: #fff; } h2 { border-top: 2px dotted rebeccapurple; border-bottom: 1em double rgb(24 163 78); } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="borders sample" id="frame_borders" height="200px" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="borders" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="rounded_corners"><h3 id="rounded_corners"><a href="#rounded_corners">Rounded corners</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>Rounding corners on a box is achieved by using the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-radius"><code>border-radius</code></a> property and associated longhands that relate to each corner of the box. Two lengths or percentages may be used as a value, the first value defining the horizontal radius, and the second the vertical radius. In a lot of cases, you will only pass in one value, which will be used for both.</p> <p>For example, to make all four corners of a box have a 10px radius:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { border-radius: 10px; } </code></pre></div> <p>Or to make the top right corner have a horizontal radius of <code>1em</code>, and a vertical radius of 10%:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>.box { border-top-right-radius: 1em 10%; } </code></pre></div> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Like with the border properties above, these border-radius properties also have mapped <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values#properties"><em>logical</em> border-radius properties</a>.</p> </div> <p>We have set all four corners in the example below and then changed the values for the top right corner to make it different. You can play with the values to change the corners. Take a look at the property page for <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-radius"><code>border-radius</code></a> to see the available syntax options. The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_backgrounds_and_borders/Border-radius_generator">border-radius generator</a> can be used to output rounded corner values for you.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html live-sample___corners notranslate"><code><div class="box"> <h2>Borders</h2> <p>Try changing the borders.</p> </div> </code></pre></div> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css live-sample___corners notranslate"><code>.box { width: 500px; height: 110px; padding: 0.5em; border: 10px solid rebeccapurple; border-radius: 1em; border-top-right-radius: 10% 30%; } </code></pre></div><div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"></div><iframe class="sample-code-frame" title="corners sample" id="frame_corners" src="about:blank" data-live-path="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders" data-live-id="corners" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts" loading="lazy"></iframe></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="test_your_skills!"><h2 id="test_your_skills!"><a href="#test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Test_your_skills_backgrounds_and_borders">Test your skills: Backgrounds and borders</a>.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="summary"><h2 id="summary"><a href="#summary">Summary</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>We have covered quite a lot here, and you can see that there is quite a lot to adding a background or a border to a box. Do explore the different property pages if you want to find out more about any of the features discussed here. Almost every page on MDN has examples for you to play with to enhance your knowledge.</p> <p>In the next article, we'll find out how the writing mode of your document interacts with your CSS. 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Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals\">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks\">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting\">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure\">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML\">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter\">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content\">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding\">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML\">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content\">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies\">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web\">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images\">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page\">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables\">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics\">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced\">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data\">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS\">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS\">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured\">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works\">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page\">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details open=\"\"><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors\">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors\">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors\">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements\">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators\">Combinators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance\">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers\">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model\">The box model</a></li><li><em><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" aria-current=\"page\">Backgrounds and borders</a></em></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content\">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units\">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS\">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements\">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables\">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects\">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS\">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing\">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension\">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper\">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box\">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text\">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals\">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists\">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links\">Styling links</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts\">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage\">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout\">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction\">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow\">Normal Flow</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox\">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\">Grids</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats\">Floats</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning\">Positioning</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout\">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design\">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries\">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods\">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers\">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension\">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript\">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps\">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript\">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash\">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong\">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables\">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math\">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings\">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods\">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays\">Arrays</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator\">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks\">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals\">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code\">Looping code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions\">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function\">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values\">Function return values</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events\">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling\">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery\">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects\">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics\">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes\">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming\">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript\">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON\">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice\">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features\">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous\">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing\">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises\">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API\">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers\">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations\">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs\">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction\">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents\">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data\">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs\">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics\">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs\">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage\">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form\">Your first form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form\">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls\">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types\">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\">Other form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\">Styling web forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes\">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation\">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data\">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript\">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls\">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers\">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility\">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML\">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript\">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics\">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia\">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile\">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting\">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance\">The \"why\" of web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance\">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance\">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance\">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia\">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video\">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript\">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML\">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS\">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance\">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML\">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps\">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers\">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots\">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts\">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables\">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas\">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games\">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction\">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques\">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials\">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games\">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing\">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools\">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview\">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line\">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management\">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain\">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment\">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction\">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features\">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started\">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components\">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state\">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering\">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility\">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources\">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started\">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization\">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state\">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer\">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing\">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources\">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started\">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component\">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists\">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models\">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling\">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties\">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering\">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management\">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources\">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started\">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning\">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props\">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components\">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility\">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores\">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript\">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next\">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started\">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling\">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component\">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering\">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building\">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub\">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing\">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction\">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies\">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS\">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript\">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility\">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection\">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing\">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment\">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side\">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps\">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction\">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview\">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks\">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security\">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django\">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction\">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment\">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website\">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models\">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site\">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page\">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views\">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions\">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication\">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms\">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing\">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment\">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security\">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog\">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs\">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction\">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment\">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website\">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose\">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes\">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data\">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms\">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment\">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Common questions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto\">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto\">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto\">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics\">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup\">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility\">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol>","sidebarMacro":"LearnSidebar","body":[{"type":"prose","value":{"id":null,"title":null,"isH3":false,"content":"<ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: CSS building blocks</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>In this lesson, we will take a look at some of the creative things you can do with CSS backgrounds and borders. From adding gradients, background images, and rounded corners, backgrounds and borders are the answer to a lot of styling questions in CSS.</p>\n<figure class=\"table-container\"><table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Prerequisites:</th>\n <td>\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Installing_basic_software\">Basic software installed</a>, basic knowledge of\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Dealing_with_files\">working with files</a>, HTML basics (study\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML\">Introduction to HTML</a>), and an idea of how CSS works (study\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">CSS first steps</a>.)\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Objective:</th>\n <td>To learn how to style the background and border of boxes.</td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table></figure>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"styling_backgrounds_in_css","title":"Styling backgrounds in CSS","isH3":false,"content":"<p>The CSS <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background\"><code>background</code></a> property is a shorthand for a number of background longhand properties that we will meet in this lesson. If you discover a complex background property in a stylesheet, it might seem a little hard to understand as so many values can be passed in at once:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background:\n linear-gradient(\n 105deg,\n rgb(255 255 255 / 20%) 39%,\n rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96%\n )\n center center / 400px 200px no-repeat,\n url(image.png) center no-repeat,\n rebeccapurple;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>We'll return to how the shorthand works later in the tutorial, but first let's have a look at the different things you can do with backgrounds in CSS, by looking at the individual background properties.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"background_colors","title":"Background colors","isH3":true,"content":"<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-color\"><code>background-color</code></a> property defines the background color on any element in CSS. The property accepts any valid <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value\"><code><color></code></a>. A <code>background-color</code> extends underneath the content and padding box of the element.</p>\n<p>\n In the example below, we have used various color values to add a background color to the box, a heading, and a <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/span\"><code><span></code></a> element.\n Try this out yourself, using any available <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value\"><code><color></code></a> value.\n</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___color notranslate\"><code><div class=\"box\">\n <h2>Background Colors</h2>\n <p>Try changing the background <span>colors</span>.</p>\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___color notranslate\"><code>.box {\n padding: 0.3em;\n background-color: #567895;\n}\n\nh2 {\n background-color: black;\n color: white;\n}\nspan {\n background-color: rgb(255 255 255 / 50%);\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"color sample\" id=\"frame_color\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"color\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"background_images","title":"Background images","isH3":true,"content":"<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-image\"><code>background-image</code></a> property enables the display of an image in the background of an element. In the example below, we have two boxes — one has a background image that is larger than the box (<a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/balloons.jpg\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">balloons.jpg</a>). The other has a small image of a single star (<a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">star.png</a>).</p>\n<p>This example demonstrates two things about background images. By default, the large image is not scaled down to fit the box, so we only see a small corner of it, whereas the small image is tiled to fill the box.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___background-image notranslate\"><code><div class=\"wrapper\">\n <div class=\"box a\"></div>\n <div class=\"box b\"></div>\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___background-image notranslate\"><code>.wrapper {\n display: flex;\n}\n\n.box {\n width: 200px;\n height: 80px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n margin: 20px;\n}\n\n.a {\n background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/balloons.jpg);\n}\n\n.b {\n background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png);\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"background-image sample\" id=\"frame_background-image\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"background-image\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<p>\n If you specify a background color in addition to a background image then the image displays on top of the color.\n Try adding a <code>background-color</code> property to the example above to see that in action.\n</p>\n<h4 id=\"controlling_background-repeat\">Controlling background-repeat</h4>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-repeat\"><code>background-repeat</code></a> property is used to control the tiling behavior of images. The available values are:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><code>no-repeat</code> — stop the background from repeating altogether.</li>\n <li><code>repeat-x</code> — repeat horizontally.</li>\n <li><code>repeat-y</code> — repeat vertically.</li>\n <li><code>repeat</code> — the default; repeat in both directions.</li>\n <li><code>space</code> — repeat as many times as possible, adding space between the images if there is extra space available.</li>\n <li><code>round</code> — similar to <code>space</code>, but stretches the images to fill any extra space</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Try these values out in the example below. We have set the value to <code>no-repeat</code> so you will only see one star. Try out the different values — <code>repeat-x</code> and <code>repeat-y</code> — to see what their effects are.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___repeat notranslate\"><code><div class=\"box\"></div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: css hidden live-sample___repeat notranslate\"><code>.box {\n width: 200px;\n height: 80px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n margin: 20px;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___repeat notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png);\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"repeat sample\" id=\"frame_repeat\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"repeat\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<h4 id=\"sizing_the_background_image\">Sizing the background image</h4>\n<p>The <em>balloons.jpg</em> image used in the initial background image example is a large image that was cropped due to being larger than the element it is a background of. In this case, we could use the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-size\"><code>background-size</code></a> property, which can take <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length\"><code><length></code></a> or <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/percentage\"><code><percentage></code></a> values, to size the image to fit inside the background.</p>\n<p>You can also use keywords:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><code>cover</code> — the browser will make the image just large enough so that it completely covers the box area while still retaining its <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Glossary/Aspect_ratio\">aspect ratio</a>. In this case, part of the image is likely to end up outside the box.</li>\n <li><code>contain</code> — the browser will make the image the right size to fit inside the box. In this case, you may end up with gaps on either side or on the top and bottom of the image, if the aspect ratio of the image is different from that of the box.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>In the example below, the <em>balloons.jpg</em> image has length units set to size it inside the box. You can see this has distorted the image.</p>\n<p>Try the following.</p>\n<ul>\n <li>Change the length units used to modify the size of the background.</li>\n <li>Remove the length units and see what happens when you use <code>background-size: cover</code> or <code>background-size: contain</code>.</li>\n <li>If your image is smaller than the box, you can change the value of <code>background-repeat</code> to repeat the image.</li>\n</ul>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___size notranslate\"><code><div class=\"box\"></div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: css hidden live-sample___size notranslate\"><code>.box {\n width: 500px;\n height: 100px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n margin: 10px;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___size notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/balloons.jpg);\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n background-size: 80px 10em;\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"size sample\" id=\"frame_size\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"size\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<h4 id=\"positioning_the_background_image\">Positioning the background image</h4>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position\"><code>background-position</code></a> property allows you to choose the position in which the background image appears on the box it is applied to. This uses a coordinate system in which the top-left-hand corner of the box is <code>(0,0)</code>, and the box is positioned along the horizontal (<code>x</code>) and vertical (<code>y</code>) axes.</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> The default <code>background-position</code> value is <code>(0,0)</code>.</p>\n</div>\n<p>The most common <code>background-position</code> values take two individual values — a horizontal value followed by a vertical value.</p>\n<p>You can use keywords such as <code>top</code> and <code>right</code> (look up the others on the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position\"><code>background-position</code></a> page):</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background-image: url(image.png);\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n background-position: top center;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>And <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length\"><code>lengths</code></a>, and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/percentage\"><code>percentages</code></a>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background-image: url(image.png);\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n background-position: 20px 10%;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>You can also mix keyword values with lengths or percentages, in which case the first value must refer to the horizontal position or offset and the second vertical. For example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background-image: url(image.png);\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n background-position: 20px top;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Finally, you can also use a 4-value syntax to indicate a distance from certain edges of the box — the length unit, in this case, is an offset from the value that precedes it. So in the CSS below we are positioning the background 20px from the top and 10px from the right:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background-image: url(image.png);\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n background-position: top 20px right 10px;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Use the example below to play around with these values and move the star around inside the box:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___position notranslate\"><code><div class=\"box\"></div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><pre class=\"brush: css hidden live-sample___position notranslate\"><code>.box {\n width: 500px;\n height: 80px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n margin: 20px;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___position notranslate\"><code>.box {\n background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png);\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n background-position: 120px 1em;\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"position sample\" id=\"frame_position\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"position\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> The shorthand <code>background-position</code> is used instead of <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position-x\"><code>background-position-x</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-position-y\"><code>background-position-y</code></a>, which allow you to set the different axis position values individually.</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"gradient_backgrounds","title":"Gradient backgrounds","isH3":true,"content":"<p>A gradient — when used for a background — acts just like an image and is also set by using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-image\"><code>background-image</code></a> property.</p>\n<p>You can read more about the different types of gradients and things you can do with them on the MDN page for the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/gradient\"><code><gradient></code></a> data type. A fun way to play with gradients is to use one of the many CSS gradient generators available on the web, such as <a href=\"https://cssgradient.io/\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">CSSGradient.io</a>. You can create a gradient and copy and paste the source code that generates it.</p>\n<p>Try some different gradients in the example below. In the two boxes respectively, we have a linear gradient that is stretched over the whole box, and a radial gradient with a set size, which therefore repeats.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___gradients notranslate\"><code><div class=\"wrapper\">\n <div class=\"box a\"></div>\n <div class=\"box b\"></div>\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___gradients notranslate\"><code>.wrapper {\n display: flex;\n}\n\n.box {\n width: 400px;\n height: 80px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n margin: 20px;\n}\n\n.a {\n background-image: linear-gradient(\n 105deg,\n rgb(0 249 255 / 100%) 39%,\n rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96%\n );\n}\n\n.b {\n background-image: radial-gradient(\n circle,\n rgb(0 249 255 / 100%) 39%,\n rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96%\n );\n background-size: 100px 50px;\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"gradients sample\" id=\"frame_gradients\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"gradients\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"multiple_background_images","title":"Multiple background images","isH3":true,"content":"<p>It is also possible to have multiple background images — you specify multiple <code>background-image</code> values in a single property value, separating each one with a comma.</p>\n<p>When you do this you may end up with background images overlapping each other. The backgrounds will layer with the last listed background image at the bottom of the stack, and each previous image stacking on top of the one that follows it in the code.</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> Gradients can be happily mixed with regular background images.</p>\n</div>\n<p>The other <code>background-*</code> properties can also have comma-separated values in the same way as <code>background-image</code>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>background-image: url(image1.png), url(image2.png), url(image3.png),\n url(image4.png);\nbackground-repeat: no-repeat, repeat-x, repeat;\nbackground-position:\n 10px 20px,\n top right;\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Each value of the different properties will match up to the values in the same position in the other properties. Above, for example, <code>image1</code>'s <code>background-repeat</code> value will be <code>no-repeat</code>. However, what happens when different properties have different numbers of values? The answer is that the smaller numbers of values will cycle — in the above example there are four background images but only two <code>background-position</code> values. The first two position values will be applied to the first two images, then they will cycle back around again — <code>image3</code> will be given the first position value, and <code>image4</code> will be given the second position value.</p>\n<p>Let's play. The example below includes two background images. To demonstrate the stacking order, try switching which background image comes first in the list. Or play with the other properties to change the position, size, or repeat values.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___multiple-background-image notranslate\"><code><div class=\"wrapper\">\n <div class=\"box\"></div>\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___multiple-background-image notranslate\"><code>.wrapper {\n display: flex;\n}\n\n.box {\n width: 500px;\n height: 80px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n margin: 20px;\n}\n\n.box {\n background-image: url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/star.png),\n url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/big-star.png);\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"multiple-background-image sample\" id=\"frame_multiple-background-image\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"multiple-background-image\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"background_attachment","title":"Background attachment","isH3":true,"content":"<p>Another option we have available for backgrounds is specifying how they scroll when the content scrolls. This is controlled using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-attachment\"><code>background-attachment</code></a> property, which can take the following values:</p>\n<ul>\n <li><code>scroll</code>: causes the element's background to scroll when the page is scrolled. If the element content is scrolled, the background does not move. In effect, the background is fixed to the same position on the page, so it scrolls as the page scrolls.</li>\n <li><code>fixed</code>: causes an element's background to be fixed to the viewport so that it doesn't scroll when the page or element content is scrolled. It will always remain in the same position on the screen.</li>\n <li><code>local</code>: fixes the background to the element it is set on, so when you scroll the element, the background scrolls with it.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-attachment\"><code>background-attachment</code></a> property only has an effect when there is content to scroll, so we've made a demo to demonstrate the differences between the three values — have a look at <a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/css/styling-boxes/backgrounds/background-attachment.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">background-attachment.html</a> (also <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/tree/main/css/styling-boxes/backgrounds\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see the source code</a> here).</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"using_the_background_shorthand_property","title":"Using the background shorthand property","isH3":true,"content":"<p>As mentioned at the beginning of this lesson, you will often see backgrounds specified using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background\"><code>background</code></a> property. This shorthand lets you set all of the different properties at once.</p>\n<p>If using multiple backgrounds, you need to specify all of the properties for the first background, then add your next background after a comma. In the example below we have a gradient with a size and position, then an image background with <code>no-repeat</code> and a position, then a color.</p>\n<p>There are a few rules that need to be followed when writing background image shorthand values, for example:</p>\n<ul>\n <li>A <code>background-color</code> may only be specified after the final comma.</li>\n <li>The value of <code>background-size</code> may only be included immediately after <code>background-position</code>, separated with the '/' character, like this: <code>center/80%</code>.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Take a look at the MDN page for <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background\"><code>background</code></a> to see all of the considerations.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___background notranslate\"><code><div class=\"box\"></div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___background notranslate\"><code>.box {\n width: 500px;\n height: 300px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n background:\n linear-gradient(\n 105deg,\n rgb(255 255 255 / 20%) 39%,\n rgb(51 56 57 / 100%) 96%\n )\n center center / 400px 200px no-repeat,\n url(https://mdn.github.io/shared-assets/images/examples/big-star.png) center\n no-repeat,\n rebeccapurple;\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"background sample\" id=\"frame_background\" height=\"320px\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"background\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"accessibility_considerations_with_backgrounds","title":"Accessibility considerations with backgrounds","isH3":true,"content":"<p>When placing text on top of a background image or color, you should take care that you have enough <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Understanding_WCAG/Perceivable/Color_contrast\">contrast</a> for the text to be legible for your visitors. If specifying an image, and if text will be placed on top of that image, you should also specify a <code>background-color</code> that will allow the text to be legible if the image does not load.</p>\n<p>Screen readers cannot parse background images; therefore, they should be purely decoration. Any important content should be part of the HTML page and not contained in a background.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"borders","title":"Borders","isH3":false,"content":"<p>When learning about the Box Model, we discovered how borders affect the size of our box. In this lesson, we will look at how to use borders creatively. Typically when we add borders to an element with CSS we use a shorthand property that sets the color, width, and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/line-style\">style</a> of the border in one line of CSS.</p>\n<p>We can set a border for all four sides of a box with <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border\"><code>border</code></a>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n border: 1px solid black;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Or we can target one edge of the box, for example:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n border-top: 1px solid black;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>The individual properties include the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-width\"><code>border-width</code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-style\"><code>border-style</code></a>, and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-color\"><code>border-color</code></a> shorthand properties:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n border-width: 1px;\n border-style: solid;\n border-color: black;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>There are longhand properties for width, style, and color for each of the four sides:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n border-top-width: 1px;\n border-top-style: solid;\n border-top-color: black;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> These top, right, bottom, and left border properties also have mapped <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values#properties\"><em>logical</em> border properties</a> that relate to the writing mode of the document (e.g. left-to-right or right-to-left text, or top-to-bottom). We'll be exploring these in the next lesson, which covers <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\">handling different text directions</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<p>There are a variety of styles that you can use for borders. In the example below, we have used two different border styles for the box and two different border styles for the heading. Play with the border style, width, and color to see how borders work.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___borders notranslate\"><code><div class=\"box\">\n <h2>Borders</h2>\n <p>Try changing the borders.</p>\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___borders notranslate\"><code>* {\n padding: 0.2em;\n}\n.box {\n width: 500px;\n background-color: #567895;\n border: 5px solid #0b385f;\n border-bottom-style: dashed;\n color: #fff;\n}\n\nh2 {\n border-top: 2px dotted rebeccapurple;\n border-bottom: 1em double rgb(24 163 78);\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"borders sample\" id=\"frame_borders\" height=\"200px\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"borders\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"rounded_corners","title":"Rounded corners","isH3":true,"content":"<p>Rounding corners on a box is achieved by using the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-radius\"><code>border-radius</code></a> property and associated longhands that relate to each corner of the box. Two lengths or percentages may be used as a value, the first value defining the horizontal radius, and the second the vertical radius. In a lot of cases, you will only pass in one value, which will be used for both.</p>\n<p>For example, to make all four corners of a box have a 10px radius:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n border-radius: 10px;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Or to make the top right corner have a horizontal radius of <code>1em</code>, and a vertical radius of 10%:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>.box {\n border-top-right-radius: 1em 10%;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> Like with the border properties above, these border-radius properties also have mapped <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values#properties\"><em>logical</em> border-radius properties</a>.</p>\n</div>\n<p>We have set all four corners in the example below and then changed the values for the top right corner to make it different. You can play with the values to change the corners. Take a look at the property page for <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-radius\"><code>border-radius</code></a> to see the available syntax options. The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_backgrounds_and_borders/Border-radius_generator\">border-radius generator</a> can be used to output rounded corner values for you.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html live-sample___corners notranslate\"><code><div class=\"box\">\n <h2>Borders</h2>\n <p>Try changing the borders.</p>\n</div>\n</code></pre></div>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css live-sample___corners notranslate\"><code>.box {\n width: 500px;\n height: 110px;\n padding: 0.5em;\n border: 10px solid rebeccapurple;\n border-radius: 1em;\n border-top-right-radius: 10% 30%;\n}\n</code></pre></div><div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"></div><iframe class=\"sample-code-frame\" title=\"corners sample\" id=\"frame_corners\" src=\"about:blank\" data-live-path=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\" data-live-id=\"corners\" sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"test_your_skills!","title":"Test your skills!","isH3":false,"content":"<p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Test_your_skills_backgrounds_and_borders\">Test your skills: Backgrounds and borders</a>.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isH3":false,"content":"<p>We have covered quite a lot here, and you can see that there is quite a lot to adding a background or a border to a box. Do explore the different property pages if you want to find out more about any of the features discussed here. Almost every page on MDN has examples for you to play with to enhance your knowledge.</p>\n<p>In the next article, we'll find out how the writing mode of your document interacts with your CSS. What happens when the text does not flow from left to right?</p><ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: CSS building blocks</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>"}}],"toc":[{"text":"Styling backgrounds in CSS","id":"styling_backgrounds_in_css"},{"text":"Borders","id":"borders"},{"text":"Test your skills!","id":"test_your_skills!"},{"text":"Summary","id":"summary"}],"summary":"We have covered quite a lot here, and you can see that there is quite a lot to adding a background or a border to a box. Do explore the different property pages if you want to find out more about any of the features discussed here. Almost every page on MDN has examples for you to play with to enhance your knowledge.","popularity":0.0254,"modified":"2024-11-02T12:23:52.000Z","other_translations":[{"locale":"de","title":"Hintergründe und Rahmen","native":"Deutsch"},{"locale":"es","title":"Fondos y bordes","native":"Español"},{"locale":"fr","title":"Arrière-plans et bordures","native":"Français"},{"locale":"ja","title":"背景と境界線","native":"日本語"},{"locale":"ko","title":"배경 및 테두리","native":"한국어"},{"locale":"ru","title":"Фон и границы","native":"Русский"},{"locale":"zh-CN","title":"背景与边框","native":"中文 (简体)"}],"pageType":"learn-module-chapter","source":{"folder":"en-us/learn/css/building_blocks/backgrounds_and_borders","github_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/learn/css/building_blocks/backgrounds_and_borders/index.md","last_commit_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/commit/68772e87a84d6d6fc6a8e377dea4998afbeb511c","filename":"index.md"},"short_title":"Backgrounds and borders","parents":[{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn","title":"Guides"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS","title":"CSS"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks","title":"CSS building blocks"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders","title":"Backgrounds and borders"}],"pageTitle":"Backgrounds and borders - Learn web development | MDN","noIndexing":false}}</script></body></html>