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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Filiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Consorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sun_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sun_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sun temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sun_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pyramid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerary_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerary_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Funerary cult</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funerary_cult-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Funerary cult subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funerary_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Old Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>New Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaoehor" title="Menkaoehor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Menkaoehor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88" title="منكاو حور كايو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منكاو حور كايو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88" title="منکاوحور کایو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منکاوحور کایو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaouhor" title="Menkaouhor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Menkaouhor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%98%EC%B9%B4%EC%9A%B0%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4" title="멘카우호르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멘카우호르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8" title="מנכאו חר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנכאו חר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მენკაუჰორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მენკაუჰორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhoras" title="Menkauhoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Menkauhoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauh%C3%B3r" title="Menkauhór – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Menkauhór" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Менкаухор Каиу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Менкаухор Каиу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88" title="منكاو حور كايو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منكاو حور كايو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaoehor" title="Menkaoehor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menkaoehor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB" title="メンカウホル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メンカウホル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaoher" title="Menkaoher – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Menkaoher" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menquer%C3%A9s" title="Menquerés – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Menquerés" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Менкаухор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менкаухор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor" title="Menkauhor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Menkauhor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82" title="மென்கௌஹோர் கையூ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மென்கௌஹோர் கையூ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟาโรห์เมนเคาฮอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์เมนเคาฮอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Менкаухор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менкаухор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88" title="منکاوحور کایو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منکاوحور کایو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Menkauhor Kaiu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharaoh of Egypt</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Menkauhor Kaiu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Mencherês, Menkaouhor, Ikau, Ikaouhor, Hor-A-Kau</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Menkauhor wearing the dress of the Sed festival from Memphis[note 1][2]"><img alt="Statue of Menkauhor wearing the dress of the Sed festival from Memphis[note 1][2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg/250px-Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg/330px-Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Menkauhor_CG_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="595" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Menkauhor wearing the dress of the <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a> from <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Around 8 years, c. 2422 - c. 2414 BC<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Menkhau<br /><i>Mn-ḫ3w</i><br /><i>He whose appearances are eternal</i><br />Alternative translation:<br /><i>Established of appearances</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <div class="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28" alt="N28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Bik-nebu Hedj<br /><i>Bik-nbw ḥḏ</i><br /><i>The effulgent Golden Falcon</i><br />Alternative translation:<br /><i>The radiant Golden Falcon</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T3.png?1f391" height="38" title="T3" alt="T3" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin canon</a>:</b><br />Menkahor<br /><i>Mn-k3-Ḥr</i><br /><i>The Ka of Horus</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G7.png?aff71" height="38" title="G7" alt="G7" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G7.png?aff71" height="38" title="G7" alt="G7" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G7.png?aff71" height="38" title="G7" alt="G7" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Saqqara_Tablet" title="Saqqara Tablet">Saqqara Tablet</a>:</b><br />Menkahor<br /><i>Mn-k3-Ḥr</i><br /><i>The Ka of Horus</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Abydos_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Abydos king list">Abydos king list</a>:</b><br />Menkauhor<br /><i>Mn-k3w-Ḥr</i><br /><i>Eternal are the Kas of Horus</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="19" title="D28" alt="D28" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="19" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">Praenomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Menkauhor<br /><i>Mn-k3w-Ḥr</i><br /><i>Eternal are the <a href="/wiki/Ka_(Egyptian_soul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka (Egyptian soul)">Kas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199460–61_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199460–61-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Alternative translation:<br /><i>The established one of the Kas of Horus</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="31" title="M23" alt="M23" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="31" title="L2" alt="L2" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="8" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="19" title="D28" alt="D28" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="19" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center">Ikauhor<br /><i>Ik3w-Ḥr</i><br /><i>The Ka of Horus</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>Variant form:</b><br />Kaiu<br /><i>Ik3w</i><br /><i>The Ka [of Horus]</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly <a href="/wiki/Khuit_I" title="Khuit I">Khuit I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Meresankh_IV" title="Meresankh IV">Meresankh IV</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464–65_&_68_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464–65_&_68-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Conjectural: <a href="/wiki/Raemka" title="Raemka">Raemka</a><small> ♂</small>, Khaemtjenent<small> ♂</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> or, less likely, Nyuserre Ini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_III" title="Khentkaus III">Khentkaus III</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 2414 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid">Headless Pyramid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data">Sun temple <i>Akhet-Ra</i><br />Pyramid <i><a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid">Netjer-isut-Menkauhor</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Menkauhor Kaiu</b> (also known as <b>Ikauhor</b> and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> as <b>Mencherês</b>, Μεγχερῆς; died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2414 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2010549_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2010549-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">king</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> period. He was the seventh ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/25th_century_BC" title="25th century BC">25th century BC</a> or early in the <a href="/wiki/24th_century_BC" title="24th century BC">24th century BC</a>. </p><p>Menkauhor ruled for possibly eight or nine years, following king <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a>, and was succeeded in turn by <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a>. Although Menkauhor is well attested by historical sources, few artefacts from his reign have survived. Consequently, his familial relation to his predecessor and successor is unclear, and no offspring of his have been identified. <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_III" title="Khentkaus III">Khentkaus III</a> may have been Menkauhor's mother, as indicated by evidence discovered in her tomb in 2015. </p><p>Beyond the construction of monuments, the only known activity dated to Menkauhor's reign is an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> mines in <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>. Menkauhor ordered the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_sun_temple" title="Egyptian sun temple">sun temple</a>, called the "Akhet-Ra", meaning "The Horizon of Ra". The last to be built, this sun temple, known from inscriptions found in the tombs of its priests, is yet to be located. Menkauhor was buried in a small <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>, which the Ancient Egyptians named <i>Netjer-Isut Menkauhor</i>, "The Divine Places of Menkauhor". Known today as the <a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid">Headless Pyramid</a>, the ruin had been lost under shifting sands until its rediscovery in 2008. </p><p>The figure of Menkauhor was at the centre of a long lasting <a href="/wiki/Funerary_cult" title="Funerary cult">funerary cult</a> until the end of the Old Kingdom period, with at least seven agricultural domains producing goods for the necessary offerings. The cult of a deified Menkauhor, then known by the titles "Strong Lord of the Two Lands, Menkauhor <a href="/wiki/Maat_Kheru" class="mw-redirect" title="Maat Kheru">the Justified</a>" reappeared during the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom period</a> (c. 1550 – c. 1077 BC), and lasted until at least the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a> (c. 1292 – c. 1077 BC), some 1,200 years after his death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menkauhor is attested by three hieroglyphic sources, all from the much later New Kingdom period. His name is given on the 31st entry of the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos King List</a>, which was inscribed on the walls of a temple during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> (1290–1279 BC). He is also mentioned on the <a href="/wiki/Saqqara_Tablet" title="Saqqara Tablet">Saqqara Tablet</a> (30th entry)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariette186415_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette186415-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin canon</a> (third column, 23rd row),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1959Col._III_num._23_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1959Col._III_num._23-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which were written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> (1279–1213 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turin canon credits Menkauhor with a reign of eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sources indicate that Menkauhor succeeded <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> and preceded <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> on the throne, making him the seventh king of the Fifth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menkauhor was likely mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptiaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptiaca">Aegyptiaca</a></i>, a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a> (283–246 BC) by the Egyptian priest <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>, but no copies of the text survive, and it is known only through later writings by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>. Africanus relates that the <i>Aegyptiaca</i> mentioned a king "Mencherês" reigning for nine years as the seventh king of the Fifth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mencherês</i> is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a> form of <i>Menkauhor</i>, and Africanus' nine-year figure fits well with the eight years of reign given to Menkauhor on the Turin canon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter figure being considered by some Egyptologists, including <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller" title="Hartwig Altenmüller">Hartwig Altenmüller</a>, as more likely than the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporaneous">Contemporaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkauhor_agricultural_estate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Menkauhor_agricultural_estate.png/250px-Menkauhor_agricultural_estate.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Menkauhor_agricultural_estate.png/255px-Menkauhor_agricultural_estate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Menkauhor_agricultural_estate.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Personified agricultural estate of Menkauhor, tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a>, Saqqara<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1905pl._IX_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1905pl._IX-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Relatively few attestations dating to Menkauhor's reign have survived compared to the other kings of the Fifth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Menkauhor's name is well attested in the names and titles of priests and officials of the Fifth Dynasty as well as in the names of the agricultural estates associated with his funerary cult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2000594_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000594-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving artefacts contemporaneous with Menkauhor's reign include two <a href="/wiki/Stone_vessels_in_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone vessels in Ancient Egypt">stone vessels</a> inscribed with his name from the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre#Mortuary_temple" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">mortuary temple of Neferefre</a> – possibly gifts from Menkauhor for the funerary cult of <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVlčková200691_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlčková200691-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>– as well as a few sealings from the same temple<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981295–307_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981295–307-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a405_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a405-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from an area known as "Djedkare's Family Cemetery" in Abusir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200287_&_91_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200287_&_91-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">Cylinder seal</a> impressions showing Menkauhor's <a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a> or the name of his pyramid have also been unearthed in the mortuary complex of Nyuserre Ini,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981297_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981297-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the necropolises of Giza and <a href="/wiki/Gebelein" title="Gebelein">Gebelein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A gold cylinder seal bearing Menkauhor's cartouche as part of the name of his pyramid together with the <a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a> of Djedkare Isesi is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seal, purportedly discovered near the <a href="/wiki/Pactolus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Pactolus river">Pactolus river</a> valley in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung197211_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung197211-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could attest to wide-ranging trade-contacts during the Fifth Dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its provenance remains unverifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulman197986_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman197986-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only secure depiction of the king dating to the Old Kingdom that has survived to this day is a rough, possibly unfinished, alabaster statuette showing Menkauhor enthroned and wearing the tight-fitting ceremonial robe of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Heb-sed</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a405_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a405-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue was discovered in a cachette built during the late New Kingdom beneath the floor of a room to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred lake">sacred lake</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Ptah_(Memphis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Ptah (Memphis)">temple of Ptah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales2006322_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006322-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptologist Jocelyn Berlandini proposed that another statuette,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually attributed to <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a>, belongs instead to Menkauhor Kaiu. Berlandini bases her hypothesis on stylistic grounds, noting the resemblance with Menkauhor's seated statue, as well as the location of the second statue, which was uncovered east of Teti's pyramid, in close proximity to Menkauhor's pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927pl._4,_A_&_B_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927pl._4,_A_&_B-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monumental attestations of Menkauhor are limited to a rock inscription at the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Maghareh" title="Wadi Maghareh">Wadi Maghareh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>, showing his titulary and a rough stele inscribed with his cartouche from Mastaba 904 at Saqqara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200467_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200467-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkauhor_Seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Menkauhor_Seal.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a serpentine cylinder seal of Menkauhor Kaiu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1917seal_5.7_plate_IX_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1917seal_5.7_plate_IX-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Menkauhor is a departure from those of other kings of the Fifth Dynasty. Menkauhor, whose name means "Eternal are the <a href="/wiki/Ka_(Egyptian_soul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka (Egyptian soul)">Kas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>", is the first pharaoh in 80 years whose name does not refer to the sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of Menkauhor instead finds its peers among the princes of the Fifth Dynasty with, for example, prince Khentykauhor "The forces of Horus are at the fore",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a son of Nyuserre Ini,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prince <a href="/wiki/Neserkauhor" title="Neserkauhor">Neserkauhor</a>, a son of Djedkare Isesi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filiation">Filiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Filiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to the paucity of contemporaneous sources for Menkauhor, his relation to his predecessor, Nyuserre Ini, and to his successor, Djedkare Isesi, cannot be ascertained beyond doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal2002106_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal2002106-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menkauhor may have been a son of Nyuserre Ini; indeed Nyuserre Ini is known to have fathered a prince Khentykauhor as shown by a relief mentioning the prince from the mortuary complex of queen <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a>, the mother of Nyuserre Ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner199565_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner199565-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarity of Khentykauhor's name to that of Menkauhor led the Egyptologists Miroslav Verner and Vivienne Callender to propose that the two are the same person, with Khentykauhor taking the name "Menkauhor" upon ascending the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal2002106_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal2002106-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis is possibly contradicted by an inscription discovered in 2008 in the <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a> of Werkaure, the eldest son of an unnamed king. The inscription mentions a "Menkauhor", but does not ascribe any royal attributes to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens201337–38_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens201337–38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptologists Hana Vymazalová and Filip Coppens suggest this might refer to the future pharaoh Menkauhor Kaiu at a time when he was still a prince. They note that Menkauhor might have offered high-quality stone blocks for the construction of the tomb of his (possible) relative, which would explain the inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens201337–38_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens201337–38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contradicts the identification of Menkauhor with Khentykauhor; Vymazalová and Coppens theorize that Khentykauhor and Menkauhor were brothers and sons of Nyuserre Ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838–39_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838–39-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identity of Menkauhor's mother is equally uncertain. In January 2015, the tomb of the "King's wife" and "King's mother", <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_III" title="Khentkaus III">Khentkaus III</a>, was discovered by a team of <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> archaeologists in the necropolis surrounding the pyramid of Neferefre in Abusir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mud seals in the tomb indicate that Khentkaus III was buried during Nyuserre Ini's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Nyuserre Ini's own mother is known to have been Khentkaus II,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200466_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200466-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the discovery suggests that she was Menkauhor Kaiu's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of her tomb close to the pyramid of Neferefre could indicate that she was this king's consort and thus that Neferefre was Menkauhor's father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201458_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201458-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos_KL_05-06_n31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abydos_KL_05-06_n31.jpg/250px-Abydos_KL_05-06_n31.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abydos_KL_05-06_n31.jpg/330px-Abydos_KL_05-06_n31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Menkauhor kaiu Cartouche</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts">Consorts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No queen consort of Menkauhor has been identified for certain. The Egyptologist Wilfried Seipel has proposed that <a href="/wiki/Khuit_I" title="Khuit I">Khuit I</a> was a queen of Menkauhor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the dating of the tombs surrounding Khuit's burial, Seipel argues that she lived during the mid-Fifth Dynasty. By the process of elimination, he attributes known queens to each king of the period, which leaves only Menkauhor as a candidate for her king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arguments are criticized by the Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Baud" title="Michel Baud">Michel Baud</a>, who observes that pharaohs could have had more than one queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537_&_484_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537_&_484-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen <a href="/wiki/Meresankh_IV" title="Meresankh IV">Meresankh IV</a> has also been suggested as a consort for Menkauhor based on the dating and location of her tomb in Saqqara.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible however that she was a wife of Djedkare Isesi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no evidence either for or against the hypothesis that Menkauhor's successor Djedkare Isesi was his son. Two sons have been suggested for Menkauhor based on the dating and general location of their tombs in Saqqara: princes <a href="/wiki/Raemka" title="Raemka">Raemka</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kaemtjenent,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both believed to be children of Meresankh IV. By the same reasoning, they could instead be sons of Djedkare Isesi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468–69_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468–69-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration">Duration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkauhor_Wadi_Maghara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Menkauhor_Wadi_Maghara.png/250px-Menkauhor_Wadi_Maghara.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Menkauhor_Wadi_Maghara.png 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Relief of Menkauhor Kaiu from the Wadi Maghareh<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_II39_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_II39-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardinerPeetČerný1955Pl._VII_num._12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardinerPeetČerný1955Pl._VII_num._12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Given the scarcity of contemporaneous attestations for Menkauhor, modern <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologists</a> consider his reign to have been perhaps eight or nine years long, as indicated by the much later historical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999569_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999569-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercoutter1992302–303_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercoutter1992302–303-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small seated statue of Menkauhor wearing the robe of the Sed festival<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> might suggest a longer reign, since this festival was typically celebrated only after a ruler had spent 30 years on the throne. However, Egyptologist Hartwig Altenmüller deems this hypothesis unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mere depictions of the festival do not necessarily imply a long reign; for example, a relief showing pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> in the tunic of the Sed festival was found in his mortuary temple,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1913Blatt_45_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1913Blatt_45-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2013_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2013-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although both historical sources and archaeological evidence suggest Sahure ruled Egypt for less than 14 full years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999173_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999173-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to the scarcity of artefacts and inscriptions relating to Menkauhor's reign, few of his activities are known. Menkauhor sent an expedition to Sinai to exploit the mines of <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Maghareh" title="Wadi Maghareh">Wadi Maghareh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition is evidenced by a damaged rock inscription showing Menkauhor's titulary which is one of the few attestations dating to his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_II39_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_II39-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardinerPeetČerný1955Pl._VII_num._12_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardinerPeetČerný1955Pl._VII_num._12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mines of Sinai had been exploited since the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a> (2686 BC–2613 BC), and both Menkauhor's predecessor Nyuserre Ini and successor Djedkare Isesi sent expeditions to the Wadi Maghareh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMumford1999875–876_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumford1999875–876-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_activities">Construction activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Construction activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menkauhor Kaiu is known to have ordered the construction of two major monuments during his reign: a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_sun_temple" title="Egyptian sun temple">sun temple</a> for the veneration of Ra and a pyramid for his burial, known today as the "Headless Pyramid".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_&_39_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_&_39-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carved_Stones,_Egyptian_Museum,_al-Q%C4%81hirah,_CG,_EGY_(46992869835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Carved_Stones%2C_Egyptian_Museum%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2846992869835%29.jpg/250px-Carved_Stones%2C_Egyptian_Museum%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2846992869835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Carved_Stones%2C_Egyptian_Museum%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2846992869835%29.jpg/330px-Carved_Stones%2C_Egyptian_Museum%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2846992869835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Carved_Stones%2C_Egyptian_Museum%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2846992869835%29.jpg/500px-Carved_Stones%2C_Egyptian_Museum%2C_al-Q%C4%81hirah%2C_CG%2C_EGY_%2846992869835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Carved Stones, Egyptian Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun_temple">Sun temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sun temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="font-size:100%; width:300px; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; background: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; line-height:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; background-color: #FFE39B [[Category:Egypt portal]]"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" />Sun temple of Menkauhor in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color: #FFFFDE [[Category:Egypt portal]]; color: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]]; border: #993300 [[Category:Egypt portal]] 1px solid; padding: 0.4em;"><div class="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G25.png?a94d0" height="38" title="G25" alt="G25" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa1.png?3a810" height="18" title="Aa1" alt="Aa1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N17.png?35167" height="6" title="N17" alt="N17" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O25.png?caf31" height="38" title="O25" alt="O25" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br /><i>3ḫ.t-Rˁ</i><br />Akhet-Ra</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following a tradition which started with <a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a>, the founder of the Fifth Dynasty, Menkauhor built a temple to the sun god Ra. He was the last pharaoh to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successors, Djedkare Isesi and Unas, abandoned<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner200384_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner200384-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2015_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorman2015-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this practice as the cult of Ra declined<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589–590_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589–590-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the expense of that of Osiris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2015_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorman2015-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the paucity of documents relating to Menkauhor's sun temple, it probably functioned for only a short time or was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner200384_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner200384-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201368_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201368-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menkauhor's sun temple was called <i>Akhet-Ra</i>, which is variously translated as "The Horizon of Ra" or "The Place where Ra Issues Forth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner200384_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner200384-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1994111_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1994111-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple has yet to be located and could be lying under the sands of Saqqara or Abusir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003146_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003146-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its existence is known thanks to inscriptions found in the tombs of Fifth and Sixth Dynasties officials who served as priests of Ra in the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include Hemu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004157_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004157-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> buried in Giza, and Neferiretptah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004157_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004157-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Raemankh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004156_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004156-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were both buried in Saqqara-north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his service in the <i>Akhet-Ra</i>, Neferiretptah was a priest in Menkauhor's pyramid and held the office of "royal ornament", making him responsible for the precious items in the palace of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999448_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999448-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides these inscriptions, a single seal<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981297_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981297-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bearing the name of the <i>Akhet-Ra</i> is known from the tomb of princess <a href="/wiki/Princess_Khamerernebty" title="Princess Khamerernebty">Khamerernebti</a>, located near the mortuary temple of Niuserre in Abusir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seal was placed on a large vessel indicating that provisions for the tombs of members of the royal family were dispatched from Menkauhor's temple to Niuserre's pyramid complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid">Pyramid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pyramid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid">Headless Pyramid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_pyramid_Lepsius_XXIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_pyramid_Lepsius_XXIX.jpg/330px-Map_pyramid_Lepsius_XXIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_pyramid_Lepsius_XXIX.jpg/500px-Map_pyramid_Lepsius_XXIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_pyramid_Lepsius_XXIX.jpg/520px-Map_pyramid_Lepsius_XXIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>The pyramid of Menkauhor (Lepsius XXIX) was constructed on a south-west north-east axis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19794_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19794-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> linking the pyramids of Djoser and Userkaf and, after Menkauhor's death, those of Unas and Teti as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003186_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003186-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Menkauhor Kaiu built a pyramid in North-Saqqara, thereby abandoning the royal necropolis of Abusir, where kings of the Fifth Dynasty had been buried since the reign of Sahure, some 80 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200839_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200839-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this choice may be that the Abusir plateau had become overcrowded by the beginning of Menkauhor's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoelet199987Abu_Gurab/Abusir_after_the_5th_Dynasty_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoelet199987Abu_Gurab/Abusir_after_the_5th_Dynasty-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally named <i>Netjer-isut-Menkauhor</i> by the Ancient Egyptians, meaning "The divine places of Menkauhor", the pyramid is known today as <a href="/wiki/Lepsius_list_of_pyramids" title="Lepsius list of pyramids">Lepsius XXIX</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_IPl._33_&_Text._I,_p._188_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_IPl._33_&_Text._I,_p._188-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the number given to it by the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Richard Lepsius</a> who discovered the pyramid in 1843. Owing to the ruined state of the structure, it is known in Arabic as the "<a href="/wiki/Headless_Pyramid" title="Headless Pyramid">Headless Pyramid</a>", a name that has been retained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1997165_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1997165-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200835_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200835-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pyramid was lost under shifting sands in the early 20th century and its attribution to Menkauhor was consequently debated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini1979_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini1979-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, it was proposed that the Headless Pyramid was <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Merikare" title="Pyramid of Merikare">that of Merikare</a>, a structure dating to the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> and which has yet to be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek1994203–214_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek1994203–214-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the structure identified by Lepsius was rediscovered by a team of archaeologists under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Zahi Hawass</a>, and excavations at the site quickly established a Fifth Dynasty date as indicated by the construction techniques used in its making. Although the excavations failed to yield the name of the king who built the pyramid, Menkauhor was the last pharaoh of the dynasty whose pyramid remained undiscovered. Thus, proceeding by elimination, archeologists and egyptologists have formally recognized the Headless Pyramid as that of Menkauhor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2008_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2008-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pyramid is estimated to have been around 50–60 m (160–200 ft) at the base,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1997165_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1997165-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19799_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19799-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that the edifice would have stood 40–50 m (130–160 ft) high at the time of its construction, making it one of the smallest royal pyramids of the Old Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that Menkauhor had the time to complete his pyramid, whose small dimensions are thus consistent with his short eight to nine years of reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a405_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a405-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the north side lies the entrance to the underground chamber system, which was sealed by two granite portcullises indicating that a burial took place. A broken sarcophagus lid of blue-grey basalt<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197912_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197912-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was found in the burial chamber by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Mallaby_Firth" title="Cecil Mallaby Firth">Cecil Mallaby Firth</a> during his brief excavations of the pyramid in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth1930188_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth1930188-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19798_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19798-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funerary_cult">Funerary cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Funerary cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkauhor_Estate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Menkauhor_Estate.png/250px-Menkauhor_Estate.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Menkauhor_Estate.png/330px-Menkauhor_Estate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Menkauhor_Estate.png/340px-Menkauhor_Estate.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Personified <i>Ḥwt</i> domain of Menkauhor called "Menkauhor is perfect of appearances", tomb of Ptahhotep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1905pl._IX_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1905pl._IX-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Kingdom">Old Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Old Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death Menkauhor enjoyed a funerary cult centered on his pyramid complex. The cult lasted at least until the second half of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty</a>, nearly 150 years later. Provisions for this cult were produced in dedicated agricultural domains that were established during Menkauhor's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products of these domains were delivered to Menkauhor's sun and mortuary temples and distributed to the priests of the cult, who could use them for their sustenance or their own funerary cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personified representations of Menkauhor's agricultural domains are depicted bringing offerings on the walls of the mastabas of these priests. Most of the depictions are located in Saqqara North,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">pyramid complex of Djoser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area comprises the tombs of Neferiretptah,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariette1889322_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette1889322-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raemankh, Duare, Iti, Sekhemnefer, Snofrunefer, Akhethotep, Ptahhotep and Qednes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all priests of the funerary cult of Menkauhor. Further tombs of priests of this cult are found to the north, in Abusir South, with the mastaba of Isesiseneb and Rahotep<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBártaČernýStrouhal200170–71_&_134_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBártaČernýStrouhal200170–71_&_134-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Giza.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complete names of at least seven domains of Menkauhor are known:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacquet-Gordon1962292,_299,_381,_390,_394,_400_&_412_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacquet-Gordon1962292,_299,_381,_390,_394,_400_&_412-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ikauhor is perfect in favor"<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the favor of Ikauhor",<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both mentioned in the tombs of Ptahhotep and Akhethotep; "Ikauhor is perfect of life",<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the tomb of Ptahhotep II; "Horus Qemaa causes Ikauhor to live";<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ikauhor is strong";<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a> loves Ikauhor"<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Matyt loves Ikauhor"<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the tombs of viziers <a href="/wiki/Senedjemib_Inti" title="Senedjemib Inti">Senedjemib Inti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200155,_69_&_152_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200155,_69_&_152-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Senedjemib_Mehi" title="Senedjemib Mehi">Senedjemib Mehi</a> and Hemu in Giza. In addition the <i>Ḥwt</i> domain of the king, which comprises the land holdings<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewerTeeter199952_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewerTeeter199952-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the mortuary temple of Menkauhor, was named "Menkauhor is perfect of appearances".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Kingdom">New Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menkauhor_on_a_stele,_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menkauhor_on_a_stele%2C_Louvre.jpg/220px-Menkauhor_on_a_stele%2C_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menkauhor_on_a_stele%2C_Louvre.jpg/330px-Menkauhor_on_a_stele%2C_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Menkauhor_on_a_stele%2C_Louvre.jpg/440px-Menkauhor_on_a_stele%2C_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Menkauhor represented on a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> from the tomb of Ameneminet, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cult of Menkauhor enjoyed a revival during the New Kingdom period (1550–1077 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197918–19_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197918–19-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999108_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999108-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point Menkauhor had been deified as a local god of the Saqqara necropolis acting as a divine intercessor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315–316_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315–316-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and qualified of "Strong Lord of the Two Lands, Menkauhor <a href="/wiki/Maat_Kheru" class="mw-redirect" title="Maat Kheru">the Justified</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cult is evidenced by reliefs showing Menkauhor in the tombs of the "Chief of the artisans and jewelers" Ameneminet and of the physician Thuthu in Saqqara-North, both of whom lived at the time of the late <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> (1550–1292 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200832–39_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200832–39-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197919_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197919-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inscribed block dating to the later <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Ramesside period</a> (1292–1077 BC) and now in the <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was uncovered by Lepsius in a house in Abusir<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shows Menkauhor enthroned beside four other deified kings of the Old Kingdom: the name of the first, partially lost, but probably <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a> is then followed by <a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a>, Menkauhor and finally <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Neferkare</a>. The owner of the tomb stands before the kings, in worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildung1969197–198_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildung1969197–198-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another relief dating to the same period shows a similar scene. It was inscribed on the lintel of the tomb chapel of Mahy buried in Saqqara North. Four deified kings of the Old Kingdom are shown, all of whom built their pyramids at Saqqara: <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>, Teti, Userkaf and Menkauhor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The persistence of the cult of Menkauhor during the late Eighteenth to Nineteenth Dynasty possibly results from the location of his pyramid, which stood on the way to the necropolis of the <a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a> bulls, which later became the <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara" title="Serapeum of Saqqara">Serapeum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The statue is now in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> and has the catalog numbers CG40 and JdE 28579.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proposed dates for Menkauhor's reign: 2444–2436 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2422–2414 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199460–61_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199460–61-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2421–2414 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek2000100_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999107–108_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999107–108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave20093_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave20093-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2414–2405 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2389–2380 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_&_283_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_&_283-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2373–2366 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The golden seal has the catalog number 68.115.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Karin_Sowada" title="Karin Sowada">Karin Sowada</a> has even doubted the authenticity of the seal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave2009146,_footnote_89_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave2009146,_footnote_89-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Measuring 47.5 cm (18.7 in) in height, the statue shows the king wearing the white crown of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, his eyes adorned with <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">Kohl</a> and with a now damaged false beard. Menkauhor is identified by an inscription at the right of the feet giving his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The statuette is now in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo, under the catalog number JE 39013.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meresankh IV is buried in the tomb S82.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince Raemka was buried in the tomb S80.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince Kaemtjenent was buried in the tomb S84.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The inscription reads "Horus Menkhau, king of Upper and Lower Egypt Menkauhor, given life, stability, and [dominion for ever]. A commission carried out by ...". The inscription is now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, Cairo, under the catalog number JE 38566.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005136"59._Inscription_of_Menkauhor_in_Wadi_Maghara"_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005136"59._Inscription_of_Menkauhor_in_Wadi_Maghara"-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last hieroglyph shown here is an approximation of the correct one which shows a squat obelisk on a flat base called a <i>ben-ben</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBard2015166_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBard2015166-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The seal is now in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Egyptian Museum of Berlin">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a> with catalog number 16760</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As compared to the dimensions of the other royal pyramids of the Old Kingdom as given by Grimal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992118Table_3_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992118Table_3-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Egyptian <i>Nfr-ḥswt Ik3w-Ḥr</i> reading "Neferhesut Ikauhor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Egyptian <i>Ḥswt Ik3w-Ḥr</i> reading "Hesut Ikauhor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nfr-ˁnḫ Ik3w-Ḥr</i> Neferankh Ikauhor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sˁnḫ Ḥr-ḳm3ˁ Ik3w-Ḥr</i> reading "Sankh Hor-Qemaa Ikauhor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>W3ḥ Ik3w-Ḥr</i> that is "Wah Ikauhor"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also translated "Ikauhor flourishes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrovarski2001152_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski2001152-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mr-Sš3t Ik3w-Ḥr</i> reading "Mer Sheshat Ikauhor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mr-M3tjt Ik3w-Ḥr</i> for "Mer Matyt Ikauhor",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matyt is possibly a variant for "Matit", a lioness goddess worshipped during the Old Kingdom period in <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Gabrawi" title="Deir el-Gabrawi">Deir el-Gabrawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19627_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19627-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ḥwt nfr-ḫ3w Mn-k3w-Ḥr</i> reading "Hewet neferkhau Menkauhor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Title found in the tomb of Thuthu, in Egyptian <i>wsir nb t3wy Mn-k3w-Ḥr m3ˁ ḫrw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The relief has the catalog number Berlin NI 1116.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200833_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191137–38_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorchardt1911">Borchardt 1911</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001b">Verner 2001b</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199460–61-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199460–61_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199460–61_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton1994">Clayton 1994</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000100-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek2000100_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalek2000">Malek 2000</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999107–108-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999107–108_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1999">Rice 1999</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave20093-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave20093_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSowadaGrave2009">Sowada & Grave 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrudwick2005">Strudwick 2005</a>, p. xxx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_&_283-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_&_283_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999">von Beckerath 1999</a>, pp. 58–59 & 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2012">Hornung 2012</a>, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeprohon2013">Leprohon 2013</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeipel1980214_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeipel1980">Seipel 1980</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaud1999">Baud 1999</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464–65_&_68-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464–65_&_68_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, pp. 64–65 & 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_University_Press_Release2015_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles_University_Press_Release2015">Charles University Press Release 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2010549-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2010549_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller2010">Müller 2010</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette186415-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariette186415_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMariette1864">Mariette 1864</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1959Col._III_num._23-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1959Col._III_num._23_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardiner1959">Gardiner 1959</a>, Col. III num. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008198–199_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2008">Baker 2008</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199958–59_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999">von Beckerath 1999</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaddell1971">Waddell 1971</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001600_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAltenmüller2001">Altenmüller 2001</a>, p. 600.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1905pl._IX-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1905pl._IX_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1905pl._IX_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray1905">Murray 1905</a>, pl. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a405_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001a">Verner 2001a</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200287_&_91-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal200287_&_91_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerCallenderStrouhal2002">Verner, Callender & Strouhal 2002</a>, pp. 87 & 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981297-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981297_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplony1981297_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplony1981">Kaplony 1981</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeal_of_office_68.115,_BMFA2015">Seal of office 68.115, BMFA 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung197211-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung197211_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung1972">Young 1972</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave2009146,_footnote_89-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowadaGrave2009146,_footnote_89_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSowadaGrave2009">Sowada & Grave 2009</a>, p. 146, footnote 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman197986-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulman197986_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulman1979">Schulman 1979</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006322-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales2006322_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorales2006">Morales 2006</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927pl._4,_A_&_B-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197927pl._4,_A_&_B_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 27, pl. 4, A & B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200467-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200467_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1917seal_5.7_plate_IX-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1917seal_5.7_plate_IX_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrie1917">Petrie 1917</a>, seal 5.7 plate IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal2002106-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal2002106_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerCallenderStrouhal2002106_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVernerCallenderStrouhal2002">Verner, Callender & Strouhal 2002</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner199565-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner199565_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1995">Verner 1995</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens201337–38-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens201337–38_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens201337–38_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2013">Vymazalová & Coppens 2013</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838–39-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200838–39_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200466-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200466_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201458-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201458_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2014">Verner 2014</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537_&_484-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999537_&_484_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaud1999">Baud 1999</a>, pp. 537 & 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468–69-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468–69_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodsonHilton2004">Dodson & Hilton 2004</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005136"59._Inscription_of_Menkauhor_in_Wadi_Maghara"-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005136"59._Inscription_of_Menkauhor_in_Wadi_Maghara"_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrudwick2005">Strudwick 2005</a>, p. 136, "59. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1913Blatt_45_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorchardt1913">Borchardt 1913</a>, Blatt 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2013-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2013_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2013">Richter 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999173-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999173_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1999">Rice 1999</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999">von Beckerath 1999</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumford1999875–876-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMumford1999875–876_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMumford1999">Mumford 1999</a>, pp. 875–876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_&_39-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_&_39_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, pp. 36 & 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBard2015166-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBard2015166_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBard2015">Bard 2015</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200836_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#CITEREFVerner2003">Verner 2003</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorman2015-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2015_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorman2015_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorman2015">Dorman 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589–590-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589–590_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2001b">Verner 2001b</a>, pp. 589–590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201368-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201368_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner2013">Verner 2013</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1994111-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner1994111_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerner1994">Verner 1994</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003146-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003146_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKanawati2003">Kanawati 2003</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004155_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoß2004">Voß 2004</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004157-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004157_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004157_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoß2004">Voß 2004</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoß2004156-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoß2004156_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoß2004">Voß 2004</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999448-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaud1999448_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaud1999">Baud 1999</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19794-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19794_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003186-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanawati2003186_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKanawati2003">Kanawati 2003</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200839-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200839_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoelet199987Abu_Gurab/Abusir_after_the_5th_Dynasty-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoelet199987Abu_Gurab/Abusir_after_the_5th_Dynasty_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoelet1999">Goelet 1999</a>, p. 87, Abu Gurab/Abusir after the 5th Dynasty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_IPl._33_&_Text._I,_p._188-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepsiusDenkmäler_IPl._33_&_Text._I,_p._188_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLepsiusDenkmäler_I">Lepsius & Denkmäler I</a>, Pl. 33 & Text. I, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner1997165-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1997165_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehner1997165_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehner1997">Lehner 1997</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200835-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200835_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini1979-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini1979_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek1994203–214-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek1994203–214_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalek1994">Malek 1994</a>, pp. 203–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2008-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2008_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2008">Wright 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19799-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19799_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992118Table_3-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992118Table_3_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 118, Table 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197912-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197912_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth1930188-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth1930188_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFirth1930">Firth 1930</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19798-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini19798_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette1889322-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariette1889322_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMariette1889">Mariette 1889</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBártaČernýStrouhal200170–71_&_134-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBártaČernýStrouhal200170–71_&_134_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBártaČernýStrouhal2001">Bárta, Černý & Strouhal 2001</a>, pp. 70–71 & 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacquet-Gordon1962292,_299,_381,_390,_394,_400_&_412-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacquet-Gordon1962292,_299,_381,_390,_394,_400_&_412_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacquet-Gordon1962">Jacquet-Gordon 1962</a>, pp. 292, 299, 381, 390, 394, 400 & 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197916footnote_77_106-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 16, footnote 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski2001152-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrovarski2001152_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrovarski2001">Brovarski 2001</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19627-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer19627_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1962">Fischer 1962</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200155,_69_&_152-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200155,_69_&_152_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrovarski2001">Brovarski 2001</a>, p. 55, 69 & 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewerTeeter199952-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewerTeeter199952_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrewerTeeter1999">Brewer & Teeter 1999</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197918–19-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197918–19_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999108-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999108_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1999">Rice 1999</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315–316-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315–316_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini-Grenier1976">Berlandini-Grenier 1976</a>, pp. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini-Grenier1976315_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini-Grenier1976">Berlandini-Grenier 1976</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200832–39-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200832–39_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, pp. 32–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197919-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlandini197919_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlandini1979">Berlandini 1979</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVymazalováCoppens200837_126-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVymazalováCoppens2008">Vymazalová & Coppens 2008</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildung1969197–198-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildung1969197–198_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildung1969">Wildung 1969</a>, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAltenmüller2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller" title="Hartwig Altenmüller">Altenmüller, Hartwig</a> (2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">597–</span>601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Kingdom%3A+Fifth+Dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E597-%3C%2Fspan%3E601&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Altenm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Hartwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2008" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Darrell (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I — Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC</i>. Stacey International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9"><bdi>978-1-905299-37-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Pharaohs%3A+Volume+I+%E2%80%94+Predynastic+to+the+Twentieth+Dynasty+3300%E2%80%931069+BC&rft.pub=Stacey+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905299-37-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBard2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_A._Bard" title="Kathryn A. Bard">Bard, Kathryn</a> (2015). <i>An Introduction to the archaeology of ancient Egypt</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67336-2"><bdi>978-0-470-67336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+archaeology+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67336-2&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBártaČernýStrouhal2001" class="citation book cs1">Bárta, Miroslav; Černý, Viktor; Strouhal, Eugen (2001). <i>Abusir V. The Cemeteries at Abusir South I</i>. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Prague: Roman Míšek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-86277-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-86277-18-9"><bdi>978-80-86277-18-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abusir+V.+The+Cemeteries+at+Abusir+South+I&rft.place=Prague&rft.series=Excavations+of+the+Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.pub=Roman+M%C3%AD%C5%A1ek&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-80-86277-18-9&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1rta&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft.au=%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C+Viktor&rft.au=Strouhal%2C+Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaud1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Baud" title="Michel Baud">Baud, Michel</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105848/http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/baud_famille_2.pdf"><i>Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0250-7"><bdi>978-2-7247-0250-7</bdi></a>. 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Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2591-2"><bdi>978-3-8053-2591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+K%C3%B6nigsnamen&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnchner+%C3%A4gyptologische+Studien%2C+Heft+49%2C+Mainz+%3A+Philip+von+Zabern&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-2591-2&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlandini1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berlandini, Jocelyne (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3207239">"La pyramide ruinée de Sakkara-nord et le roi Ikaouhor-Menkaouhor"</a>. <i>Revue d'Égyptologie</i> (in French). <b>31</b>. 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Der Manuelian, Peter; Simpson, William Kelly (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/static/html/gizamastabas7.jsp"><i>The Senedjemib Complex, Part 1. The Mastabas of Senedjemib Inti (G 2370), Khnumenti (G 2374), and Senedjemib Mehi (G 2378)</i></a>. Giza Mastabas. Vol. 7. Boston: Art of the Ancient World, Museum of Fine Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87846-479-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87846-479-1"><bdi>978-0-87846-479-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Senedjemib+Complex%2C+Part+1.+The+Mastabas+of+Senedjemib+Inti+%28G+2370%29%2C+Khnumenti+%28G+2374%29%2C+and+Senedjemib+Mehi+%28G+2378%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Giza+Mastabas&rft.pub=Art+of+the+Ancient+World%2C+Museum+of+Fine+Arts&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87846-479-1&rft.aulast=Brovarski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Fgizamastabas7.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_University_Press_Release2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuni.cz/UKEN-332.html">"Czech expedition discovers the tomb of an ancient Egyptian unknown queen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a>. 16 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paris: Friedrich Vieweg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2654989">2654989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Mastabas+de+l%27Ancien+Empire%2C+Fragments+du+Dernier+Ouvrage+d%27Auguste+%C3%89douard+Mariette&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Friedrich+Vieweg&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2654989&rft.aulast=Mariette&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Fmariette1889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorales2006" class="citation book cs1">Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". 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Fribourg: Academic Press; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525534557" title="Special:BookSources/9783525534557"><bdi>9783525534557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+during+the+Old+Kingdom%3A+an+archaeological+perspective&rft.series=Orbis+biblicus+et+orientalis%2C+237&rft.pub=Fribourg%3A+Academic+Press%3B+G%C3%B6ttingen%3A+Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783525534557&rft.aulast=Sowada&rft.aufirst=Karin+N.&rft.au=Grave%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwJe63dlNxUC%26q%3DMenkauhor%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeipel1980" class="citation thesis cs1">Seipel, Wilfried (1980). <i>Untersuchungen zu den ägyptischen Königinnen der Frühzeit und des alten Reiches: Quellen und historische Einordnung</i> (PhD). 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Paris: Presses universitaires de France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-044157-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-044157-1"><bdi>978-2-13-044157-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Egypte+et+la+vall%C3%A9e+du+Nil%2C+1+%3A+Des+origines+%C3%A0+la+fin+de+l%27Ancien+Empire+12000%E2%80%932000+av.+J.-C&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-13-044157-1&rft.aulast=Vercoutter&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerner1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Verner" title="Miroslav Verner">Verner, Miroslav</a> (1994). <i>Forgotten Pharaohs, Lost Pyramids: Abusir</i>. Praha: Academia Škodaexport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0022-4"><bdi>978-80-200-0022-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Pharaohs%2C+Lost+Pyramids%3A+Abusir&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Academia+%C5%A0kodaexport&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-80-200-0022-4&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerner1995" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (1995). <i>The Pyramid Complex of Khentkaus</i>. Abusir III. Prague: Charles University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7066-909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7066-909-9"><bdi>978-80-7066-909-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pyramid+Complex+of+Khentkaus&rft.place=Prague&rft.series=Abusir+III&rft.pub=Charles+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-80-7066-909-9&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerner2000" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2000). "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201084444/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.pdf"><i>Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. <span class="nowrap">581–</span>602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0"><bdi>978-80-85425-39-0</bdi></a>. 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"Old Kingdom: An Overview". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">585–</span>591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Kingdom%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E591&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVernerCallenderStrouhal2002" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav; Callender, Vivienne; Strouhal, Evžen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407194835/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/ABUSIR%20VI.pdf"><i>Djedkare's Family Cemetery</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Abusir VI. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-86277-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-86277-22-6"><bdi>978-80-86277-22-6</bdi></a>. 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Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-723-1"><bdi>978-977-424-723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abusir%3A+The+Realm+of+Osiris&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-977-424-723-1&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerner2013" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2013). <i>Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt</i>. 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Prague: Charles University, Faculty of the Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7308-541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7308-541-4"><bdi>978-80-7308-541-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909874854">909874854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+the+Sun.+Rise+and+decline+of+the+Fifth+Dynasty&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Charles+University%2C+Faculty+of+the+Arts&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909874854&rft.isbn=978-80-7308-541-4&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVlčková2006" class="citation journal cs1">Vlčková, Petra (2006). 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München–Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Kunstverlag" title="Deutscher Kunstverlag">Deutscher Kunstverlag</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%BCnchener+%C3%84gyptologische+Studien.+%28M%C3%84S%29&rft.atitle=Die+Rolle+%C3%A4gyptischer+K%C3%B6nige+im+Bewu%C3%9Ftsein+ihrer+Nachwelt.+Teil+I.+Posthume+Quellen+%C3%BCber+die+K%C3%B6nige+der+ersten+vier+Dynastien&rft.volume=17&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wildung&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Wright, Jonathan (June 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184901/https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-33922020080605">"Eroded pyramid attributed to early pharaoh"</a>. <i>Reuters</i> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-33922020080605">the original</a> on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eroded+pyramid+attributed+to+early+pharaoh&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidINIndia-33922020080605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1972" class="citation journal cs1">Young, William J. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gizapyramids.org/static/pdf%20library/bmfa_pdfs/bmfa70_1972_04to13.pdf">"The Fabulous Gold of the Pactolus Valley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boston Museum Bulletin</i>. <b>LXX</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Museum+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Fabulous+Gold+of+the+Pactolus+Valley&rft.volume=LXX&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgizapyramids.org%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2520library%2Fbmfa_pdfs%2Fbmfa70_1972_04to13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenkauhor+Kaiu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menkauhor_Kaiu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External 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title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(pre-3150 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(3150–2686 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2686–2181 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2181–2040 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2040–1802 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1802–1550 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (1550–664 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1550–1070 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1069–664 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664–332 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(332–30 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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