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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization_effects_on_the_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Globalization effects on the discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization_effects_on_the_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_with_ecological_anthropology_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_with_ecological_anthropology_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Universities with ecological anthropology programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_with_ecological_anthropology_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أنثروبولوجيا إيكولوجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنثروبولوجيا إيكولوجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloji_terminl%C9%99r" title="Ekoloji terminlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekoloji terminlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologick%C3%A1_antropologie" title="Ekologická antropologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekologická antropologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انسان‌شناسی بوم‌شناختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌شناسی بوم‌شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie_%C3%A9cologique" title="Anthropologie écologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthropologie écologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%EC%9D%B8%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="생태인류학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생태인류학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin_muhalli" title="Ilimin muhalli – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ilimin muhalli" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Էկոլոգիական մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոլոգիական մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Экологиялық мәдениет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экологиялық мәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologin%C4%97_antropologija" title="Ekologinė antropologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekologinė antropologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="生態人類学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生態人類学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="چاپېريالي انسان پېژندنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاپېريالي انسان پېژندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologie_ecologic%C4%83" title="Antropologie ecologică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antropologie ecologică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экологическая культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экологическая культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еколошка антропологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еколошка антропологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சூழலியல் மானிடவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழலியல் மானிடவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="生態人類學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生態人類學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2984315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><i>Part of a series on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology#Nature,_science,_and_technology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology of nature,<br /> science, and technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%E2%80%93culture_divide" title="Nature–culture divide">Nature–culture divide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Brassier" title="Ray Brassier">Ray Brassier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Bratton" title="Benjamin H. Bratton">Benjamin H. Bratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Coleman" title="Gabriella Coleman">Gabriella Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ellen" title="Roy Ellen">Roy Ellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuko_Ito" title="Mizuko Ito">Mizuko Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)" title="Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Daniel Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Negarestani" title="Reza Negarestani">Reza Negarestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Plant" title="Sadie Plant">Sadie Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Virilio" title="Paul Virilio">Paul Virilio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Wesch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Wesch">Mike Wesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_Culture_Research_Unit" title="Cybernetic Culture Research Unit">Cybernetic Culture Research Unit</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CCRU)</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybertext" title="Cybertext">Cybertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fanged_Noumena" title="Fanged Noumena">Fanged Noumena</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Kunzru" title="Hari Kunzru">Hari Kunzru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">Hypermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertext fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_Machines" title="Literary Machines">Literary Machines</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology" title="Category:Anthropology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/100px-Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/150px-Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/200px-Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anthropology" title="Outline of anthropology">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">History</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology" title="Aviation archaeology">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anthropology" title="Molecular anthropology">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology"> Neurological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_art" title="Anthropology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology"><span class="wrap">Political economy</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_food" title="Anthropology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_institutions" title="Anthropology of institutions">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_media" title="Anthropology of media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_anthropology" title="Psychological anthropology">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_anthropology" title="Public anthropology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpersonal anthropology">Transpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_anthropology" title="Urban anthropology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Visual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methods" title="Cultural anthropology">Research framework</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">cyber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cross-cultural sample">Cross-cultural comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">Reflexivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick_description" title="Thick description">Thick description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_anthropology" title="Development anthropology">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship and descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)" title="Cultural materialism (anthropology)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Diffusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">Historical particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boasian_anthropology" title="Boasian anthropology">Boasian anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">Performance studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_theory" title="Practice theory">Practice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationality" title="Category:Anthropologists by nationality">Anthropologists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropology" title="List of years in anthropology">Anthropology by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropology" title="Bibliography of anthropology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journals" title="List of anthropology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">List of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizations" title="Category:Anthropology organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology" title="Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology" title="Template talk:Anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ecological anthropology</b> is a sub-field of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and is defined as the "study of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural adaptation">cultural adaptations</a> to environments".<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sub-field is also defined as, "the study of relationships between a population of humans and their <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">biophysical environment</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of its research concerns "how cultural <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a> and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how people used elements of their <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> to maintain their <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecological anthropology developed from the approach of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">cultural ecology</a>, and it provided a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a> more suitable for <a href="/wiki/Scientific_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific inquiry">scientific inquiry</a> than the cultural ecology approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Moran_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moran-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research pursued under this approach aims to study a wide range of human responses to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental problems">environmental problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moran_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moran-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecological anthropologist, Conrad Kottak published arguing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> there is an original older 'functionalist', apolitical style ecological anthropology and, as of the time of writing in 1999, a 'new ecological anthropology' was emerging and being recommended consisting of a more complex intersecting global, national, regional and local systems style or approach.<sup id="cite_ref-NewEcoAnthrop_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewEcoAnthrop-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_domain_and_leading_researchers">History of the domain and leading researchers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the domain and leading researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, ecological anthropology first appeared as a response to cultural ecology, a sub-field of anthropology led by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Steward" title="Julian Steward">Julian Steward</a>. Steward focused on studying different modes of subsistence as methods of <a href="/wiki/Energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy transfer">energy transfer</a> and then analyzed how they determine other aspects of culture. Culture became the <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_analysis" title="Unit of analysis">unit of analysis</a>. The first ecological anthropologists explored the idea that humans as ecological <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> should be the unit of analysis, and culture became the means by which that population alters and adapts to the environment. It was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">functionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Conrad_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/orlove/orlove.htm">Benjamin S. Orlove</a> has noted that the development of ecological anthropology has occurred in stages. "Each stage is a reaction to the previous one rather than merely an addition to it".<sup id="cite_ref-Orlove_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stage concerns the work of Julian Steward and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a>, the second stage is titled '<a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">neofunctionalism</a>' and/or '<a href="/wiki/Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">neoevolutionism</a>', and the third stage is termed 'processual ecological anthropology'.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlove_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first stage, two different models were developed by both White and Steward. "The distinction is not as rigid as some critics have made it out to be, White's models of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolution</a> were <a href="/wiki/Unilinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilinear">unilinear</a> and monocausal, whereas Steward admitted a number of different lines of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural development">cultural development</a> and a number of different causal factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlove_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the second stage, it was noted that the later group agreed with Steward and White, while the other disagreed. 'Neoevolutionists' borrowed from the work of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. The general approach suggested that "evolution is progressive and leads towards new and better forms in succeeding periods".<sup id="cite_ref-Orlove_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Neofunctionalists' "see the social organization and culture of specific populations as functional adaptations which permit the populations to exploit their environments successfully without exceeding their <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Orlove_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Processual ecological anthropology' is noted to be new. Studies based on this approach "seek to overcome the split in the second stage of ecological anthropology between excessively short and long time scales".<sup id="cite_ref-Orlove_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach more specifically, examines "shifts and changes in individual and group activities, and they focus on the mechanism by which behavior and external constraints influence each other".<sup id="cite_ref-Orlove_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the leading practitioners within this sub-field of anthropology was <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a>. He delivered many outstanding works on the relationship between culture and the natural environment in which it grows, especially concerning the role of <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> in the processual relationship between the two. He conducted the majority, if not all, of his fieldwork amongst a group known as the Maring, who inhabit an area in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patricia K. Townsend's work highlights the difference between ecological anthropology and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">environmental anthropology</a>. In her view, some anthropologists use both terms in an interchangeable fashion. She states that, "Ecological anthropology will refer to one particular type of research in environmental anthropology – field studies that describe a single ecosystem including a human population".<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies conducted under this sub-field "frequently deal with a small population of only a few hundred people such as a <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbourhood</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural Ecology influenced several anthropologists, including <a href="/wiki/L._P._Vidyarthi" title="L. P. Vidyarthi">L. P. Vidyarthi</a> and his concept of Nature-Man-Spirit (NMS) complex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globalization_effects_on_the_discipline">Globalization effects on the discipline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Globalization effects on the discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies under the discipline are concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">ethnoecologies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous populations">indigenous populations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to various factors associated with <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> ethnoecologies are facing increasing challenges such as, "migration, media, and commerce spread people, institutions, information, and technology".<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the face of national and international incentives to exploit and degrade, ethnological systems that once preserved local and regional environments increasingly are ineffective or irrelevant".<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Threats also exist of "commercial logging, industrial pollution, and the imposition of external management systems" on their local ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These threats to indigenous ways of life are a familiar occurrence in the field of anthropology. Conrad Phillip Kottak states that, "Today's ecological anthropology, aka environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand but also to find solutions to environmental problems".<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discipline's one of the approaches for finding such solutions is contemplating which aspects of human nature lead to environmental degradations. Such features of human nature can include a desire for technological innovations, aspiration for higher social status, and preoccupied or biased inclination to social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopnina2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopnina2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another approach to deal with contemporary climate issue is applying a norm of traditional ecological knowledge. Long-term ecological knowledge of an indigenous group can provide valuable insight into adaptation strategies, community-based monitoring, and dynamics between culturally important species and human.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinyeta&Lynn2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinyeta&Lynn2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning various scholars criticised the discipline, saying it inherently was too focused on <a href="/wiki/Static_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Static equilibrium">static equilibrium</a> which ignored change, that it used <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a>, and that it oversimplified systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Vayda&McCay1975_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vayda&McCay1975-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (June 2013)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the current criticisms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2013)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> is that, in its original form, ecological anthropology relies upon <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conrad_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in today's world, there are few cultures that are isolated enough to live in a true <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural relativity">culturally relative</a> state. Instead, cultures are being influenced and changed by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, businesses, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the discipline has seen a shift towards applied ecological anthropology, <a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">political ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">environmental anthropology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universities_with_ecological_anthropology_programs">Universities with ecological anthropology programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Universities with ecological anthropology programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio" title="University of Texas at San Antonio">University of Texas at San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavioural_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human behavioural ecology">Human behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_system" title="Sociocultural system">Sociocultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kottak-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kottak_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKottak2010" class="citation book cs1">Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropologyappr00kott"><i>Anthropology : appreciating human diversity</i></a></span> (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropologyappr00kott/page/n613">579</a>–584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811699-5"><bdi>978-0-07-811699-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+%3A+appreciating+human+diversity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=579-584&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-811699-5&rft.aulast=Kottak&rft.aufirst=Conrad+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropologyappr00kott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2009" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Patricia K. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentalant0000town"><i>Environmental anthropology : from pigs to policies</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentalant0000town/page/n113">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57766-581-6"><bdi>978-1-57766-581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+anthropology+%3A+from+pigs+to+policies&rft.place=Prospect+Heights%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=104&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57766-581-6&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Patricia+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvironmentalant0000town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moran-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moran_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moran_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2006" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Emilio F. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplenatureintr00mora"><i>People and nature : an introduction to human ecological relations</i></a></span> (3. [repr.]. ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplenatureintr00mora/page/n45">31</a>–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0572-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0572-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-0572-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+nature+%3A+an+introduction+to+human+ecological+relations&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=31-32&rft.edition=3.+%5Brepr.%5D.&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0572-9&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Emilio+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplenatureintr00mora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewEcoAnthrop-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewEcoAnthrop_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottack1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kottack, Conrad. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66329/1/aa.1999.101.1.23.pdf">"The New Ecological Anthropology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>1</b>: 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1999.101.1.23">10.1525/aa.1999.101.1.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F66329">2027.42/66329</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+New+Ecological+Anthropology&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F66329&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1999.101.1.23&rft.aulast=Kottack&rft.aufirst=Conrad.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F66329%2F1%2Faa.1999.101.1.23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conrad-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conrad_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conrad_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottak1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kottak, Conrad P. (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66329/1/aa.1999.101.1.23.pdf">"The New Ecological Anthropology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>101</b> (1). Blackwell Publishing: 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1999.101.1.23">10.1525/aa.1999.101.1.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F66329">2027.42/66329</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/683339">683339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+New+Ecological+Anthropology&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F66329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F683339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1999.101.1.23&rft.aulast=Kottak&rft.aufirst=Conrad+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F66329%2F1%2Faa.1999.101.1.23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlove-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlove_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlove_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlove_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlove_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlove_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlove_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlove_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlove1980" class="citation journal cs1">Orlove, Benjamin S. (1980). "Ecological Anthropology". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>9</b>: 235–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.09.100180.001315">10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155736">2155736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Ecological+Anthropology&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=235-273&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.09.100180.001315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2155736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Orlove&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopnina2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kopnina2013_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopnina, Helen (2013). "Environmental Problems and the Grand Old Theory of 'Human Nature'". <i>Journal of Ecological Anthropology</i>, <b>16</b> (1): 61-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinyeta&Lynn2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vinyeta&Lynn2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirsten Vinyeta & Kathy Lynn (2013). <i>Exploring the role of traditional ecological knowledge in climate change initiatives</i> (General technical report <b>PNW-GTR-879</b>). Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vayda&McCay1975-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vayda&McCay1975_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_P._Vayda,_and_Bonnie_J._McCay1975" class="citation cs2">Andrew P. Vayda, and <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_McCay" title="Bonnie McCay">Bonnie J. McCay</a> (October 1975), "New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology", <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology" title="Annual Review of Anthropology">Annual Review of Anthropology</a></i>, <b>4</b>: 293–306, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.04.100175.001453">10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.001453</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=New+Directions+in+Ecology+and+Ecological+Anthropology&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=293-306&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.04.100175.001453&rft.au=Andrew+P.+Vayda%2C+and+Bonnie+J.+McCay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_McElroy_&_Patricia_K._Townsend1989" class="citation cs2">Ann McElroy & Patricia K. Townsend (1989), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel"><i>Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective</i></a></span> (2nd ed.), Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-0742-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-0742-2"><bdi>0-8133-0742-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Anthropology+in+Ecological+Perspective&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8133-0742-2&rft.au=Ann+McElroy+%26+Patricia+K.+Townsend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicalanthropol00mcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Bingham,_Andrew_Blowers_&_Chris_Belshaw2003" class="citation cs2">Nick Bingham, Andrew Blowers & Chris Belshaw, ed. (2003), <i>Contested Environments</i> (1st ed.), Milton Keynes, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons LTD., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-85000-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-85000-0"><bdi>0-470-85000-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Environments&rft.place=Milton+Keynes%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+LTD.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-470-85000-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecological_anthropology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/ecologic.htm">McGrath, Stacy (n.d) "Ecological Anthropology", M.D Murphy (Ed) Anthropological Theories. Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama webpage</a> <small>Accessed 8 August 2009 </small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906202036/http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~jea/Pages/issues-of-jea.html#Vol11">Online Journal of Ecological Anthropology, University of South Florida</a> <small>Accessed 9 August 2009 </small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091024041536/http://eea.anthro.uga.edu/index.php/eea/index">Open Access Journal entitled "Ecological and Environmental Anthropology"</a> <small>Accessed 9 August 2009 </small></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_politics" title="Environmental politics">Environmental politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Environmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/150px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/225px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/300px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li>Design <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li> <li>Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">thermo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">zoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sustainability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopsychology" title="Ecopsychology">Ecopsychology</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_criminology" title="Green criminology">Green criminology</a></li> <li>Health <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>Management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental resources management">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li>Policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science" title="Category:Environmental social science">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science_concepts" title="Category:Environmental social science concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_social_science_journals" title="List of environmental social science journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environment_research_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environment research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_scientists" title="Category:Environmental social scientists">Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnobiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnobiology" title="Template:Ethnobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnobiology" title="Template talk:Ethnobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary subdisciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subdisciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoentomology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnoentomology">Ethnoentomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoherpetology" title="Ethnoherpetology">Ethnoherpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolichenology" title="Ethnolichenology">Ethnolichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoornithology" title="Ethnoornithology">Ethnoornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoprimatology" title="Ethnoprimatology">Ethnoprimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Correlated fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Historical ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable ethnobiologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bal%C3%A9e" title="William Balée">William Balée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Brent Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Conklin" title="Harold C. Conklin">Harold C. Conklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Davis_(anthropologist)" title="Wade Davis (anthropologist)">Wade Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ellen" title="Roy Ellen">Roy Ellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wall_Kimmerer" title="Robin Wall Kimmerer">Robin Wall Kimmerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Paul_Nabhan" title="Gary Paul Nabhan">Gary Paul Nabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrell_A._Posey" title="Darrell A. Posey">Darrell A. Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Evans_Schultes" title="Richard Evans Schultes">Richard Evans Schultes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantino_Manuel_Torres" title="Constantino Manuel Torres">Constantino Manuel Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Turner" title="Nancy Turner">Nancy Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paleoethnobotanists" title="List of paleoethnobotanists">List of paleoethnobotanists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnobiology" title="Category:Ethnobiology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Anthropology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthropology">Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2984315#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ekologická antropologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph705654&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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