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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Basic concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Basic concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Being" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Being"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Being</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Being-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particulars_and_universals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particulars_and_universals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Particulars and universals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particulars_and_universals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concrete_and_abstract_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_and_abstract_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Concrete and abstract objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_and_abstract_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Schools of thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools of thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Realism_and_anti-realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism_and_anti-realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Realism and anti-realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism_and_anti-realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_number_of_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_number_of_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>By number of categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_number_of_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_fundamental_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_fundamental_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>By fundamental categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_fundamental_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ontology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8A%91%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AC" title="ሥነ ኑባሬ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ኑባሬ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF" title="علم الوجود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الوجود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontolox%C3%ADa" title="Ontoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologiya" title="Ontologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ontologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="সত্তাতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সত্তাতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAn-th%C3%A9-l%C5%ABn" title="Pún-thé-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pún-thé-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анталогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онтология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Онтология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ontologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Онтологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Онтологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ontologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontoleg" title="Ontoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ontoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologi_(filosofi)" title="Ontologi (filosofi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ontologi (filosofi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ontologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontoloogia" title="Ontoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ontoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οντολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οντολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontolog%C3%ADa" title="Ontología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ontología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologio" title="Ontologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ontologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="هستی‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هستی‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie_(philosophie)" title="Ontologie (philosophie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ontologie (philosophie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ontology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointeola%C3%ADocht" title="Ointeolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ointeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontolox%C3%ADa" title="Ontoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ontoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="存在論 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="存在論" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoome_wa_K%C4%A9e%C5%A9" title="Thoome wa Kĩeũ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thoome wa Kĩeũ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4%EC%9E%AC%EB%A1%A0" title="존재론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존재론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ontology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոյաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոյաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सत्तामीमांसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सत्तामीमांसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ontologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologio" title="Ontologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ontologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ontologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Verufræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verufræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אונטולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ონტოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ონტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онтология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Онтология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontolojia" title="Ontolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ontolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontoloji_(filozofi)" title="Ontoloji (filozofi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ontoloji (filozofi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онтология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Онтология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontolo%C4%A3ija" title="Ontoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ontoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ontologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ontologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontol%C3%B3gia" title="Ontológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ontológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Онтологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Онтологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94nt%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia_(fil%C3%B4z%C3%B4fia)" title="Ôntôlôjia (filôzôfia) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôntôlôjia (filôzôfia)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ontologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ontologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဥပ္ပါဒဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥပ္ပါဒဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie_(filosofie)" title="Ontologie (filosofie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontologie (filosofie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="अन्टोलोजी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अन्टोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="存在論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="存在論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ontologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinleetoo" title="Xiinleetoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinleetoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4" title="ਤੱਤ-ਸਿੱਧਾਂਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੱਤ-ਸਿੱਧਾਂਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="انټولوژي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انټولوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontalaji" title="Ontalaji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ontalaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ontologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologiya" title="Ontologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ontologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologie" title="Ontologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ontologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Онтология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Онтология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologjia" title="Ontologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ontologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontulugg%C3%ACa" title="Ontuluggìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ontuluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ontology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم موجودات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علم موجودات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontol%C3%B3gia" title="Ontológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ontológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ontologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ئۆنتۆلۆجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆنتۆلۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Онтологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Онтологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija" title="Ontologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ontologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ontologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ontologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontolohiya" title="Ontolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ontolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="உள்ளியம் (மெய்யியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உள்ளியம் (மெய்யியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnilit" title="Tasnilit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnilit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภววิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภววิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҳастишиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳастишиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontoloji" title="Ontoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ontoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Онтологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Онтологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical study of being</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontology">Odontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">Ontogeny</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the philosophical study of being. For the information science concept, see <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a>.</div> <p><b>Ontology</b> is the philosophical study of being. It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> focused on the most general features of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>. As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every <a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">entity</a> within it. To articulate the basic structure of being, ontology examines what all things have in common. It also investigates how they can be grouped into basic types, such as the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_categories" title="Theory of categories">categories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">particulars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a>. Particulars are unique, non-repeatable entities, like the person <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. Universals are general, repeatable entities, like the color <i>green</i>. Another contrast is between <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">concrete</a> objects existing in space and time, like a tree, and abstract objects existing outside space and time, like the number 7. Systems of categories aim to provide a comprehensive inventory of reality, employing categories such as <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relation_(philosophy)" title="Relation (philosophy)">relation</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(philosophy)" title="State of affairs (philosophy)">state of affairs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">event</a>. </p><p>Ontologists disagree about which entities exist on the most basic level. <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a> asserts that universals have objective existence. <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a> says that universals only exist in the mind while <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a> denies their existence. There are similar disputes about <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_object" title="Mathematical object">mathematical objects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">unobservable</a> objects assumed by scientific theories, and <a href="/wiki/Ethics#Realism,_relativism,_and_nihilism" title="Ethics">moral facts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a> says that, fundamentally, there is only <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> while <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">dualism</a> asserts that <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and matter are independent principles. According to some ontologists, there are no objective answers to ontological questions but only perspectives shaped by different linguistic practices. </p><p>Ontology uses diverse <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_methodology" title="Philosophical methodology">methods of inquiry</a>. They include the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">concepts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">experience</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiments</a>, and the integration of findings from <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Formal_ontology" title="Formal ontology">Formal ontology</a> is the branch of ontology investigating the most abstract features of objects. <a href="/wiki/Applied_ontology" title="Applied ontology">Applied ontology</a> employs ontological theories and principles to study entities belonging to a specific area. For example, <a href="/wiki/Social_ontology" title="Social ontology">social ontology</a> examines basic concepts used in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. Applied ontology is of particular relevance to <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, which develop <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">conceptual frameworks of limited domains</a>. These frameworks are used to store information in a structured way, such as a college database tracking academic activities. Ontology is relevant to the fields of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_ontology" title="History of ontology">origins of ontology</a> lie in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient period</a> with speculations about the nature of being and the source of the universe, including ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>. In the modern period, philosophers conceived ontology as a distinct academic discipline and coined its name. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ontology is the study of being. It is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> that investigates the nature of <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, the features all entities have in common, and how they are divided into basic <a href="/wiki/Categories_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Categories of being">categories of being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims to discover the foundational building blocks of the world and characterize <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> as a whole in its most general aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard, ontology contrasts with individual sciences like <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, which restrict themselves to a limited domain of entities, such as living entities and celestial phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some contexts, the term <i>ontology</i> refers not to the general study of being but to a specific ontological theory within this discipline. It can also mean an inventory or a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual scheme">conceptual scheme</a> of a particular domain, such as <a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">the ontology of genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, an inventory is a comprehensive list of elements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conceptual scheme is a framework of the key concepts and their relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ontology is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> but the exact relation of these two disciplines is disputed. A traditionally influential characterization asserts that ontology is a subdiscipline of metaphysics. According to this view, metaphysics is the study of various aspects of fundamental reality, whereas ontology restricts itself to the most general features of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view sees ontology as general metaphysics, which is to be distinguished from special metaphysics focused on more specific subject matters, like <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different conception understands ontology as a preliminary discipline that provides a complete inventory of reality while metaphysics examines the features and structure of the entities in this inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another conception says that metaphysics is about real being while ontology examines possible being or the concept of being.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not universally accepted that there is a clear boundary between metaphysics and ontology. Some philosophers use both terms as synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The etymology of the word <i>ontology</i> traces back to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> terms <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄντως</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ontos</i></span>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">being</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λογία</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">logia</i></span>, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">study of</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), literally, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the study of being</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. The ancient Greeks did not use the term <i>ontology</i>, which was coined by philosophers in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_concepts">Basic concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Being">Being</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chair_2020_P01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chair_2020_P01.jpg/78px-Chair_2020_P01.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chair_2020_P01.jpg/117px-Chair_2020_P01.jpg 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/></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg/123px-Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg/185px-Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg/246px-Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abstract depiction of ideas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ideas.svg/111px-Ideas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ideas.svg/167px-Ideas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ideas.svg/222px-Ideas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Number 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Number_7.svg/81px-Number_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Number_7.svg/122px-Number_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Number_7.svg/162px-Number_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a dragon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/153px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/230px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/306px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="928" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The scope of ontology covers diverse entities, including everyday objects, living beings, celestial bodies, ideas, numbers, and fictional creatures.</div></div></div></div> <p>Being, or <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, is the main topic of ontology. It is one of the most general and fundamental concepts, encompassing all of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> and every <a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">entity</a> within it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its broadest sense, being only contrasts with non-being or nothingness.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is controversial whether a more substantial analysis of the concept or meaning of being is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One proposal understands being as a property possessed by every entity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics argue that a thing without being cannot have properties. This means that properties presuppose being and cannot explain it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another suggestion is that all beings share a set of essential features. According to the <b>Eleatic principle</b>, "power is the mark of being", meaning that only entities with <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal</a> influence truly exist.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A controversial proposal by philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a> suggests that all existence is mental. He expressed this <a href="/wiki/Immaterialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaterialism">immaterialism</a> in his slogan "to be is to be perceived".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the context, the term <i>being</i> is sometimes used with a more limited meaning to refer only to certain aspects of reality. In one sense, being is unchanging and permanent, in contrast to becoming, which implies change.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another contrast is between being, as what truly exists, and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a>, as what appears to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some contexts, being expresses the fact that something is while <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> expresses its <a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">qualities</a> or what it is like.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ontologists often divide being into fundamental classes or highest kinds, called <i><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Categories of being">categories of being</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomasson2022_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomasson2022-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposed categories include substance, <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relation_(philosophy)" title="Relation (philosophy)">relation</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(philosophy)" title="State of affairs (philosophy)">state of affairs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be used to provide systems of categories, which offer a comprehensive inventory of reality in which every entity belongs to exactly one category.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomasson2022_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomasson2022-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers, like <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, say that entities belonging to different categories exist in distinct ways. Others, like <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">John Duns Scotus</a>, insist that there are no differences in the mode of being, meaning that <a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">everything exists in the same way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related dispute is whether some entities have a higher degree of being than others, an idea already found in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s work. The more common view in contemporary philosophy is that a thing either exists or not with no intermediary states or degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relation between being and non-being is a frequent topic in ontology. Influential issues include the status of <a href="/wiki/Nonexistent_objects" title="Nonexistent objects">nonexistent objects</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Why_is_there_anything_at_all%3F" title="Why is there anything at all?">why there is something rather than nothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particulars_and_universals">Particulars and universals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Particulars and universals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">Particulars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal"><img alt="Photo of the Taj Mahal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/251px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="251" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/377px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/502px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green"><img alt="Patch of green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Color_green.svg/83px-Color_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Color_green.svg/125px-Color_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Color_green.svg/166px-Color_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> is a particular entity while the color <i>green</i> is a universal entity.</div></div></div></div> <p>A central distinction in ontology is between particular and universal entities. Particulars, also called <i>individuals</i>, are unique, non-repeatable entities, like <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universals are general, repeatable entities, like the color <i>green</i>, the form <i>circularity</i>, and the virtue <i>courage</i>. Universals express aspects or features shared by particulars. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> are particulars characterized by the universal <i>mountain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Universals can take the form of properties or relations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properties describe the characteristics of things. They are features or qualities possessed by an entity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properties are often divided into <a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)#Essential_and_accidental" title="Property (philosophy)">essential and accidental properties</a>. A property is essential if an entity must have it; it is accidental if the entity can exist without it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <i>having three sides</i> is an essential property of a triangle, whereas <i>being red</i> is an accidental property.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations are ways how two or more entities stand to one another. Unlike properties, they apply to several entities and characterize them as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>being a city</i> is a property while <i>being east of</i> is a relation, as in "<a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> is a city" and "Kathmandu is east of <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations are often divided into <a href="/wiki/Relation_(philosophy)#Internal_and_external" title="Relation (philosophy)">internal and external relations</a>. Internal relations depend only on the properties of the objects they connect, like the relation of <a href="/wiki/Similarity_(philosophy)" title="Similarity (philosophy)">resemblance</a>. External relations express characteristics that go beyond what the connected objects are like, such as spatial relations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substances<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> play an important role in the history of ontology as the particular entities that underlie and support properties and relations. They are often considered the fundamental building blocks of reality that can exist on their own, while entities like properties and relations cannot exist without substances. Substances persist through changes as they acquire or lose properties. For example, when a tomato ripens, it loses the property <i>green</i> and acquires the property <i>red</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>States of affairs are complex particular entities that have several other entities as their components. The state of affairs "Socrates is wise" has two components: the individual <i>Socrates</i> and the property <i>wise</i>. States of affairs that correspond to reality are called <i><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">facts</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facts are <a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">truthmakers</a> of statements, meaning that whether a statement is true or false depends on the underlying facts.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Events are particular entities<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that occur in time, like the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_moon_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="First moon landing">first moon landing</a>. They usually involve some kind of change, like the lawn becoming dry. In some cases, no change occurs, like the lawn staying wet.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex events, also called <i>processes</i>, are composed of a sequence of events.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete_and_abstract_objects">Concrete and abstract objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concrete and abstract objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Concrete and abstract</a></div> <p>Concrete objects are entities that exist in space and time, such as a tree, a car, and a planet. They have causal powers and can affect each other, like when a car hits a tree and both are deformed in the process. Abstract objects, by contrast, are outside space and time, such as the number 7 and the set of <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a>. They lack causal powers and do not undergo changes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence and nature of abstract objects remain subjects of philosophical debate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concrete objects encountered in everyday life are complex entities composed of various parts. For example, a book is made up of two covers and the pages between them. Each of these components is itself constituted of smaller parts, like <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a> studies the relation between parts and wholes. One position in mereology says that every collection of entities forms a whole. According to another view, this is only the case for collections that fulfill certain requirements, for instance, that the entities in the collection touch one another.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of material constitution asks whether or in what sense a whole should be considered a new object in addition to the collection of parts composing it.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abstract objects are closely related to fictional and <a href="/wiki/Object_of_the_mind" title="Object of the mind">intentional objects</a>. Fictional objects are entities invented in works of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>. They can be things, like the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a> in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s book series <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>, and people, like the <a href="/wiki/Monkey_King" title="Monkey King">Monkey King</a> in the novel <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers say that fictional objects are abstract objects and exist outside space and time. Others understand them as artifacts that are created as the works of fiction are written.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intentional objects are entities that exist within <a href="/wiki/Mental_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental states">mental states</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">desires</a>. For example, if a person thinks about the <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a> then the Loch Ness Monster is the intentional object of this <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>. People can think about existing and non-existing objects. This makes it difficult to assess the <a href="/wiki/Intentionality#The_problem_of_intentional_inexistence" title="Intentionality">ontological status of intentional objects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_concepts">Other concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ontological dependence is a relation between entities. An entity depends ontologically on another entity if the first entity cannot exist without the second entity.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the surface of an apple cannot exist without the apple.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An entity is ontologically independent if it does not depend on anything else, meaning that it is fundamental and can exist on its own. Ontological dependence plays a central role in ontology and its attempt to describe reality on its most fundamental level.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Grounding_(metaphysics)" title="Grounding (metaphysics)">metaphysical grounding</a>, which is the relation between a ground and the facts it explains.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willard_Van_Orman_Quine_on_Bluenose_II_in_Halifax_NS_harbor_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Willard Van Orman Quine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine_on_Bluenose_II_in_Halifax_NS_harbor_1980.jpg/180px-Willard_Van_Orman_Quine_on_Bluenose_II_in_Halifax_NS_harbor_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine_on_Bluenose_II_in_Halifax_NS_harbor_1980.jpg/270px-Willard_Van_Orman_Quine_on_Bluenose_II_in_Halifax_NS_harbor_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine_on_Bluenose_II_in_Halifax_NS_harbor_1980.jpg/360px-Willard_Van_Orman_Quine_on_Bluenose_II_in_Halifax_NS_harbor_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a> used the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ontological_commitment" title="Ontological commitment">ontological commitments</a> to analyze theories.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ontological_commitment" title="Ontological commitment">ontological commitment</a> of a person or a theory is an entity that exists according to them.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, a person who <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">believes in God</a> has an ontological commitment to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontological commitments can be used to analyze which ontologies people explicitly defend or implicitly assume. They play a central role in contemporary metaphysics when trying to decide between competing theories. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Quine%E2%80%93Putnam_indispensability_argument" title="Quine–Putnam indispensability argument">Quine–Putnam indispensability argument</a> defends <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Platonism">mathematical Platonism</a>, asserting that numbers exist because the best scientific theories are ontologically committed to numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possibility and necessity are further topics in ontology. Possibility describes what can be the case, as in "it is possible that <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> exists". Necessity describes what must be the case, as in "it is necessary that three plus two equals five". Possibility and necessity contrast with actuality, which describes what is the case, as in "<a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>". Ontologists often use the concept of <a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">possible worlds</a> to analyze possibility and necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible world is a complete and consistent way how things could have been.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a> was born in 1949 in the actual world but there are possible worlds in which he was born at a different date. Using this idea, <a href="/wiki/Possible_world_semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Possible world semantics">possible world semantics</a> says that a sentence is possibly true if it is true in at least one possible world. A sentence is necessarily true if it is true in all possible worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ontology, <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">identity</a> means that two things are the same. Philosophers distinguish between qualitative and numerical identity. Two entities are qualitatively identical if they have exactly the same features, such as perfect identical twins. This is also called <i>exact similarity</i> and <i>indiscernibility</i>. Numerical identity, by contrast, means that there is only a single entity. For example, if Fatima is the mother of Leila and Hugo then Leila's mother is numerically identical to Hugo's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another distinction is between synchronic and diachronic identity. Synchronic identity relates an entity to itself at the same time. Diachronic identity relates an entity to itself at different times, as in "the woman who bore Leila three years ago is the same woman who bore Hugo this year".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different and sometimes overlapping ways to divide ontology into branches. Pure ontology focuses on the most abstract topics associated with the concept and nature of being. It is not restricted to a specific domain of entities and studies existence and the structure of reality as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure ontology contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Applied_ontology" title="Applied ontology">applied ontology</a>, also called domain ontology. Applied ontology examines the application of ontological theories and principles to specific disciplines and domains, often in the field of science.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It considers ontological problems in regard to specific entities such as <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, and cultural artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_ontology" title="Social ontology">Social ontology</a>, a major subfield of applied ontology, studies social kinds, like <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>. It aims to determine the nature and essential features of these concepts while also examining their mode of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a common view, social kinds are useful constructions to describe the complexities of social life. This means that they are not pure fictions but, at the same time, lack the objective or mind-independent reality of natural phenomena like elementary particles, lions, and stars.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fields of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">knowledge representation</a>, applied ontology is interested in the development of formal frameworks to encode and store information about a limited domain of entities in a structured way.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related application in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> is <a href="/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology">Gene Ontology</a>, which is a comprehensive framework for the standardized representation of gene-related information across species and databases.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Formal_ontology" title="Formal ontology">Formal ontology</a> is the study of objects in general while focusing on their abstract structures and features. It divides objects into different categories based on the forms they exemplify. Formal ontologists often rely on the tools of <a href="/wiki/Formal_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal logic">formal logic</a> to express their findings in an abstract and general manner.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal ontology contrasts with material ontology, which distinguishes between different areas of objects and examines the features characteristic of a specific area.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are ideal spatial beings in the area of geometry and living beings in the area of biology.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descriptive ontology aims to articulate the conceptual scheme underlying how people ordinarily think about the world. Prescriptive ontology departs from common conceptions of the structure of reality and seeks to formulate a new and better conceptualization.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another contrast is between analytic and speculative ontology. Analytic ontology examines the types and categories of being to determine what kinds of things could exist and what features they would have. Speculative ontology aims to determine which entities actually exist, for example, whether there are numbers or whether time is an illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidegger_3_(1960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Heidegger_3_%281960%29.jpg/180px-Heidegger_3_%281960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Heidegger_3_%281960%29.jpg/270px-Heidegger_3_%281960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Heidegger_3_%281960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> proposed fundamental ontology to study the meaning of being.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Metaontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaontology">Metaontology</a> studies the underlying concepts, assumptions, and methods of ontology. Unlike other forms of ontology, it does not ask "what exists" but "what does it mean for something to exist" and "how can people determine what exists".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_ontology" title="Fundamental ontology">fundamental ontology</a>, an approach developed by philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> that seeks to uncover the meaning of being.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools of thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realism_and_anti-realism">Realism and anti-realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Realism and anti-realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></div> <p>The term <i>realism</i> is used for various theories<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that affirm that some kind of phenomenon is real or has mind-independent existence. Ontological realism is the view that there are <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> facts about what exists and what the nature and categories of being are. Ontological realists do not make claims about what those facts are, for example, whether elementary particles exist. They merely state that there are mind-independent facts that determine which ontological theories are true.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is denied by ontological anti-realists, also called ontological deflationists, who say that there are no substantive facts one way or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to philosopher <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a>, for example, ontological statements are relative to language and depend on the ontological framework of the speaker. This means that there are no framework-independent ontological facts since different frameworks provide different views while there is no objectively right or wrong framework.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fresco showing Plato and Aristotle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/220px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/330px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/440px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (right) disagreed on whether universals can exist without matter.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a more narrow sense, realism refers to the existence of certain types of entities.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realists about universals say that universals have mind-independent existence. According to <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Platonic realists</a>, universals exist not only independent of the mind but also independent of particular objects that exemplify them. This means that the universal <i>red</i> could exist by itself even if there were no red objects in the world. Aristotelian realism, also called <a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">moderate realism</a>, rejects this idea and says that universals only exist as long as there are objects that exemplify them. <a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a>, by contrast, is a form of anti-realism, stating that universals only exist in the mind as concepts that people use to understand and categorize the world. <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalists</a> defend a strong form of anti-realism by saying that universals have no existence. This means that the world is entirely composed of particular objects.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical realism">Mathematical realism</a>, a closely related view in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">philosophy of mathematics</a>, says that mathematical facts exist independently of human language, thought, and practices and are discovered rather than invented. According to mathematical Platonism, this is the case because of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical objects">mathematical objects</a>, like numbers and sets. Mathematical Platonists say that mathematical objects are as real as physical objects, like atoms and stars, even though they are not accessible to <a href="/wiki/Empirical_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical observation">empirical observation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influential forms of mathematical anti-realism include conventionalism, which says that mathematical theories are trivially true simply by how mathematical terms are defined, and game <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)" title="Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)">formalism</a>, which understands mathematics not as a theory of reality but as a game governed by rules of string manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Modal realism</a> is the theory that in addition to the actual world, there are countless <a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">possible worlds</a> as real and concrete as the actual world. The primary difference is that the actual world is inhabited by us while other possible worlds are inhabited by our <a href="/wiki/Counterpart_theory" title="Counterpart theory">counterparts</a>. Modal anti-realists reject this view and argue that possible worlds do not have concrete reality but exist in a different sense, for example, as abstract or fictional objects.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realists</a> say that the scientific description of the world is an accurate representation of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is of particular relevance in regard to things that <a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">cannot be directly observed</a> by humans but are assumed to exist by scientific theories, like electrons, forces, and laws of nature. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_anti-realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific anti-realism">Scientific anti-realism</a> says that scientific theories are not descriptions of reality but <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instruments</a> to predict observations and the outcomes of experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realists</a> claim that there exist mind-independent moral facts. According to them, there are objective principles that determine which behavior is morally right. <a href="/wiki/Moral_anti-realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral anti-realism">Moral anti-realists</a> either claim that moral principles are subjective and differ between persons and cultures, a position known as <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a>, or outright deny the existence of moral facts, a view referred to as <a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">moral nihilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_number_of_categories">By number of categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By number of categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monocategorical theories say that there is only one fundamental category, meaning that every single entity belongs to the same universal class.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some forms of nominalism state that only concrete particulars exist while some forms of <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">bundle theory</a> state that only properties exist.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polycategorical theories, by contrast, hold that there is more than one basic category, meaning that entities are divided into two or more fundamental classes. They take the form of systems of categories, which list the highest genera of being to provide a comprehensive inventory of everything.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The closely related discussion between <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">dualism</a> is about the most fundamental types that make up reality. According to monism, there is only one kind of thing or substance on the most basic level.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a> is an influential monist view; it says that everything is material. This means that mental phenomena, such as beliefs, emotions, and consciousness, either do not exist or exist as aspects of matter, like brain states. <a href="/wiki/Idealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealists">Idealists</a> take the converse perspective, arguing that everything is mental. They may understand physical phenomena, like rocks, trees, and planets, as ideas or perceptions of conscious minds.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a> occupies a middle ground by saying that both mind and matter are derivative phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dualists state that mind and matter exist as independent principles, either as <a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">distinct substances</a> or <a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">different types of properties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a slightly different sense, monism contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a> as a view not about the number of basic types but the number of entities. In this sense, monism is the controversial position that only a single all-encompassing entity exists in all of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pluralism is more commonly accepted and says that several distinct entities exist.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_fundamental_categories">By fundamental categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By fundamental categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historically influential <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance-attribute ontology</a> is a polycategorical theory. It says that reality is at its most fundamental level made up of unanalyzable substances that are characterized by universals, such as the properties an individual substance has or relations that exist between substances.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closely related to substratum theory says that each concrete object is made up of properties and a substratum. The difference is that the substratum is not characterized by properties: it is a featureless or <i>bare particular</i> that merely supports the properties.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various alternative ontological theories have been proposed that deny the role of substances as the foundational building blocks of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuff ontologies say that the world is not populated by distinct entities but by continuous stuff that fills space. This stuff may take various forms and is often conceived as infinitely divisible.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process ontology</a>, processes or events are the fundamental entities. This view usually emphasizes that nothing in reality is static, meaning that being is dynamic and characterized by constant change.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundle theories state that there are no regular objects but only bundles of co-present properties. For example, a lemon may be understood as a bundle that includes the properties yellow, sour, and round. According to traditional bundle theory, the bundled properties are universals, meaning that the same property may belong to several different bundles. According to <a href="/wiki/Trope_(philosophy)#In_metaphysics" title="Trope (philosophy)">trope</a> bundle theory, properties are particular entities that belong to a single bundle.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ontologies focus not on distinct objects but on interrelatedness. According to relationalism, all of reality is relational at its most fundamental level.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ontic_structural_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic structural realism">Ontic structural realism</a> agrees with this basic idea and focuses on how these relations form complex structures. Some structural realists state that there is nothing but relations, meaning that individual objects do not exist. Others say that individual objects exist but depend on the structures in which they participate.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fact ontologies present a different approach by focusing on how entities belonging to different categories come together to constitute the world. Facts, also known as states of affairs, are complex entities; for example, the fact that <i>the Earth is a planet</i> consists of the particular object <i>the Earth</i> and the property <i>being a planet</i>. Fact ontologies state that facts are the fundamental constituents of reality, meaning that objects, properties, and relations cannot exist on their own and only form part of reality to the extent that they participate in facts.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a>, various ontological theories based on several fundamental categories have been proposed. One of the first theories of categories was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, whose system includes ten categories: substance, <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">quality</a>, relation, place, date, posture, state, action, and passion.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early influential system of categories in Indian philosophy, first proposed in the <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> school, distinguishes between six categories: <a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">substance</a>, quality, motion, universal, individuator, and inherence.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">transcendental idealism</a> includes a system of twelve categories, which Kant saw as pure concepts of understanding. They are subdivided into four classes: quantity, quality, relation, and modality.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent philosophy, theories of categories were developed by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Peirce" class="mw-redirect" title="C. S. Peirce">C. S. Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alexander" title="Samuel Alexander">Samuel Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E._J._Lowe_(philosopher)" title="E. J. Lowe (philosopher)">E. J. Lowe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dispute between constituent and relational ontologies<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concerns the internal structure of concrete particular objects. Constituent ontologies say that objects have an internal structure with properties as their component parts. Bundle theories are an example of this position: they state that objects are bundles of properties. This view is rejected by relational ontologies, which say that objects have no internal structure, meaning that properties do not inhere in them but are externally related to them. According to one analogy, objects are like pin-cushions and properties are pins that can be stuck to objects and removed again without becoming a real part of objects. Relational ontologies are common in certain forms of nominalism that reject the existence of universal properties.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hierarchical ontologies state that the world is organized into levels. Entities on all levels are real but low-level entities are more fundamental than high-level entities. This means that they can exist without high-level entities while high-level entities cannot exist without low-level entities.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hierarchical ontology says that elementary particles are more fundamental than the macroscopic objects they compose, like chairs and tables. Other hierarchical theories assert that substances are more fundamental than their properties and that nature is more fundamental than culture.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flat ontologies, by contrast, deny that any entity has a privileged status, meaning that all entities exist on the same level. For them, the main question is only whether something exists rather than identifying the level at which it exists.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ontological theories of <a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">endurantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">perdurantism</a> aim to explain how material objects persist through time. Endurantism is the view that material objects are three-dimensional entities that travel through time while being fully present in each moment. They remain the same even when they gain or lose properties as they change. Perdurantism is the view that material objects are four-dimensional entities that extend not just through space but also through time. This means that they are composed of <a href="/wiki/Temporal_part" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal part">temporal parts</a> and, at any moment, only one part of them is present but not the others. According to perdurantists, change means that an earlier part exhibits different qualities than a later part. When a tree loses its leaves, for instance, there is an earlier temporal part with leaves and a later temporal part without leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differential ontology is a <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralist">poststructuralist</a> approach interested in the relation between the concepts of identity and <a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">difference</a>. It says that traditional ontology sees identity as the more basic term by first characterizing things in terms of their essential features and then elaborating differences based on this conception. Differential ontologists, by contrast, privilege difference and say that the identity of a thing is a secondary determination that depends on how this thing differs from other things.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_ontology" title="Object-oriented ontology">Object-oriented ontology</a> belongs to the school of <a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">speculative realism</a> and examines the nature and role of objects. It sees objects as the fundamental building blocks of reality. As a flat ontology, it denies that some entities have a more fundamental form of existence than others. It uses this idea to argue that objects exist independently of human thought and perception.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_methodology" title="Philosophical methodology">Methods</a> of ontology are ways of conducting ontological inquiry and deciding between competing theories. There is no single standard method; the diverse approaches are studied by <a href="/wiki/Metaontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaontology">metaontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual analysis">Conceptual analysis</a> is a method to understand ontological concepts and clarify their meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proceeds by analyzing their component parts and the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_sufficient_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Necessary and sufficient conditions">necessary and sufficient conditions</a> under which a concept applies to an entity.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information can help ontologists decide whether a certain type of entity, such as numbers, exists.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eidetic variation">Eidetic variation</a> is a related method in <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a> ontology that aims to identify the essential features of different types of objects. Phenomenologists start by imagining an example of the investigated type. They proceed by varying the imagined features to determine which ones cannot be changed, meaning they are essential.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_arguments" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental arguments">transcendental</a> method begins with a simple observation that a certain entity exists. In the following step, it studies the ontological repercussions of this observation by examining how it is possible or which <a href="/wiki/Condition_of_possibility" title="Condition of possibility">conditions</a> are required for this entity to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another approach is based on <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuitions</a> in the form of non-inferential impressions about the correctness of general principles.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These principles can be used as the <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">foundation</a> on which an ontological system is built and expanded using <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further intuition-based method relies on <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiments</a> to evoke new intuitions. This happens by imagining a situation relevant to an ontological issue and then employing <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking" title="Counterfactual thinking">counterfactual thinking</a> to assess the consequences of this situation.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some ontologists examine the relation between mind and matter by imagining <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombies" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical zombies">creatures identical to humans but without consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)#Methodological_naturalism" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalistic methods</a> rely on the insights of the natural sciences to determine what exists.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an influential approach by <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a>, ontology can be conducted by analyzing<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ontological commitments of scientific theories. This method is based on the idea that scientific theories provide the most reliable description of reality and that their power can be harnessed by investigating the ontological assumptions underlying them.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_Occam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of William of Ockham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Guillaume_Occam.jpg/180px-Guillaume_Occam.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Guillaume_Occam.jpg/270px-Guillaume_Occam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Guillaume_Occam.jpg/360px-Guillaume_Occam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Ockham%27s_Razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockham's Razor">Ockham's Razor</a>, a principle to decide between competing theories.</figcaption></figure> <p>Principles of theory choice offer guidelines for assessing the advantages and disadvantages of ontological theories rather than guiding their construction.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of <a href="/wiki/Ockham%27s_Razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockham's Razor">Ockham's Razor</a> says that simple theories are preferable.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A theory can be simple in different respects, for example, by using very few basic types or by describing the world with a small number of fundamental entities.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontologists are also interested in the explanatory power of theories and give preference to theories that can explain many observations.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further factor is how close a theory is to <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a>. Some ontologists use this principle as an argument against theories that are very different from how ordinary people think about the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In applied ontology, <a href="/wiki/Ontological_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological engineering">ontological engineering</a> is the process of creating and refining conceptual models of specific domains.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing a new ontology from scratch involves various preparatory steps, such as delineating the scope of the domain one intends to model and specifying the purpose and use cases of the ontology. Once the foundational concepts within the area have been identified, ontology engineers proceed by defining them and characterizing the relations between them. This is usually done in a <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formal language</a> to ensure precision and, in some cases, automatic <a href="/wiki/Computability" title="Computability">computability</a>. In the following review phase, the validity of the ontology is assessed using test data.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various more specific instructions for how to carry out the different steps have been suggested. They include the <a href="/wiki/Cyc" title="Cyc">Cyc</a> method, Grüninger and Fox's methodology, and so-called METHONTOLOGY.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, it is feasible to adapt a pre-existing ontology to fit a specific domain and purpose rather than creating a new one from scratch.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ontology overlaps with many disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Logical_reasoning" title="Logical reasoning">correct reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontologists often employ <a href="/wiki/Formal_system" title="Formal system">logical systems</a> to express their insights, specifically in the field of formal ontology. Of particular interest to them is the <a href="/wiki/Existential_quantifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential quantifier">existential quantifier</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \exists }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∃</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exists }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77ed842b6b90b2fdd825320cf8e5265fa937b583" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \exists }"></span>), which is used to express what exists. In <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a>, for example, the formula <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \exists x{\text{Dog}}(x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∃</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Dog</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \exists x{\text{Dog}}(x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f269feb75e01b3d220576f220fae6a2c0cf917e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \exists x{\text{Dog}}(x)}"></span> states that dogs exist.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers study ontology by examining the structure of thought and language, saying that they reflect the structure of being.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doubts about the accuracy of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> have led some ontologists to seek a new <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formal language</a>, termed <i>ontologese</i>, for a better representation of the fundamental structure of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Suggested Upper Merged Ontology </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap">Entity<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Physical<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Object</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Process</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Abstract<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Quantity</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Proposition</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Attribute</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Relation</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Set or Class</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Fundamental categories in the <a href="/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology" title="Suggested Upper Merged Ontology">Suggested Upper Merged Ontology</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ontologies are often used in information science to provide a conceptual scheme or inventory of a specific domain, making it possible to classify objects and formally represent information about them. This is of specific interest to computer science, which builds <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> to store this information and defines computational processes to automatically transform and use it.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, to encode and store information about clients and employees in a database, an organization may use an ontology with categories such as person, company, address, and name.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, it is necessary to exchange information belonging to different domains or to integrate databases using distinct ontologies. This can be achieved with the help of <a href="/wiki/Upper_ontology" title="Upper ontology">upper ontologies</a>, which are not limited to one specific domain. They use general categories that apply to most or all domains, like <a href="/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology" title="Suggested Upper Merged Ontology">Suggested Upper Merged Ontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basic_Formal_Ontology" title="Basic Formal Ontology">Basic Formal Ontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar applications of ontology are found in various fields seeking to manage extensive information within a structured framework. <a href="/wiki/Protein_Ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein Ontology">Protein Ontology</a> is a formal framework for the standardized representation of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>-related entities and their relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology">Gene Ontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sequence_Ontology" title="Sequence Ontology">Sequence Ontology</a> serve a similar purpose in the field of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environment Ontology is a knowledge representation focused on <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> and environmental processes.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">Friend of a Friend</a> provides a conceptual framework to represent relations between people and their interests and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The topic of ontology has received increased attention in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> since the 1990s, sometimes termed the "<a href="/wiki/Ontological_turn" title="Ontological turn">ontological turn</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of inquiry is focused on how people from different cultures experience and understand the nature of being. Specific interest has been given to the ontological outlook of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Indigenous people</a> and how it differs from a Western perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example of this contrast, it has been argued that various indigenous communities ascribe <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a> to non-human entities, like plants, forests, or rivers. This outlook is known as <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also found in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> ontologies, which emphasize the interconnectedness of all living entities and the importance of balance and harmony with nature.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ontology is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and its interest in the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> as an ultimate entity. The <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">ontological argument</a>, first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a>, attempts to prove the existence of the divine. It defines <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> as the greatest conceivable being. From this definition it concludes that God must exist since God would not be the greatest conceivable being if God lacked existence.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another overlap in the two disciplines is found in ontological theories that use God or an ultimate being as the foundational principle of reality. Heidegger criticized this approach, terming it <i><a href="/wiki/Ontotheology" title="Ontotheology">ontotheology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ontology" title="History of ontology">History of ontology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapila_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Depiction of Kapila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kapila_%28cropped%29.png/180px-Kapila_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kapila_%28cropped%29.png/270px-Kapila_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kapila_%28cropped%29.png/360px-Kapila_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1697" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a> was one of the founding fathers of the dualist school of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The roots of ontology in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">ancient philosophy</a> are speculations about the nature of being and the source of the universe. Discussions of the essence of reality are found in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, ancient Indian scriptures dating from as early as 700 BCE. They say that the universe has a divine foundation and discuss in what sense <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">ultimate reality</a> is one or many.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">orthodox school of Indian philosophy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formulated an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> dualist ontology based on the Upanishads, identifying <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">pure consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">matter</a> as its two foundational principles.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> school<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a comprehensive system of categories.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>'s (6th century BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> examines the underlying order of the universe, known as <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>, and how this order is shaped by the interaction of two basic forces, <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin and yang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophical movement of <a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a> emerged in the 3rd century CE and explored the relation between being and non-being.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 6th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Presocratic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Presocratic philosophy">Presocratic philosophers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> aimed to provide rational explanations of the universe. They suggested that a first principle, such as water or fire, is the primal source of all things.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> (c. 515–450 BCE) is sometimes considered the founder of ontology because of his explicit discussion of the concepts of being and non-being.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by Presocratic philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (427–347 BCE) developed his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">theory of forms</a>. It distinguishes between unchangeable perfect forms and matter, which has a lower degree of existence and imitates the forms.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE) suggested an elaborate system of categories that introduced the concept of substance as the primary kind of being.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> arose in the 3rd century CE and proposed an ineffable source of everything, called <i>the One</i>, which is more basic than being itself.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">problem of universals</a> was an influential topic in medieval ontology. <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> (477–524 CE) suggested that universals can exist not only in matter but also in the mind. This view inspired <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> (1079–1142 CE), who proposed that universals exist only in the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (1224–1274 CE) developed and refined fundamental ontological distinctions, such as the contrast between existence and <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a>, between substance and accidents, and between <a href="/wiki/Matter_and_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter and form">matter and form</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also discussed the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentals" title="Transcendentals">transcendentals</a>, which are the most general properties or modes of being.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">John Duns Scotus</a> (1266–1308) argued that all entities, including God, <a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">exist in the same way</a> and that each entity has a unique essence, called <a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">haecceity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> (c. 1287–1347 CE) proposed that one can decide between competing ontological theories by assessing which one uses the smallest number of elements, a principle known as <a href="/wiki/Ockham%27s_razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ockham's razor">Ockham's razor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_xi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Depiction of Zhu Xi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg/180px-Zhu_xi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg/270px-Zhu_xi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg/360px-Zhu_xi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> conceived the concept of <a href="/wiki/Li_(neo-Confucianism)" title="Li (neo-Confucianism)">li</a> as the organizing principle of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Arabic-Persian philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (980–1037 CE) combined ontology with <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. He identified God as a necessary being that is the source of everything else, which only has contingent existence.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, the school of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> emerged. It says that only a single all-encompassing entity exists, stating that the impression of a plurality of distinct entities is an <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">illusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 13th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a> school built on Vaisheshika ontology with a particular focus on the problem of non-existence and negation.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9th-century China saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>, which developed the idea that a rational principle, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(neo-Confucianism)" title="Li (neo-Confucianism)">li</a></i>, is the ground of being and order of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650) formulated a dualist ontology at the beginning of the modern period. It distinguishes between mind and matter as distinct substances that causally interact.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rejecting Descartes's dualism, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> (1632–1677) proposed a monist ontology according to which there is only a single entity that is identical to <a href="/wiki/God_or_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="God or Nature">God and nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> (1646–1716), by contrast, said that the universe is made up of many simple substances, which are synchronized but do not interact with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704) proposed his substratum theory, which says that each object has a featureless substratum that supports the object's properties.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a> (1679–1754) was influential in establishing ontology as a distinct discipline, delimiting its scope from other forms of metaphysical inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a> (1685–1753) developed an idealist ontology according to which material objects are ideas perceived by minds.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804) rejected the idea that humans can have direct knowledge of independently existing things and their nature, limiting knowledge to the field of appearances. For Kant, ontology does not study external things but provides a system of <a href="/wiki/Category_(Kant)" title="Category (Kant)">pure concepts of understanding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by Kant's philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> (1770–1831) linked ontology and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>. He said that being and thought are identical and examined their foundational structures.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> (1788–1860) rejected Hegel's philosophy and proposed that the world is an expression of a <a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)#Metaphysical_voluntarism" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">blind and irrational will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Herbert_Bradley" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Herbert Bradley">Francis Herbert Bradley</a> (1846–1924) saw absolute spirit as the ultimate and all-encompassing reality<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while denying that there are any external relations.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indian philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> (1863–1902) expanded on Advaita Vedanta, emphasizing the unity of all existence.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> (1872–1950) sought to understand the world as an evolutionary manifestation of a divine consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> (1859–1938) developed <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> and employed its method, the description of <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>, to address ontological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea inspired his student <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (1889–1976) to clarify the meaning of being by exploring the mode of human existence.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> responded to Heidegger's philosophy by examining the relation between being and <a href="/wiki/Nothingness" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothingness">nothingness</a> from the perspective of human existence, freedom, and consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the phenomenological method, <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann" title="Nicolai Hartmann">Nicolai Hartmann</a> (1882–1950) developed a complex hierarchical ontology that divides reality into four levels: inanimate, biological, psychological, and spiritual.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexius_Meinong_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Alexius Meinong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alexius_Meinong_1900.jpg/180px-Alexius_Meinong_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alexius_Meinong_1900.jpg/270px-Alexius_Meinong_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Alexius_Meinong_1900.jpg/360px-Alexius_Meinong_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a> proposed that there are <a href="/wiki/Nonexistent_objects" title="Nonexistent objects">nonexistent objects</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Alexius Meinong</a> (1853–1920) articulated a controversial ontological theory that includes nonexistent objects as part of being.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguing against this theory, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1872–1970) formulated a fact ontology known as <a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">logical atomism</a>. This idea was further refined by the early <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> (1889–1951) and inspired <a href="/wiki/D._M._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="D. M. Armstrong">D. M. Armstrong</a>'s (1926–2014) ontology.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> (1861–1947), by contrast, developed a process ontology.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a> (1891–1970) questioned the objectivity of ontological theories by claiming that what exists depends on one's linguistic framework.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a> (1908–2000), who analyzed the ontological commitments of scientific theories to solve ontological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quine's student <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a> (1941–2001) formulated the position of modal realism, which says that possible worlds are as real and concrete as the actual world.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the end of the 20th century, interest in applied ontology has risen in computer and information science with the development of conceptual frameworks for specific domains.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a> – Return or persistence of past ideas</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This focus on general principles rather than specific entities is traditionally expressed in the characterization of ontology as the science of <i>being qua being</i> or <i>being insofar as it is being</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When used as a countable noun, <i>a being</i> is the same as <i>an entity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This idea is opposed by trope theorists, who understand properties and relations as particular entities.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other influential distinctions are between intrinsic and extrinsic properties, between determinate or determinable properties, and between categorical and dispositional properties.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>substance</i> has a specific meaning in philosophy distinct from ordinary language expressions such as <i>chemical substance</i> or <i>substance abuse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Armstrong and his followers use a different terminology that does not distinguish between states of affairs and facts.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some ontologists also use the term in a less common sense to refer to universals in the form of event types.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The precise definition is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The idea of formal ontology was first formulated by phenomenologist <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>, who studied objects in general by relying on fundamental categories such as unity, plurality, state of affairs, part, and whole. He examined the relations between these categories and how they depend on one another.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They are usually distinguished by combining them with a qualifier to express which type is meant, as in <i>ontological realism</i>, <i>mathematical realism</i>, and <i>moral realism</i>. The qualifiers are sometimes left out if the meaning is clear in the context.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact definition of the term is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to some <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheists</a>, this entity is God.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This view contrasts with atomism, which states that the world is composed of discrete, indivisible units.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Relationalism#Relationalism_(theory_of_space_and_time)" title="Relationalism">relationalism about spacetime</a> says that space and time are nothing but relations. Spacetime substantivalists reject this view and state that spacetime is a distinct object rather than a relational structure between objects.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is expressed in a slogan by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>: "The world is the totality of facts, not of things".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this context, the term "relational ontology" has a slightly different meaning than the term "relationalism", which says that, at the most basic level, reality is made up of relations.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some flat ontologies allow that there are entities on higher levels but stipulate that they are reducible to the lowest level, meaning that they are no addition to being.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, it is essential for a triangle to have three sides since it ceases to be a triangle if a fourth side is added.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An essential step in Quine's analysis is to translate the theory into <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a> to make its ontological assumptions explicit.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Its initial ideas were developed in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE but it was not until 350 CE that it received its classical and systematic formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The founding text of the school was written 500–300 BCE and the first major commentary on it is dated 400 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact date is disputed and some theorists suggest a later date between the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005">Lowe 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806">671</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, pp. 21–22</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCraig1998">Craig 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, p. 1</li><li><a href="#CITEREFShields2014">Shields 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_pwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">279–282</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, pp. 1–3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, pp. 21–22</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEffingham2013">Effingham 2013</a>, § The Basics: Ontology</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSimons2009">Simons 2009</a>, pp. 469–470</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024">Merriam-Webster 2024</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, pp. 21–22</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHarithaPriyatharshiniAbishekKiran2018">Haritha et al. 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcpmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489">489</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2006">Lowe 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7ISDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">195</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFTambassi2017">Tambassi 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtYtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSankey2018">Sankey 2018</a>, § 1.7 Conceptual relativism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGroveShort1991">Grove & Short 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLDsgZq849gC&pg=PA211">211</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, pp. 3–4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005">Lowe 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806">671</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 1. The Word 'Metaphysics' and the Concept of Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCraig1998a">Craig 1998a</a>, § 2. Specific Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, pp. 4–5</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTambassi2022">Tambassi 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkCdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">79</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaroszyński2018">Jaroszyński 2018</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, pp. 3, 5</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMulligan2012">Mulligan 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLfwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">x</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, p. 1</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTaliaferroMarty2018">Taliaferro & Marty 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">203</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHoad1993">Hoad 1993</a>, p. 323</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005a">Lowe 2005a</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacIntyre2006">MacIntyre 2006</a>, p. 527</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJaroszyński2023">Jaroszyński 2023</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtL7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">254–255</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005a">Lowe 2005a</a>, p. 84</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJacquette2014">Jacquette 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1–2, 12–13</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacIntyre2006">MacIntyre 2006</a>, pp. 528–529</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJacquette2014">Jacquette 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1–2, 12–13</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacIntyre2006">MacIntyre 2006</a>, pp. 528–529</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, § 2b. Universalism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNelson2022">Nelson 2022</a>, § 1. Frege and Russell: Existence Is Not a Property of Individuals</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, § 1. Existence as a Second-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Inwagen2024">Van Inwagen 2024</a>, p. 280</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDeutscher2021">Deutscher 2021</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ0mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">20</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacIntyre2006">MacIntyre 2006</a>, p. 527</li><li><a href="#CITEREFZhang2011">Zhang 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">220</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PyJfVZn-rcC&pg=PA46">46–47</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacIntyre2006">MacIntyre 2006</a>, p. 527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005a">Lowe 2005a</a>, p. 84</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCeylan1993">Ceylan 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840134">329</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomasson2022-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomasson2022_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomasson2022_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 11–12</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWardy1998">Wardy 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, pp. 23–25</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHoffmanRosenkrantz2008">Hoffman & Rosenkrantz 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ngdi0a5o5iYC&pg=PA26">26</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWidder2009">Widder 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">32–35</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLaZella2019">LaZella 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NCqODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">17</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDaly2009">Daly 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">227–228</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Inwagen2023">Van Inwagen 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, §3. How Many Ways of Being Existent?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGibson1998">Gibson 1998</a>, pp. 5–8</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFReicher2022">Reicher 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nonexistent-objects/">lead section, §1. The Concept of a Nonexistent Object</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGibson1998">Gibson 1998</a>, p. 8</li><li><a href="#CITEREFYao2014">Yao 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZjOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">140</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005b">Lowe 2005b</a>, p. 277</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, Lead Section, §4. Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSorensen2023">Sorensen 2023</a>, Lead Section, §1. Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPrussRasmussen2018">Pruss & Rasmussen 2018</a>, pp. 4–5</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLowe2005">Lowe 2005</a>, p. 683</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein">MacLeod & Rubenstein</a>, Lead Section, § 1a. The Nature of Universals</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998">Bigelow 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, § Particularity and Individuality</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMaurin2019">Maurin 2019</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein">MacLeod & Rubenstein</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998a">Bigelow 1998a</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCowling2019">Cowling 2019</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 17–19</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, pp. 24–25</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBigelow1998">Bigelow 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 24</li><li><a href="#CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022">Orilia & Paolini Paoletti 2022</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022">Orilia & Paolini Paoletti 2022</a>, § 1.7 Kinds of Properties</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaidyaWallner2024">Vaidya & Wallner 2024</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W34IEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473">473</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022">Orilia & Paolini Paoletti 2022</a>, § 1.7 Kinds of Properties, § 5.2. Essentially Categorical vs. Essentially Dispositional Properties</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMarshallWeatherson2023">Marshall & Weatherson 2023</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSider2010">Sider 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">13</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBogen2005">Bogen 2005</a>, p. 798</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMacBride2020">MacBride 2020</a>, lead section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 25</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacBride2020">MacBride 2020</a>, § 2. Eliminativism, External Relations and Bradley’s Regress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMacBride2020">MacBride 2020</a>, §1. Preliminary Distinctions</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHeil2009">Heil 2009</a>, p. 316</li><li><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2010">Armstrong 2010</a>, pp. 24–25</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Conaill2022">O'Conaill 2022</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, pp. 23–24</li><li><a href="#CITEREFO'Conaill2022">O'Conaill 2022</a>, pp. 1–2, 12–13, 29</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2024">Robinson & Weir 2024</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 25</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTextor2021">Textor 2021</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTextor2021">Textor 2021</a>, Lead Section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTextor2021">Textor 2021</a>, Lead Section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie2005">Mackie 2005</a>, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMackie2005">Mackie 2005</a>, p. 272</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 25</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMackie1998">Mackie 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-VidalRosen2022">Falguera, Martínez-Vidal & Rosen 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/">lead section, § 1. Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFaye2013">Faye 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftrmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">89–91</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPrior2006">Prior 2006</a>, pp. 498–499</li><li><a href="#CITEREFOliver2005">Oliver 2005</a>, p. 3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver2005">Oliver 2005</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFOliver2005">Oliver 2005</a>, p. 3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPlebani2013">Plebani 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pkNb_3NYyz0C&pg=PA5">5</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCornell">Cornell</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 250–251</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVarzi2019">Varzi 2019</a>, Lead Section, § 1. 'Part' and Parthood</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCornell">Cornell</a>, Lead Section, § 2. The Special Composition Question</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 19–21</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 82–83</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCornell">Cornell</a>, Lead Section, § 2. The Special Composition Question</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrenner2015">Brenner 2015</a>, p. 1295</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTallant2017">Tallant 2017</a>, pp. 19–21, 23–24, 32–33</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCornell">Cornell</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRea1997">Rea 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0QOWVtDOXYC&pg=PR15">xv–xvi</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKorman2021">Korman 2021</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKroonVoltolini2023">Kroon & Voltolini 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLamarque1998">Lamarque 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPrior2006">Prior 2006</a>, p. 493</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKroonVoltolini2023">Kroon & Voltolini 2023</a>, § 1. The Metaphysics of Fictional Entities</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLamarque1998">Lamarque 1998</a>, § 3. Hospitable theories</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJacob2023">Jacob 2023</a>, 2. Intentional inexistence</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKriegel2007">Kriegel 2007</a>, pp. 307–308</li><li><a href="#CITEREFO’Madagain">O’Madagain</a>, § 2. Intentional Objects</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 53–55</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFine1995">Fine 1995</a>, pp. 269–270</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNuñez_Erices2019">Nuñez Erices 2019</a>, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 53–55</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFine1995">Fine 1995</a>, pp. 269–270</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTahkoLowe2020">Tahko & Lowe 2020</a>, § 5. Ontological Dependence and Metaphysical Grounding</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 53–55</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, p. 31</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJubien1998">Jubien 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJubien1998">Jubien 1998</a>, Lead Section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFColyvan2001">Colyvan 2001</a>, p. 23</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBangu2012">Bangu 2012</a>, pp. 26–27</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 40–43</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFParent">Parent</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLouxCrisp2017">Loux & Crisp 2017</a>, pp. 149–150</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015">Koons & Pickavance 2015</a>, pp. 154–155</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMumford2012">Mumford 2012</a>, § 8. What Is Possible?</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoJago2023">Berto & Jago 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPavel1986">Pavel 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OF7ZA54UpYYC&pg=PA50">50</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMenzel2023">Menzel 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Possible Worlds and Modal Logic</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2010">Kuhn 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_eYe6NVaDMC&pg=PA13">13</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKirwan2005">Kirwan 2005</a>, pp. 417–418</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022">Noonan & Curtis 2022</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKuhlmann2010">Kuhlmann 2010</a>, pp. 1867–1867b</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGallois2016">Gallois 2016</a>, § 2.1 Diachronic and Synchronic Identity</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022">Noonan & Curtis 2022</a>, Lead Section, § 5. Identity Over Time</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJacquette2014">Jacquette 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR11">xi–xii</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSadegh-Zadeh2011">Sadegh-Zadeh 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YenvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">384</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFJacquette2014">Jacquette 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR11">xi–xii</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSmithKlagges2008">Smith & Klagges 2008</a>, p. 21</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSadegh-Zadeh2011">Sadegh-Zadeh 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YenvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">384</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacquette2014">Jacquette 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR12">xii–xiii</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFEpstein2024">Epstein 2024</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTuomelaHakliMäkelä2020">Tuomela, Hakli & Mäkelä 2020</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P23cDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">§ 1. Background to Social Ontology</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 259–263</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 185–186</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSmithKlagges2008">Smith & Klagges 2008</a>, p. 21</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHawley2016">Hawley 2016</a>, pp. 168–170</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSmithKlagges2008">Smith & Klagges 2008</a>, pp. 35–36</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHarithaPriyatharshiniAbishekKiran2018">Haritha et al. 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcpmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489">489</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHennig2008">Hennig 2008</a>, pp. 43–44</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHakkarainenKeinänen2023">Hakkarainen & Keinänen 2023</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oHZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1–2</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAlbertazzi1996">Albertazzi 1996</a>, p. 199</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAlbertazzi1996">Albertazzi 1996</a>, pp. 199, 206</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHennig2008">Hennig 2008</a>, pp. 43–44</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAlbertazzi1996">Albertazzi 1996</a>, pp. 199–200</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPoliSimons1996">Poli & Simons 1996</a>, pp. vii–viii</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHakkarainenKeinänen2023">Hakkarainen & Keinänen 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oHZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">9</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHakkarainenKeinänen2023">Hakkarainen & Keinänen 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oHZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, pp. 35–36</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1967">Phillips 1967</a>, pp. 105–106</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHaack1979">Haack 1979</a>, pp. 361–362</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCoggins2010">Coggins 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">93</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLehrer1993">Lehrer 1993</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w590r7cZ8TsC&pg=PR11">xi</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, p. 2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGöhnerSteinbrink2018">Göhner & Steinbrink 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">42, 52–53</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWheeler2020">Wheeler 2020</a>, § 2.2.1 The Question</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchalow2019">Schalow 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ27DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139">139</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiiniluoto2002">Niiniluoto 2002</a>, pp. 1–2, 21, 25–26, 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNiiniluoto2002">Niiniluoto 2002</a>, pp. 1–2, 21, 25–26</li><li><a href="#CITEREFChalmers2009">Chalmers 2009</a>, pp. 77–78</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSider2009">Sider 2009</a>, pp. 385–386</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChalmers2009">Chalmers 2009</a>, pp. 77–78</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSider2009">Sider 2009</a>, pp. 385–386</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChalmers2009">Chalmers 2009</a>, p. 78</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHofweber2023">Hofweber 2023</a>, § 4.4 Carnap’s rejection of ontology. 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What is Scientific Realism?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChakravartty2017">Chakravartty 2017</a>, Lead Section, § 1. What is Scientific Realism?</li><li><a href="#CITEREFListon">Liston</a>, Lead Section, § 6b. 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Inwagen2011">Van Inwagen 2011</a>, pp. 389–390</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPaul2017">Paul 2017</a>, pp. 32–33</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWoznicki2022">Woznicki 2022</a>, p. 97</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSchaffer2018">Schaffer 2018</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2023">Robinson 2023</a>, § Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin1999">McLaughlin 1999</a>, pp. 685–691</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>, p. 608</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSprigge1998">Sprigge 1998</a>, Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFStubenbergWishon2023">Stubenberg & Wishon 2023</a>, Lead Section; § 1.3 Mind and Matter Revisited</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGriffin1998">Griffin 1998</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCalef">Calef</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2023">Robinson 2023</a>, § Lead Section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2002">Levine 2002</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYyLrfsZvUC">71–72, 84–85</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaffer2018">Schaffer 2018</a>, Lead Section</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPaul2017">Paul 2017</a>, p. 34</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2024">Robinson & Weir 2024</a>, § Lead section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFO'Conaill2022">O'Conaill 2022</a>, pp. 1–3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPaul2017">Paul 2017</a>, pp. 34–35</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2024">Robinson & Weir 2024</a>, § 3.2.2. The concept of substratum or 'thin particular'</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFO'Conaill2022">O'Conaill 2022</a>, pp. 52–53</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2024">Robinson & Weir 2024</a>, § Lead section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFO'Conaill2022">O'Conaill 2022</a>, p. 53</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEsfeld2020">Esfeld 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJgIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA464">464–465</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsfeld2020">Esfeld 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJgIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA459">459–460</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFO'Conaill2022">O'Conaill 2022</a>, p. 53</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonWeir2024">Robinson & Weir 2024</a>, § Lead section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRescher2000">Rescher 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6rOyLVeBOcC&pg=PA5">5–6</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPaul2017">Paul 2017</a>, pp. 35–37</li><li><a href="#CITEREFO'Conaill2022">O'Conaill 2022</a>, pp. 52–53</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHeil2009">Heil 2009</a>, p. 310</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRunggaldier2009">Runggaldier 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opLRzEaauTUC&pg=PA248">248</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLupisella2020">Lupisella 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">70</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023">Hoefer, Huggett & Read 2023</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBenovsky2016">Benovsky 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRomero2018">Romero 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">135</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFEsfeld2020">Esfeld 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJgIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA461">461–462</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLadyman2023">Ladyman 2023</a>, § 4. Ontic Structural Realism (OSR)</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2006">Campbell 2006</a>, p. 25, § States of affairs</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRosenkrantz2018">Rosenkrantz 2018</a>, pp. 1–4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2010">Armstrong 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbGI46EoQKEC&pg=PA26">26–28</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWittgenstein2001">Wittgenstein 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, § 1.1 Aristotelian Realism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStudtmann2024">Studtmann 2024</a>, § 2. The Ten-Fold Division</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWardy1998">Wardy 1998</a>, § 1. Categories in Aristotle</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWesterhoff2019">Westerhoff 2019</a>, § Three important systems of categories: Vaiśeṣika</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKumar2019">Kumar 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr2YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">34</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, § 1.2 Kantian Conceptualism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWardy1998">Wardy 1998</a>, § 1. Categories in Kant</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, § 1.3 Husserlian Descriptivism, § 1.4 Contemporary Category Systems</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrimRescher2023">Grim & Rescher 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgPPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39">39</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 104–105</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHeil2009">Heil 2009</a>, p. 310</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRunggaldier2009">Runggaldier 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opLRzEaauTUC&pg=PA248">248</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLupisella2020">Lupisella 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">70</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRea2021">Rea 2021</a>, pp. 104–105</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_Inwagen2011">Van Inwagen 2011</a>, pp. 390–392</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKoslicki2018">Koslicki 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=th1rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">11</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRettlerBailey2023">Rettler & Bailey 2023</a>, § 3.2 What Objects Are</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoung2012">Houng 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6T6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">106–110</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchaffer2009">Schaffer 2009</a>, pp. 347–348, 354–356</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCeder2018">Ceder 2018</a>, § Flat ontology</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSchaffer2010">Schaffer 2010</a>, pp. 31, 44–45</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchaffer2009">Schaffer 2009</a>, pp. 354–356</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCeder2018">Ceder 2018</a>, § Flat ontology</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHoung2012">Houng 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6T6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">106–110</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSchaffer2009">Schaffer 2009</a>, pp. 347–348, 354–356</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCeder2018">Ceder 2018</a>, § Flat ontology</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoung2012">Houng 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6T6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">106–110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2018">Miller 2018</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCosta">Costa</a>, Lead Section, § 1. Theories of Persistence</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSimons2013">Simons 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166">166</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHawley2023">Hawley 2023</a>, 3. Change and Temporal Parts</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCisney">Cisney</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRae2020">Rae 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/poststructuralist-agency/deleuze-differential-ontology-and-subjectivity/1C78F8C61B72EBF95B5C687DF75F06E0">33</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRae2014">Rae 2014</a>, p. 86</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFYoung2021">Young 2021</a>, pp. 83–84</li><li><a href="#CITEREFIsrow2022">Isrow 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MrB7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNeyrat2020">Neyrat 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_nJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">13</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFEffingham2013">Effingham 2013</a>, § Methodology: Metaontology</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, p. 2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2012">Thomasson 2012</a>, pp. 175–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGarcia-Godinez2023">Garcia-Godinez 2023</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXjEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">189–192</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFShaffer2015">Shaffer 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26602327">555–556</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarcia-Godinez2023">Garcia-Godinez 2023</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXjEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">186, 188–189</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDrummond2022">Drummond 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ9hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">75</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRyckman2005">Ryckman 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FI1JCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">142–144</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpear">Spear</a>, § 3. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy: The Perceptual Noema</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGabriel2011">Gabriel 2011</a>, pp. ix–x</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKörner1984">Körner 1984</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eAA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183">183–184</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPihlström2009">Pihlström 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srGLpb7pWdkC&pg=PA60">60–61</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDaly2015">Daly 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1">11–12</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, p. 35</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGoldenbaum">Goldenbaum</a>, Lead Section, § 1. The Geometrical Method</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLeuenberger2017">Leuenberger 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57">57</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTahko2015">Tahko 2015</a>, pp. 177–178</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2004">Robinson 2004</a>, pp. 537–538, 541–542</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrownFehige2019">Brown & Fehige 2019</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGoffiRoux2011">Goffi & Roux 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/GOFOTV">165, 168–169</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirk2023">Kirk 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 2. Zombies and Physicalism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, p. 3</li><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 30–31</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 40–41</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGöhnerSteinbrink2018">Göhner & Steinbrink 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">48</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 37–38, 40–43</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVineberg2013">Vineberg 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NJavSp-DbwC&pg=PA133">133</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFEffingham2013">Effingham 2013</a>, § Methodology: Theory choice</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGöhnerSteinbrink2018">Göhner & Steinbrink 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">57–58</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 48–49</li><li><a href="#CITEREFJacquette2014">Jacquette 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">207–208</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFEffingham2013">Effingham 2013</a>, § Methodology: Ontological parsimony</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrenner2024">Brenner 2024</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3n1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">20–21</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGöhnerSteinbrink2018">Göhner & Steinbrink 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">58</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFEffingham2013">Effingham 2013</a>, § Methodology: Ontological parsimony</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGöhnerSteinbrink2018">Göhner & Steinbrink 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">59</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFEffingham2013">Effingham 2013</a>, § Methodology: Coherence with Intuitions</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBertoPlebani2015">Berto & Plebani 2015</a>, p. 35</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGrenon2008">Grenon 2008</a>, p. 70</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGómez-PérezFernández-LópezCorcho2006">Gómez-Pérez, Fernández-López & Corcho 2006</a>, pp. v, 195</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFernández-LópezGómez-Pérez2002">Fernández-López & Gómez-Pérez 2002</a>, p. 129</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKendallMcGuinness2022">Kendall & McGuinness 2022</a>, pp. 47–49</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGómez-PérezFernández-LópezCorcho2006">Gómez-Pérez, Fernández-López & Corcho 2006</a>, pp. 109–110</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGómez-PérezFernández-LópezCorcho2006">Gómez-Pérez, Fernández-López & Corcho 2006</a>, pp. 153, 195</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBabkinUlitin2024">Babkin & Ulitin 2024</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A37lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFernández-LópezGómez-Pérez2002">Fernández-López & Gómez-Pérez 2002</a>, p. 129</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGómez-PérezFernández-LópezCorcho2006">Gómez-Pérez, Fernández-López & Corcho 2006</a>, pp. 112–113</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFernández-LópezGómez-Pérez2002">Fernández-López & Gómez-Pérez 2002</a>, p. 129</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofweber2023">Hofweber 2023</a>, Lead Section, § 2.1 Different conceptions of logic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCook2009">Cook 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfaqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">112–113</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCasatiFujikawa">Casati & Fujikawa</a>, Lead Section, §1. 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHameedPreeceSleeman2013">Hameed, Preece & Sleeman 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTwDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">231–233</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFStuart2016">Stuart 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awYUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">14</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChiccoMasseroli2018">Chicco & Masseroli 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA832">832</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMasseroli2018">Masseroli 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA814">814</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasseroli2018">Masseroli 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA814">814</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPouchardDevarakonBransetter2015">Pouchard, Devarakon & Bransetter 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmVrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">37–38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYu2014">Yu 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcmoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357">357–359</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2013">Scott 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001687">859–872</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFScott2013">Scott 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001687">859–872</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHeywood2012">Heywood 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610895">143–151</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudwigWeiskopf2019">Ludwig & Weiskopf 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPack2023">Pack 2023</a>, pp. 105–107, Animist Ontologies, Abstraction, and Slavery</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPack2022">Pack 2022</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nP18EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162">162–163</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSinclair2022">Sinclair 2022</a>, p. 96, Righting Names: The Importance of Native American Philosophies of Naming for Environmental Justice</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, Anselm</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDehsen2013">Dehsen 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHalteman1998">Halteman 1998</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFThomson2011">Thomson 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1JS4X_1ORgC&pg=PA114">114</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuzsa">Ruzsa</a>, § 1. History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBaird2017">Baird 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Am1QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Indian Philosophy</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRuzsa">Ruzsa</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Indian Philosophy</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLopez2010">Lopez 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1426">1426</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRuzsa">Ruzsa</a>, Lead Section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrayling2019">Grayling 2019</a>, § Indian Philosophy</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLopez2010">Lopez 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1426">1426</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAmbuel1998">Ambuel 1998</a>, § 1. Categories</li><li><a href="#CITEREFLopez2010">Lopez 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1426">1426</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDynes2016">Dynes 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFLittlejohn">Littlejohn</a>, § 2. Classical Sources for Our Understanding of Daoism</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLittlejohn">Littlejohn</a>, § 5. Fundamental Concepts in the Daodejing</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDynes2016">Dynes 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60–61</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChai2020">Chai 2020</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSAAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRobinet2013">Robinet 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC&pg=PA274">Chongxuan</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 1. Presocratic Thought</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRéeUrmson2004">Rée & Urmson 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC&pg=PA308">308–309</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKahn2009">Kahn 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxE6zOaaGyIC&pg=PA143">143</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 6.a. Parmenides</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, pp. 184–185</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, p. 590</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 3b. Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2022">Thomasson 2022</a>, § 1.1 Aristotelian Realism</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStudtmann2024">Studtmann 2024</a>, § 2. The Ten-Fold Division</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWardy1998">Wardy 1998</a>, § 1. Categories in Aristotle</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHalfwassen2014">Halfwassen 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">185</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHancock2006">Hancock 2006</a>, pp. 187–188</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlyn2005">Hamlyn 2005</a>, pp. 590–591</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGraham">Graham</a>, § 5. 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Metaphysics: A Primer on Substance</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMenzel2023">Menzel 2023</a>, 1. 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Metaphysics</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1998">Palmer 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2pI9IMiYUC&pg=PA175">175</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFChalmers2009">Chalmers 2009</a>, p. 78</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHofweber2023">Hofweber 2023</a>, § 4.4 Carnap’s rejection of ontology. (L1) meets (O4) and (the end of?) (O2)</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNey2014">Ney 2014</a>, pp. 37–38, 40</li><li><a href="#CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023">Van Inwagen, Sullivan & Bernstein 2023</a>, § 4. The Methodology of Metaphysics</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParent">Parent</a>, § 2. Lewis' Realism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFGuizzardi2007">Guizzardi 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kR2iUt-CuwMC&pg=PA18">18–19</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSalesGuizzardi2017">Sales & Guizzardi 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9s1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">28</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAertsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Aertsen, Jan A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ2xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">"Aquinas, St. Thomas"</a>. In Kim, Jaekwon; Sosa, Ernest; Rosenkrantz, Gary S. (eds.). <i>A Companion to Metaphysics</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5298-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5298-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240622161543/https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ2xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aquinas%2C+St.+Thomas&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Metaphysics&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5298-3&rft.aulast=Aertsen&rft.aufirst=Jan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQ2xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertazzi1996" class="citation book cs1">Albertazzi, Liliana (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4_8">"Formal and Material Ontology"</a>. In Poli, Roberto; Simons, Peter (eds.). <i>Formal Ontology</i>. Nijhoff International Philosophy Series. Vol. 53. Springer Netherlands. pp. 199–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-015-8733-4_8">10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-8733-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-015-8733-4"><bdi>978-94-015-8733-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240618170706/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4_8">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formal+and+Material+Ontology&rft.btitle=Formal+Ontology&rft.series=Nijhoff+International+Philosophy+Series&rft.pages=199-232&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-015-8733-4_8&rft.isbn=978-94-015-8733-4&rft.aulast=Albertazzi&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-94-015-8733-4_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbuel1998" class="citation book cs1">Ambuel, David (1998). "Ontology in Indian Philosophy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontology-in-indian-philosophy/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-F063-1">10.4324/9780415249126-F063-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625092240/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontology-in-indian-philosophy/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontology+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-F063-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Ambuel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fontology-in-indian-philosophy%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbGI46EoQKEC&pg=PA26"><i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-161542-9"><bdi>978-0-19-161542-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608085417/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbGI46EoQKEC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+for+a+Systematic+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-161542-9&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbGI46EoQKEC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspenson2016" class="citation book cs1">Aspenson, Steven Scott (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pp4YDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The Philosopher's Tool Kit</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-29291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-29291-5"><bdi>978-1-315-29291-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624164317/https://books.google.com/books?id=pp4YDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-42202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-42202-7"><bdi>978-3-031-42202-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617092518/https://books.google.com/books?id=A37lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21745-3"><bdi>978-1-351-21745-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240621165405/https://books.google.com/books?id=Am1QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-093058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-093058-9"><bdi>978-0-08-093058-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602085737/https://books.google.com/books?id=mbn35b2ghgkC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Realism+and+Anti-Realism+in+Mathematics&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-093058-9&rft.aulast=Balaguer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmbn35b2ghgkC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangu2012" class="citation book cs1">Bangu, Sorin (2012). <i>The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28520-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28520-0"><bdi>978-0-230-28520-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Applicability+of+Mathematics+in+Science%3A+Indispensability+and+Ontology&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28520-0&rft.aulast=Bangu&rft.aufirst=Sorin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanhatti1995" class="citation book cs1">Banhatti, G. S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jK5862eV7_EC"><i>Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-291-6"><bdi>978-81-7156-291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Philosophy+of+Swami+Vivekananda&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-291-6&rft.aulast=Banhatti&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjK5862eV7_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenovsky2016" class="citation book cs1">Benovsky, Jiri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Meta-metaphysics: On Metaphysical Equivalence, Primitiveness, and Theory Choice</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25334-3"><bdi>978-3-319-25334-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184744/https://books.google.com/books?id=4KHWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meta-metaphysics%3A+On+Metaphysical+Equivalence%2C+Primitiveness%2C+and+Theory+Choice&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-25334-3&rft.aulast=Benovsky&rft.aufirst=Jiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4KHWCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthrong" class="citation web cs1">Berthrong, John H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/">"Neo-Confucian Philosophy"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206021859/https://iep.utm.edu/neo-confucian-philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Neo-Confucian+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Berthrong&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fneo-confucian-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertoJago2023" class="citation web cs1">Berto, Francesco; Jago, Mark (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impossible-worlds/">"Impossible Worlds"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210235859/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impossible-worlds/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Impossible+Worlds&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Berto&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Jago%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fimpossible-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertoPlebani2015" class="citation book cs1">Berto, Francesco; Plebani, Matteo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy3bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Ontology and Metaontology: A Contemporary Guide</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7330-8"><bdi>978-1-4725-7330-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830123531/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy3bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ontology+and+Metaontology%3A+A+Contemporary+Guide&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-7330-8&rft.aulast=Berto&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Plebani%2C+Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJy3bBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2013" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mioW_kp5gzUC&pg=PA35">"On Two Questions of the New Logic of India"</a>. In Schumann, Andrew (ed.). <i>Logic in Religious Discourse</i>. Ontos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031957-6"><bdi>978-3-11-031957-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121030/https://books.google.com/books?id=mioW_kp5gzUC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Two+Questions+of+the+New+Logic+of+India&rft.btitle=Logic+in+Religious+Discourse&rft.pub=Ontos+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031957-6&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Kamaleswar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmioW_kp5gzUC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelow1998" class="citation book cs1">Bigelow, John C. (1998). "Particulars". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N040-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N040-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325125017/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Particulars&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N040-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fparticulars%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelow1998a" class="citation book cs1">Bigelow, John C. (1998a). "Universals". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N065-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N065-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183852/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Universals&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N065-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Funiversals%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2018" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David Peter (2018). "Tantra and Kashmiri Śaivism". In Bilimoria, Puruṣottama; Rayner, Amy (eds.). <i>History of Indian Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30976-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30976-9"><bdi>978-0-415-30976-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tantra+and+Kashmiri+%C5%9Aaivism&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30976-9&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchette1998" class="citation book cs1">Blanchette, Patricia A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/realism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics/v-1">"Realism in the Philosophy of Mathematics"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-Y066-1">10.4324/9780415249126-Y066-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224102949/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/realism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Realism+in+the+Philosophy+of+Mathematics&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-Y066-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Blanchette&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Frealism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoedeker2008" class="citation book cs1">Boedeker, Edgar C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhiAcSw201kC&pg=PA156">"Phenomenology"</a>. In Dreyfus, Hubert L.; Wrathall, Mark A. (eds.). <i>A Companion to Heidegger</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99724-6"><bdi>978-0-470-99724-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625163740/https://books.google.com/books?id=mhiAcSw201kC&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phenomenology&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Heidegger&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99724-6&rft.aulast=Boedeker&rft.aufirst=Edgar+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhiAcSw201kC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogen2005" class="citation book cs1">Bogen, James (2005). "Relations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Bogen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorghini2016" class="citation book cs1">Borghini, Andrea (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifw8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>A Critical Introduction to the Metaphysics of Modality</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2194-1"><bdi>978-1-4725-2194-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602175236/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifw8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Introduction+to+the+Metaphysics+of+Modality&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-2194-1&rft.aulast=Borghini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfw8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brenner, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/BREMNA">"Mereological Nihilism and the Special Arrangement Question"</a>. <i>Synthese</i>. <b>192</b> (5): 1295–1314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-014-0619-7">10.1007/s11229-014-0619-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Mereological+Nihilism+and+the+Special+Arrangement+Question&rft.volume=192&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1295-1314&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-014-0619-7&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FBREMNA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2024" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Andrew (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3n1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Personal Ontology: Mystery and Its Consequences</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-36707-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-36707-3"><bdi>978-1-009-36707-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616092255/https://books.google.com/books?id=L3n1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Ontology%3A+Mystery+and+Its+Consequences&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-009-36707-3&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3n1EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownFehige2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, James Robert; Fehige, Yiftach (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/">"Thought Experiments"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121022040/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thought+Experiments&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rft.au=Fehige%2C+Yiftach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fthought-experiment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuren2023" class="citation book cs1">Buren, Franziska van (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnWzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Aristotle and the Ontology of St. Bonaventure</i></a>. Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-356-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-356-8"><bdi>978-94-6270-356-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625121036/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnWzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle+and+the+Ontology+of+St.+Bonaventure&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-94-6270-356-8&rft.aulast=Buren&rft.aufirst=Franziska+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnWzEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalef" class="citation web cs1">Calef, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/dualism-and-mind/">"Dualism and Mind"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623215936/https://iep.utm.edu/dualism-and-mind/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Dualism+and+Mind&rft.aulast=Calef&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fdualism-and-mind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Keith (2006). "Ontology". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology"><i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott – Presupposition</i></a> (2 ed.). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865787-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865787-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129034430/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/ontology">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy.+7%3A+Oakeshott+%E2%80%93+Presupposition&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale%2C+Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865787-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fphilosophy%2Fphilosophy-terms-and-concepts%2Fontology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasatiFujikawa" class="citation web cs1">Casati, Filippo; Fujikawa, Naoya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/">"Existence"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225105/https://iep.utm.edu/existenc/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Existence&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=Casati&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft.au=Fujikawa%2C+Naoya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fexistenc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeder2018" class="citation book cs1">Ceder, Simon (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lElnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1985">"Framing Posthumanism"</a>. <i>Towards a Posthuman Theory of Educational Relationality</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-04417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-04417-2"><bdi>978-1-351-04417-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608121137/https://books.google.com/books?id=lElnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1985">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Framing+Posthumanism&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Posthuman+Theory+of+Educational+Relationality&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-04417-2&rft.aulast=Ceder&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlElnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeylan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ceylan, Yasin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840134">"A Critical Approach to the Avicennian Distinction of Essence and Existence"</a>. <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 329–337. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0578-8072">0578-8072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840134">20840134</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811233755/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840134">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Approach+to+the+Avicennian+Distinction+of+Essence+and+Existence&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-337&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20840134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0578-8072&rft.aulast=Ceylan&rft.aufirst=Yasin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20840134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai2020" class="citation book cs1">Chai, David (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSAAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Dao Companion to Xuanxue 玄學 (Neo-Daoism)</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-49228-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-49228-1"><bdi>978-3-030-49228-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402085428/https://books.google.com/books?id=LSAAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dao+Companion+to+Xuanxue+%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8+%28Neo-Daoism%29&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-49228-1&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSAAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravartty2017" class="citation web cs1">Chakravartty, Anjan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/">"Scientific Realism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430100433/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Scientific+Realism&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Chakravartty&rft.aufirst=Anjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fscientific-realism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers2009" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers, David (2009). "Ontological Anti-Realism". In Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (eds.). <i>Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6"><bdi>978-0-19-954604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontological+Anti-Realism&rft.btitle=Metametaphysics%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Foundations+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954604-6&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiccoMasseroli2018" class="citation book cs1">Chicco, David; Masseroli, Marco (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA832">"Biological and Medical Ontologies: Protein Ontology (PRO)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811432-2"><bdi>978-0-12-811432-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628172943/https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA832">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+and+Medical+Ontologies%3A+Protein+Ontology+%28PRO%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Bioinformatics+and+Computational+Biology%3A+ABC+of+Bioinformatics&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-12-811432-2&rft.aulast=Chicco&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Masseroli%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drs51DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChihara2001" class="citation book cs1">Chihara, Charles S. (2001). "Anti-Modal Realism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246557.003.0005"><i>The Worlds of Possibility</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199246557.003.0005">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246557.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924655-7"><bdi>978-0-19-924655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Modal+Realism&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+Possibility&rft.pages=142-181&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199246557.003.0005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924655-7&rft.aulast=Chihara&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199246557.003.0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisney" class="citation web cs1">Cisney, Vernon W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/differential-ontology/">"Differential Ontology"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523214030/https://iep.utm.edu/differential-ontology/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Differential+Ontology&rft.aulast=Cisney&rft.aufirst=Vernon+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fdifferential-ontology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoggins2010" class="citation book cs1">Coggins, Geraldine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93"><i>Could There Have Been Nothing?: Against Metaphysical Nihilism</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29524-7"><bdi>978-0-230-29524-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170427/https://books.google.com/books?id=tBh_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Could+There+Have+Been+Nothing%3F%3A+Against+Metaphysical+Nihilism&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-29524-7&rft.aulast=Coggins&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBh_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColyvan2001" class="citation book cs1">Colyvan, Mark (2001). <i>The Indispensability of Mathematics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803144-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803144-4"><bdi>978-0-19-803144-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indispensability+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803144-4&rft.aulast=Colyvan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2009" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Roy T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfaqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111"><i>Dictionary of Philosophical Logic</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3197-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-3197-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072055/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfaqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Philosophical+Logic&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3197-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Roy+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfaqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell" class="citation web cs1">Cornell, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/">"Material Composition"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325135146/https://iep.utm.edu/mat-comp/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Material+Composition&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmat-comp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta" class="citation web cs1">Costa, Damiano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/per-time/">"Persistence in Time"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817000848/https://iep.utm.edu/per-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Persistence+in+Time&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Damiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fper-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowling2019" class="citation book cs1">Cowling, Sam (2019). "Universals". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N065-2">10.4324/9780415249126-N065-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329170813/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/universals/v-2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Universals&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N065-2&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Cowling&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Funiversals%2Fv-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1998" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontology/v-1">"Ontology"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N039-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N039-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320180209/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontology/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontology&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N039-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fontology%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1998a" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward (1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/metaphysics/v-1">"Metaphysics"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N095-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N095-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801213535/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/metaphysics/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysics&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N095-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Foverview%2Fmetaphysics%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2021" class="citation web cs1">Dalal, Neil (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/">"Śaṅkara"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127111736/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fshankara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2009" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt99AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">"To Be"</a>. In Poidevin, Robin Le; Peter, Simons; Andrew, McGonigal; Cameron, Ross P. (eds.). <i>The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15585-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15585-9"><bdi>978-1-134-15585-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817085531/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVh8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT290">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Be&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15585-9&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt99AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2015" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Christopher (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1">"Introduction and Historical Overview"</a>. <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137344557_1">10.1057/9781137344557_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34455-7"><bdi>978-1-137-34455-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501081115/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+and+Historical+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Philosophical+Methods&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137344557_1&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34455-7&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9781137344557_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Dehsen, Christian von (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ"><i>Philosophers and Religious Leaders</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95102-3"><bdi>978-1-135-95102-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528074908/https://books.google.com/books?id=cU7cAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophers+and+Religious+Leaders&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95102-3&rft.aulast=Dehsen&rft.aufirst=Christian+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcU7cAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLapp" class="citation web cs1">DeLapp, Kevin M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/metaethi/">"Metaethics"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123102700/https://iep.utm.edu/metaethi/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Metaethics&rft.aulast=DeLapp&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmetaethi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmetIrvine2022" class="citation web cs1">Desmet, Ronald; Irvine, Andrew David (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehead/">"Alfred North Whitehead"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Alfred+North+Whitehead&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Desmet&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Irvine%2C+Andrew+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwhitehead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2021" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Max (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ0mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Towards Continental Philosophy: Reason and Imagination in the Thought of Max Deutscher</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-4777-1"><bdi>978-1-5381-4777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+Continental+Philosophy%3A+Reason+and+Imagination+in+the+Thought+of+Max+Deutscher&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-4777-1&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQ0mEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreier2007" class="citation book cs1">Dreier, James (2007). "Moral Relativism and Moral Nihilism". In Copp, David (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195325911.003.0010">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325911.003.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-989207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moral+Relativism+and+Moral+Nihilism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ethical+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195325911.003.0010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989207-5&rft.aulast=Dreier&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrummond2022" class="citation book cs1">Drummond, John J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ9hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>Historical Dictionary of Husserl's Philosophy</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3345-3"><bdi>978-1-5381-3345-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317134334/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ9hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Husserl%27s+Philosophy&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-3345-3&rft.aulast=Drummond&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQ9hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDynes2016" class="citation book cs1">Dynes, Wayne R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">"Creation of Daoism (6th Century BC)"</a>. In Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (eds.). <i>Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-566-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-566-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330131402/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creation+of+Daoism+%286th+Century+BC%29&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pivotal+Events+in+Religious+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-566-4&rft.aulast=Dynes&rft.aufirst=Wayne+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpxjOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffingham2013" class="citation book cs1">Effingham, Nikk (2013). <i>Introduction to Ontology</i>. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5254-2"><bdi>978-0-7456-5254-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Ontology&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5254-2&rft.aulast=Effingham&rft.aufirst=Nikk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2024" class="citation web cs1">Epstein, Brian (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-ontology/">"Social Ontology"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Social+Ontology&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsocial-ontology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsfeld2020" class="citation book cs1">Esfeld, Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJgIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA464">"Thing and Non-Thing Ontologies"</a>. In Bliss, Ricki; Miller, J. T. M. (eds.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Metametaphysics</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-62250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-62250-9"><bdi>978-1-351-62250-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605172341/https://books.google.com/books?id=OJgIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA464">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thing+and+Non-Thing+Ontologies&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Metametaphysics&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-351-62250-9&rft.aulast=Esfeld&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJgIEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-VidalRosen2022" class="citation web cs1">Falguera, José L.; Martínez-Vidal, Concha; Rosen, Gideon (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/">"Abstract Objects"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122003334/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Abstract+Objects&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Falguera&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+L.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Vidal%2C+Concha&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fabstract-objects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaye2013" class="citation book cs1">Faye, Jan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftrmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">"Is Time an Abstract Entity?"</a>. In Stadler, Friedrich; Stöltzner, Michael (eds.). <i>Time and History: Proceedings of the 28. International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium, Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria 2005</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-033321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-033321-3"><bdi>978-3-11-033321-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813072253/https://books.google.com/books?id=ftrmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Time+an+Abstract+Entity%3F&rft.btitle=Time+and+History%3A+Proceedings+of+the+28.+International+Ludwig+Wittgenstein+Symposium%2C+Kirchberg+am+Wechsel%2C+Austria+2005&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-033321-3&rft.aulast=Faye&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftrmBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-LópezGómez-Pérez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-López, Mariano; Gómez-Pérez, Asunción (2002). "Overview and Analysis of Methodologies for Building Ontologies". <i>The Knowledge Engineering Review</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 129–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269888902000462">10.1017/S0269888902000462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Knowledge+Engineering+Review&rft.atitle=Overview+and+Analysis+of+Methodologies+for+Building+Ontologies&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-156&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269888902000462&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Mariano&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-P%C3%A9rez%2C+Asunci%C3%B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1995" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Kit (1995). "Ontological Dependence". <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>. <b>95</b> (1): 269–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faristotelian%2F95.1.269">10.1093/aristotelian/95.1.269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Aristotelian+Society&rft.atitle=Ontological+Dependence&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=269-290&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faristotelian%2F95.1.269&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Kit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2011" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Markus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aKAekPbiWMC"><i>Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism</i></a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1629-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-1629-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616170254/https://books.google.com/books?id=6aKAekPbiWMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendental+Ontology%3A+Essays+in+German+Idealism&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1629-1&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aKAekPbiWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallois2016" class="citation web cs1">Gallois, Andre (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-time/">"Identity Over Time"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Identity+Over+Time&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gallois&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fidentity-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-Godinez2023" class="citation book cs1">Garcia-Godinez, Miguel (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXjEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">"Easy Social Ontology"</a>. In Garcia-Godinez, Miguel (ed.). <i>Thomasson on Ontology</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-23672-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-23672-3"><bdi>978-3-031-23672-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613184039/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXjEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Easy+Social+Ontology&rft.btitle=Thomasson+on+Ontology&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-23672-3&rft.aulast=Garcia-Godinez&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXjEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1998" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Q. B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BvTfX-swZ0C"><i>The Existence Principle</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5188-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5188-7"><bdi>978-0-7923-5188-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225643/https://books.google.com/books?id=0BvTfX-swZ0C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Existence+Principle&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5188-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Q.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BvTfX-swZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Gilson, Etienne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHN_DwAAQBAJ"><i>John Duns Scotus: Introduction to His Fundamental Positions</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67870-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67870-6"><bdi>978-0-567-67870-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140109/https://books.google.com/books?id=kHN_DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Duns+Scotus%3A+Introduction+to+His+Fundamental+Positions&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-567-67870-6&rft.aulast=Gilson&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkHN_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffiRoux2011" class="citation book cs1">Goffi, J.-Y.; <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Roux" title="Sophie Roux">Roux, S.</a> (2011). "On The Very Idea Of A Thought Experiment". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00807059/file/TE_Gofrou_ffinal.pdf"><i>Thought Experiments in Methodological and Historical Contexts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brill. pp. 165–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004201767.i-233.35">10.1163/ej.9789004201767.i-233.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20177-4"><bdi>978-90-04-20177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+The+Very+Idea+Of+A+Thought+Experiment&rft.btitle=Thought+Experiments+in+Methodological+and+Historical+Contexts&rft.pages=165-191&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004201767.i-233.35&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20177-4&rft.aulast=Goffi&rft.aufirst=J.-Y.&rft.au=Roux%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00807059%2Ffile%2FTE_Gofrou_ffinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöhnerSteinbrink2018" class="citation book cs1">Göhner, Julia Friederike; Steinbrink, Lukas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">"Ontological Commitments, Ordinary Language, and Theory Choice"</a>. In Jansen, Ludger; Näger, Paul M. (eds.). <i>Peter van Inwagen: Materialism, Free Will and God</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-70052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-70052-6"><bdi>978-3-319-70052-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616092246/https://books.google.com/books?id=FuBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontological+Commitments%2C+Ordinary+Language%2C+and+Theory+Choice&rft.btitle=Peter+van+Inwagen%3A+Materialism%2C+Free+Will+and+God&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-70052-6&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6hner&rft.aufirst=Julia+Friederike&rft.au=Steinbrink%2C+Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuBLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenbaum" class="citation web cs1">Goldenbaum, Ursula. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/geo-meth/">"Geometrical Method"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307123949/https://iep.utm.edu/geo-meth/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Geometrical+Method&rft.aulast=Goldenbaum&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fgeo-meth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez-PérezFernández-LópezCorcho2006" class="citation book cs1">Gómez-Pérez, Asunción; Fernández-López, Mariano; Corcho, Oscar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_3BwAAQBAJ"><i>Ontological Engineering: With Examples from the Areas of Knowledge Management, e-Commerce and the Semantic Web</i></a> (1 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-840-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-840-4"><bdi>978-1-85233-840-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616170301/https://books.google.com/books?id=qR_3BwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ontological+Engineering%3A+With+Examples+from+the+Areas+of+Knowledge+Management%2C+e-Commerce+and+the+Semantic+Web&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-840-4&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez-P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Asunci%C3%B3n&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-L%C3%B3pez%2C+Mariano&rft.au=Corcho%2C+Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR_3BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorisAertsen2019" class="citation web cs1">Goris, Wouter; Aertsen, Jan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentals-medieval/">"Medieval Theories of Transcendentals"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140111/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/transcendentals-medieval/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Medieval+Theories+of+Transcendentals&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Goris&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rft.au=Aertsen%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftranscendentals-medieval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowans2021" class="citation web cs1">Gowans, Chris (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-relativism/">"Moral Relativism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201103420/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-relativism/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Moral+Relativism&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Gowans&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmoral-relativism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Jacob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/presocra/">"Presocratics"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209221424/https://iep.utm.edu/presocra/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Presocratics&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fpresocra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayling2019" class="citation book cs1">Grayling, A. C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ"><i>The History of Philosophy</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-98086-6"><bdi>978-0-241-98086-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703150052/https://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-241-98086-6&rft.aulast=Grayling&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDJwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenon2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenon, Pierre (2008). "A Primer on Knowledge Management and Ontological Engineering". In Munn, Katherine; Smith, Barry (eds.). <i>Applied Ontology: An Introduction</i>. Ontos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938793-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938793-98-5"><bdi>978-3-938793-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Primer+on+Knowledge+Management+and+Ontological+Engineering&rft.btitle=Applied+Ontology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Ontos+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-938793-98-5&rft.aulast=Grenon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrier2022" class="citation web cs1">Grier, Michelle (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-metaphysics/">"Kant's Critique of Metaphysics"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140111/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-metaphysics/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Kant%27s+Critique+of+Metaphysics&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fkant-metaphysics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1998" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Nicholas (1998). "Neutral Monism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/neutral-monism/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N035-1">10.4324/9780415249126-N035-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327181407/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/neutral-monism/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neutral+Monism&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N035-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fneutral-monism%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimRescher2023" class="citation book cs1">Grim, Patrick; Rescher, Nicholas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgPPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39"><i>Theory of Categories: Key Instruments of Human Understanding</i></a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83998-815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83998-815-8"><bdi>978-1-83998-815-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323001110/https://books.google.com/books?id=KgPPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Categories%3A+Key+Instruments+of+Human+Understanding&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-83998-815-8&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Rescher%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgPPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroveShort1991" class="citation book cs1">Grove, Richard W.; Short, Edmund C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLDsgZq849gC&pg=PA211">"Theoretical Inquiry: Components and Structure"</a>. In Short, Edmund C. (ed.). <i>Forms of Curriculum Inquiry</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0649-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0649-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-0649-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Inquiry%3A+Components+and+Structure&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Curriculum+Inquiry&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0649-6&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Short%2C+Edmund+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLDsgZq849gC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrütterBauer-Messmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Grütter, Rolf; Bauer-Messmer, Bettina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mv0098rs-oC&pg=PA350">"Towards Spatial Reasoning in the Semantic Web: A Hybrid Knowledge Representation System Architecture"</a>. In Fabrikant, Sara; Wachowicz, Monica (eds.). <i>The European Information Society: Leading the Way with Geo-information</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72385-1"><bdi>978-3-540-72385-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+Spatial+Reasoning+in+the+Semantic+Web%3A+A+Hybrid+Knowledge+Representation+System+Architecture&rft.btitle=The+European+Information+Society%3A+Leading+the+Way+with+Geo-information&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-72385-1&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCtter&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft.au=Bauer-Messmer%2C+Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mv0098rs-oC%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuizzardi2007" class="citation book cs1">Guizzardi, Giancarlo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kR2iUt-CuwMC&pg=PA19">"On Ontology, Ontologies, Conceptualizations, Modeling Languages, and (Meta)Models"</a>. In Vasilecas, Olegas; Eder, Johann; Caplinskas, Albertas (eds.). <i>Databases and Information Systems IV: Selected Papers from the Seventh International Baltic Conference, DB&IS'2006</i>. IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-715-4"><bdi>978-1-58603-715-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626085555/https://books.google.com/books?id=kR2iUt-CuwMC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Descriptive and Revisionary Metaphysics". <i>Philosophical Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 361–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00368051">10.1007/bf00368051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Studies&rft.atitle=Descriptive+and+Revisionary+Metaphysics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-371&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00368051&rft.aulast=Haack&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakkarainenKeinänen2023" class="citation book cs1">Hakkarainen, Jani; Keinänen, Markku (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oHZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Formal Ontology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-08033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-08033-0"><bdi>978-1-009-08033-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170430/https://books.google.com/books?id=1oHZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formal+Ontology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-08033-0&rft.aulast=Hakkarainen&rft.aufirst=Jani&rft.au=Kein%C3%A4nen%2C+Markku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oHZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalfwassen2014" class="citation book cs1">Halfwassen, Jens (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185">"The Metaphysics of the One"</a>. In Slaveva-Griffin, Svetla; Remes, Pauliina (eds.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59136-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59136-8"><bdi>978-1-317-59136-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140113/https://books.google.com/books?id=yhcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Metaphysics+of+the+One&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Neoplatonism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59136-8&rft.aulast=Halfwassen&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyhcWBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalteman1998" class="citation book cs1">Halteman, Matthew C. (1998). "Ontotheology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontotheology/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-K115-1">10.4324/9780415249126-K115-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628171425/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontotheology/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontotheology&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-K115-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Halteman&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fontotheology%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHameedPreeceSleeman2013" class="citation book cs1">Hameed, Adil; Preece, Alun; Sleeman, Derek (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTwDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">"Ontology Reconciliation"</a>. In Staab, Steffen; Studer, Rudi (eds.). <i>Handbook on Ontologies</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-24750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-24750-0"><bdi>978-3-540-24750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontology+Reconciliation&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Ontologies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-540-24750-0&rft.aulast=Hameed&rft.aufirst=Adil&rft.au=Preece%2C+Alun&rft.au=Sleeman%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTwDCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamlyn2005" class="citation book cs1">Hamlyn, D. W. (2005). "Metaphysics, History of". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1586"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140114/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1586">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysics%2C+History+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Hamlyn&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2006" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Roger (2006). "Metaphysics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 6: Masaryk – Nussbaum</i> (2 ed.). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865786-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865786-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metaphysics%2C+History+of&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy.+6%3A+Masaryk+%E2%80%93+Nussbaum&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale%2C+Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865786-8&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarithaPriyatharshiniAbishekKiran2018" class="citation book cs1">Haritha, P.; Priyatharshini, R.; Abishek, A. G.; Kiran, V. Kamala (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcpmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489">"Knowledge Based Framework for Genetic Disease Diagnosis Using Data Mining Technique"</a>. In Uden, Lorna; Hadzima, Branislav; Ting, I.-Hsien (eds.). <i>Knowledge Management in Organizations: 13th International Conference, KMO 2018, Žilina, Slovakia, August 6–10, 2018, Proceedings</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95204-8"><bdi>978-3-319-95204-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240618170704/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcpmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Knowledge+Based+Framework+for+Genetic+Disease+Diagnosis+Using+Data+Mining+Technique&rft.btitle=Knowledge+Management+in+Organizations%3A+13th+International+Conference%2C+KMO+2018%2C+%C5%BDilina%2C+Slovakia%2C+August+6%E2%80%9310%2C+2018%2C+Proceedings&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-95204-8&rft.aulast=Haritha&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Priyatharshini%2C+R.&rft.au=Abishek%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Kiran%2C+V.+Kamala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcpmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2012" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Nicolai (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PyJfVZn-rcC&pg=PA46"><i>New Ways of Ontology</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4704-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4704-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-4704-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140114/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PyJfVZn-rcC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Ways+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4704-9&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PyJfVZn-rcC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2016" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, Katherine (2016). "Applied Metaphysics". In Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper; Brownlee, Kimberley; Coady, David (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVMWDQAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to Applied Philosophy</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-86911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-86911-6"><bdi>978-1-118-86911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Applied+Metaphysics&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Applied+Philosophy&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-86911-6&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVMWDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2023" class="citation web cs1">Hawley, Katherine (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/temporal-parts/">"Temporal Parts"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Temporal+Parts&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftemporal-parts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckmann2006" class="citation book cs1">Heckmann, Dominikus (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5adLEi4gYgC&pg=PA42"><i>Ubiquitous User Modeling</i></a>. IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89838-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89838-297-7"><bdi>978-3-89838-297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ubiquitous+User+Modeling&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89838-297-7&rft.aulast=Heckmann&rft.aufirst=Dominikus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5adLEi4gYgC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeil2009" class="citation book cs1">Heil, John (2009). "Relations". In Le Poidevin, Robin; Peter, Simons; Andrew, McGonigal; Cameron, Ross P. 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Routledge. pp. 310–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203879306-34">10.4324/9780203879306-34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87930-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87930-6"><bdi>978-0-203-87930-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Metaphysics&rft.pages=310-321&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203879306-34&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87930-6&rft.aulast=Heil&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203879306-34%2Frelations-john-heil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennig2008" class="citation book cs1">Hennig, Boris (2008). 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808003129/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wolff-christian/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Christian+Wolff&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hettche&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Dyck%2C+Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwolff-christian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2012" class="citation journal cs1">Heywood, Paolo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610895">"Anthropology and What There Is: Reflections on 'Ontology'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 143–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fca.2012.300112">10.3167/ca.2012.300112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7674">0305-7674</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610895">43610895</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924083536/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610895">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Anthropology+and+What+There+Is%3A+Reflections+on+%27Ontology%27&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-151&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0305-7674&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43610895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fca.2012.300112&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43610895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad1993" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, T. F. (1993). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283098-2"><bdi>978-0-19-283098-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283098-2&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023" class="citation web cs1">Hoefer, Carl; Huggett, Nick; Read, James (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-theories-classical/">"Absolute and Relational Space and Motion: Classical Theories"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Absolute+and+Relational+Space+and+Motion%3A+Classical+Theories&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hoefer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Huggett%2C+Nick&rft.au=Read%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fspacetime-theories-classical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanRosenkrantz2008" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Joshua; Rosenkrantz, Gary S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ngdi0a5o5iYC&pg=PA26"><i>The Divine Attributes</i></a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-69271-4"><bdi>978-0-470-69271-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Attributes&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69271-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Rosenkrantz%2C+Gary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgdi0a5o5iYC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofweber2021" class="citation book cs1">Hofweber, Thomas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">"Why Our Natural Languages are Ideal Languages for Metaphysics"</a>. In Miller, J. T. M. (ed.). <i>The Language of Ontology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-264853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-264853-2"><bdi>978-0-19-264853-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628115409/https://books.google.com/books?id=lEwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Our+Natural+Languages+are+Ideal+Languages+for+Metaphysics&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-264853-2&rft.aulast=Hofweber&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlEwwEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofweber2023" class="citation web cs1">Hofweber, Thomas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/">"Logic and Ontology"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207191450/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Logic+and+Ontology&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Hofweber&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flogic-ontology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoulgate2006" class="citation book cs1">Houlgate, Stephen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz30HFjrIFAC&pg=PA117"><i>The Opening of Hegel's Logic: From Being to Infinity</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-256-5"><bdi>978-1-55753-256-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624120047/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xz30HFjrIFAC&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opening+of+Hegel%27s+Logic%3A+From+Being+to+Infinity&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-256-5&rft.aulast=Houlgate&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXz30HFjrIFAC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoung2012" class="citation book cs1">Houng, Yu-Houng (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6T6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">"Elminative Materialism and Connectionism"</a>. In Lin, Cheng-Hun; Fu, Daiwie (eds.). <i>Philosophy and Conceptual History of Science in Taiwan</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-011-2500-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-011-2500-0"><bdi>978-94-011-2500-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608121138/https://books.google.com/books?id=M6T6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elminative+Materialism+and+Connectionism&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Conceptual+History+of+Science+in+Taiwan&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-011-2500-0&rft.aulast=Houng&rft.aufirst=Yu-Houng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6T6CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrow2022" class="citation book cs1">Isrow, Zachary (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MrB7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>The Spectricity of Humanness: Spectral Ontology and Being-in-the-World</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-069099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-069099-6"><bdi>978-3-11-069099-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610090331/https://books.google.com/books?id=MrB7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectricity+of+Humanness%3A+Spectral+Ontology+and+Being-in-the-World&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-069099-6&rft.aulast=Isrow&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMrB7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob2023" class="citation web cs1">Jacob, Pierre (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intentionality/">"Intentionality"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829135343/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intentionality/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Intentionality&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fintentionality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquette2014" class="citation book cs1">Jacquette, Dale (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>Ontology</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48959-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48959-7"><bdi>978-1-317-48959-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616093405/https://books.google.com/books?id=NmPfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ontology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-48959-7&rft.aulast=Jacquette&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNmPfBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanaway1999" class="citation book cs1">Janaway, Christopher (1999). "10. The Primacy of Will". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/2954/chapter-abstract/143638920?redirectedFrom=fulltext"><i>Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825003-6"><bdi>978-0-19-825003-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402120715/https://academic.oup.com/book/2954/chapter-abstract/143638920?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+The+Primacy+of+Will&rft.btitle=Self+and+World+in+Schopenhauer%27s+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-825003-6&rft.aulast=Janaway&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F2954%2Fchapter-abstract%2F143638920%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaroszyński2018" class="citation book cs1">Jaroszyński, Piotr (2018). <i>Metaphysics or Ontology?</i>. Brill Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35825-6"><bdi>978-90-04-35825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics+or+Ontology%3F&rft.pub=Brill+Rodopi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35825-6&rft.aulast=Jaroszy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaroszyński2023" class="citation book cs1">Jaroszyński, Piotr (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtL7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA254"><i>Culture: A Drama of Nature and Person</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-69118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-69118-6"><bdi>978-90-04-69118-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141141/https://books.google.com/books?id=LtL7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA254#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%3A+A+Drama+of+Nature+and+Person&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-90-04-69118-6&rft.aulast=Jaroszy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtL7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson2014" class="citation book cs1">Johansson, Ingvar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q31HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">"All Relations are Internal: The New Version"</a>. In Reboul, Anne (ed.). <i>Mind, Values, and Metaphysics: Philosophical Essays in Honor of Kevin Mulligan</i>. Vol. 1. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04199-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04199-5"><bdi>978-3-319-04199-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625071033/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q31HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+Relations+are+Internal%3A+The+New+Version&rft.btitle=Mind%2C+Values%2C+and+Metaphysics%3A+Philosophical+Essays+in+Honor+of+Kevin+Mulligan&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04199-5&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ31HBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJubien1998" class="citation book cs1">Jubien, Michael (1998). "Ontological Commitment". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontological-commitment/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-X027-1">10.4324/9780415249126-X027-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223033845/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ontological-commitment/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontological+Commitment&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-X027-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Jubien&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fontological-commitment%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2009" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Charles H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxE6zOaaGyIC&pg=PA143"><i>Essays on Being</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156006-4"><bdi>978-0-19-156006-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141144/https://books.google.com/books?id=DxE6zOaaGyIC&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Being&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156006-4&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxE6zOaaGyIC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendallMcGuinness2022" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Elisa F.; McGuinness, Deborah L. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYJyEAAAQBAJ"><i>Ontology Engineering</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-79486-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-79486-5"><bdi>978-3-031-79486-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141143/https://books.google.com/books?id=SYJyEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ontology+Engineering&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-031-79486-5&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Elisa+F.&rft.au=McGuinness%2C+Deborah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYJyEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jaegwon (2005). "Mind, Problems of the Philosophy of". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1608?rskey=jqUtkA&result=1601"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165434/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1608?rskey=jqUtkA&result=1601">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mind%2C+Problems+of+the+Philosophy+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jaegwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1608%3Frskey%3DjqUtkA%26result%3D1601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2023" class="citation web cs1">Kirk, Robert (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/">"Zombies"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928081213/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Zombies&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fzombies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirwan2005" class="citation book cs1">Kirwan, Christopher (2005). "Identity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1171"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165535/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1171">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identity&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Kirwan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlement2019" class="citation web cs1">Klement, Kevin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-atomism/">"Russell's Logical Atomism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165434/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-atomism/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Russell%27s+Logical+Atomism&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Klement&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flogical-atomism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015" class="citation book cs1">Koons, Robert C.; Pickavance, Timothy H. (2015). <i>Metaphysics: The Fundamentals</i> (1 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9574-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-9574-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+The+Fundamentals&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9574-4&rft.aulast=Koons&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Pickavance%2C+Timothy+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorman2021" class="citation web cs1">Korman, Daniel Z. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0386.xml">"Material Constitution"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies Online</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195396577-0386">10.1093/OBO/9780195396577-0386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539657-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539657-7"><bdi>978-0-19-539657-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141148/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195396577/obo-9780195396577-0386.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.atitle=Material+Constitution&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195396577-0386&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539657-7&rft.aulast=Korman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195396577%2Fobo-9780195396577-0386.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKörner1984" class="citation book cs1">Körner, Stephan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eAA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183"><i>Metaphysics: Its Structure and Function</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26496-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26496-9"><bdi>978-0-521-26496-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317134336/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+Its+Structure+and+Function&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26496-9&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6rner&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeAA4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoslicki2018" class="citation book cs1">Koslicki, Kathrin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=th1rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Form, Matter, Substance</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-255708-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-255708-7"><bdi>978-0-19-255708-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141144/https://books.google.com/books?id=th1rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Form%2C+Matter%2C+Substance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-255708-7&rft.aulast=Koslicki&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dth1rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozierkiewiczPietranik2019" class="citation book cs1">Kozierkiewicz, Adrianna; Pietranik, Marcin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2uWPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">"A Formal Framework for the Ontology Evolution"</a>. In Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh; Gaol, Ford Lumban; Hong, Tzung-Pei; Trawiński, Bogdan (eds.). <i>Intelligent Information and Database Systems: 11th Asian Conference, ACIIDS 2019, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, April 8–11, 2019, Proceedings, Part I</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-14799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-14799-0"><bdi>978-3-030-14799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Formal+Framework+for+the+Ontology+Evolution&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Information+and+Database+Systems%3A+11th+Asian+Conference%2C+ACIIDS+2019%2C+Yogyakarta%2C+Indonesia%2C+April+8%E2%80%9311%2C+2019%2C+Proceedings%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-14799-0&rft.aulast=Kozierkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Adrianna&rft.au=Pietranik%2C+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2uWPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriegel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kriegel, Uriah (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/KRIIIA">"Intentional Inexistence and Phenomenal Intentionality"</a>. <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 307–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1520-8583.2007.00129.x">10.1111/j.1520-8583.2007.00129.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-8583">1520-8583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Intentional+Inexistence+and+Phenomenal+Intentionality&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=307-340&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1520-8583.2007.00129.x&rft.issn=1520-8583&rft.aulast=Kriegel&rft.aufirst=Uriah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FKRIIIA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonVoltolini2023" class="citation web cs1">Kroon, Fred; Voltolini, Alberto (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fictional-entities/">"Fictional Entities"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617060209/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fictional-entities/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Fictional+Entities&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Kroon&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Voltolini%2C+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffictional-entities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuhlmann, Meinard (2010). "Ontologie". In Sandkühler, Hans Jörg (ed.). <i>Enzyklopädie Philosophie</i> (2 ed.). Meiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7873-1999-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7873-1999-2"><bdi>978-3-7873-1999-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontologie&rft.btitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+Philosophie&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Meiner&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-7873-1999-2&rft.aulast=Kuhlmann&rft.aufirst=Meinard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Thomas S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_eYe6NVaDMC&pg=PA13">"Possible Worlds in History of Science"</a>. In Sture, Allén (ed.). <i>Possible Worlds in Humanities, Arts and Sciences: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 65</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086685-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086685-8"><bdi>978-3-11-086685-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328192319/https://books.google.com/books?id=c_eYe6NVaDMC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Possible+Worlds+in+History+of+Science&rft.btitle=Possible+Worlds+in+Humanities%2C+Arts+and+Sciences%3A+Proceedings+of+Nobel+Symposium+65&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-086685-8&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_eYe6NVaDMC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, ShashiPrabha (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr2YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>Categories, Creation and Cognition in Vaiśeṣika Philosophy</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2965-4"><bdi>978-981-13-2965-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608121137/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jr2YDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Categories%2C+Creation+and+Cognition+in+Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika+Philosophy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-13-2965-4&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=ShashiPrabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJr2YDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadyman2023" class="citation web cs1">Ladyman, James (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structural-realism/">"Structural Realism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911130111/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structural-realism/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Structural+Realism&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Ladyman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fstructural-realism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamarque1998" class="citation book cs1">Lamarque, Peter (1998). "Fictional Entities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/fictional-entities/v-1"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-M021-1">10.4324/9780415249126-M021-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428121741/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/fictional-entities/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fictional+Entities&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-M021-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Lamarque&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Ffictional-entities%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaZella2019" class="citation book cs1">LaZella, Andrew T. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NCqODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>The Singular Voice of Being: John Duns Scotus and Ultimate Difference</i></a>. Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-8459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-8459-7"><bdi>978-0-8232-8459-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141145/https://books.google.com/books?id=NCqODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Singular+Voice+of+Being%3A+John+Duns+Scotus+and+Ultimate+Difference&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-8459-7&rft.aulast=LaZella&rft.aufirst=Andrew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNCqODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrer1993" class="citation book cs1">Lehrer, Keith (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w590r7cZ8TsC&pg=PR11">"Preface"</a>. In Lehrer, Keith (ed.). <i>Haecceity: An Ontological Essay</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-2438-6"><bdi>978-0-7923-2438-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170428/https://books.google.com/books?id=w590r7cZ8TsC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Haecceity%3A+An+Ontological+Essay&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-2438-6&rft.aulast=Lehrer&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw590r7cZ8TsC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuenberger2017" class="citation book cs1">Leuenberger, Stephan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57">"Wolff's Close Shafe with Fatalism"</a>. In Sinclair, Mark (ed.). <i>The Actual and the Possible: Modality and Metaphysics in Modern Philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108973-2"><bdi>978-0-19-108973-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616092245/https://books.google.com/books?id=uBBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wolff%27s+Close+Shafe+with+Fatalism&rft.btitle=The+Actual+and+the+Possible%3A+Modality+and+Metaphysics+in+Modern+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-108973-2&rft.aulast=Leuenberger&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBBADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2002" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Michael P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYyLrfsZvUC"><i>Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91157-8"><bdi>978-1-134-91157-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611165737/https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYyLrfsZvUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pantheism%3A+A+Non-Theistic+Concept+of+Deity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-91157-8&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGAYyLrfsZvUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnebo2024" class="citation web cs1">Linnebo, Øystein (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/platonism-mathematics/">"Platonism in the Philosophy of Mathematics"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125182359/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/platonism-mathematics/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Platonism+in+the+Philosophy+of+Mathematics&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Linnebo&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fplatonism-mathematics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListon" class="citation web cs1">Liston, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/">"Scientific Realism and Antirealism"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314000448/https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Scientific+Realism+and+Antirealism&rft.aulast=Liston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fscientific-realism-antirealism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlejohn" class="citation web cs1">Littlejohn, Ronnie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/">"Daoist Philosophy"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329075541/https://iep.utm.edu/daoismdaoist-philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Daoist+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Littlejohn&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fdaoismdaoist-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizzini2021" class="citation web cs1">Lizzini, Olga (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/">"Ibn Sina's Metaphysics"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411165434/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina-metaphysics/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sina%27s+Metaphysics&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Lizzini&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fibn-sina-metaphysics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLook2020" class="citation web cs1">Look, Brandon C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/">"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805133308/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Look&rft.aufirst=Brandon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fleibniz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2010" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Carlos (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1426">"India, Hinduism in: Medieval Period"</a>. In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141146/https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1426#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India%2C+Hinduism+in%3A+Medieval+Period&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqejaEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorini2015" class="citation book cs1">Lorini, Gualtiero (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rY1mCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">"Kant's Metaphor by Analogy Between Ontology and Transcendental Philosophy"</a>. In Kauark-Leite, Patricia; Cecchinato, Giorgia; Figueiredo, Virginia De Araujo; Ruffing, Margit; Serra, Alice (eds.). <i>Kant and the Metaphors of Reason</i>. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-15124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-15124-3"><bdi>978-3-487-15124-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623170222/https://books.google.com/books?id=rY1mCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kant%27s+Metaphor+by+Analogy+Between+Ontology+and+Transcendental+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Kant+and+the+Metaphors+of+Reason&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-487-15124-3&rft.aulast=Lorini&rft.aufirst=Gualtiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrY1mCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouxCrisp2017" class="citation book cs1">Loux, Michael J.; Crisp, Thomas M. (2017). <i>Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction</i> (4 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-63933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-63933-1"><bdi>978-1-138-63933-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+A+Contemporary+Introduction&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-63933-1&rft.aulast=Loux&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Crisp%2C+Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2005" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, E. J. (2005). "Ontology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2005a" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, E. J. (2005a). "Being". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141657/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2005b" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, E. J. (2005b). "Existence". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141657/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Existence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2006" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, E. J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7ISDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA195"><i>The Four-Category Ontology: A Metaphysical Foundation for Natural Science</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925439-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925439-2"><bdi>978-0-19-925439-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four-Category+Ontology%3A+A+Metaphysical+Foundation+for+Natural+Science&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925439-2&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds7ISDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwigWeiskopf2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ludwig, David; Weiskopf, Daniel A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphc3.12621">"Ethnoontology: Ways of World-building Across Cultures"</a>. <i>Philosophy Compass</i>. <b>14</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphc3.12621">10.1111/phc3.12621</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199516840">199516840</a>. <q>Consider the animism debate. Animists consider nonhuman entities (e.g., plants, forests, or rivers) as intentional actors (Harvey, 2005). There is substantial evidence that animism is a widespread metaphysical view. For example, the Nayaka people of South India consider not only certain animals but also stones, hills, cups, and knives to be devaru: beings that stand in active, quasi-social relationships with them (Bird-David, 1999). Devaru are aspects of a larger kin structure that incorporates potential "partners" in the nonhuman world. In addition to these ethnographic observations, there are intriguing cross-cultural similarities in animist ontologies. Indigenous communities around the world tend to be much more permissive in their ascription of intentionality than Western participants (Ojalehto, Douglas, & García, 2017).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Compass&rft.atitle=Ethnoontology%3A+Ways+of+World-building+Across+Cultures&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fphc3.12621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199516840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Weiskopf%2C+Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fphc3.12621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupisella2020" class="citation book cs1">Lupisella, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>Cosmological Theories of Value: Science, Philosophy, and Meaning in Cosmic Evolution</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25339-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25339-4"><bdi>978-3-030-25339-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605173449/https://books.google.com/books?id=3JTyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmological+Theories+of+Value%3A+Science%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+Meaning+in+Cosmic+Evolution&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-25339-4&rft.aulast=Lupisella&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JTyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacBride2020" class="citation web cs1">MacBride, Fraser (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations/">"Relations"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141656/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Relations&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=MacBride&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Frelations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntyre2006" class="citation book cs1">MacIntyre, Alasdair (2006). "Being". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865781-3"><bdi>978-0-02-865781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865781-3&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1998" class="citation web cs1">Mackie, Penelope (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/existence/v-1">"Existence"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230551/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/existence/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Existence&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fexistence%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie2005" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, Penelope (2005). "Events". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141657/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Events&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein" class="citation web cs1">MacLeod, Mary C.; Rubenstein, Eric M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/universa/">"Universals"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193719/https://iep.utm.edu/universa/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Universals&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft.au=Rubenstein%2C+Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Funiversa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2009" class="citation book cs1">Marenbon, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYSVbvnDL8IC&pg=PA6">"Introduction: Reading Boethius Whole"</a>. In Marenbon, John (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Boethius</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82815-4"><bdi>978-1-139-82815-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402120923/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYSVbvnDL8IC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Reading+Boethius+Whole&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Boethius&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82815-4&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYSVbvnDL8IC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallWeatherson2023" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Dan; Weatherson, Brian (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/">"Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Properties"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140207/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intrinsic-extrinsic/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Intrinsic+Vs.+Extrinsic+Properties&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Weatherson%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fintrinsic-extrinsic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasseroli2018" class="citation book cs1">Masseroli, Marco (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA813">"Biological and Medical Ontologies: Introduction"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811432-2"><bdi>978-0-12-811432-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628171434/https://books.google.com/books?id=rs51DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA813">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+and+Medical+Ontologies%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Bioinformatics+and+Computational+Biology%3A+ABC+of+Bioinformatics&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-12-811432-2&rft.aulast=Masseroli&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drs51DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurin2019" class="citation book cs1">Maurin, Anna-Sofia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-2/sections/particulars-thick-or-thin">"Particulars"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N040-2">10.4324/9780415249126-N040-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325125022/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/particulars/v-2/sections/particulars-thick-or-thin">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Particulars&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N040-2&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Maurin&rft.aufirst=Anna-Sofia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fparticulars%2Fv-2%2Fsections%2Fparticulars-thick-or-thin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1999" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Brian P. (1999). Audi, Robert (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</i> (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63722-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63722-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63722-0&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzel2023" class="citation web cs1">Menzel, Christopher (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/possible-worlds/">"Possible Worlds"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141659/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/possible-worlds/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Possible+Worlds&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Menzel&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpossible-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024" class="citation web cs1">Merriam-Webster (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontology">"Definition of Ontology"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706190701/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontology">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Ontology&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fontology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Kristie (2018). "Persistence". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/persistence/v-1/sections/1-four-accounts-of-persistence"><i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F0123456789-N126-1">10.4324/0123456789-N126-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184119/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/persistence/v-1/sections/1-four-accounts-of-persistence">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persistence&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F0123456789-N126-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kristie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fpersistence%2Fv-1%2Fsections%2F1-four-accounts-of-persistence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1998" class="citation book cs1">Moore, A. W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/antirealism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics/v-1">"Antirealism in the Philosophy of Mathematics"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-Y065-1">10.4324/9780415249126-Y065-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601181128/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/antirealism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antirealism+in+the+Philosophy+of+Mathematics&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-Y065-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fantirealism-in-the-philosophy-of-mathematics%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulligan2012" class="citation book cs1">Mulligan, Kevin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLfwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">"Preface"</a>. In Mulligan, Kevin (ed.). <i>Language, Truth and Ontology</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-011-2602-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-011-2602-1"><bdi>978-94-011-2602-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617175325/https://books.google.com/books?id=oLfwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Truth+and+Ontology&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-011-2602-1&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoLfwCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2003" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Stephen, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGGmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">"11. The Philosophy of Logical Atomism"</a>. <i>Russell on Metaphysics: Selections from the Writings of Bertrand Russell</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-90272-7"><bdi>978-1-136-90272-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402234006/https://books.google.com/books?id=kGGmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+The+Philosophy+of+Logical+Atomism&rft.btitle=Russell+on+Metaphysics%3A+Selections+from+the+Writings+of+Bertrand+Russell&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-136-90272-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGGmBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2012" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Stephen (2012). <i>Metaphysics: A Very Short Introduction</i> (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965712-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965712-4"><bdi>978-0-19-965712-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965712-4&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2022" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Michael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/">"Existence"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903000135/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Existence&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fexistence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNey2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Ney" title="Alyssa Ney">Ney, Alyssa</a> (2014). <i>Metaphysics: An Introduction</i>. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64074-9"><bdi>978-0-415-64074-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64074-9&rft.aulast=Ney&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeyrat2020" class="citation book cs1">Neyrat, Frederic (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_nJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13"><i>Literature and Materialisms</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19845-1"><bdi>978-1-317-19845-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Materialisms&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-317-19845-1&rft.aulast=Neyrat&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_nJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiiniluoto2002" class="citation book cs1">Niiniluoto, Ilkka (2002). <i>Critical Scientific Realism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-159809-8"><bdi>978-0-19-159809-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Scientific+Realism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-159809-8&rft.aulast=Niiniluoto&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022" class="citation web cs1">Noonan, Harold; Curtis, Ben (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/">"Identity"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723085907/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Identity&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fidentity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuñez_Erices2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nuñez Erices, Gonzalo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkrt-2019-330203">"Boundaries and Things. A Metaphysical Study of the Brentano-Chisholm Theory"</a>. <i>KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 15–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkrt-2019-330203">10.1515/krt-2019-330203</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KRITERION+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Boundaries+and+Things.+A+Metaphysical+Study+of+the+Brentano-Chisholm+Theory&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15-48&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fkrt-2019-330203&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%B1ez+Erices&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fkrt-2019-330203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Conaill2022" class="citation book cs1">O'Conaill, Donnchadh (2022). <i>Substance</i>. Cambridge University press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-94074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-94074-0"><bdi>978-1-108-94074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Substance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-94074-0&rft.aulast=O%27Conaill&rft.aufirst=Donnchadh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkasha2016" class="citation book cs1">Okasha, Samir (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMqSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874558-7"><bdi>978-0-19-874558-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602175236/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMqSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Science%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874558-7&rft.aulast=Okasha&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMqSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2005" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Alexander D. (2005). "Abstract Entities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926479-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141657/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001/acref-9780199264797-e-1806">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abstract+Entities&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Alexander+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199264797.001.0001%2Facref-9780199264797-e-1806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnof" class="citation web cs1">Onof, Christian J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/sartre-ex/">"Sartre, Jean Paul: Existentialism"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626150853/https://iep.utm.edu/sartre-ex/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Sartre%2C+Jean+Paul%3A+Existentialism&rft.aulast=Onof&rft.aufirst=Christian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fsartre-ex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022" class="citation web cs1">Orilia, Francesco; Paolini Paoletti, Michele (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/">"Properties"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416092556/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Properties&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Orilia&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Paolini+Paoletti%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fproperties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Madagain" class="citation web cs1">O’Madagain, Cathal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/intentio/">"Intentionality"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240428121740/https://iep.utm.edu/intentio/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Intentionality&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Madagain&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fintentio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPack2022" class="citation book cs1">Pack, Justin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nP18EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162"><i>Environmental Philosophy in Desperate Times</i></a>. Broadview Press. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77048-866-3"><bdi>978-1-77048-866-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617060211/https://books.google.com/books?id=nP18EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Philosophy+in+Desperate+Times&rft.pages=162-163&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-77048-866-3&rft.aulast=Pack&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnP18EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPack2023" class="citation book cs1">Pack, Justin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9akEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">"Animist Ontologies, Abstraction, and Slavery"</a>. <i>Money and Thoughtlessness: A Genealogy and Defense of the Traditional Suspicions of Money and Merchants</i>. Springer Nature. pp. 105–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-22261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-22261-0"><bdi>978-3-031-22261-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505073506/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9akEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animist+Ontologies%2C+Abstraction%2C+and+Slavery&rft.btitle=Money+and+Thoughtlessness%3A+A+Genealogy+and+Defense+of+the+Traditional+Suspicions+of+Money+and+Merchants&rft.pages=105-107&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-22261-0&rft.aulast=Pack&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9akEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1998" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Clare (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2pI9IMiYUC&pg=PA175"><i>Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826952-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826952-6"><bdi>978-0-19-826952-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402175535/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT2pI9IMiYUC&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Ethics+and+Process+Thinking&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826952-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZT2pI9IMiYUC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParent" class="citation web cs1">Parent, Ted. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/mod-meta/">"Modal Metaphysics"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212729/https://iep.utm.edu/mod-meta/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Modal+Metaphysics&rft.aulast=Parent&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmod-meta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2017" class="citation book cs1">Paul, L. A. (2017). "A One Category Ontology". In Keller, John A. (ed.). <i>Being, Freedom, and Method: Themes from the Philosophy of Peter Van Inwagen</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871570-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871570-2"><bdi>978-0-19-871570-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+One+Category+Ontology&rft.btitle=Being%2C+Freedom%2C+and+Method%3A+Themes+from+the+Philosophy+of+Peter+Van+Inwagen&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871570-2&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel1986" class="citation book cs1">Pavel, Thomas G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OF7ZA54UpYYC&pg=PA50"><i>Fictional Worlds</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29966-5"><bdi>978-0-674-29966-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217215258/https://books.google.com/books?id=OF7ZA54UpYYC&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fictional+Worlds&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-674-29966-5&rft.aulast=Pavel&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOF7ZA54UpYYC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett2016" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Roy W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>An Introduction to Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85356-9"><bdi>978-0-521-85356-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609182334/https://books.google.com/books?id=q7wwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85356-9&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Roy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7wwCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonPoli2022" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Keith; Poli, Roberto (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nicolai-hartmann/">"Nicolai Hartmann"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706141700/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nicolai-hartmann/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Nicolai+Hartmann&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Poli%2C+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnicolai-hartmann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1967" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, R. L. (1967). "Descriptive Versus Revisionary Metaphysics and the Mind–Body Problem". <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>42</b> (160): 105–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100001030">10.1017/S0031819100001030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Descriptive+Versus+Revisionary+Metaphysics+and+the+Mind%E2%80%93Body+Problem&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=160&rft.pages=105-118&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100001030&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1998" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Stephen H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/aurobindo-ghose-1872-1950/v-1">"Aurobindo Ghose (1872–1950)"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-F076-1">10.4324/9780415249126-F076-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aurobindo+Ghose+%281872%E2%80%931950%29&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-F076-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fbiographical%2Faurobindo-ghose-1872-1950%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPihlström2009" class="citation book cs1">Pihlström, Sami (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srGLpb7pWdkC&pg=PA60"><i>Pragmatist Metaphysics: An Essay on the Ethical Grounds of Ontology</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-593-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-593-3"><bdi>978-1-84706-593-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317134336/https://books.google.com/books?id=srGLpb7pWdkC&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatist+Metaphysics%3A+An+Essay+on+the+Ethical+Grounds+of+Ontology&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84706-593-3&rft.aulast=Pihlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrGLpb7pWdkC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlebani2013" class="citation book cs1">Plebani, Matteo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pkNb_3NYyz0C&pg=PA5">"Introduction"</a>. In Camposampiero, Favaretti Matteo; Plebani, Matteo (eds.). <i>Existence and Nature: New Perspectives</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032180-7"><bdi>978-3-11-032180-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820104706/https://books.google.com/books?id=pkNb_3NYyz0C&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Existence+and+Nature%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-032180-7&rft.aulast=Plebani&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpkNb_3NYyz0C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoli2011" class="citation book cs1">Poli, Roberto (2011). "Hartmann's Theory of Categories: Introductory Remarks". In Poli, Roberto; Scognamiglio, Carlo; Tremblay, Frederic (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qya55bssVQC&pg=PA1"><i>The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025418-1"><bdi>978-3-11-025418-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hartmann%27s+Theory+of+Categories%3A+Introductory+Remarks&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Nicolai+Hartmann&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025418-1&rft.aulast=Poli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Qya55bssVQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliSimons1996" class="citation book cs1">Poli, Roberto; Simons, Peter (1996). "Foreword". In Poli, Roberto; Simons, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4"><i>Formal Ontology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-015-8733-4">10.1007/978-94-015-8733-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4104-8"><bdi>978-0-7923-4104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Formal+Ontology&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-015-8733-4&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-4104-8&rft.aulast=Poli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Simons%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-94-015-8733-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPouchardDevarakonBransetter2015" class="citation book cs1">Pouchard, Line; Devarakon, Ranjeet; Bransetter, Marcia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmVrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">"A Linked Science Investigation: Enhancing Climate Change Data Discovery with Ontologies and Semantic Technologies"</a>. In Narock, T.; Fox, P. (eds.). <i>The Semantic Web in Earth and Space Science. Current Status and Future Directions</i>. IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61499-501-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61499-501-2"><bdi>978-1-61499-501-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704065624/https://books.google.com/books?id=pmVrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142221/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wittgenstein-atomism/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Wittgenstein%27s+Logical+Atomism&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Proops&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwittgenstein-atomism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrussRasmussen2018" class="citation book cs1">Pruss, Alexander R.; Rasmussen, Joshua L. 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"Deleuze, Differential Ontology and Subjectivity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/poststructuralist-agency/deleuze-differential-ontology-and-subjectivity/1C78F8C61B72EBF95B5C687DF75F06E0"><i>Poststructuralist Agency: The Subject in Twentieth-Century Theory</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5938-9"><bdi>978-1-4744-5938-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142224/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/poststructuralist-agency/deleuze-differential-ontology-and-subjectivity/1C78F8C61B72EBF95B5C687DF75F06E0">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deleuze%2C+Differential+Ontology+and+Subjectivity&rft.btitle=Poststructuralist+Agency%3A+The+Subject+in+Twentieth-Century+Theory&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-5938-9&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fpoststructuralist-agency%2Fdeleuze-differential-ontology-and-subjectivity%2F1C78F8C61B72EBF95B5C687DF75F06E0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRea1997" class="citation book cs1">Rea, Michael Cannon (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0QOWVtDOXYC&pg=PR15">"Introduction"</a>. In Rea, Michael Cannon (ed.). <i>Material Constitution: A Reader</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8384-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-8384-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142224/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0QOWVtDOXYC&pg=PR15#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Material+Constitution%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8384-0&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=Michael+Cannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0QOWVtDOXYC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRea2021" class="citation book cs1">Rea, Michael C. (2021). <i>Metaphysics: The Basics</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-13607-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-13607-9"><bdi>978-0-367-13607-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+The+Basics&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-367-13607-9&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedding2020" class="citation web cs1">Redding, Paul (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/">"Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430071107/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Georg+Wilhelm+Friedrich+Hegel&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Redding&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhegel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRéeUrmson2004" class="citation book cs1">Rée, Jonathan; Urmson, J. O. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC"><i>The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-33177-2"><bdi>978-1-134-33177-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=uewoLyIw_DQC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-33177-2&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Urmson%2C+J.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuewoLyIw_DQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReicher2022" class="citation web cs1">Reicher, Maria (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nonexistent-objects/">"Nonexistent Objects"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201125947/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nonexistent-objects/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Nonexistent+Objects&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Reicher&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnonexistent-objects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRescher2000" class="citation book cs1">Rescher, Nicholas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6rOyLVeBOcC&pg=PA5"><i>Process Philosophy: A Survey of Basic Issues</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7393-5"><bdi>978-0-8229-7393-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605172219/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6rOyLVeBOcC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Process+Philosophy%3A+A+Survey+of+Basic+Issues&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7393-5&rft.aulast=Rescher&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6rOyLVeBOcC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRettlerBailey2023" class="citation web cs1">Rettler, Bradley; Bailey, Andrew M. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/object/">"Object"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616043054/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/object/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Object&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Rettler&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fobject%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinet2013" class="citation book cs1">Robinet, Isabelle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC&pg=PA274">"Chongxuan"</a>. In Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Taoism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79634-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79634-1"><bdi>978-1-135-79634-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402085425/https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC&pg=PA274">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chongxuan&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Taoism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79634-1&rft.aulast=Robinet&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3Sp6TfzhpIC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Howard (2004). "Thought Experiments, Ontology, and Concept-Dependent Truthmakers". <i>Monist</i>. <b>87</b> (4): 537–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fmonist200487422">10.5840/monist200487422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monist&rft.atitle=Thought+Experiments%2C+Ontology%2C+and+Concept-Dependent+Truthmakers&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-553&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fmonist200487422&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2023" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Howard (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dualism/">"Dualism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107180402/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dualism/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Dualism&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdualism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonWeir2024" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Howard; Weir, Ralph (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/substance/">"Substance"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Substance&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Weir%2C+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsubstance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2018" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Gustavo E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135"><i>Scientific Philosophy</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97631-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97631-0"><bdi>978-3-319-97631-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326184746/https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Philosophy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97631-0&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Gustavo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wJ2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenkrantz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenkrantz, Gary S. (2018). "Of Facts and Things". <i>International Journal of Philosophical Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (5): 679–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09672559.2018.1542277">10.1080/09672559.2018.1542277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Philosophical+Studies&rft.atitle=Of+Facts+and+Things&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=679-700&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09672559.2018.1542277&rft.aulast=Rosenkrantz&rft.aufirst=Gary+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunggaldier2009" class="citation book cs1">Runggaldier, Edmund (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opLRzEaauTUC&pg=PA248"><i>Unity and Time in Metaphysics</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021234-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021234-1"><bdi>978-3-11-021234-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605173441/https://books.google.com/books?id=opLRzEaauTUC&pg=PA248">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+and+Time+in+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021234-1&rft.aulast=Runggaldier&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopLRzEaauTUC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzsa" class="citation web cs1">Ruzsa, Ferenc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/sankhya/">"Sankhya"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519113815/https://www.iep.utm.edu/sankhya/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Sankhya&rft.aulast=Ruzsa&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fsankhya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyckman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ryckman, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FI1JCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142"><i>The Reign of Relativity: Philosophy in Physics 1915–1925</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-029215-7"><bdi>978-0-19-029215-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317134334/https://books.google.com/books?id=FI1JCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Relativity%3A+Philosophy+in+Physics+1915%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-029215-7&rft.aulast=Ryckman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFI1JCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadegh-Zadeh2011" class="citation book cs1">Sadegh-Zadeh, Kazem (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YenvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">"Fuzzy Formal Ontology"</a>. In Seising, Rudolf; González, Veronica Sanz (eds.). <i>Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-24672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-24672-2"><bdi>978-3-642-24672-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240618170707/https://books.google.com/books?id=YenvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA384">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fuzzy+Formal+Ontology&rft.btitle=Soft+Computing+in+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-24672-2&rft.aulast=Sadegh-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Kazem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYenvCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalesGuizzardi2017" class="citation book cs1">Sales, Tiago Prince; Guizzardi, Giancarlo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9s1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Is It a Fleet or a Collection of Ships?': Ontological Anti-patterns in the Modeling of Part-Whole Relations"</a>. In Kirikova, Mārīte; Nørvåg, Kjetil; Papadopoulos, George A. (eds.). <i>Advances in Databases and Information Systems: 21st European Conference, ADBIS 2017, Nicosia, Cyprus, September 24-27, 2017, Proceedings</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-66917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-66917-5"><bdi>978-3-319-66917-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626085554/https://books.google.com/books?id=F9s1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Is+It+a+Fleet+or+a+Collection+of+Ships%3F%27%3A+Ontological+Anti-patterns+in+the+Modeling+of+Part-Whole+Relations&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Databases+and+Information+Systems%3A+21st+European+Conference%2C+ADBIS+2017%2C+Nicosia%2C+Cyprus%2C+September+24-27%2C+2017%2C+Proceedings&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-66917-5&rft.aulast=Sales&rft.aufirst=Tiago+Prince&rft.au=Guizzardi%2C+Giancarlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9s1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankey2018" class="citation book cs1">Sankey, Howard (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eviADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1953"><i>Rationality, Relativism and Incommensurability</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-77611-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-77611-3"><bdi>978-0-429-77611-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationality%2C+Relativism+and+Incommensurability&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-77611-3&rft.aulast=Sankey&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeviADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayre-McCord2023a" class="citation web cs1">Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-realism/">"Moral Realism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423021516/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-realism/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Moral+Realism&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Sayre-McCord&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmoral-realism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer2009" class="citation book cs1">Schaffer, Jonathan (2009). "On What Grounds What". In Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (eds.). <i>Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6"><bdi>978-0-19-954604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+What+Grounds+What&rft.btitle=Metametaphysics%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Foundations+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954604-6&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schaffer, Jonathan (2010). "Monism: The Priority of the Whole". <i>The Philosophical Review</i>. <b>119</b> (1): 31–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00318108-2009-025">10.1215/00318108-2009-025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Monism%3A+The+Priority+of+the+Whole&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-76&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00318108-2009-025&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer2018" class="citation web cs1">Schaffer, Jonathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monism/">"Monism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142224/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/monism/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Monism&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmonism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchalow2019" class="citation book cs1">Schalow, Frank (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ27DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139"><i>Historical Dictionary of Heidegger's Philosophy</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2436-9"><bdi>978-1-5381-2436-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170428/https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ27DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Heidegger%27s+Philosophy&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2436-9&rft.aulast=Schalow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJ27DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2013" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Michael W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001687">"The Anthropology of Ontology (Religious Science?)"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 859–872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9655.12067">10.1111/1467-9655.12067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001687">42001687</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924082557/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42001687">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>. <q>Since roughly the 1990s, a growing number of anthropologists have become interested in the study of ontology – the investigation and theorization of diverse experiences and understandings of the nature of being itself. This generally takes the form of ethnographic accounts of indigenous non-Western modes and models of being, presented in more or less explicit contrast with aspects of a Euro-American or modern ontology imputed to conventional anthropology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Anthropology+of+Ontology+%28Religious+Science%3F%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=859-872&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9655.12067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42001687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42001687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Shaffer, Michael J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/SHATPO-64">"The Problem of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions and Conceptual Analysis"</a>. <i>Metaphilosophy</i>. <b>46</b> (4–5): 555–563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmeta.12158">10.1111/meta.12158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metaphilosophy&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Necessary+and+Sufficient+Conditions+and+Conceptual+Analysis&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=555-563&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmeta.12158&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FSHATPO-64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2014" class="citation book cs1">Shields, Christopher (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A_pwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279"><i>Aristotle</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-95214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-95214-5"><bdi>978-1-317-95214-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617133338/https://books.google.com/books?id=A_pwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-95214-5&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA_pwEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSider2009" class="citation book cs1">Sider, Theodore (2009). "Ontological Realism". In Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (eds.). <i>Metametaphysics: New Essays on the Foundations of Ontology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954604-6"><bdi>978-0-19-954604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ontological+Realism&rft.btitle=Metametaphysics%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Foundations+of+Ontology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954604-6&rft.aulast=Sider&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSider2010" class="citation book cs1">Sider, Theodore (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GK8SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>Logic for Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-265881-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-265881-4"><bdi>978-0-19-265881-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072051/https://books.google.com/books?id=GK8SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic+for+Philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-265881-4&rft.aulast=Sider&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGK8SEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2009" class="citation journal cs1">Simons, Peter (2009). "Ontology Meets Ontologies: Philosophers as Healers". <i>Metascience</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 469–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11016-009-9308-4">10.1007/s11016-009-9308-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metascience&rft.atitle=Ontology+Meets+Ontologies%3A+Philosophers+as+Healers&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-473&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11016-009-9308-4&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2013" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166">"The Thread of Persistence"</a>. In Kanzian, Christian (ed.). <i>Persistence</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032705-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032705-2"><bdi>978-3-11-032705-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329053018/https://books.google.com/books?id=ql27m77IveQC&pg=PA166">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Thread+of+Persistence&rft.btitle=Persistence&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-032705-2&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql27m77IveQC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2022" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Rebekah (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhwrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">"Righting Names: The Importance of Native American Philosophies of Naming for Environmental Justice"</a>. In Dhillon, Jaskiran (ed.). <i>Indigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80073-247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80073-247-6"><bdi>978-1-80073-247-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507030212/https://books.google.com/books?id=yhwrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Righting+Names%3A+The+Importance+of+Native+American+Philosophies+of+Naming+for+Environmental+Justice&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Resurgence%3A+Decolonialization+and+Movements+for+Environmental+Justice&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-80073-247-6&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Rebekah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyhwrEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2008" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Ninian (2008). <i>World Philosophies</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41188-2"><bdi>978-0-415-41188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Philosophies&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41188-2&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithKlagges2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Barry; Klagges, Bert (2008). "Philosophy and Biomedical Information Systems". In Munn, Katherine; Smith, Barry (eds.). <i>Applied Ontology: An Introduction</i>. Ontos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938793-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938793-98-5"><bdi>978-3-938793-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy+and+Biomedical+Information+Systems&rft.btitle=Applied+Ontology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Ontos+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-938793-98-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Klagges%2C+Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen2023" class="citation web cs1">Sorensen, Roy (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nothingness/">"Nothingness"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830021344/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nothingness/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Nothingness&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnothingness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear" class="citation web cs1">Spear, Andrew D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/huss-int/">"Husserl, Edmund: Intentionality and Intentional Content"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416164538/https://iep.utm.edu/huss-int/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Husserl%2C+Edmund%3A+Intentionality+and+Intentional+Content&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fhuss-int%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprigge1998" class="citation web cs1">Sprigge, T. L. S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/idealism/v-1">"Idealism"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210304/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/idealism/v-1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Idealism&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sprigge&rft.aufirst=T.+L.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fidealism%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2016" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awYUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Practical Ontologies for Information Professionals</i></a>. Facet Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-062-4"><bdi>978-1-78330-062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Ontologies+for+Information+Professionals&rft.pub=Facet+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78330-062-4&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawYUDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubenbergWishon2023" class="citation web cs1">Stubenberg, Leopold; Wishon, Donovan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neutral-monism/">"Neutral Monism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715152537/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neutral-monism/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Neutral+Monism&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Stubenberg&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rft.au=Wishon%2C+Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fneutral-monism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudtmann2024" class="citation web cs1">Studtmann, Paul (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-categories/">"Aristotle's Categories"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142224/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-categories/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Aristotle%27s+Categories&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Studtmann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faristotle-categories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvare2006" class="citation book cs1">Svare, Helge (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60MsUE3K2ekC&pg=PA15"><i>Body and Practice in Kant</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4118-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-4118-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402120906/https://books.google.com/books?id=60MsUE3K2ekC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Body+and+Practice+in+Kant&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4118-1&rft.aulast=Svare&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60MsUE3K2ekC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2016" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orIYDAAAQBAJ"><i>Logic, Theology and Poetry in Boethius, Anselm, Abelard, and Alan of Lille: Words in the Absence of Things</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-06373-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-06373-1"><bdi>978-1-137-06373-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622154205/https://books.google.com/books?id=orIYDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07729-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07729-4"><bdi>978-1-107-07729-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Metametaphysics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-07729-4&rft.aulast=Tahko&rft.aufirst=Tuomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahkoLowe2020" class="citation web cs1">Tahko, Tuomas E.; Lowe, E. Jonathan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dependence-ontological/">"Ontological Dependence"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142225/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dependence-ontological/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Ontological+Dependence&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Tahko&rft.aufirst=Tuomas+E.&rft.au=Lowe%2C+E.+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fdependence-ontological%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferroMarty2018" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, Charles; Marty, Elsa J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203"><i>A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion</i></a> (2 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-2526-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-2526-7"><bdi>978-1-5013-2526-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617175332/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-2526-7&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Marty%2C+Elsa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5ZBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallant2017" class="citation book cs1">Tallant, Jonathan (2017). <i>Metaphysics: An Introduction</i> (Second ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-0671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-0671-3"><bdi>978-1-3500-0671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-3500-0671-3&rft.aulast=Tallant&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambassi2017" class="citation book cs1">Tambassi, Timothy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtYtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64033-4"><bdi>978-3-319-64033-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Geo-Ontologies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-64033-4&rft.aulast=Tambassi&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdtYtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambassi2022" class="citation book cs1">Tambassi, Timothy (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkCdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">"The Riddle of Reality"</a>. In Tambassi, Timothy (ed.). <i>Studies in the Ontology of E. J. Lowe</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86838-213-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86838-213-6"><bdi>978-3-86838-213-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142227/https://books.google.com/books?id=JkCdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+Reality&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Ontology+of+E.+J.+Lowe&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-86838-213-6&rft.aulast=Tambassi&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkCdEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTextor2021" class="citation web cs1">Textor, Mark (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/states-of-affairs/">"States of Affairs"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611161235/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/states-of-affairs/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=States+of+Affairs&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Textor&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fstates-of-affairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thomasson, Amie L. (2012). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50042-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50042-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50042-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628171430/https://books.google.com/books?id=S1JS4X_1ORgC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-061767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-061767-2"><bdi>978-3-11-061767-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240618170705/https://books.google.com/books?id=P23cDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(eds.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Essence in Philosophy</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-040-01688-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-040-01688-6"><bdi>978-1-040-01688-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142729/https://books.google.com/books?id=W34IEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Preyer, Gerhard; Peter, Georg (eds.). <i>Philosophy of Mathematics: Set Theory, Measuring Theories, and Nominalism</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032368-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-032368-9"><bdi>978-3-11-032368-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617092527/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NJavSp-DbwC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201100923/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/formalism-mathematics/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Formalism+in+the+Philosophy+of+Mathematics&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fformalism-mathematics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestacott" class="citation web cs1">Westacott, Emrys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/moral-re/">"Moral Relativism"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216115535/https://iep.utm.edu/moral-re/">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Moral+Relativism&rft.aulast=Westacott&rft.aufirst=Emrys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmoral-re%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterhoff2019" class="citation book cs1">Westerhoff, Jan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-2">"Categories"</a>. <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-N005-2">10.4324/9780415249126-N005-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608121134/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/categories/v-2">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Categories&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-N005-2&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Westerhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fcategories%2Fv-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2020" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/">"Martin Heidegger"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206061907/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Martin+Heidegger&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fheidegger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidder2009" class="citation book cs1">Widder, Nathan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">"John Duns Scotus"</a>. In Jones, Graham (ed.). <i>Deleuze's Philosophical Lineage</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3195-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-3195-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142731/https://books.google.com/books?id=tvWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Duns+Scotus&rft.btitle=Deleuze%27s+Philosophical+Lineage&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3195-7&rft.aulast=Widder&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtvWqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2022" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Thomas (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/">"John Duns Scotus"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611075435/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=John+Duns+Scotus&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fduns-scotus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittgenstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2001) [1921]. <i>Tractatus Logico-philosophicus</i>. Translated by Pears, David; McGuinness, Brian. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25562-2"><bdi>978-0-415-25562-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tractatus+Logico-philosophicus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25562-2&rft.aulast=Wittgenstein&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoznicki2022" class="citation book cs1">Woznicki, Christopher Grzegorz (2022). <i>T. F. Torrance's Christological Anthropology: Discerning Humanity in Christ</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-20134-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-20134-4"><bdi>978-1-032-20134-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+F.+Torrance%27s+Christological+Anthropology%3A+Discerning+Humanity+in+Christ&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-032-20134-4&rft.aulast=Woznicki&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2022" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Guo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ"><i>An Anthropological Inquiry Into Confucianism: Ritual, Emotion, and Rational Principle</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-5432-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-5432-8"><bdi>978-1-7936-5432-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404092849/https://books.google.com/books?id=zRVmEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anthropological+Inquiry+Into+Confucianism%3A+Ritual%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Rational+Principle&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-5432-8&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Guo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRVmEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2014" class="citation book cs1">Yao, Zhihua (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZjOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">"The Cognition of Nonexistent Objects: Five Yogācāra Arguments"</a>. In Liu, Jeeloo; Berger, Douglas (eds.). <i>Nothingness in Asian Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68383-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68383-4"><bdi>978-1-317-68383-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811074249/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5nOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cognition+of+Nonexistent+Objects%3A+Five+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+Arguments&rft.btitle=Nothingness+in+Asian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-68383-4&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Zhihua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZjOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2021" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Niki (2021). "Object, Reduction, and Emergence: An Object-Oriented View". <i>Open Philosophy</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopphil-2020-0159">10.1515/opphil-2020-0159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Object%2C+Reduction%2C+and+Emergence%3A+An+Object-Oriented+View&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-93&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fopphil-2020-0159&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Niki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2014" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Liyang (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcmoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357"><i>A Developer's Guide to the Semantic Web</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-43796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-43796-4"><bdi>978-3-662-43796-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142732/https://books.google.com/books?id=vcmoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Developer%27s+Guide+to+the+Semantic+Web&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-662-43796-4&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Liyang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcmoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOntology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2011" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Jiayan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220"><i>One and Many: A Comparative Study of Plato's Philosophy and Daoism Represented by Ge Hong</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6118-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-6118-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240706142732/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Branches" title="Outline of philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Amerindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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(philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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[\"CITEREFBorghini2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownFehige2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuren2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalef\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasatiFujikawa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeylan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravartty2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChalmers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiccoMasseroli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChihara2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCisney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoggins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColyvan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowling2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLapp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmetIrvine2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrummond2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDynes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEffingham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsfeld2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalgueraMartínez-VidalRosen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaye2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández-LópezGómez-Pérez2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallois2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia-Godinez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffiRoux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenbaum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorisAertsen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowans2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayling2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimRescher2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroveShort1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrütterBauer-Messmer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuizzardi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómez-PérezFernández-LópezCorcho2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöhnerSteinbrink2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaack1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakkarainenKeinänen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalfwassen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalteman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHameedPreeceSleeman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamlyn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarithaPriyatharshiniAbishekKiran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeckmann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeil2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennig2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHettcheDyck2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoeferHuggettRead2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmanRosenkrantz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofweber2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofweber2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoulgate2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrow2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacquette2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanaway1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaroszyński2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaroszyński2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJubien1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendallMcGuinness2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirwan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlement2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoonsPickavance2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoslicki2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozierkiewiczPietranik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKriegel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroonVoltolini2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhlmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKörner1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaZella2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadyman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamarque1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehrer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeuenberger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnebo2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFListon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlejohn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLizzini2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLook2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorini2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouxCrisp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudwigWeiskopf2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLupisella2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacBride2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacIntyre2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeodRubenstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarenbon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallWeatherson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasseroli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenzel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulligan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeyrat2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiiniluoto2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonanCurtis2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuñez_Erices2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Conaill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkasha2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnof\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOriliaPaolini_Paoletti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’Madagain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPack2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPack2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParent\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavel1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonPoli2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPihlström2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlebani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoliSimons1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPouchardDevarakonBransetter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrior2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProops2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrussRasmussen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRae2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRae2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRea1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRea2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedding2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReicher2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRescher2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRettlerBailey2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonWeir2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenkrantz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunggaldier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuzsa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyckman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRéeUrmson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadegh-Zadeh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalesGuizzardi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSankey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayre-McCord2023a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchalow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaffer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSider2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSider2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinclair2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithKlagges2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorensen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpear\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSprigge1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubenbergWishon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudtmann2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvare2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahkoLowe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaliaferroMarty2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTallant2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambassi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambassi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTextor2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuomelaHakliMäkelä2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaidyaWallner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Inwagen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Inwagen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Inwagen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_InwagenSullivanBernstein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarzi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernekar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVineberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeir2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestacott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesterhoff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidder2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittgenstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoznicki2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYao2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 180,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 72,\n [\"Clade\"] = 4,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 22,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 486,\n [\"Humanities\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Metaphysics\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 168,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 37,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","640","22.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","10.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","5.7"],["recursiveClone 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