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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117399 apercu surlignable"><p>The notion of undertaking defines the personal scope of application of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, the main prohibitions of EU competition law. The term covers any entity engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal status and the way in which it is financed. An undertaking is an economic unit which may consist of several natural or legal persons. This wide approach has the particular consequence that a whole group of companies (or parts thereof) may be treated as a single undertaking for the purposes of EU competition law.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117399 texte surlignable"><p>The notion of undertaking is not defined in the EU Treaties or in secondary legislation. Instead, the understanding of the term is shaped by the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The Court emphasises that the drafters of the Treaties chose to use the concept of an undertaking to designate the addressees of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, and not the concepts of a company or a legal person, which are used in other provisions of the Treaties. Moreover, the Court has held that the concept of undertaking is an autonomous concept of EU competition law for which neither principles of company law nor concepts of the Member States are relevant. The concept of undertaking not only defines the scope of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, but also determines who is liable for fines under Article 23 of Regulation 1/2003 and for damages under the Courage jurisprudence and Article 3 of the Damages Directive 2014/104. The latter was originally held in Skanska (para. 47) and later confirmed in Sumal (para. 38). However, this does not alter the fact that fines and damages can only be enforced against natural and legal persons, as only they have the legal capacity and assets to satisfy the claims. In the case of fines, the European Commission has discretion as to which members of the undertaking, i.e. the economic unit, it holds liable; in the case of damages, claimants are free to choose.</p> <p>The common definition of an undertaking as an entity engaged in an economic activity means two things. First, there are very few organisational requirements. The Courts require a ‘unitary organisation of personal, tangible and intangible elements’ (e.g. Sumal para. 41), but this has never been a problem. The entity must include at least one natural or legal person, but can otherwise range from a one-person company to a multinational group of companies. Public bodies such as local authorities or states are also covered, provided that they carry out an economic activity. Second, it is the activity that is ultimately decisive. It must be economic, which means that the entity must pursue a specific economic aim on a long-term basis. Simple cases involve the supply of a product or service on a market. Non-economic activities include, for example, the exercise of sovereign functions by public authorities (e.g. tax collection, pollution control, flight security and airspace management). However, the Courts are strict and consider public services to be economic if they can be provided by private parties in competition (e.g. employment services, management of transport infrastructure, health care, ambulance services).</p> <p>The concept of undertaking has a number of legal consequences that should be taken into account when applying it. First, in Viho (paras. 13-18), the ECJ clarified that Article 101(1) TFEU (then Article 85(1) of the EC Treaty) normally does not apply to agreements between different members of the same undertaking, since all members are engaged in the same economic activity and are therefore not in competition with each other. This echoes the US Supreme Court’s decision in Copperweld v. Independence Tube (1984), according to which a parent company cannot conspire with its wholly owned subsidiary for the purposes of Section 1 of the Sherman Act because they cannot be regarded as separate economic entities. Second, in Case C-542/14 VM Remonts (paras. 23-24), the ECJ clarified that employees are considered to be part of the economic unit that is the undertaking and that their anti-competitive behaviour is therefore imputed to the undertaking to which they belong. Undertakings are therefore strictly liable for the conduct of all their employees (including those lower down the hierarchy), irrespective of the concepts of attribution in the laws of the Member States. Third, a parent company may be liable for an infringement of competition law by a subsidiary, even if it had no knowledge of the infringement and could not have prevented it. What matters is that the subsidiary does not decide independently on its market conduct, but is subject to a decisive influence exercised by the parent company. In Akzo (para. 60), the ECJ established a legal presumption of control where the parent company holds 100% of the shares in the subsidiary. Fourth, a subsidiary may be liable for an infringement committed by a parent company, and a sister company may be liable for an infringement committed by another sister company. According to the ECJ in Sumal (paras. 42-44), this follows from the fact that it is the undertaking as an economic unit that infringes competition law, so that all members of the unit are automatically responsible for the infringement. This consequence of the economic unit is particularly advantageous for private plaintiffs, who have a wider choice of potential defendants and jurisdictions. Fifth, the EU courts believe that even fundamental procedural rights, such as the principle of personal responsibility and the principle that the penalty must be specific to the offender and the offence, apply primarily to the undertaking and not to its individual members (e.g. Siemens Österreich para. 56). However, this approach seems questionable, as the economic unit that is the undertaking does not have legal capacity and therefore cannot be a bearer of fundamental rights. Sixth, the application of the concept of undertaking may have a significant impact on the calculation of fines imposed under Article 23 of Regulation 1/2003. This is because many of the relevant factors, such as the value of sales in the affected markets, the total worldwide turnover or a history of previous infringements, have to be assessed differently when looking at a group of companies rather than a single legal entity.</p> <p>Finally, it should be noted that the expansive approach of the EU Courts in interpreting the concept of undertaking is often attacked by the companies concerned and their lawyers, and is also frequently criticised in the academic literature. A common objection is that the Courts do not sufficiently respect the rights of individual legal entities and individuals. In addition, the Courts are criticised for arguing in a self-referential, formalistic manner and for not sufficiently explaining the functions of a broad interpretation of the concept of undertaking.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117399 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/curia_-_sumal.pdf?74758/a12be06b238d1c3a68056fc07bf747c31521cf28d9e58982d642391dbc0c8400">Case C-882/19 Sumal v Mercedes Benz Trucks España ECLI:EU:C:2021:800</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/eu_court_of_justice_case_c-724-17_skanska_industrial_solutions_14_march_2019-2-2.pdf?68153/d0a90b6607ed0ddda3c7692867bcad2624a97f35526e08b2a08ff5df7ea0f311">Case C-724/17 Skanska Industrial Solutions and Others ECLI:EU:C:2019:204</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/competitionlaw.pdf?23876/305fde9013477c2da107127c5ce9f3cb5a5a33dcef30a1dac4473b61775c94de">Case C-231/11 P Siemens Österreich ECLI:EU:C:2014:256</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=73504&pageIndex=0&doclang=FR&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=6562781" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case C-97/08 P Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission ECLI:EU:C:2009:536</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/decision_viho_.pdf?98521/5b7e2f2de93f0f2a718cf24aee2c80d1264052e16fd5637a0888da4f82a59194">Case C-73/95 P Viho v Commission ECLI:EU:C:1996:405</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117399 jurisprudence"><p>Marcos Araujo Boyd, The Notion of Undertaking in EU Competition Law, PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 2023</p> <p>David Bailey and Okeoghene Odudu, The Single Economic Entity Doctrine in EU Competition Law, 51(6) Common Market Law Review 1721-1757 (2014)</p> <p>Alison Jones, Brenda Sufrin and Niamh Dunne, Jones and Sufrin’s EU Competition Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (8th edn, Oxford University Press 2023), Chapter 4</p> <p>Carsten Koenig, The Boundaries of the Firm and the Reach of Competition Law: Corporate Group Liability and Sanctioning in the EU and the US, in Marco Corradi and Julian Nowag (eds), Intersections Between Corporate and Antitrust Law (Cambridge University Press 2023), pp. 63-85</p> <p>Richard Whish and David Bailey, Competition Law (10th edn, Oxford University Press 2021), Chapter 3</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/carsten-koenig" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton76195-5c9e2.png?1711363448) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Carsten Koenig</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Cologne</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Germany</span> <span class="articles"><em>1</em> contribution</span> <span class="visites"><em>13115</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Carsten Koenig, </span> <span class="entry-title">Undertaking (notion)</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12246</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">29555</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12246 texte surlignable"><p>For the purpose of EU antitrust law, any entity engaged in an economic activity, that is an activity consisting in offering goods or services on a given market, regardless of its legal status and the way in which it is financed, is considered an undertaking. To qualify, no intention to earn profits is required, nor are public bodies by definition excluded. The rules governing concentrations speak of "undertakings concerned", that is the direct participants in a merger or in the acquisition of control. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p> <p>See <a href="IMG/pdf/commission_notice_on_the_concept_of_undertakings_concerned_under_council_regulation_eec_no_4064_89_on_the_control_of_concentrations_between_undertakings.pdf?40159/e3c7e9f2961ccb938c4d822c3a03d1c41d5ed93fd8579053b2a4333330c60d4c" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>Commission Notice on the concept of undertakings concerned under Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QhW9uy/Ro79t3sV3/lQbHpo8uKZ1GVDPQXkAAsvJNg8gDsCl/RXGU9xUuc5cLinf8pratPZHjdJuM1yQuPq2nrjkIea/qLsjFERDt4ATCNAlnseOcQf9SMVv2TrntRI/bPQLxA4Y6P+A10ueUqhCO+nWFKLC4uqLiKg9njxNPKrDQzZiil4UaPyOxLGROHzZ4FzwNzujn4gFddc2BtGhtVrYsW25boCsBT6N5R+yhmRq/iCgxz4hbIXQ9BCMxbTU8vlawh31pi3TFTV1dckxyP4IMVzv7lVFeIqEW5yYuuo8tN5vTwNRdSM7APEl36AidZFHzdZZxAOG7IISTLRAU62x0oLKew==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-publishes-a-statement-of-issues-outlining" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority publishes a Statement of Issues outlining competition concerns with the acquisition of the sole operating rights for roll-on roll-off trade through the Port of Melbourne <em>(Qube / MIRRAT)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-23T22:00:00Z">24 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121278 introduction entry-content"> <p>Qube’s proposed acquisition of MIRRAT raises preliminary concerns* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has published a Statement of Issues outlining preliminary competition concerns with Qube Holdings Limited’s (ASX:QUB) proposed acquisition of Melbourne International RoRo & Auto Terminal Pty Ltd (MIRRAT). <br class='autobr' /> The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/dawn-raids-the-french-competition-authority-imposes-a-fine-of-900-000-euros-for" rel="bookmark"><strong>Dawn raids</strong> : The French Competition Authority imposes a fine of 900,000 euros for obstruction on a company whose manager lied to the rapporteurs about his presence on the premises at the start of the dawn raids <em>(Loste)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-23T22:00:00Z">24 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120983 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 9, 2024, the French Competition Authority published a decision no. 24-D-08 adopted on September 24, 2024under which it imposed a penalty of 900,000 euros on Loste and CA Conseils et Services as authors, and on their parent company, CA Animation, for having obstructed the investigation (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/valentina-zanda">Valentina Zanda</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/steve-ross">Steve Ross</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/richard-burton">Richard Burton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-general-court-upholds-a-fine-against-a-co-operative-involved-in-the" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court upholds a fine against a co-operative involved in the canned vegetable cartel case after concluding the organisation qualifies as an undertaking <em>(Conserve Italia / Conserves France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-03T22:00:00Z">4 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121062 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 4 September 2024, the General Court (“GC”) dismissed the action lodged by agricultural cooperative Conserve Italia Soc. coop. Agricola and its subsidiary Conserves France (together, “Conserve Italia”) against a decision in which the Commission had imposed on them a fine totalling € 20 million (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marek-martyniszyn">Marek Martyniszyn</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/extraterritoriality/extraterritoriality-in-competition-law-progressing-narrowing-of-the-gaps" rel="bookmark">Extraterritoriality in Competition Law: Progressing Narrowing of the Gaps</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-29T22:00:00Z">30 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120291 introduction entry-content"><p>This Special Issue on Extraterritoriality brings together over 60 articles on a range of developments since the previous issue from May 2018. As readers will see—extraterritoriality in competition law is practiced widely internationally, across all areas of competition law, and in all its different dimensions. Thanks to its use, the scope for gaming the current regulatory system is narrowing. While we continue not having global rules in this area, domestic and regional enforcers are getting better at relying on extraterritoriality to safeguard their markets and protect them from competitive harm from abroad. Given the current crisis of multilateralism it is unlikely the international community will develop interest in resolving cross-border competition matters jointly, via some form of an agreement or mechanism. Therefore, for the foreseeable future extraterritoriality is the best we have. Hence, it is worth studying the developments in this area worldwide.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/phedon-nicolaides">Phedon Nicolaides</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-state-compensation-granted-to-the-czech-republican" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves State compensation granted to the Czech Republican postal service for the provision of the Data Boxes Information System</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-18T22:00:00Z">19 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121371 introduction entry-content"> <p>An Unusual SGEI* <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> Member States are free to determine what the regard as a service of general economic interest [SGEI]. The Commission may only check whether the definition is free of manifest error and that any compensation that is provided conforms with the conditions laid down (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/liability-of-the-parent-company-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union" rel="bookmark"><strong>Liability of the parent company</strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union recalls, with regard to Article 47 of the Charter, that a parent company is not validly served if the initiating document is delivered to its subsidiary, even in the case of an economic unit <em>(Volvo AB / Transsaqui)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-10T22:00:00Z">11 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120620 introduction entry-content"> <p>On July 11, 2024, the European Court of Justice handed down a judgment in case C-632/22 (Volvo AB v Transsaqui SL).which follows a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Spanish Supreme Court in a private action for compensation for competitive damage, a follow-on action to the Commission (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/evangelos-kalogiannis">Evangelos Kalogiannis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kris-van-hove">Kris Van Hove</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-rules-that-damage-claims-towards-parent-companies" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice rules that damage claims towards parent companies cannot be served to subsidiaries but recalls that subsidiaries can be sued instead <em>(Volvo / Transsaqui)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-10T22:00:00Z">11 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120685 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 11 July 2024, the ECJ handed down its judgement in Case C-632/22 (Volvo v Transsaqui) concerning the question of whether, having regard to the right to an effective remedy under Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (“Charter”), a parent company based in a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-perez">María Pérez Carrillo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/esther-de-felix-parrondo">Esther de Félix Parrondo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nacho-rodriguez-martinez">Nacho Rodriguez Martínez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-rules-that-the-principle-of-economic-unity-cannot-be" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice rules that the principle of economic unity cannot be used to determine jurisdiction for competition damages claims brought by parent companies for subsidiaries losses <em>(MOL / Mercedes-Benz)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-03T22:00:00Z">4 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119932 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CJEU sets limits to the application of the concept of economic unity* <br class='autobr' /> In its judgment of 4 July 2024 (Case C425/22-), the CJEU ruled that the principle of economic unity cannot be used to interpret the "place where the harmful event occurred" referred to in Article 7(2) of Regulation No. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/evangelos-kalogiannis">Evangelos Kalogiannis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kris-van-hove">Kris Van Hove</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-determines-a-claimant-may-not-bring-a-lawsuit-in-the" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice determines that a claimant may not bring a lawsuit in the jurisdiction of the defendant’s parent company where the anticompetitive conduct was in another jurisdiction and was committed solely by the subsidiary <em>(MOL)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-03T22:00:00Z">4 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120696 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a judgement of 4 July 2024 in case C-425/22 (MOL), the ECJ set further boundaries on the application of the concept of “economic unit”. The case raised the question of whether Article 7(2) of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 on Jurisdiction, Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/phedon-nicolaides">Phedon Nicolaides</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/preview/the-eu-commission-finds-that-the-public-funding-of-public-hospitals-and" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission finds that the public funding of public hospitals and healthcare centres by Slovenia is not State aid</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-09T22:00:00Z">10 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121934 introduction entry-content"> <p>Public Funding of Healthcare Services Based on the Principle of Social Solidarity Is not State Aid* <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> In June 2016, the Commission received a complaint from the Medical Chamber of Slovenia – a professional organisation of private medical doctors and dentists practicing in Slovenia (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/glenna-siegel">Glenna Siegel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mary-hecht">Mary Hecht</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jon-b-dubrow">Jon B. Dubrow</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joel-r-grosberg">Joel R. Grosberg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-dionnet">Stéphane Dionnet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/graham-hyman">Graham Hyman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/max-kuttner-101302">Max Küttner</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-us-ftc-sends-a-second-request-to-an-oil-and-natural-gas-company-looking-to" rel="bookmark">The US FTC sends a second request for information and documents to an oil and natural gas company looking to acquire a rival firm <em>(Diamondback / Endeavor)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-29T22:00:00Z">30 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119917 introduction entry-content"> <p>Merger activity in oil and gas markets remains high. Although agencies are scrutinizing the deals, they have engaged in little enforcement activity this quarter. On April 29, 2024, Diamondback Energy received a second request from the FTC looking into its $26 billion acquisition of its privately (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aymeric-louvet">Aymeric Louvet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/alerts/119037" rel="bookmark"><strong>Commercial agency</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal considers that the agent’s guarantee regarding the clients’ solvency does not equate to a guarantee of payment of invoices at maturity, but requires the principal to prove the clients’ inability to settle their debts <em>(Bioveba)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-20T23:00:00Z">21 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119037 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. The classic dispute over the termination of a sales agent’s contract, after three years of contractual relations, is an opportunity for the Paris Court of Appeal to take an interest in a subject rare in case law: the scope of the sales agent’s del credere undertaking. <br class='autobr' /> Firstly, it should (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michel-debroux">Michel Debroux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/chroniques/price-coordination-the-paris-court-of-appeal-confirms-the-substance-of-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Leniency</strong> : The Paris Court of Appeal confirms the substance of the French Competition Authority’s decision to impose fines on a number of companies in the ham and charcuterie sector, but modifies it by significantly reducing the amount of the fines <em>(Fleury Michon e.a.)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-06T23:00:00Z">7 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118655 introduction entry-content"> <p>We commented on the decision handed down by the Autorité de la Concurrence on July 16, 2020 in the ham cartel case (this Revue, n° 4-2020, note M.D., p. 128-129). This "old-fashioned" cartel involved a combination of upstream and downstream concerted actions in the ham and charcuterie sector, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/phedon-nicolaides">Phedon Nicolaides</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2024/the-eu-commission-concludes-that-certain-depreciation-and-state-guarantees-for" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission concludes that certain depreciation and State guarantees for a major infrastructure project between Denmark and Sweden constitute incompatible State aid and necessitate recovery <em>(HH Ferries)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-12T23:00:00Z">13 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120916 introduction entry-content"> <p>Special tax treatment for a major infrastructure project* <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> In April 2013, the Commission received a complaint alleging that State aid had been granted to the Oresund fixed link. The link is a major transport infrastructure project consisting of a bridge, an artificial island and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/alerts/notion-of-undertaking-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-rules-that-an" rel="bookmark"><strong>Notion of undertaking</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union rules that an authority may not impose individual fines on undertakings which are members of the governing body of the association of undertakings which committed the infringement, without first establishing that those undertakings were co-perpetrators of the infringement <em>(Lietuvos notarų rūmai)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-17T23:00:00Z">18 January 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118011 introduction entry-content"> <p>On January 18, 2024, the Court handed down a judgment in case C-128/21 (Lietuvos notarų rūmai e.a. v. Lietuvos Respublikos konkurencijos taryba) following a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania. <br class='autobr' /> In this judgment, the Court first recalls that the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhW9pyjRwPOkFt52nWmuTkYw+V+Wb4y8hYOoKRla0O6/gLYEZ39BUV51Qh4rSa8NQx68N2/FwhnBeJ7YFGLvJBLfCq3zdzhzVeNtBIINXxtFTmW1cGuaYdRgzQ9FLEw06laJwJn/K6lmvy+YUM8p8KUbeSEqJ+euEg0xmhWGb3bVCPEANZjSWcVT2/0j9nBSr+UKqQONsdhyFPo2JJpzzzs7Z0tQP06sb8j1SAuRUxxzSUhydrXAXNf0IWna9So4h602aWJx5VrbrRzml5tNlyxrZjPRkNED/foJdyUNjJc2lOWsGovR0ZOerWbURXuqYZRmSGg5HIrha0WFu93RoRM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/josephine-thorson">Joséphine Thorson</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/books/european-union-competition-law-119115" rel="bookmark">European Union Competition Law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119115 introduction entry-content"> <p>This Books section lists and comments on books and other publications on competition law, competition law & economics and regulatory law. Such a review cannot, by its very nature, be exhaustive, and is therefore limited to presenting a few recent publications in these fields. Authors and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonin-pitras">Antonin Pitras</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/books/intersections-between-corporate-and-antitrust-law" rel="bookmark">Intersections between corporate and antitrust Law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118803 introduction entry-content"> <p>This Books section lists and comments on books and other publications on competition law, competition law & economics and regulatory law. By its very nature, such a review cannot be exhaustive, and is therefore limited to presenting a few recent publications in these fields. Authors and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anna-marcoulli">Anna Marcoulli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/articles/the-eu-courts-and-the-changing-landscape-of-eu-economic-regulation" rel="bookmark">The EU Courts and the changing landscape of EU economic regulation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114483 introduction entry-content"> <p>EU competition law and, more generally, EU economic regulation have gone and are still going through a phase of transformation and evolution. Two different patterns of evolution can be distinguished. A first pattern corresponds to an adaptation that seems to be driven from within the EU, and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-benzoni-16241">Laurent Benzoni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/foreword/to-appeal-or-not-to-appeal-a-perspective-on-the-economic-analysis-of-law" rel="bookmark">To appeal or not to appeal? A perspective on the economic analysis of law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113960 introduction entry-content"> <p>"Depending on whether you’re powerful or miserable, Court judgments will make you white or black." <br class='autobr' /> (J. de La Fontaine, Les Animaux malades de la peste, Fables, livre VII, 1, 1678) <br class='autobr' /> Every company fined by the French Competition Authority faces the question of whether or not to lodge an appeal. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-thomas">Etienne Thomas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/livres/114845" rel="bookmark">L’entreprise contrevenante en droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles: Variations autour de la distinction entre société et entreprise (Union européenne et France), Etienne THOMAS</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114845 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wladimir-soltmann">Wladimir Soltmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elisabetta-m-lanza">Elisabetta M. Lanza</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-binctin">Nicolas Binctin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/on-topic/patent-hold-up-and-the-pharmaceutical-sector" rel="bookmark">Patent hold-up and the pharmaceutical sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113391 introduction entry-content"> <p>Patent hold-up is a complex and contemporary issue, at the confluence of competition law and intellectual property law. In recent years, this practice, which is carried out by patentees, has raised a number of difficulties in both the United States and the European Union. While patent hold-up (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/articles/should-the-eu-competition-damages-directive-be-revised-to-grant-companies-that" rel="bookmark">Should the EU Competition Damages Directive be revised to grant companies that have received immunity from fines under the competition authorities’ leniency programmes also immunity from damages?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112968 introduction entry-content"> <p>Following various proposals in the academic literature, and in the light of the observed decrease in the number of leniency applications received by European competition authorities in the period 2015–2020, the German Monopolies Commission (Monopolkommission) proposed in 2022 to amend the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rupprecht-podszun">Rupprecht Podszun</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/foreword/towards-a-manageable-concept-of-abuse-of-dominance-in-the-eu" rel="bookmark">Towards a manageable concept of abuse of dominance in the EU</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112966 introduction entry-content"> <p>What is an abuse of dominance in European competition law? Let’s take a 2022 example from a first instance court in Frankfurt, Germany (case 2-03 O 58/22). It ruled on the application of an online seller of individualised number plates for cars to get an injunction against Google. Google had (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wolfgang-kopf">Wolfgang Kopf</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/romina-polley">Romina Polley</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/interview/wolfgang-kopf-deutsche-telekom-a-new-focus-for-regulation-in-europe-and-the-us" rel="bookmark">Wolfgang Kopf (Deutsche Telekom) : A new focus for regulation in Europe and the US</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109071 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Romina Polley, Partner, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, Cologne <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> Wolfgang, you have spent your whole career in competition law and telecom regulation. What are, in your experience, the main differences between competition and regulatory proceedings and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-alexis">Alain Alexis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/legal-practice/control-of-foreign-subsidies-distorting-the-internal-market-main-amendments" rel="bookmark">Control of foreign subsidies distorting the internal market: Main amendments introduced by the co-legislators</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111241 introduction entry-content"> <p>This is an updated version of Alain Alexis’ article titled: Foreign subsidy controls: The new European Commission proposal published in November 2021. <br class='autobr' /> The Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market will be applicable from 12 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/amber-darr-46312">Amber Darr</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/international/pakistan-the-challenges-in-competition-enforcement" rel="bookmark">Pakistan: The challenges in competition enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109048 introduction entry-content"> <p>In February 2022, the Supreme Court of Pakistan admitted appeals on the constitutionality of the Pakistani competition regime, which is likely to decide the future of competition enforcement in the country. This article traces a brief history of the Pakistani competition regime, its performance (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benoit-coeure">Benoît Cœuré</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stanislas-martin">Stanislas Martin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/conferences/new-frontiers-of-antitrust-paris-21-june-2022" rel="bookmark">New Frontiers of Antitrust (Paris, 21 June 2022) </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109463 introduction entry-content"> <p>Abstract <br class='autobr' /> On the 21st of June, at Paris was held the 13th edition of the "New Frontiers of Antitrust" conference organized by Concurrences. This conference, held each year in Paris since 2009, now ranks first among the European antitrust independent events in terms of venue, press reports and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2020/articles/distressed-companies-facing-competition-law-sanctions" rel="bookmark">Distressed companies facing competition law sanctions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107086 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article published in Mélanges en l’honneur de Corinne Saint-Alary-Houin, Un droit positif, un droit de progrès, LGDJ, 2020. The author’s views are purely personal. <br class='autobr' /> 1. The relationship between insolvency law and competition law is a particularly rich topic of reflection to which Corinne (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/articles/procedural-rights-and-obligations-of-third-parties-in-antitrust-investigations-en" rel="bookmark">Procedural rights and obligations of third parties in antitrust investigations and proceedings by the European Commission</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106136 introduction entry-content"> <p>This paper provides a systematic overview of the procedural rights and obligations of third parties in investigations and proceedings conducted by the European Commission for the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. Third parties are all natural or legal persons, undertakings, and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-bosco">David Bosco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/niklas-brueggemann">Niklas Brueggemann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/mercedes-pedraz-calvo">Mercedes Pedraz Calvo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/dossier/private-enforcement-in-europe-after-sumal-105291" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement in Europe after Sumal</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105291 introduction entry-content"> <p>In 2021, the European Court of Justice handed down an important judgment on private enforcement in Europe. It held that a claimant for damages in a cartel action can sue the subsidiary of the offender. In reaching this conclusion, the Court relied on the concept of undertaking, as developed by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789ARlAFlOyOV08aCNxLLB1HMoQDLhu4Q80LsxhSTDYuzDICKpz16olnrZEIakDMYh1NouXP/ZrMPTY7+yAn+w+vwq8aC4qI8Kd/7YOFdDSYMYF2llT6Ek0aOBMKDdypLi8ocsG4m8ksI1jzR+70KCAZSRuknuntRhTCzkOHeEAdZZfDsKjPEESAD8ZMXknQ0hMjPoRCNeddxetENNP91vFgfMaPhdbyGXeBCWix/4hbgXWTRGUxbTc8ntabE4GbKO/89IfO+Q4+bjI8lTv/mdlX+fCT1mhTqg8lNhv65u3vLlm1llEOxM/KZkir5HCsWFmQVzg37ogqbAcXbg=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-tan">Melanie Tan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/xin-roger-zhang">Xin Roger Zhang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/adelaide-luke">Adelaide Luke</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/knut-fournier">Knut Fournier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/in-house-counsel-roundtable-asian-antitrust-hot-issues-antitrust-in-asia-4-108310" rel="bookmark">In-House Counsel Roundtable: Asian Antitrust Hot Issues (Antitrust in Asia #4)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-20T13:00:00Z">20 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108310 introduction entry-content"><p>4th webinar of the "Antitrust in Asia: One size fits all?" Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Herbert Smith Freehills. The fourth panel “In-House Counsel Roundtable: Asian Antitrust Hot Issues” with <a href="en/authors/knut-fournier" class="spip_in">Knut Fournier</a> (Deputy General Counsel, StubHub International), <a href="en/authors/adelaide-luke" class="spip_in">Adelaide Luke</a> (Partner, Head of Competition, Asia, Herbert Smith Freehills), <a href="en/authors/melanie-tan" class="spip_in">Melanie Tan</a> (Head of Competition Law & Policy for the Asia-Pacific Region, Maersk) and <a href="en/authors/xin-roger-zhang" class="spip_in">Xin Roger Zhang</a> (Senior Legal Counsel, Tencent).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-sokol">Daniel Sokol</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/renato-nazzini">Renato Nazzini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kay-jebelli-32887">Kay Jebelli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/venture-capital-entrepreneurship-and-merger-control-how-to-foster-the-106892" rel="bookmark">Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship and Merger Control: How to Foster the Innovation Ecosystem?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-05-30T16:30:00Z">30 May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106892 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner organised by Concurrences in partnership with CCIA Europe, with Professor <a href="en/authors/daniel-sokol" class="spip_in">Daniel Sokol</a> (USC Gould School of Law) and Professor <a href="en/authors/renato-nazzini" class="spip_in">Renato Nazzini</a> (King’s College London)</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie 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data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/undertaking-notion#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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