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Huntington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samuel_P._Huntington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_Said" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_Said"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Edward Said</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_Said-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonization_and_Europeanization_(1400s–1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization_and_Europeanization_(1400s–1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Colonization and Europeanization (1400s–1970s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization_and_Europeanization_(1400s–1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Americas_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Americas_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In the Americas and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Americas_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.2</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.1</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.2</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4.2</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization_(1970s–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization_(1970s–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Globalization (1970s–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization_(1970s–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consequences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Linguistic influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_importance_in_Westernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_importance_in_Westernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sports importance in Westernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_importance_in_Westernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Westernization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="تغريب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تغريب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidentalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Occidentalización – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Occidentalización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbl%C9%99%C5%9Fm%C9%99" title="Qərbləşmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbləşmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вестэрнізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вестэрнізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вэстэрнізацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэстэрнізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidentalitzaci%C3%B3" title="Occidentalització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Occidentalització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwestlichung" title="Verwestlichung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verwestlichung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-euroopastumine" title="Lääne-euroopastumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-euroopastumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Δυτικοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidentalizaci%C3%B3n" title="Occidentalización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Occidentalización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidentigo" title="Okcidentigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidentigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="غرب‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غرب‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidentalisation" title="Occidentalisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occidentalisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EA%B5%AC%ED%99%94" title="서구화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서구화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արևմտականացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտականացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पश्चिमीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westernisasi" title="Westernisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Westernisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התמערבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התמערבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вестернизация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вестернизация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesternizacija" title="Vesternizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vesternizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembaratan" title="Pembaratan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembaratan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwestersing" title="Verwestersing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verwestersing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestliggj%C3%B8ring" title="Vestliggjøring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestliggjøring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesternizatsiya" title="Vesternizatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vesternizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8" title="لویدیځتوب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لویدیځتوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcydentalizacja" title="Okcydentalizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okcydentalizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocidentalismo" title="Ocidentalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ocidentalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вестернизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестернизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ABndimizimi" title="Perëndimizimi – Albanian" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Global adoption of western culture and values</div> <p><b>Westernization</b> (or <b>Westernisation</b>, see <a href="/wiki/British_and_American_spelling_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="British and American spelling differences">spelling differences</a>), also <b><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a></b> or <b>occidentalization</b> (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Occident" title="Occident">Occident</a></i>), is a process whereby <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a> come under or adopt what is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentality">mentality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">philosophy</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> it often involved the spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related concept is <b>Northernization</b>, which is the consolidation or influence of the <a href="/wiki/Global_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Global North">Global North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of Westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to become a more Westernized society, with the putative goal of attaining a Western life or some aspects of it, while Western societies are themselves affected by this process and interaction with non-Western groups. </p><p>Westernization traces its roots back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> took on the first process of Westernization as it was heavily influenced by Greece and created a new culture based on the principles and values of the Ancient Greek society. The Romans emerged with a culture that grew into a new Western identity based on the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> society. Westernization can also be compared to <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a>. Acculturation is "the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within one or both cultures. Specific to Westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as a community becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, Westernized. The phenomenon of Westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation, or modification affect a native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_world">Western world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Western world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_World_Latin_America_torn_countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Western_World_Latin_America_torn_countries.png/220px-Western_World_Latin_America_torn_countries.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Western_World_Latin_America_torn_countries.png/330px-Western_World_Latin_America_torn_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Western_World_Latin_America_torn_countries.png/440px-Western_World_Latin_America_torn_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The Western world</figcaption></figure> <p>The West was originally defined as the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. A thousand years later, the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a> separated the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other nations. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a> when their stores of Greek and Roman literature jump-started the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> also reinterpreted the definition of the West by excluding the countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close <a href="/wiki/Genealogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical">genealogical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">linguistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> descendants. Typically included are those countries whose ethnic identity and dominant culture are derived from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Western European culture</a>. Though it shares a similar historical background, the Western world is not a monolithic bloc, as many cultural, linguistic, religious, political, and economic differences exist between Western countries and populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significantly_influenced_countries">Significantly influenced countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Significantly influenced countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following countries or regions experienced a significant influence by the process of Westernization: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically located in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, Armenia's culture has been increasingly influenced by the process of Westernization. Throughout its history, Armenia has been influenced by Western and Eastern civilizations. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as its official religion in 301 AD. The traditional Armenian homeland composed of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman</a>, Persian, Arab, Ottoman, and Russian empires. Current Armenia gained its independence in 1991, following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government of Armenia</a> maintains positive relations with Iran, Russia, and the West, including the United States and the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>. The country participates in various organizations linked to the EU, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">OSCE</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>, and NATO's <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a>. In 2017, Armenia signed an extensive agreement with the EU; the <a href="/wiki/Armenia-EU_Comprehensive_and_Enhanced_Partnership_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement">CEPA</a> agreement further strengthens economic and political ties. Armenia is also a member of various European organisations for sports, education, and cultural events such as <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committees" title="European Olympic Committees">European Olympic Committees</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a>, and participates in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically located in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> mountain range (natural border between <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>). Azerbaijan borrowed Western traditions mainly as a result of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">imperial Russian</a> influence, with the Muslim world's first <a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Azerbaijan" title="Opera in Azerbaijan">opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">secular democracy</a> being established there before its <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">invasion by the Soviets</a>. Currently, the country participates in various European organizations including the EU's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM</a>. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committees" title="European Olympic Committees">European Olympic Committees</a>, and regularly participates in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>. Despite this, the country remains an <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">authoritarian regime</a> with considerable human rights and press freedom issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An insular country in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, Cape Verde has influences of European culture (particularly Portuguese) and, together with the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>), it is part of the archipelagos of <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a>. Due to this, the country has shared close diplomatic and cultural relations with both <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian countries</a> and has even tried to approach Western organizations, like the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their geographical positions in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, due to the heavy influences of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European heritage</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>) culture, they are at-least partially westernized.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheldon_Kirshner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldon_Kirshner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Israel is geographically located in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, many Western cultural influences were brought in Israel by <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish settlers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a>, particularly countries like <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. It is often a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision</a>, which is due in large part to Israel's ouster from their respective Asian counterparts. According to <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smooha" title="Sammy Smooha">Sammy Smooha</a>, a professor emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> at Haifa University, Israel is described as a "hybrid," a modern and developed "semi-Western" state. With time, he acknowledged, Israel will become "more and more Western." But as a result of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, full Westernization will be a slow process in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldon_Kirshner_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldon_Kirshner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they are geographically located in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the three countries have westernized themselves by adopting democratic forms of government, free market economic systems, major contributions to Western science and technology, and could be described as "hybrid", "semi-Western" states.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-west_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most countries in Americas are considered Western countries, largely because most of its peoples are descended from Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese settlers and later <a href="/wiki/European_immigration_to_the_Americas" title="European immigration to the Americas">immigration from other European nations</a>), and their society operates in a highly Westernized way. Most countries in the Americas use either <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language">Portuguese</a> as their official language. According to the <i>CIA World Factbook</i>, there has also been considerable immigration to South America, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, from European nations other than <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (for example, from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, etc.—see <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Argentina" title="Immigration to Argentina">Immigration to Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration to Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Chile" title="Immigration to Chile">Immigration to Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Uruguay" title="Immigration to Uruguay">Immigration to Uruguay</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically located in Western Asia, Lebanon is the most Westernized country in the Arab world. In ancient history, Lebanon was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Hellenistic_rule" title="Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman</a> empires. Even though it was later ruled by the Caliphate, Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians in the Arab world, and Christians have dominated the country politically, economically and culturally. Since it was historically a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French mandate</a>, France promotes French culture and European-style education in Lebanon. At that time, Beirut was known as the "Little Paris of the Middle East". Currently, French language is still widely spoken and Lebanon is a member of the Organization of <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">la Francophonie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically located in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, due to heavy influences of European (particularly <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> cultures in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Filipino culture</a>, the country is considered Westernized. Moreover, nearly 90% of the Filipino population practices Christianity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although geographically only 3% of Turkey lies in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>) and the rest in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, Turkey is one of the most Westernized Turkic countries. The country has a similar economic system, has a <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union" title="European Union–Turkey Customs Union">customs union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in addition to being an <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">official candidate for membership</a>, and is a member of traditional European & Western organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committees" title="European Olympic Committees">European Olympic Committees</a>, and has participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>. Relations between Turkey and Western countries have been deteriorating since the 2010s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kishore_Mahbubani">Kishore Mahbubani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kishore Mahbubani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Mahbubani" title="Kishore Mahbubani">Kishore Mahbubani</a>'s book entitled <i>The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World</i> (Public Affairs), is very optimistic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (August 2014)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> It proposes that a new global civilization is being created. The majority of non-Western countries admire and adhere to Western living standards. It says this newly emerging global order has to be ruled through new policies and attitudes. He argues that policymakers all over the world must change their preconceptions and accept that we live in one world. The national interests must be balanced with global interests and the power must be shared. Mahbubani urges that only through these actions can we create a world that converges benignly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> posits a conflict between "the West and the Rest" and offers three forms of general action that non-Western civilizations can react toward Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. He argues that the cost of this action is high and only a few states can pursue it.</li> <li>According to the theory of "<a href="/wiki/Bandwagoning" title="Bandwagoning">band-wagoning</a>" non-Western countries can join and accept <a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Western values</a>.</li> <li>Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance Western power through modernization. They can develop economic, and military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and institutions.</li></ol> <p>Mahbubani counters this argument in his other book, <i>The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East</i>. This time, he argues that Western influence is now "unraveling", with <a href="/wiki/March_to_Modernity" title="March to Modernity">Eastern powers</a> such as China arising. He states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>…the 5.6 billion people who live outside the West no longer believe in the innate or inherent superiority of Western civilization. Instead, many are beginning to question whether the West remains the most civilized part of the world. What we are witnessing today…is the progressive unwrapping of these many layers of Western influences.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> He explains the decline of Western influence, stating reasons as to the loss of Western credibility with the rest of the world. </p><ol><li>There is an increasing perception that Western countries will prioritize their domestic problems over international issues, despite their spoken and written promises of having global interests and needs.</li> <li>The West has become increasingly biased and close-minded in their perception of "non-Western" countries such as China, declaring it an "un-free" country for not following a democratic form of government.</li> <li>The West uses a double standard when dealing with international issues.</li> <li>As the biggest Eastern populations gain more power, they are moving away from the Western influences they sought after in the past. The "anti-Americanism" sentiment is not temporary, as Westerners like to believe – the change in the Eastern mindset has become far too significant for it to change back.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samuel_P._Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Samuel P. Huntington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to territorial delineation, others, like the American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clash_of_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clash of Civilizations">The Clash of Civilizations</a></i>, consider what is "Western" based on religious affiliation, such as deeming the majority-<a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian</a> part of Europe and North America the West, and creating 6 other civilizations, including <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a>, Japanese, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Slavic-Orthodox</a>, to organize the rest of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huntington argued that after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, world politics had been moved into a new aspect in which non-Western civilizations were no more the exploited recipients of Western civilization but become another important actor joining the West to shape and move the world history.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huntington believed that while the age of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_Said">Edward Said</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edward Said"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> views Westernization as it occurred in the process of <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>, an exercise of essentializing a "subject race" in order to more effectively dominate them. Said references <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, the British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a "benevolent" system of occupational rule. Balfour frames his argument in favor of continued rule over the Egyptian people by appealing to England's great "understanding" of Egypt's civilization and purporting that England's cultural strengths complemented and made them natural superiors to Egypt's racial deficiencies. Regarding this claim, Said says, "Knowledge to Balfour means surveying a civilization from its origins to its prime to its decline – and of course, it means being able to...The object of such knowledge is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a 'fact' which, if it develops, changes, or otherwise transforms itself...[the civilization] nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it." The act of claiming coherent knowledge of a society in effect objectifies and others it into marginalization, making people who are classified into that race as "almost everywhere nearly the same." Said also argues that this relationship to the "inferior" races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by "the West"; if "The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, "different..." then "...the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal." Thus, "the West" acts as a construction in the similar way as does "the Orient" – it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case, the colonization and rule of a foreign country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_influence_on_Africa" title="Western influence on Africa">Western influence on Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization_and_Europeanization_(1400s–1970s)"><span id="Colonization_and_Europeanization_.281400s.E2.80.931970s.29"></span>Colonization and Europeanization (1400s–1970s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonization and Europeanization (1400s–1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">European diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="American diaspora">American diaspora</a></div> <p>From the 1400s onward, <a href="/wiki/Europeanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanization">Europeanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> spread gradually over much of the world and controlled different regions during this five centuries long period, <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">colonizing or subjecting</a> the majority of the globe. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Western leaders and academics sought to expand innate liberties and international equality. A period of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> began. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were allowed autonomy. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> such as a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Americas_and_Oceania">In the Americas and Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the Americas and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_American_frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="North American frontier">North American frontier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaniard_and_Indian_Produce_a_Mestizo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Spaniard_and_Indian_Produce_a_Mestizo.jpg/220px-Spaniard_and_Indian_Produce_a_Mestizo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Spaniard_and_Indian_Produce_a_Mestizo.jpg/330px-Spaniard_and_Indian_Produce_a_Mestizo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Spaniard_and_Indian_Produce_a_Mestizo.jpg/440px-Spaniard_and_Indian_Produce_a_Mestizo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">racial mixing</a> of Spaniards and indigenous Latin Americans.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a> by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a>, the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most visible in settler colonies such as: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in Oceania, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> in the Americas, where the traditional <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous population</a> has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers due to transmitted disease and conflict. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in the linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. Even in countries where large populations of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed (<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>) considerably with European settlers, such as countries in Latin America and the Caribbean: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, relative marginalisation still exists. </p><p>Latin America was shaped by Iberian culture, with local religious forms also mixing with Christian influences.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico, indigenous people adopted writing alongside their traditional oral and pictorial forms of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/170px-King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/255px-King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg/340px-King_Amanullah_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Amānullāh Khān">King Amanullah Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> attempted to <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Am%C4%81null%C4%81h_Kh%C4%81n_and_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war">Westernize his country</a> in the 1920s, but tribal revolts caused his abdication.</figcaption></figure> <p>General reactions to Westernization can include <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, or embrace to varying degrees. Countries such as <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> attempted to adopt a system of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> but have ultimately juxtaposed parts of Western culture into their own, often adding original and unique social influences, as exemplified by the introduction of over 1,300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food chain <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> into China.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the industry of bridal photography (see <a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Photography in Taiwan</a>) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of "love". As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a striking contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China">China</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Eastward_spread_of_Western_learning" title="Eastward spread of Western learning">Eastward spread of Western learning</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastward_spread_of_Western_learning&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Eastward_spread_of_Western_learning" title="Eastward spread of Western learning">eastward spread of Western learning</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">西学东渐</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">西學東漸</span>) refers to the spread of Western technologies and ideologies in China since the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, which is contrast with the westward spread of Eastern learning (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">东学西传</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">東學西傳</span>) that introduced Chinese technologies and ideologies to the West.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Korea">Korea</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seohak" title="Seohak">Seohak</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, the first contact with Westernization was during the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty">Joseon Dynasty</a>, in the 17th century. Every year, the emperor dispatched a few envoy ambassadors to China and while they were staying in Beijing, the Western missionaries were there. Through the missionaries, Korean ambassadors were able to adopt Western technology. In the 19th century, Korea started to send ambassadors to the foreign countries, other than Japan and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. While Korea was being Westernized slowly in the late 19th century, Korea had the idea of "Eastern ways and Western frames (東道西器)", meaning that they accepted the Western "bowl", but used it with Eastern principles inside.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Japan">Japan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chikamatsu_Kiken_buto_no_ryakuke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chikamatsu_Kiken_buto_no_ryakuke.jpg/260px-Chikamatsu_Kiken_buto_no_ryakuke.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chikamatsu_Kiken_buto_no_ryakuke.jpg/390px-Chikamatsu_Kiken_buto_no_ryakuke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chikamatsu_Kiken_buto_no_ryakuke.jpg/520px-Chikamatsu_Kiken_buto_no_ryakuke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>An example of 19th-century Westernization of Japanese society: <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">ballroom dancing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rokumeikan" title="Rokumeikan">Rokumeikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> continued to play a key role in transmitting Western know-how to the Japanese from the 17th century to the mid-19th century, because the Japanese had only opened their doors to Dutch merchants before US Navy <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Commodore Matthew Perry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">visit in 1853</a>. After Commodore Perry's visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>. Since then, many Japanese politicians have encouraged the Westernization of Japan with the use of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Datsu-A_Ron" title="Datsu-A Ron">Datsu-A Ron</a></i>, which means the argument for "leaving Asia" or "Good-bye Asia". In <i>Datsu-A Ron</i>, "Westernization" was described as an "unavoidable" but "fruitful" change. In contrast, despite many advances in industrial efficiency, Japan has sustained a culture of strict social hierarchy and limited individualization.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Raj#Legacy" title="British Raj">British Raj § Legacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="India">India</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the turn of the 19th century, when India was being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, some of its native kingdoms sought <a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Western education</a> to learn how to deal with the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> India's later <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence movement</a> also took inspiration from Western ideas about democracy and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's ruling class after independence in 1947 remained somewhat Westernized; India's first Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, had such a substantial Britishness that he once described himself as "the last Englishman to rule India."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, however, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) won power on the back of perceptions of the ruling class being <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">insufficiently Indian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Thailand">Thailand</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Thailand is geographically located in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, through the 18th and 19th centuries, Siam faced imperialist pressure from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, including many unequal treaties with Western powers and forced concessions of territory; it nevertheless remained the only Southeast Asian country to avoid direct Western colonization. The country became westernized by itself, the Siamese system of government was centralized and initially organized into a modern unitary absolute monarchy during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a>, later as a constitutional monarchy following the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1950s, Thailand became a major ally of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and played a key anti-communist role in the region as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a>. Currently, Thailand continues to have strong ties to Western countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting from the period of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> as a protectorate of France, the Vietnamese transitioned from <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a> writing systems to the Vietnamese alphabet (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Chữ Quốc ngữ">chữ Quốc ngữ</a>). Between the late 19th to early 20th centuries, a number of <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_architecture#Vietnam" title="French colonial architecture">French style buildings</a> were built in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, becoming two of several locations in Asia claiming to be the <a href="/wiki/Paris_of_the_East_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris of the East (disambiguation)">Paris of the East</a>. Vietnam is also a member of the International Organisation of La Francophonie. Under the Nguyễn dynasty, Christianity became established as a minority religion for currently around 7% of the population. After the abdication of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> and the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> that took place during the end of World War II, Vietnam would incorporate <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> values as it underwent industrialization and economic development during and after the period of <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Day" title="Reunification Day">political division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:351px;max-width:351px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HIH_Prince_Yorihito_Higashifushimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HIH_Prince_Yorihito_Higashifushimi.jpg/150px-HIH_Prince_Yorihito_Higashifushimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HIH_Prince_Yorihito_Higashifushimi.jpg/225px-HIH_Prince_Yorihito_Higashifushimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HIH_Prince_Yorihito_Higashifushimi.jpg/300px-HIH_Prince_Yorihito_Higashifushimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Another example of Westernization: Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Higashifushimi_Yorihito" title="Prince Higashifushimi Yorihito">Yorihito Higashifushimi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> in typical Western naval dress <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniform</a> with white gloves, <a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">epaulettes</a>, medals and hat.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_John_Bates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gen_John_Bates.jpg/193px-Gen_John_Bates.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gen_John_Bates.jpg/290px-Gen_John_Bates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gen_John_Bates.jpg/386px-Gen_John_Bates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Similarity with U.S. <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">John C. Bates</a>'s uniform.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iran">Iran</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the process of Westernization dates back to the country's attempt to westernize during the beginning of the 1930s, which was dictated by <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Shah Rezā Khan</a> and continued by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">his son</a> during the Cold War and agitated the largely conservative <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslim</a> masses of the country which was partly responsible for the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Turkey">Turkey</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the synchronization process with the West is known as the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> <i>(reorganization)</i> period. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> began to change itself according to modern science, practice, and culture. The Empire took some innovations from the West. Also, with the contribution of foreign engineers, the Empire repaired its old arm systems. Newly-found schools, permanent ambassadors, and privy councils were an essential improvement for the Empire. As a result, Turkey is one of the most Westernized majority-Muslim nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Europe" title="Greater Europe">Greater Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Westernizer" title="Westernizer">Westernizer</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westernizer&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Westernizer" title="Westernizer">Westernizers</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">за́падник</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">západnik</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈzapədnʲɪk]</a></span>) were a group of 19th-century intellectuals who believed that <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s development depended upon the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> technology and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> government. In their view, Western ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> needed to be implemented throughout Russia to make it a more successful country. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> term was <i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">зáпадничество</span></span></i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">západnichestvo</i></span>, "westernism"), and its adherents were known as the <i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">за́падники</span></span></i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">západniki</i></span>, "westernists").<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In some contexts of Russian history, <i><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">zapadnichestvo</i></span></i> can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a>, whose proponents argued that Russia should develop its own unique identity and culture, based on its Slavic heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization_(1970s–present)"><span id="Globalization_.281970s.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Globalization (1970s–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Globalization (1970s–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. This theory proposes that Western thought has led to globalisation, and that globalisation propagates Western culture, leading to a cycle of Westernization. On top of largely Western government systems such as <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, many Western technologies and customs like music, clothing, and cars have been introduced across various parts of the world and copied and created in traditionally non-Western countries. </p><p>Westernization has been reversed in some countries following war or regime change. For example: <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917 and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main characteristics are economic and political (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>) democratisation, combined with the spread of an <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualised culture</a>. Often it was regarded as opposite to the worldwide influence of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">break-up</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> in late 1991 and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of hitherto state-controlled industry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With debates still going on, the question of whether globalization can be characterized as Westernization can be seen in various aspects. Globalization is happening in various aspects, ranging from economics, politics, and even food or culture. Westernization, to some schools, is seen as a form of globalization that leads the world to be similar to Western powers. Being globalized means taking positive aspects of the world, but globalization also brings the debate about being Westernized. Democracy, fast food, and American pop culture can all be examples that are considered as Westernization of the world. </p><p>According to the "Theory of the Globe scrambled by Social network: a new Sphere of Influence 2.0", published by Jura Gentium (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>), the increasing role of Westernization is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>. The comparison with Eastern societies, who decided to ban American social media platforms (such as Iran and China with Facebook and Twitter), marks a political desire to avoid the Westernization process of their own populations and ways to communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Westernization" title="Special:EditPage/Westernization">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Westernization%22">"Westernization"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Westernization%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Westernization%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Westernization%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Westernization%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Westernization%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_influence">Linguistic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Linguistic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></div> <p>Due to colonization and immigration, the formerly prevalent languages in the Americas, Oceania, and part of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, are now usually Indo-European languages or creoles based on them: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> without mainly French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>); <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> along with <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">Anglophone Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>); <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> along with <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francophone_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone Africa">Francophone Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Barthelemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Barthelemy">Saint-Barthelemy</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusophone_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone Africa">Lusophone Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creole languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> along with English (parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole languages">Creole languages</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and some areas in the US, such as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>))</li></ul> <p>Many indigenous languages are on the verge of becoming extinct. Some settler countries have preserved indigenous languages; for example, in New Zealand, the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language, another example is Ireland, where <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> is the first official language, followed by English as the second official language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_importance_in_Westernization">Sports importance in Westernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports importance in Westernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscular_Christianity" title="Muscular Christianity">Muscular Christianity</a></div> <p>The importance of sports partly comes from its connection to Westernization. The insight by Edelman, R., & Wilson, W. (2017) explains “This new system of thought and practices imbued with positive values in the exertion and strategic deployment of the human body, embracing the Anglo-American notion that physical activity was meaningful in and of itself, conducive to values such as learning and character-building. Modern athletics and competitive sports, avatars of this new body culture, elicited largely willing local receptions in North Asia, though there were no doubt isolated cases of coercive foisting better characterized as cultural imperialism.”<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> – Adjusting to a new cultural environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalisation</a> – Worldwide political movement against multinational corporations<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> – Process by which Christianity spreads in a society or culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a> – Internalized attitude of ethnic or very cultural inferiority</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> – Control by foreign groups</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">Colonisation</a> – Establishment and development of settlements by people or animals<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a> – Adoption of features of another culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a> – Quality of diverse or different cultures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a> – Cultural aspects of imperialism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Nakedness_and_the_Nakedness_of_Culture" title="The Culture of Nakedness and the Nakedness of Culture"><i>The Culture of Nakedness and the Nakedness of Culture</i></a> – Study of Islamic and western views on clothing and culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratisation</a> – Society becoming more democratic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-West_Cultural_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Cultural Debate">East-West Cultural Debate</a> – Historical Chinese debate on West vs East<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> – Idea that all people have rights and responsibilities from being a member of the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalisation</a> – Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a> – Form of cultural change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a> – Sociological concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a> – Monocultural metaphor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern culture">Modern culture</a> – Historical period and socio-cultural norm or attitude<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">Modernization</a> – Explanation for the process of modernization within societies<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> – Existence of multiple cultural traditions within a single country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">Pop culture</a> – Set of norms or trends dominant in a society at a given time<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Westernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Westernization">Post-Westernization</a> – Conjectured era without Western dominance<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Western education</a> – Education from the Western world</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westernization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThong2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thong, Tezenlo (July 2012). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'To Raise the Savage to a Higher Level': The Westernization of Nagas and their Culture". <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">893–</span>918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X11000412">10.1017/S0026749X11000412</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41478422">41478422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145414470">145414470</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1011622231">1011622231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27To+Raise+the+Savage+to+a+Higher+Level%27%3A+The+Westernization+of+Nagas+and+their+Culture&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E893-%3C%2Fspan%3E918&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145414470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41478422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X11000412&rft.aulast=Thong&rft.aufirst=Tezenlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Lloyd, Paulette D (2005). <i>An Empirical Test of Theories of World Divisions and Globalization Processes: An International and Comparative Regional Perspective</i> (Thesis). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/305033607">305033607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+Empirical+Test+of+Theories+of+World+Divisions+and+Globalization+Processes%3A+An+International+and+Comparative+Regional+Perspective&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Paulette+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayford" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hayford, Charles. "Westernization". In Pong, David (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Modern China</i>. Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Westernization&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+China&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.aulast=Hayford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Acculturation". <i>Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology</i>. 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Transaction Publishers. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2424-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2424-8"><bdi>978-1-4128-2424-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fulbright+Difference%3A+1948-1992&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2424-8&rft.aulast=Arndt&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft.au=Rubin%2C+David+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqMwKTUN7f0C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheldon_Kirshner-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldon_Kirshner_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldon_Kirshner_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_Kirshner2013" class="citation web cs1">Sheldon Kirshner (2013-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sheldonkirshner.com/?p=1673">"Is Israel Really a Western Nation?"</a>. 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Potomac Books. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-651-9"><bdi>978-1-61234-651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Turkey%3A+The+Twenty-First+Century%27s+First+Muslim+Power&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-651-9&rft.aulast=Cagaptay&rft.aufirst=Soner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8vQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington2000" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, Samuel P. (2000). "The Clash of Civilizations?". <i>Culture and Politics</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-62397-6_6">10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-62399-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-62399-0"><bdi>978-1-349-62399-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations%3F&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-62397-6_6&rft.isbn=978-1-349-62399-0&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahbubani2009" class="citation book cs1">Mahbubani, Kishore (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdw3hyNPj34C&pg=PA129"><i>The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East</i></a>. PublicAffairs. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-628-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-628-0"><bdi>978-1-58648-628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Asian+Hemisphere%3A+The+Irresistible+Shift+of+Global+Power+to+the+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-628-0&rft.aulast=Mahbubani&rft.aufirst=Kishore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzdw3hyNPj34C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham" class="citation web cs1">Graham, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyorb.com/world/clashofcivilizations.php">"Samuel P. Huntington's Clash of Civilizations"</a>. History Orb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+P.+Huntington%27s+Clash+of+Civilizations&rft.pub=History+Orb&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyorb.com%2Fworld%2Fclashofcivilizations.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurden2011" class="citation book cs1">Murden, Simon (2011). "Cultures in world affairs". In Baylis, John; Smith, Steve; Owens, Patricia (eds.). <i>The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations</i>. OUP Oxford. pp. <span class="nowrap">414–</span>427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956909-0"><bdi>978-0-19-956909-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultures+in+world+affairs&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+World+Politics%3A+An+Introduction+to+International+Relations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956909-0&rft.aulast=Murden&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmehbaliyev2010" class="citation web cs1">mehbaliyev (30 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/mehbaliyev/rashad-mehbaliyev-civilizations-their-nature-and-clash-possibilities">"Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal…"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civilizations%2C+their+nature+and+clash+possibilities+%28c%29+Rashad+Mehbal%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.au=mehbaliyev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fmehbaliyev%2Frashad-mehbaliyev-civilizations-their-nature-and-clash-possibilities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (April 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmagnaniFrongia2011" class="citation book cs1">Carmagnani, Marcello; Frongia, Rosanna M. Giammanco (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppz4m"><i>The Other West: Latin America from Invasion to Globalization</i></a> (1 ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24798-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24798-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppz4m">10.1525/j.ctt1ppz4m</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+West%3A+Latin+America+from+Invasion+to+Globalization&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1ppz4m%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24798-7&rft.aulast=Carmagnani&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.au=Frongia%2C+Rosanna+M.+Giammanco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1ppz4m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruzinski1993" class="citation book cs1">Gruzinski, Serge (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ed0BtAEACAAJ"><i>The Conquest of Mexico: The Incorporation of Indian Societies Into the Western World, 16th-18th Centuries</i></a>. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0873-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-0873-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-0873-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Mexico%3A+The+Incorporation+of+Indian+Societies+Into+the+Western+World%2C+16th-18th+Centuries&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-0873-0&rft.aulast=Gruzinski&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ded0BtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mcdonalds-china-new-stores_n_913071">"McDonald's China Plans To Open A New Store Every Day"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 29 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+China+Plans+To+Open+A+New+Store+Every+Day&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmcdonalds-china-new-stores_n_913071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian2003" class="citation book cs1">Adrian, Bonnie (2003). <i>Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry</i>. 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href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kuang, Shuping (2016-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1288106">"Eastward Transmission of Western Learning and the Evolution of Modern Sports in Shanghai, 1843–1949"</a>. <i>The International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>33</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">1606–</span>1625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523367.2017.1288106">10.1080/09523367.2017.1288106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-3367">0952-3367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" 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Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-0034-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-0034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+West%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-0034-0&rft.aulast=Bonnett&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Limits_of_Westernization:_American_and_East_Asian_Intellectuals_Create_Modernity,_1860-1960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860-1960 (page does not exist)">The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860-1960</a></i> (2019) <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Thares_Davidann" title="Jon Thares Davidann">Jon Thares Davidann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> (1918), written by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> (1992), written by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clash_of_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Clash of Civilizations">The Clash of Civilizations</a></i> (1996), written by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>.</li> <li><i>The Triumph of the West</i> (1985) written by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> historian <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts (historian)">J.M. Roberts</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnkerl2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ankerl, Guy (2000). <i>Global communication without universal civilization</i>. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1"><bdi>978-2-88155-004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+communication+without+universal+civilization&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=INU+societal+research&rft.pub=INU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-88155-004-1&rft.aulast=Ankerl&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatters2011" class="citation book cs1">Watters, Ethan (2011). <i>Crazy like us</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-577-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-577-6"><bdi>978-1-84901-577-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751584971">751584971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crazy+like+us&rft.place=London&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751584971&rft.isbn=978-1-84901-577-6&rft.aulast=Watters&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWesternization" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Gardels, Nathan (1997) 'Clash of civilizations: modernization without Westernization', The National Times, May/June: 8-10.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_world_and_culture240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_assimilation56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westernisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicisation</a> or Castilianisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhisation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarisation</a> or Hungarisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianisation">Macedonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a> or Latinisation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">Westernisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianisation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanisation of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabisation">De-arabisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization493" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics/<br />sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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