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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erosional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Erosional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depositional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depositional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Depositional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depositional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_till" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_till"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of till</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_till-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of till subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_till-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subglacial_till" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subglacial_till"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Subglacial till</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subglacial_till-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lodgement_till" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lodgement_till"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Lodgement till</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lodgement_till-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meltout_till" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meltout_till"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Meltout till</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meltout_till-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deformation_till" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deformation_till"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Deformation till</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deformation_till-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supraglacial_till" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supraglacial_till"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Supraglacial till</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supraglacial_till-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meltout_till_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meltout_till_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Meltout till</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meltout_till_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow_till" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow_till"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Flow till</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow_till-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tillite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tillite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tillite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tillite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Till</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="حتات جليدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حتات جليدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til%C2%B7lita" title="Til·lita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Til·lita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till" title="Till – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Till" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til" title="Til – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Til" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%A6ne" title="Moræne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moræne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiebemergel" title="Geschiebemergel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschiebemergel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreen" title="Moreen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moreen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till" title="Till – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Till" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilito" title="Tilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87" title="یخ‌نهشته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یخ‌نهشته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillite" title="Tillite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tillite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տիլիտներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիլիտներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillite" title="Tillite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tillite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C_(%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2)" title="טיל (משקע) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיל (משקע)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟಿಲ್ಲೈಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿಲ್ಲೈಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewtinyow" title="Rewtinyow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rewtinyow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillitum" title="Tillitum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tillitum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till" title="Till – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Till" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടില്ലൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടില്ലൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_(sediment)" title="Till (sediment) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Till (sediment)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morenejord" title="Morenejord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Morenejord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morene" title="Morene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Morene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glina_zwa%C5%82owa" title="Glina zwałowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Glina zwałowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilito" title="Tilito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tilito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Валунная глина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валунная глина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til" title="Til – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Til" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreeni" title="Moreeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moreeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%A4n_(jordart)" title="Morän (jordart) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Morän (jordart)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="ตะกอนธารน้ำแข็งไม่แสดงชั้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตะกอนธารน้ำแข็งไม่แสดงชั้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Валунна глина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валунна глина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9t_t%E1%BA%A3ng_l%C4%83n" title="Sét tảng lăn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sét tảng lăn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%A3%A7%E7%89%A9" title="冰磧物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰磧物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q427711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unsorted glacial sediment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about glacial sediments. For a point-of-sale device in shops, see <a href="/wiki/Cash_register" title="Cash register">Cash register</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Till_(film)" title="Till (film)">Till (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Till_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Till (disambiguation)">Till (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geschiebemergel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Geschiebemergel.JPG/250px-Geschiebemergel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Geschiebemergel.JPG/330px-Geschiebemergel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Geschiebemergel.JPG/500px-Geschiebemergel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of glacial till. Note that the larger grains (pebbles and gravel) in the till are completely surrounded by the matrix of finer material (silt and sand), and this characteristic, known as <i>matrix support</i>, is diagnostic of till.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glacial_till_exposed_in_roadcut-750px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Glacial_till_exposed_in_roadcut-750px.jpg/220px-Glacial_till_exposed_in_roadcut-750px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Glacial_till_exposed_in_roadcut-750px.jpg/330px-Glacial_till_exposed_in_roadcut-750px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Glacial_till_exposed_in_roadcut-750px.jpg/440px-Glacial_till_exposed_in_roadcut-750px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Glacial till with tufts of grass</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Till_after_avalanche_in_Norway_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Till_after_avalanche_in_Norway_%282%29.jpg/220px-Till_after_avalanche_in_Norway_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Till_after_avalanche_in_Norway_%282%29.jpg/330px-Till_after_avalanche_in_Norway_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Till_after_avalanche_in_Norway_%282%29.jpg/440px-Till_after_avalanche_in_Norway_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Till after avalanche, Norway</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Till</b> or <b>glacial till</b> is <a href="/wiki/Sorting_(sediment)" title="Sorting (sediment)">unsorted</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a> <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. </p><p>Till is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacial_motion" title="Glacial motion">entrainment</a> of material by the moving ice of a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposited</a> some distance down-ice to form <a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moraine#Lateral_moraines" title="Moraine">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moraine#Medial_moraine" title="Moraine">medial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moraine#Ground_moraines" title="Moraine">ground moraines</a>. </p><p>Till is classified into primary deposits, laid down directly by glaciers, and secondary deposits, reworked by <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> transport and other processes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Till is a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Drift_(geology)" title="Drift (geology)">glacial drift</a></i>, which is rock material transported by a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> and deposited directly from the ice or from running water emerging from the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinguished from other forms of drift in that it is deposited directly by glaciers without being reworked by meltwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornbury1969_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornbury1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"till"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"till"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boggs2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allaby2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allaby2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Till is characteristically <a href="/wiki/Sorting_(sediment)" title="Sorting (sediment)">unsorted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">unstratified</a>, and is not usually <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(geology)" title="Consolidation (geology)">consolidated</a>. Most till consists predominantly of clay, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, but with pebbles, cobbles, and boulders scattered through the till. The abundance of clay demonstrates lack of reworking by turbulent flow, which otherwise would <a href="/wiki/Winnowing_(sedimentology)" title="Winnowing (sedimentology)">winnow</a> the clay.<sup id="cite_ref-BlattEtal1980_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattEtal1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the distribution of particle sizes shows two peaks (it is <i>bimodal</i>) with pebbles predominating in the coarser peak.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larger <a href="/wiki/Clasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Clasts">clasts</a> (rock fragments) in till typically show a diverse composition, often including rock types from outcrops hundreds of kilometers away. Some clasts may be rounded, and these are thought to be stream pebbles entrained by the glacier. Many of the clasts are faceted, striated, or polished, all signs of glacial <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">abrasion</a>. The sand and silt grains are typically angular to subangular rather than rounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs2006_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been known since the careful statistic work by geologist Chauncey D. Holmes in 1941 that elongated clasts in tills tend to align with the direction of ice flow.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clasts in till may also show slight <a href="/wiki/Imbrication_(sedimentology)" title="Imbrication (sedimentology)">imbrication</a>, with the clasts dipping upstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs2006_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though till is generally unstratified, till high in clay may show <a href="/wiki/Lamination_(geology)" title="Lamination (geology)">lamination</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">compaction</a> under the weight of overlying ice. Till may also contain lenses of sand or <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, indicating minor and local reworking by water transitional to non-till glacial drift.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornbury1969_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornbury1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>till</i> comes from an old <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> name for coarse, rocky soil. It was first used to describe primary glacial deposits by Archibald Geikie in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early researchers tended to prefer the term <i>boulder clay</i> for the same kind of sediments, but this has fallen into disfavor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018112_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018112-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where it is unclear whether a poorly sorted, unconsolidated glacial deposit was deposited directly from glaciers, it is described as <a href="/wiki/Diamict" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamict">diamict</a> or (when <a href="/wiki/Lithified" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithified">lithified</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">diamictite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs2006_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> formed by lithification of till.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"tillite"_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"tillite"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erosional">Erosional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Erosional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glacial till is mostly derived from subglacial <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_motion" title="Glacial motion">entrainment</a> by the moving ice of previously available unconsolidated sediments. Bedrock can be eroded through the action of glacial <a href="/wiki/Plucking_(glaciation)" title="Plucking (glaciation)">plucking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">abrasion</a>, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Clasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Clasts">clasts</a> of various sizes will be incorporated to the glacier's bed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bendle2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendle2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glacial abrasion is the weathering of bedrock below a flowing glacier by fragmented rock on the basal layer of the glacier. The two mechanisms of glacial abrasion are striation of the bedrock by coarse grains moved by the glacier, thus gouging the rock below, and polishing of the bedrock by smaller grains such as silts. Glacial plucking is the removal of large blocks from the bed of a glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-Bendle2020_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendle2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the silt in till is produced by glacial grinding,<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs2006_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the longer the till remains at the ice-bedrock interface, the more thoroughly it is crushed. However, the crushing process appears to stop with fine silt. Clay in till is likely eroded from bedrock rather than being created by glacial processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depositional">Depositional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Depositional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sediments carried by a glacier will eventually be <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposited</a> some distance down-ice from its source. This takes place in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ablation_zone" title="Ablation zone">ablation zone</a></i>, which is the part of the glacier where the rate of ablation (removal of ice by evaporation, melting, or other processes) exceeds the rate of accumulation of new ice from snowfall. As ice is removed, debris are left behind as till.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20186–9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20186–9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deposition of glacial till is not uniform, and a single <a href="/wiki/Till_plain" title="Till plain">till plain</a> can contain a wide variety of different types of tills due to the various erosional mechanisms and location of till with respect to the transporting glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilt2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilt2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The different types of till can be categorized between subglacial (beneath) and supraglacial (surface) deposits. Subglacial deposits include lodgement, subglacial meltout, and deformation tills. Supraglacial deposits include supraglacial meltout and flow till.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supraglacial deposits and landforms are widespread in areas of glacial downwasting (vertical thinning of glaciers, as opposed to ice-retreat. They typically sit at the top of the stratigraphic sediment sequence, which has a major influence on land usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilt2002_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilt2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till is deposited as the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">terminal moraine</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Moraine#Lateral_moraines" title="Moraine">lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moraine#Medial_moraine" title="Moraine">medial moraines</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Moraine#Ground_moraines" title="Moraine">ground moraine</a> of a glacier, and <i>moraine</i> is often conflated with <i>till</i> in older writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018129–135_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018129–135-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till may also be deposited as <a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">drumlins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flute_(glacial)" title="Flute (glacial)">flutes</a>, though some drumlins consist of a core of stratified sediments with only a cover of till.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018123–124_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018123–124-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpreting the glacial history of landforms can be difficult due to the tendency of overprinting landforms on top of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018149–151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018149–151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a glacier melts, large amounts of till are eroded and become a source of sediments for reworked glacial drift deposits. These include <a href="/wiki/Glaciofluvial_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciofluvial deposits">glaciofluvial deposits</a>, such as outwash in <a href="/wiki/Outwash_plain" title="Outwash plain">sandurs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018114_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018114-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <a href="/wiki/Glaciolacustrine_deposits" title="Glaciolacustrine deposits">glaciolacustrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaciomarine_clays" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciomarine clays">glaciomarine</a> deposits, such as <a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">varves</a> (annual layers) in any <a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial lakes</a> which may form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018117–118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018117–118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erosion of till may take place even in the subglacial environment, such as in <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">tunnel valleys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018114_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018114-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_till">Types of till</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various types of classifying tills: </p> <ul><li>Primary deposits – Laid down directly by glacier action.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Secondary deposits – Reworked by fluvial transport, erosion, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Traditionally (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aleksis_Dreimanis" title="Aleksis Dreimanis">Dreimanis</a>, 1988<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) a further set of divisions has been made to primary deposits, based upon the method of deposition. Van der Meer et al. 2003<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have suggested that these till classifications are outdated and should instead be replaced with only one classification, that of deformation till. The reasons behind this are largely down to the difficulties in accurately classifying different tills, which are often based on inferences of the physical setting of the till rather than detailed analysis of the till fabric or particle size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subglacial_till">Subglacial till</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subglacial till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lodgement_till">Lodgement till</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lodgement till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subglacial lodgement tills are deposits beneath the glacier that are forced, or "lodged" into the bed below. As glaciers advance or retreat, the clasts that are deposited by the ice may have a lower velocity than the ice itself. When the friction between the clast and the bed exceeds the forces of the ice flowing above and around it, the clast will cease to move, and it will become a lodgement till. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meltout_till">Meltout till</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meltout till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subglacial meltout tills are tills that are deposited via the melting of the ice lobe. Clasts are transported to the base of the glacier over time, and as basal melting continues, they are slowly deposited below the glacier. Since the rate of deposition is controlled by the rate of basal melting, it is worth considering the factors that contribute to melting. These can be the geothermal heat flux, frictional heat generated by sliding, ice thickness, and ice-surface temperature gradients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deformation_till">Deformation till</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deformation till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subglacial deformation tills refer to the homogenization of glacial sediments that occur when the stresses and shear forces from the moving glacier rework the topography of the bed. These contain preglacial sediments (non glacial or earlier glacial sediments), which have been run over and thus deformed by meltout processes or lodgement. The constant reworking of these deposited tills leads to a highly homogenized till.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supraglacial_till">Supraglacial till</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Supraglacial till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meltout_till_2">Meltout till</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Meltout till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supraglacial meltout tills are similar to subglacial meltout tills. Rather than being the product of basal melting, however, supraglacial meltout tills are imposed on top of the glacier. These consist of clasts and debris that become exposed due to melting via solar radiation. These debris are either just debris that have a high relative position on the glacier, or clasts that have been transported up from the base of the glacier. Debris accumulation has a feedback-loop relationship with melting. Initially, the darker colored debris absorb more heat and thus accelerate the melting process. After a significant amount of melting has occurred, the thickness of the till insulates the ice sheet and slows the melting process. Supraglacial meltout tills typically end up forming moraines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flow_till">Flow till</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flow till"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supraglacial flow tills refer to tills that are subject to a dense concentration of clasts and debris from meltout. These debris localities are then subsequently affected by <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a>. Due to their unstable nature, they are subject to downslope flow, and thus named "flow till." Properties of flow tills vary, and can depend on factors such as water content, surface gradient, and debris characteristics. Generally, flow tills with a higher water content behave more fluidly, and thus are more susceptible to flow. There are three main types of flows, which are listed below. </p> <ul><li>Mobile flows: Thin, fluid, and rapid flows that significantly contribute to erosional processes. These cause strong clast orientation in the direction of flow.</li> <li>Semi-plastic: Thick, slow moving "tongues" of debris. These are also erosive, and clast sorting is more organized than in mobile flows.</li> <li>Creep: Very slow movement of debris, downslope in direction. Flow rate is slow enough not to be seen on relatively short timescales, as observed by humans. Particle orientation is often random and not associated with the direction of flow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tillite">Tillite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tillite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reusch%27s_Moraine" title="Reusch's Moraine">Reusch's Moraine</a></div> <p>In cases where till has been indurated or <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithified</a> by subsequent burial into solid rock, it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">sedimentary rock</a> <i><b>tillite</b></i>. Matching beds of ancient tillites on opposite sides of the south <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> provided early evidence for <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>. The same tillites also provide some support to the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a> glaciation event hypothesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_resources">Economic resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tills sometimes contain <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Placer deposits">placer deposits</a> of valuable minerals such as gold.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diamonds have been found in glacial till in the north-central United States<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Till prospecting</i> is a method of prospecting in which tills are sampled over a wide area to determine if they contain valuable minerals, such as gold, uranium, silver, nickel, or diamonds, and the flow direction indicated by the till is then used to trace the minerals back to their bedrock source.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018158_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018158-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Till" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Till">Till</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_clay" title="Boulder clay">Boulder clay</a> – Geological deposit of clay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a> – Type of sedimentary rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">Scree</a> – Broken rock fragments at base of cliff</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Till&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "drift". <i>Glossary of geology</i> (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0922152349" title="Special:BookSources/0922152349"><bdi>0922152349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=drift&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+geology.&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0922152349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornbury1969-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornbury1969_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornbury1969_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornbury1969" class="citation book cs1">Thornbury, William D. (1969). <i>Principles of geomorphology</i> (2d ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Glasgow&rft.atitle=On+the+Phenomena+of+the+Glacial+Drift+of+Scotland&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Geikie&rft.aufirst=Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLdn4jCtmu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span> Discussed in <a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018112-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018112_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"tillite"-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"tillite"_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1997">Jackson 1997</a>, "tillite".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bendle2020-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bendle2020_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bendle2020_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBendle2020" class="citation web cs1">Bendle, Jacob (10 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacial-geology/glacial-landforms/glacial-erosional-landforms/subglacial-erosion/">"Subglacial erosion"</a>. <i>Antarctic Glaciers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(May 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoff2017" class="citation cs2">Goff, Paepin (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg1181">"Glacial depositional processes and landforms"</a>, <i>International Encyclopedia of Geography</i>, American Cancer Society, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg1181">10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg1181</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78635-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78635-2"><bdi>978-1-118-78635-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glacial+depositional+processes+and+landforms&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Geography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg1181&rft.isbn=978-1-118-78635-2&rft.aulast=Goff&rft.aufirst=Paepin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg1181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20186–9-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20186–9_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, pp. 6–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilt2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hilt2002_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilt2002_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMenzies2002" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, W.H.; Menzies, John (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750642262500131">"10 - Supraglacial and ice-marginal deposits and landforms"</a>. In Menzies, John (ed.). <i>Modern and Past Glacial Environments</i>. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. <span class="nowrap">317–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-4226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-4226-2"><bdi>978-0-7506-4226-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Sedimentological controls on gold in a late Pleistocene glacial placer deposit, Cariboo Mining District, British Columbia, Canada". <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>65</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989SedG...65...45E">1989SedG...65...45E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0037-0738%2889%2990005-5">10.1016/0037-0738(89)90005-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Sedimentological+controls+on+gold+in+a+late+Pleistocene+glacial+placer+deposit%2C+Cariboo+Mining+District%2C+British+Columbia%2C+Canada&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1989-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0037-0738%2889%2990005-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989SedG...65...45E&rft.aulast=Eyles&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Kocsis%2C+Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoen1994" class="citation journal cs1">Loen, Jeffrey S. 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"Origin of placer gold nuggets and history of formation of glacial gold placers, Gold Creek, Granite County, Montana". <i>Economic Geology</i>. <b>89</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994EcGeo..89...91L">1994EcGeo..89...91L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.89.1.91">10.2113/gsecongeo.89.1.91</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=Origin+of+placer+gold+nuggets+and+history+of+formation+of+glacial+gold+placers%2C+Gold+Creek%2C+Granite+County%2C+Montana&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1994-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.89.1.91&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994EcGeo..89...91L&rft.aulast=Loen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwarcz1965" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarcz, H. P. (July 1965). "The Origin of Diamonds in Drift of the North Central United States". <i>The Journal of Geology</i>. <b>73</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">657–</span>663. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965JG.....73..657S">1965JG.....73..657S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F627101">10.1086/627101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128414633">128414633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Diamonds+in+Drift+of+the+North+Central+United+States&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E663&rft.date=1965-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128414633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F627101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965JG.....73..657S&rft.aulast=Schwarcz&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKjarsgaardLevinson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kjarsgaard, B. A.; Levinson, A. A. (1 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5741%2FGEMS.38.3.208">"Diamonds in Canada"</a>. <i>Gems & Gemology</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">208–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GemG...38..208K">2002GemG...38..208K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5741%2FGEMS.38.3.208">10.5741/GEMS.38.3.208</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gems+%26+Gemology&rft.atitle=Diamonds+in+Canada&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5741%2FGEMS.38.3.208&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002GemG...38..208K&rft.aulast=Kjarsgaard&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Levinson%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5741%252FGEMS.38.3.208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcClenaghanThorleifsonDiLabio2000" class="citation journal cs1">McClenaghan, M.B; Thorleifson, L.H; DiLabio, R.N.W (June 2000). "Till geochemical and indicator mineral methods in mineral exploration". <i>Ore Geology Reviews</i>. <b>16</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000OGRv...16..145M">2000OGRv...16..145M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-1368%2899%2900028-1">10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00028-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ore+Geology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Till+geochemical+and+indicator+mineral+methods+in+mineral+exploration&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-1368%2899%2900028-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000OGRv...16..145M&rft.aulast=McClenaghan&rft.aufirst=M.B&rft.au=Thorleifson%2C+L.H&rft.au=DiLabio%2C+R.N.W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018158-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018158_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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