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They discuss the changing humanitarian assistance landscape, explore what works well and what’s doesn’t, and offer solutions to help meet the growing needs. 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bg-gradient-to-tr from-default-from-gradient to-default-to-gradient h-full w-full"><p class="text-sm uppercase font-poppins tracking-wide">Fall 2024</p><h1 class="text-5xl font-julius max-w-3xl">Humanitarian Assistance Past and Present</h1><p class="text-sm uppercase font-poppins tracking-wide">– Robert Jenkins, Jamie McGoldrick, and Nimo Hassan</p></div></div><div class="flex flex-col items-center w-full space-y-6 bg-gray-200 pb-36 content-wrapper "><div class=" w-full max-w-3xl text-center font-bitter text-lg italic font-semibold tracking-wider leading-relaxed text-summary-color pt-8 "><p>Perspectives on changes, challenges, and opportunities in the new world disorder.</p></div><div class=""><div class=" flex justify-center items-center flex-row space-x-8 "><button><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-current h-5 text-gray-700" viewBox="0 0 30 33"><path d="M6.764 10.851H.93c-.26 0-.47.229-.47.511v20.432c0 .282.21.51.47.51h5.834c.26 0 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-current h-6 text-gray-700" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M7 11V4.997C7 3.895 7.894 3 8.997 3h15.005c1.107 0 1.997.894 1.997 1.997V11h-19zM6 27H4.994A2.996 2.996 0 012 24.001V15a2.998 2.998 0 012.994-2.999h23.011A2.996 2.996 0 0130.999 15v9.001A2.998 2.998 0 0128.005 27h-1.006v-8h-21v8zm1-7h19v8c0 1.112-.894 2-1.997 2H8.998a1.996 1.996 0 01-1.997-2v-8zm18-3a1 1 0 100-2 1 1 0 000 2zM9 23v1h15v-1H9zm0 3v1h15v-1H9z"></path></svg></button></div></div><div class="relative body-content text-gray-100" data-accent-color="red"><div class="opacity-0 invisible md:visible fixed top-1/3 left-8 transition-opacity"><div class=" flex justify-center items-center flex-col space-y-4 "><button><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-current h-5 text-gray-700" viewBox="0 0 30 33"><path d="M6.764 10.851H.93c-.26 0-.47.229-.47.511v20.432c0 .282.21.51.47.51h5.834c.26 0 .47-.228.47-.51V11.362c0-.282-.21-.51-.47-.51zM3.85.694C1.727.694 0 2.574 0 4.886 0 7.2 1.727 9.08 3.85 9.08c2.121 0 3.847-1.881 3.847-4.194C7.697 2.575 5.971.694 3.85.694zm17.757 9.65c-2.344 0-4.076 1.098-5.127 2.346v-1.327c0-.283-.21-.511-.468-.511h-5.588c-.26 0-.469.228-.469.51v20.432c0 .283.21.511.469.511h5.822c.259 0 .469-.228.469-.51v-10.11c0-3.406.848-4.733 3.027-4.733 2.372 0 2.56 2.127 2.56 4.908v9.934c0 .283.21.511.47.511h5.824c.259 0 .468-.228.468-.51V20.586c0-5.065-.886-10.243-7.457-10.243z"></path></svg></button><button><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-current h-5 text-gray-700" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227"><path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0h-105.86L667.137 450.887 357.328 0H0l468.492 681.821L0 1226.37h105.866l409.625-476.152 327.181 476.152H1200L714.137 519.284h.026zM569.165 687.828l-47.468-67.894-377.686-540.24h162.604l304.797 435.991 47.468 67.894 396.2 566.721H892.476L569.165 687.854v-.026z"></path></svg></button><button><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-current h-5 text-gray-700" viewBox="0 0 17 35"><path d="M.58 18.637h3.508v15.74c0 .312.231.563.516.563h5.948c.285 0 .516-.251.516-.562V18.71h4.033c.262 0 .482-.214.512-.498l.613-5.795a.596.596 0 00-.128-.439.498.498 0 00-.385-.188h-4.645V8.158c0-1.095.541-1.65 1.608-1.65h3.037c.285 0 .516-.252.516-.562V.626c0-.31-.23-.562-.516-.562h-4.185a3.765 3.765 0 00-.192-.004c-.726 0-3.25.155-5.244 2.154-2.21 2.216-1.902 4.87-1.829 5.33v4.247H.581c-.286 0-.517.252-.517.563v5.72c0 .311.231.563.517.563z"></path></svg></button><button><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-current h-8 text-gray-700" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path d="M55.14 16a2.52 2.52 0 01.48 0L34.14 34.45a4.16 4.16 0 01-4.28 0L8.38 16a2.52 2.52 0 01.48 0zM58 45.18A2.83 2.83 0 0155.14 48H8.86A2.83 2.83 0 016 45.18V18.82a2.83 2.83 0 01.42-1.47l22 18.85.13.1a6.39 6.39 0 006.8 0l.13-.1 22-18.85a2.83 2.83 0 01.52 1.47z"></path></svg></button><button><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="fill-current h-6 text-gray-700" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M7 11V4.997C7 3.895 7.894 3 8.997 3h15.005c1.107 0 1.997.894 1.997 1.997V11h-19zM6 27H4.994A2.996 2.996 0 012 24.001V15a2.998 2.998 0 012.994-2.999h23.011A2.996 2.996 0 0130.999 15v9.001A2.998 2.998 0 0128.005 27h-1.006v-8h-21v8zm1-7h19v8c0 1.112-.894 2-1.997 2H8.998a1.996 1.996 0 01-1.997-2v-8zm18-3a1 1 0 100-2 1 1 0 000 2zM9 23v1h15v-1H9zm0 3v1h15v-1H9z"></path></svg></button></div></div><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">In this feature, Rob Jenkins, Public Policy Fellow at the Wilson Center, speaks with Nimo Hassan, Executive Director of the Somali NGO Consortium and Board Chair of the International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA), and Jamie McGoldrick, the former Deputy Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, United Nations Resident Coordinator, and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Jamie also hosts Fordham University’s Humanitarian Fault Lines Podcast. Together, they explored an increased focus on resilience and recovery, appreciation for psychosocial and other protection interventions—especially for women and girls—and the great promise of people-centered localization and cash-based assistance. </p><figure data-id="figure-2" data-node="{"type":"figure","attrs":{"position":"center","size":"full"},"content":[{"type":"embed","attrs":{"src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/s7lcv3BXdr4/?modestbranding=2","credit":null}}]}" data-size="full" data-position="center" class=" flex flex-col items-center relative mb-8 py-8 w-full "><div data-label="Embed"><div class=""><div></div></div></div></figure><h2 id="transcript"><strong class="">Transcript:</strong></h2><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Robert Jenkins: </strong>Hello from the Wilson Center. I'm Rob Jenkins. Before starting my fellowship here, I enjoyed a 26-year career at the United States Agency for International Development, where I most recently served as assistant to the administrator for the Bureau for Conflict Prevention and Stabilization. As part of the <em class="">Wilson Quarterly</em>'s Fall 2024 issue, focusing on the future of humanitarian assistance, I am pleased to moderate a discussion between two experts on the topic: Jamie McGoldrick, who recently served as the UN's Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Coordination, and Nimo Hassan, currently serving as Executive Director of the Somali NGO Consortium and Board Chair of ICVA, a group of more than 160 NGOs working to improve collective humanitarian action. Jamie is an old friend, and Nimo is a new friend. I’m thrilled to have them here today for this discussion.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">Jamie, we met almost 30 years ago in Sierra Leone when that beautiful country and its people were being ravaged by a horrendous civil war. I don’t want to downplay the war or its effects at all, but regarding humanitarian assistance, I think it was almost a simpler time. Things weren't as complicated or technical. Sometimes it felt like a bunch of young people just running around trying to do the right thing. Over the course of your career, what has changed the most, and what are the biggest differences now compared to back then?</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Jamie McGoldrick: </strong>Thanks for that reflection. Looking back, things were indeed simpler. There is obviously a lot more professionalism in the system. However, with that came much more bureaucracy. The positive aspect was improved predictability in response through the various iterations of humanitarian reform. But I think world politics have gotten a lot more toxic during this time. We see tragic conflicts in Gaza, Sudan, and Ukraine.</p><blockquote><p data-label="Pullquote" class=" relative text-left undefined ">The increasing presence of non-state actors and the very complex environments we work in make it difficult to gain humanitarian access. In Gaza and elsewhere, the process has become much more tiresome and tragic for humanitarian workers. -Jamie McGoldrick</p></blockquote><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">These modern conflicts impact the protection of civilians much more, as well as the safety of humanitarian workers. We've witnessed attacks on healthcare workers and facilities. There’s also a blatant disregard for international humanitarian law and the refugee law that used to guide our work. There’s a lack of accountability. From my perspective, we are seeing a creeping normalization of violations of international humanitarian law, especially in Gaza, where more people are getting killed and injured, and facilities are being destroyed. Global institutions that were meant to guide political and diplomatic peacemaking, like the UN Security Council, the International Crisis Group, and the ICC (International Criminal Court), are losing credibility. This is part of a new world disorder. Our ability to navigate, perform, and respond to growing needs has been negatively affected, as has the adherence to the humanitarian principles we should uphold in modern warfare. </p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">The increasing presence of non-state actors and the very complex environments we work in make it difficult to gain humanitarian access. In Gaza and elsewhere, the process has become much more tiresome and tragic for humanitarian workers. Some people see this as an undermining of humanitarian principles. For instance, neutrality is questioned in conflicts like Ukraine, where some may side with one party rather than remaining neutral to all humanitarian needs. There are really negative issues out there right now. As humanitarians, we have to be much more politically minded and savvy about the politicization and conditionality affecting our work. There are widespread double standards in how different crises are treated. That’s my perspective on the current world.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>Thanks, Jamie. That’s a lot to deal with, and it definitely highlights a much more complicated environment. In fact, 2024 is now on pace to be the deadliest year ever for humanitarian workers, and we’re just in October. Nimo, you have a different perspective because not only have things changed in the sector, but things have changed in Somalia a lot over the last few decades. What would you add regarding the differences and changes over the last two or three decades?</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Nimo Hassan: </strong>Thank you very much for having me. I agree with a lot of what Jamie has said. Regarding the Somali situation, humanitarian assistance has undergone significant changes and adaptations over the years due to the evolving crisis, shifting priorities, and lessons learned over this prolonged crisis lasting more than 30 years.</p><blockquote><p data-label="Pullquote" class=" relative text-left undefined ">Humanitarian actors in Somalia have adopted innovative delivery mechanisms to provide aid, including increased resilience, cash-based assistance, and remote programming to reach affected populations, especially those in hard-to-reach areas where instability and insecurity are present. -Nimo Hassan</p></blockquote><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">There is now a greater emphasis on rebuilding resilience and recovery rather than just focusing on emergency response. The country is experiencing a bit more stabilization, thanks to the federal government system, though it still faces weaknesses and problems. This stability enables us to design programs that are more conducive to community recovery. It’s important to note that we cannot paint Somalia with one brush, as the regions exhibit different instabilities that affect humanitarian access and aid delivery. We also have increased recognition of the importance of local knowledge, leading to more partnerships with national organizations, contributing to the normalization agenda, and subsequently leading to timely and effective humanitarian assistance.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">There’s also a stronger focus on the specific needs of women, children, and other marginalized groups, ensuring that protection measures are integrated into the humanitarian response. The approach has evolved beyond mere emergency relief. For instance, there are now consortiums of NGOs combining humanitarian response with recovery and resilience-building initiatives. Programs target specific issues. For example, health centers often include safe spaces for women and girls, where they can access GBV-related counseling and legal services. Healthcare workers are trained to identify and respond to cases of sexual and gender-based violence, ensuring survivors receive the necessary medical, psychosocial, and legal support. So, it's a lot more integrated. However, it’s not the same in all regions of Somalia. Some areas are more stable and peaceful, allowing for longer-term programs in education and efforts to ensure quality education as well.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">Humanitarian actors in Somalia have adopted innovative delivery mechanisms to provide aid, including increased resilience, cash-based assistance, and remote programming to reach affected populations, especially those in hard-to-reach areas where instability and insecurity are present. There is now diversity in how we deliver humanitarian responses.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>Back in the 90s, we used to joke and dream about cash-based assistance. If only we could just hand out cash and not have to worry about all those extra mechanisms. I don’t think “protection” meant what it means today. There are many positive changes, including the integration you mentioned, as well as locally led actors. Localization is now a hot topic.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">Everyone is talking about it. USAID recently released a locally led humanitarian assistance policy. I’m somewhat skeptical, frankly, about much of what is touted as success in this area. I think there’s more talk than action. Many agencies claim they are implementing people-centered assistance and utilizing local organizations and knowledge, but the reality may differ.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">You have a great perspective on this, Nimo. Should I be skeptical, or are good things happening? Is it a mixed bag?</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Nimo Hassan: </strong>I would say you're right to be skeptical, but I also think it's a mix of good and areas that need improvement in advancing the localization agenda. It depends on where you look. Over the last eight years, there has been improvement in the inclusion of local actors in the response. This approach, focusing on harnessing the capacity of local organizations and communities, is becoming increasingly important in humanitarian assistance, particularly in Somalia. However, there are challenges. One challenge is the siloed approach to funding allocation, which complicates the design of programs. You have your development envelope, humanitarian envelope, and resilience and peacebuilding envelopes, which makes it difficult to ensure better integration. There are consortiums of national NGOs working together to complement each other’s efforts, which helps build donor confidence to support them directly. However, the appetite for risk among donors varies. While progress is slow, it is moving in the right direction.</p><blockquote><p data-label="Pullquote" class=" relative text-left undefined ">We need to change our mindsets about traditional approaches in the UN to be more adaptive. The system must move faster to support communities in lifting themselves out of poverty rather than relying on top-down designs. -Nimo Hassan</p></blockquote><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">To summarize, there is better inclusion of national NGOs in the design and implementation of programs, as well as sharing funding with international NGOs. Some large Somali-led NGOs are at the forefront of delivering multi-sectoral programming. However, it’s not uniform; challenges remain in risk-sharing and local partners accessing direct funding from donors. Smaller donors may be more willing to take risks compared to larger ones.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">We need to change our mindsets about traditional approaches in the UN to be more adaptive. The system must move faster to support communities in lifting themselves out of poverty rather than relying on top-down designs. There are good programs emerging, but they need to be scaled and sustained with more flexible funding to adapt to the complex landscape.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>I heard “sustained,” “scale,” and “flexibility”—all crucial concepts that are difficult to achieve. Jamie, from your position as UN coordinator, overseeing operations in various locations, how do you think the sector is doing in putting affected populations in the driver's seat?</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Jamie McGoldrick: </strong>I think they talked a good game, that’s for sure. You mentioned USAID as a champion of localization, but I’d like to see the percentage of money they’ve actually directed to national NGOs, instead of through international implementing partners. I sense that the international community hesitates to localize when it comes to more critical parts of operations, particularly in places like Somalia, where the international community is stepping back. We’re seeing similar dynamics in Sudan. </p><blockquote><p data-label="Pullquote" class=" relative text-left undefined ">The international power structures in humanitarian efforts remain unchanged, with no significant attempt to decolonize. Decision-making about funding still rests with the same cluster heads and large organizations that often overlook accountability and the needs of affected populations, despite the rhetoric of putting people at the center. -Jamie McGoldrick</p></blockquote><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">For me, localization has become somewhat of a rallying cry among humanitarians in recent years. You called it a buzzword, but I see it as a focus on putting power and funding in the hands of local responders. However, it feels like a feel-good term and a bit of a cop-out. It’s not just about scale and speed; it’s also about commitment. The international power structures in humanitarian efforts remain unchanged, with no significant attempt to decolonize. Decision-making about funding still rests with the same cluster heads and large organizations that often overlook accountability and the needs of affected populations, despite the rhetoric of putting people at the center. And that's been there since 2016 when we had the World Humanitarian Summit. For me, I think Nimo's points about locally developed, community-driven aid initiatives are essential, with small donors involved as well. I think that's what we need to look at for the future. We must consider Sudan. Right now, the international community is sitting in many places, away from the heart of the matter in Port Sudan and elsewhere.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">In the meantime, national organizations working in these emergency response forums are struggling for funding. It's mostly crowd-sourced funding. They rely on international funding, but there is reticence among donors to provide it due to worries about fraud and mismanagement. At the same time, counterterrorism legislation complicates the situation.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">I think it’s crucial that we grasp this properly. It has been going on for more than ten years, and we haven't made any significant changes. The participation of the so-called actors in the Global South has not been followed up in a decisive way. I hope that with the cuts happening now—United Kingdom, Germany, and others have announced cuts in humanitarian aid—we can move toward localization.</p><blockquote><p data-label="Pullquote" class=" relative text-left undefined ">At some point, when 80% of humanitarian assistance needs are caused by manmade conflicts and wars, we have to acknowledge that these issues won’t be resolved through airdrops but through negotiations. -Robert Jenkins</p></blockquote><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">I think now is the time to start looking at it. Big NGOs, such as the Jordan Fund and the International Rescue Committee, along with Norwegian People’s Aid, should manage this handover in a structured way to national actors, empowering and resourcing them to take the lead. Unfortunately, I don’t think this is happening systemically enough. It’s not happening quickly enough, and it often only occurs when there are fears of fraud or harm to international NGOs. I’m not entirely optimistic about localization; it often seems to emerge from policy meetings and doesn’t necessarily help operations.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "> <strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>You both touched on the appetite for risk and how many people we are willing to let die for the sake of compliance. What is necessary is a true paradigm shift. We're seeing this now in Sudan, as you pointed out, and we saw it in the early days of Ukraine. If the humanitarian architecture isn't there or lacks access, international donors stand on the sidelines, struggling to find new ways to implement solutions when there are willing partners on the ground.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">They just don’t have the same technical language and compliance measures in place. You mentioned the World Humanitarian Summit, and yes, it's been eight years now.Eight years of discussing humanitarian development and peacebuilding, the nexus. Not much has changed in that time. People often say there are no humanitarian solutions to humanitarian problems.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">At some point, when 80% of humanitarian assistance needs are caused by manmade conflicts and wars, we have to acknowledge that these issues won’t be resolved through airdrops but through negotiations. Diplomats and politicians need to get involved, and that's inherently political. If we want to combine humanitarian development and peacebuilding, how can we do that while maintaining humanitarian principles?</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Nimo Hassan: </strong>Yeah, great question. There's a lot of skepticism about the so-called nexus. I personally think it's possible.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">It is possible to integrate humanitarian efforts into development and peacebuilding while maintaining humanitarian principles, but it requires a delicate balance and a strong commitment to safeguard humanitarian values. If that balance isn’t clear and adhered to, access will be difficult. Humanitarian action is grounded in principles like impartiality, neutrality, and independence.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">These principles are essential for gaining access to those in need and providing assistance without political interference. However, the root causes of many crises—conflict, instability, and poverty—are inherently political and require long-term solutions, often involving diplomacy, development, and peacebuilding efforts.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">This is where the challenge lies. We must be intentional about how we approach this and ensure a clear and delicate balance. In countries like Somalia, persistent insecurity and violence from militia groups hamper access to vulnerable populations and complicate the implementation of integrated programs. Political fragmentation due to the federal system and ineffective governance also hinders efforts to align humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding initiatives.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">It's a challenge not only at the global level but also at the specific country and community level. Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for better-integrated responses, particularly in Somalia. Organizations with a mixed mandate—delivering assistance, governance, peacebuilding, and development programs—can facilitate this integration. It’s vital to ensure these programs communicate with each other, aligning efforts to support particular communities. NGOs, especially local entities, are better positioned to deliver this Nexus because they are on the front lines with the community.</p><blockquote><p data-label="Pullquote" class=" relative text-left undefined ">Instead of humanitarians going in to assess and respond, we should engage with communities and ensure a dignified and responsive handover. This is a development approach to humanitarian response. -Jamie McGoldrick</p></blockquote><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">They need to be empowered to articulate the various programs they are implementing. However, as I mentioned earlier, donors seem to be more siloed, with separate envelopes for development and humanitarian aid, sometimes located in different buildings that don’t communicate. One opportunity lies in empowering local partners who understand the context and have been present before and after crises to support them technically and financially. This would help integrate the nexus approach and enhance the community's ability to withstand challenges.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>I completely agree with you, Nimo. It all comes together with local organizations. Often, we impose our silos on them. They’re not trying to decide whether to focus on peacebuilding today, development tomorrow, and humanitarian assistance next week. They’re just getting the job done.Jamie, I’m sure you have views on this.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Jamie McGoldrick: </strong>I think nexus emphasizes the importance of integrating different strands of international response as a way forward. It might seem naive in some contexts.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">In aid politics, humanitarians are aware of political interference, and it’s not an equal partnership. Humanitarians negotiate access and develop responses, but they often lack a seat at the political table. However, if you recall, Emergency Relief Coordinator Martin Griffiths was dispatched by the Secretary General to address worldwide crises over the last three years, including Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Sudan. Wherever the political actors are, humanitarians are there to negotiate access and develop responses. World Food Program head David Beasley has often called out diplomats for their criticisms and challenged them to prevent conflicts from escalating. We need a conversation about this. We might be lost in translation, as Nimo mentioned. Engaging with affected communities is crucial. Instead of humanitarians going in to assess and respond, we should engage with communities and ensure a dignified and responsive handover. This is a development approach to humanitarian response. Development and humanitarian actors need to collaborate better; otherwise, we end up saving the same lives repeatedly with fewer resources. A cohesive approach is necessary to integrate relief with long-term development.</p><blockquote><p data-label="Pullquote" class=" relative text-left undefined ">Many donors pledge to support communities and place people at the center of responses, yet we often fail to deliver. Who holds these donors accountable? -Nimo Hassan</p></blockquote><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left ">From a funding perspective, donors have two separate funding streams, which creates challenges around the executive boards of NGOs and UN agencies. They echo this division when engaging with those parties.It's vital to get this conversation right. The nexus represents a way forward, but we shouldn't stake our future on a fragile foundation.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>As we wrap up, perhaps you've already touched on this, Jamie, but what one, two, or three things would you focus on moving forward? What should the sector prioritize in the next five years?</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Jamie McGoldrick: </strong>There are many things that need to be done, and many changes are possible. We have a bunker mentality due to political pressures, geopolitical polarization, and the instrumentalization by political actors. We’re seeing increased levels of conflict and displacement, and there’s a lack of political will to address core issues. Plus, we face a massive funding crisis in the sector, with international NGOs downsizing. Humanitarianism and development need to be much more coherent and better repurposed. A radical reform conversation is essential. For instance, while we're discussing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 15% of the targets are on track. Developing countries are caught in a debt trap, facing higher interest rates than European nations. This fiscal crisis leads to a lack of services. We can’t just focus on the humanitarian sector if we want to improve the system and save lives. We need a more coherent approach to changing the humanitarian model. It feels as if we’re adrift without a clear direction, and we require a stronger drive for localization and empowerment. There must be a bigger commitment from the international system—beyond just policy papers and pilot schemes. We also need to pay more attention to the humanitarian impact of climate disasters. Development and humanitarianism can work together. Additionally, we need to think more strategically as humanitarians—building relationships, negotiating access, and influencing actors who are obstructing it, all while raising protection issues. The protection of civilians often gets sidelined. We need to find solutions to prevent and reduce humanitarian needs because funding is dwindling.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>Nimo, you get the last word. What are the two or three key points you’d focus on moving forward?</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Nimo Hassan: </strong>I completely agree with Jamie on many of these issues. We must do things differently; it can’t be business as usual. We need to challenge ourselves and the systems we’ve built. The layers of the system keep growing, but it's not fit for purpose. It doesn’t effectively support the communities it’s supposed to help. We need to streamline our efforts and ensure we deliver on our commitments. It’s not just about making commitments. Many donors pledge to support communities and place people at the center of responses, yet we often fail to deliver. Who holds these donors accountable? We discuss accountability to the affected communities, but is there a system for those communities to hold donors accountable for their commitments? It’s a two-way street; trust is essential. If we want communities to trust us, we need to deliver on our promises. Bottom line, that’s what I would emphasize.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class="">Rob Jenkins: </strong>Trust and embracing risk sound like a fitting way to conclude. I wish the two of you were in charge moving forward. Thank you both for your time. This has been great. Everyone, you can find the rest of the issue at <a class="" href="https://www.wilsonquarterly.com" title="null" target="_blank">WilsonQuarterly.com</a>. Thank you.</p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><strong class=""><em class="">Robert Jenkins </em></strong><em class="">is a public policy fellow at the Wilson Center. </em><strong class=""><em class="">Jamie McGoldrick</em></strong><em class=""> recently served as UN Assistant Secretary-General Humanitarian Coordinator and currently hosts Fordham University’s Humanitarian Fault Lines </em><em class=""><a class="" href="https://www.fordham.edu/academics/centers-and-institutes/institute-of-international-humanitarian-affairs/podcast/" title="null" target="_blank">Podcast</a></em><em class="">, which discusses the major changes in humanitarian assistance over the last three decades, the most important challenges today, and improvements and innovations coming to the sector. </em><strong class=""><em class="">Nimo Hassan</em></strong><em class=""> currently serves as Executive Director of the Somali NGO Consortium and Board Chair of ICVA, a group of more than 160 NGOs working to improve collective humanitarian action.</em></p><p data-label="Paragraph" class=" relative text-left "><em class="">Cover photo: Children standing in line to fill water and yellow drums in Baidoa, Somalia, 2019. Shutterstock.</em></p></div></div><div data-label="Next Up" class="w-full flex flex-col items-center space-y-8 lg:space-y-0 lg:flex-row lg:items-start lg:justify-center bg-gray-200"><p class="w-full lg:w-1/3 font-bitter font-bold text-center text-base lg:text-xl"><span class="bg-white px-8 py-4 text-accent-red font-poppins">Up next in this issue</span></p><div class="w-full mb-12 lg:w-2/3 lg:-mt-12 lg:mr-8"><div class="w-full h-auto" data-layout="wide"><a href="/quarterly/confronting-unprecedented-humanitarian-needs/moving-beyond-migration-as-an-outcome-of-humanitarian-crises" rel="noreferrer" class=" w-full flex flex-col-reverse md:flex-row md:h-auto " target="_self"><div class="flex flex-col space-y-2 w-full p-4 md:h-auto md:w-5/12 md:px-6 justify-center text-gray-800 bg-white "><p class=" font-julius text-xl md:text-2xl md:pb-4 ">Moving Beyond Migration as an Outcome of Humanitarian Crises</p><p class="font-bitter md:pb-4 ">– Amy Pope</p><p class="font-bitter italic md:pb-4 ">To achieve sustainable development and mitigate the challenges of human displacement, migration must be seen as a solution.</p></div><div class=" w-full md:w-7/12 md:h-full overflow-y-hidden "><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;padding-top:100%"></span><img alt="Photo by IOM. 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UN resident coordinator for humanitarian affairs, and Nimo Hassan, Chair of the Somali NGO Consortium and board chair of ICVA, a group of more than 160 NGOs who are working to improve humanitarian assistance. They discuss the changing humanitarian assistance landscape, explore what works well and what’s doesn’t, and offer solutions to help meet the growing needs. "},"attribution":{"authors":[{"_id":"670fe9d6e09b113950f21a6e","name":"Robert Jenkins","slug":"robert-jenkins","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"},{"_id":"670fe9f3e09b113950f21a6f","name":"Jamie McGoldrick","slug":"jamie-mcgoldrick","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"},{"_id":"670fea00e09b113950f21a70","name":"Nimo Hassan","slug":"nimo-hassan","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"}]},"body":{"content":[{"type":"title","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Humanitarian Assistance Past and Present"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"In this feature, Rob Jenkins, Public Policy Fellow at the Wilson Center, speaks with Nimo Hassan, Executive Director of the Somali NGO Consortium and Board Chair of the International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA), and Jamie McGoldrick, the former Deputy Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, United Nations Resident Coordinator, and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Jamie also hosts Fordham University’s Humanitarian Fault Lines Podcast. Together, they explored an increased focus on resilience and recovery, appreciation for psychosocial and other protection interventions—especially for women and girls—and the great promise of people-centered localization and cash-based assistance. "}]},{"type":"figure","attrs":{"position":"center","size":"full"},"content":[{"type":"embed","attrs":{"src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/s7lcv3BXdr4/?modestbranding=2","credit":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Transcript:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Robert Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"Hello from the Wilson Center. I'm Rob Jenkins. Before starting my fellowship here, I enjoyed a 26-year career at the United States Agency for International Development, where I most recently served as assistant to the administrator for the Bureau for Conflict Prevention and Stabilization. As part of the "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}],"text":"Wilson Quarterly"},{"type":"text","text":"'s Fall 2024 issue, focusing on the future of humanitarian assistance, I am pleased to moderate a discussion between two experts on the topic: Jamie McGoldrick, who recently served as the UN's Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Coordination, and Nimo Hassan, currently serving as Executive Director of the Somali NGO Consortium and Board Chair of ICVA, a group of more than 160 NGOs working to improve collective humanitarian action. Jamie is an old friend, and Nimo is a new friend. I’m thrilled to have them here today for this discussion."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Jamie, we met almost 30 years ago in Sierra Leone when that beautiful country and its people were being ravaged by a horrendous civil war. I don’t want to downplay the war or its effects at all, but regarding humanitarian assistance, I think it was almost a simpler time. Things weren't as complicated or technical. Sometimes it felt like a bunch of young people just running around trying to do the right thing. Over the course of your career, what has changed the most, and what are the biggest differences now compared to back then?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Jamie McGoldrick: "},{"type":"text","text":"Thanks for that reflection. Looking back, things were indeed simpler. There is obviously a lot more professionalism in the system. However, with that came much more bureaucracy. The positive aspect was improved predictability in response through the various iterations of humanitarian reform. But I think world politics have gotten a lot more toxic during this time. We see tragic conflicts in Gaza, Sudan, and Ukraine."}]},{"type":"pullquote","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The increasing presence of non-state actors and the very complex environments we work in make it difficult to gain humanitarian access. In Gaza and elsewhere, the process has become much more tiresome and tragic for humanitarian workers. -Jamie McGoldrick"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"These modern conflicts impact the protection of civilians much more, as well as the safety of humanitarian workers. We've witnessed attacks on healthcare workers and facilities. There’s also a blatant disregard for international humanitarian law and the refugee law that used to guide our work. There’s a lack of accountability. From my perspective, we are seeing a creeping normalization of violations of international humanitarian law, especially in Gaza, where more people are getting killed and injured, and facilities are being destroyed. Global institutions that were meant to guide political and diplomatic peacemaking, like the UN Security Council, the International Crisis Group, and the ICC (International Criminal Court), are losing credibility. This is part of a new world disorder. Our ability to navigate, perform, and respond to growing needs has been negatively affected, as has the adherence to the humanitarian principles we should uphold in modern warfare. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The increasing presence of non-state actors and the very complex environments we work in make it difficult to gain humanitarian access. In Gaza and elsewhere, the process has become much more tiresome and tragic for humanitarian workers. Some people see this as an undermining of humanitarian principles. For instance, neutrality is questioned in conflicts like Ukraine, where some may side with one party rather than remaining neutral to all humanitarian needs. There are really negative issues out there right now. As humanitarians, we have to be much more politically minded and savvy about the politicization and conditionality affecting our work. There are widespread double standards in how different crises are treated. That’s my perspective on the current world."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"Thanks, Jamie. That’s a lot to deal with, and it definitely highlights a much more complicated environment. In fact, 2024 is now on pace to be the deadliest year ever for humanitarian workers, and we’re just in October. Nimo, you have a different perspective because not only have things changed in the sector, but things have changed in Somalia a lot over the last few decades. What would you add regarding the differences and changes over the last two or three decades?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Nimo Hassan: "},{"type":"text","text":"Thank you very much for having me. I agree with a lot of what Jamie has said. Regarding the Somali situation, humanitarian assistance has undergone significant changes and adaptations over the years due to the evolving crisis, shifting priorities, and lessons learned over this prolonged crisis lasting more than 30 years."}]},{"type":"pullquote","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Humanitarian actors in Somalia have adopted innovative delivery mechanisms to provide aid, including increased resilience, cash-based assistance, and remote programming to reach affected populations, especially those in hard-to-reach areas where instability and insecurity are present. -Nimo Hassan"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"There is now a greater emphasis on rebuilding resilience and recovery rather than just focusing on emergency response. The country is experiencing a bit more stabilization, thanks to the federal government system, though it still faces weaknesses and problems. This stability enables us to design programs that are more conducive to community recovery. It’s important to note that we cannot paint Somalia with one brush, as the regions exhibit different instabilities that affect humanitarian access and aid delivery. We also have increased recognition of the importance of local knowledge, leading to more partnerships with national organizations, contributing to the normalization agenda, and subsequently leading to timely and effective humanitarian assistance."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"There’s also a stronger focus on the specific needs of women, children, and other marginalized groups, ensuring that protection measures are integrated into the humanitarian response. The approach has evolved beyond mere emergency relief. For instance, there are now consortiums of NGOs combining humanitarian response with recovery and resilience-building initiatives. Programs target specific issues. For example, health centers often include safe spaces for women and girls, where they can access GBV-related counseling and legal services. Healthcare workers are trained to identify and respond to cases of sexual and gender-based violence, ensuring survivors receive the necessary medical, psychosocial, and legal support. So, it's a lot more integrated. However, it’s not the same in all regions of Somalia. Some areas are more stable and peaceful, allowing for longer-term programs in education and efforts to ensure quality education as well."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Humanitarian actors in Somalia have adopted innovative delivery mechanisms to provide aid, including increased resilience, cash-based assistance, and remote programming to reach affected populations, especially those in hard-to-reach areas where instability and insecurity are present. There is now diversity in how we deliver humanitarian responses."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"Back in the 90s, we used to joke and dream about cash-based assistance. If only we could just hand out cash and not have to worry about all those extra mechanisms. I don’t think “protection” meant what it means today. There are many positive changes, including the integration you mentioned, as well as locally led actors. Localization is now a hot topic."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Everyone is talking about it. USAID recently released a locally led humanitarian assistance policy. I’m somewhat skeptical, frankly, about much of what is touted as success in this area. I think there’s more talk than action. Many agencies claim they are implementing people-centered assistance and utilizing local organizations and knowledge, but the reality may differ."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"You have a great perspective on this, Nimo. Should I be skeptical, or are good things happening? Is it a mixed bag?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Nimo Hassan: "},{"type":"text","text":"I would say you're right to be skeptical, but I also think it's a mix of good and areas that need improvement in advancing the localization agenda. It depends on where you look. Over the last eight years, there has been improvement in the inclusion of local actors in the response. This approach, focusing on harnessing the capacity of local organizations and communities, is becoming increasingly important in humanitarian assistance, particularly in Somalia. However, there are challenges. One challenge is the siloed approach to funding allocation, which complicates the design of programs. You have your development envelope, humanitarian envelope, and resilience and peacebuilding envelopes, which makes it difficult to ensure better integration. There are consortiums of national NGOs working together to complement each other’s efforts, which helps build donor confidence to support them directly. However, the appetite for risk among donors varies. While progress is slow, it is moving in the right direction."}]},{"type":"pullquote","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"We need to change our mindsets about traditional approaches in the UN to be more adaptive. The system must move faster to support communities in lifting themselves out of poverty rather than relying on top-down designs. -Nimo Hassan"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"To summarize, there is better inclusion of national NGOs in the design and implementation of programs, as well as sharing funding with international NGOs. Some large Somali-led NGOs are at the forefront of delivering multi-sectoral programming. However, it’s not uniform; challenges remain in risk-sharing and local partners accessing direct funding from donors. Smaller donors may be more willing to take risks compared to larger ones."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"We need to change our mindsets about traditional approaches in the UN to be more adaptive. The system must move faster to support communities in lifting themselves out of poverty rather than relying on top-down designs. There are good programs emerging, but they need to be scaled and sustained with more flexible funding to adapt to the complex landscape."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"I heard “sustained,” “scale,” and “flexibility”—all crucial concepts that are difficult to achieve. Jamie, from your position as UN coordinator, overseeing operations in various locations, how do you think the sector is doing in putting affected populations in the driver's seat?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Jamie McGoldrick: "},{"type":"text","text":"I think they talked a good game, that’s for sure. You mentioned USAID as a champion of localization, but I’d like to see the percentage of money they’ve actually directed to national NGOs, instead of through international implementing partners. I sense that the international community hesitates to localize when it comes to more critical parts of operations, particularly in places like Somalia, where the international community is stepping back. We’re seeing similar dynamics in Sudan. "}]},{"type":"pullquote","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The international power structures in humanitarian efforts remain unchanged, with no significant attempt to decolonize. Decision-making about funding still rests with the same cluster heads and large organizations that often overlook accountability and the needs of affected populations, despite the rhetoric of putting people at the center. -Jamie McGoldrick"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"For me, localization has become somewhat of a rallying cry among humanitarians in recent years. You called it a buzzword, but I see it as a focus on putting power and funding in the hands of local responders. However, it feels like a feel-good term and a bit of a cop-out. It’s not just about scale and speed; it’s also about commitment. The international power structures in humanitarian efforts remain unchanged, with no significant attempt to decolonize. Decision-making about funding still rests with the same cluster heads and large organizations that often overlook accountability and the needs of affected populations, despite the rhetoric of putting people at the center. And that's been there since 2016 when we had the World Humanitarian Summit. For me, I think Nimo's points about locally developed, community-driven aid initiatives are essential, with small donors involved as well. I think that's what we need to look at for the future. We must consider Sudan. Right now, the international community is sitting in many places, away from the heart of the matter in Port Sudan and elsewhere."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"In the meantime, national organizations working in these emergency response forums are struggling for funding. It's mostly crowd-sourced funding. They rely on international funding, but there is reticence among donors to provide it due to worries about fraud and mismanagement. At the same time, counterterrorism legislation complicates the situation."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"I think it’s crucial that we grasp this properly. It has been going on for more than ten years, and we haven't made any significant changes. The participation of the so-called actors in the Global South has not been followed up in a decisive way. I hope that with the cuts happening now—United Kingdom, Germany, and others have announced cuts in humanitarian aid—we can move toward localization."}]},{"type":"pullquote","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"At some point, when 80% of humanitarian assistance needs are caused by manmade conflicts and wars, we have to acknowledge that these issues won’t be resolved through airdrops but through negotiations. -Robert Jenkins"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"I think now is the time to start looking at it. Big NGOs, such as the Jordan Fund and the International Rescue Committee, along with Norwegian People’s Aid, should manage this handover in a structured way to national actors, empowering and resourcing them to take the lead. Unfortunately, I don’t think this is happening systemically enough. It’s not happening quickly enough, and it often only occurs when there are fears of fraud or harm to international NGOs. I’m not entirely optimistic about localization; it often seems to emerge from policy meetings and doesn’t necessarily help operations."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"You both touched on the appetite for risk and how many people we are willing to let die for the sake of compliance. What is necessary is a true paradigm shift. We're seeing this now in Sudan, as you pointed out, and we saw it in the early days of Ukraine. If the humanitarian architecture isn't there or lacks access, international donors stand on the sidelines, struggling to find new ways to implement solutions when there are willing partners on the ground."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"They just don’t have the same technical language and compliance measures in place. You mentioned the World Humanitarian Summit, and yes, it's been eight years now."},{"type":"hard_break"},{"type":"text","text":"Eight years of discussing humanitarian development and peacebuilding, the nexus. Not much has changed in that time. People often say there are no humanitarian solutions to humanitarian problems."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"At some point, when 80% of humanitarian assistance needs are caused by manmade conflicts and wars, we have to acknowledge that these issues won’t be resolved through airdrops but through negotiations. Diplomats and politicians need to get involved, and that's inherently political. If we want to combine humanitarian development and peacebuilding, how can we do that while maintaining humanitarian principles?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Nimo Hassan: "},{"type":"text","text":"Yeah, great question. There's a lot of skepticism about the so-called nexus. I personally think it's possible."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"It is possible to integrate humanitarian efforts into development and peacebuilding while maintaining humanitarian principles, but it requires a delicate balance and a strong commitment to safeguard humanitarian values. If that balance isn’t clear and adhered to, access will be difficult. Humanitarian action is grounded in principles like impartiality, neutrality, and independence."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"These principles are essential for gaining access to those in need and providing assistance without political interference. However, the root causes of many crises—conflict, instability, and poverty—are inherently political and require long-term solutions, often involving diplomacy, development, and peacebuilding efforts."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"This is where the challenge lies. We must be intentional about how we approach this and ensure a clear and delicate balance. In countries like Somalia, persistent insecurity and violence from militia groups hamper access to vulnerable populations and complicate the implementation of integrated programs. Political fragmentation due to the federal system and ineffective governance also hinders efforts to align humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding initiatives."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"It's a challenge not only at the global level but also at the specific country and community level. Despite these challenges, there are opportunities for better-integrated responses, particularly in Somalia. Organizations with a mixed mandate—delivering assistance, governance, peacebuilding, and development programs—can facilitate this integration. It’s vital to ensure these programs communicate with each other, aligning efforts to support particular communities. NGOs, especially local entities, are better positioned to deliver this Nexus because they are on the front lines with the community."}]},{"type":"pullquote","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Instead of humanitarians going in to assess and respond, we should engage with communities and ensure a dignified and responsive handover. This is a development approach to humanitarian response. -Jamie McGoldrick"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"They need to be empowered to articulate the various programs they are implementing. However, as I mentioned earlier, donors seem to be more siloed, with separate envelopes for development and humanitarian aid, sometimes located in different buildings that don’t communicate. One opportunity lies in empowering local partners who understand the context and have been present before and after crises to support them technically and financially. This would help integrate the nexus approach and enhance the community's ability to withstand challenges."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"I completely agree with you, Nimo. It all comes together with local organizations. Often, we impose our silos on them. They’re not trying to decide whether to focus on peacebuilding today, development tomorrow, and humanitarian assistance next week. They’re just getting the job done."},{"type":"hard_break"},{"type":"text","text":"Jamie, I’m sure you have views on this."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Jamie McGoldrick: "},{"type":"text","text":"I think nexus emphasizes the importance of integrating different strands of international response as a way forward. It might seem naive in some contexts."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"In aid politics, humanitarians are aware of political interference, and it’s not an equal partnership. Humanitarians negotiate access and develop responses, but they often lack a seat at the political table. However, if you recall, Emergency Relief Coordinator Martin Griffiths was dispatched by the Secretary General to address worldwide crises over the last three years, including Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Sudan. Wherever the political actors are, humanitarians are there to negotiate access and develop responses. World Food Program head David Beasley has often called out diplomats for their criticisms and challenged them to prevent conflicts from escalating. We need a conversation about this. We might be lost in translation, as Nimo mentioned. Engaging with affected communities is crucial. Instead of humanitarians going in to assess and respond, we should engage with communities and ensure a dignified and responsive handover. This is a development approach to humanitarian response. Development and humanitarian actors need to collaborate better; otherwise, we end up saving the same lives repeatedly with fewer resources. A cohesive approach is necessary to integrate relief with long-term development."}]},{"type":"pullquote","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Many donors pledge to support communities and place people at the center of responses, yet we often fail to deliver. Who holds these donors accountable? -Nimo Hassan"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"From a funding perspective, donors have two separate funding streams, which creates challenges around the executive boards of NGOs and UN agencies. They echo this division when engaging with those parties."},{"type":"hard_break"},{"type":"text","text":"It's vital to get this conversation right. The nexus represents a way forward, but we shouldn't stake our future on a fragile foundation."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"As we wrap up, perhaps you've already touched on this, Jamie, but what one, two, or three things would you focus on moving forward? What should the sector prioritize in the next five years?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Jamie McGoldrick: "},{"type":"text","text":"There are many things that need to be done, and many changes are possible. We have a bunker mentality due to political pressures, geopolitical polarization, and the instrumentalization by political actors. We’re seeing increased levels of conflict and displacement, and there’s a lack of political will to address core issues. Plus, we face a massive funding crisis in the sector, with international NGOs downsizing. Humanitarianism and development need to be much more coherent and better repurposed. A radical reform conversation is essential. For instance, while we're discussing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 15% of the targets are on track. Developing countries are caught in a debt trap, facing higher interest rates than European nations. This fiscal crisis leads to a lack of services. We can’t just focus on the humanitarian sector if we want to improve the system and save lives. We need a more coherent approach to changing the humanitarian model. It feels as if we’re adrift without a clear direction, and we require a stronger drive for localization and empowerment. There must be a bigger commitment from the international system—beyond just policy papers and pilot schemes. We also need to pay more attention to the humanitarian impact of climate disasters. Development and humanitarianism can work together. Additionally, we need to think more strategically as humanitarians—building relationships, negotiating access, and influencing actors who are obstructing it, all while raising protection issues. The protection of civilians often gets sidelined. We need to find solutions to prevent and reduce humanitarian needs because funding is dwindling."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"Nimo, you get the last word. What are the two or three key points you’d focus on moving forward?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Nimo Hassan: "},{"type":"text","text":"I completely agree with Jamie on many of these issues. We must do things differently; it can’t be business as usual. We need to challenge ourselves and the systems we’ve built. The layers of the system keep growing, but it's not fit for purpose. It doesn’t effectively support the communities it’s supposed to help. We need to streamline our efforts and ensure we deliver on our commitments. It’s not just about making commitments. Many donors pledge to support communities and place people at the center of responses, yet we often fail to deliver. Who holds these donors accountable? We discuss accountability to the affected communities, but is there a system for those communities to hold donors accountable for their commitments? It’s a two-way street; trust is essential. If we want communities to trust us, we need to deliver on our promises. Bottom line, that’s what I would emphasize."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Jenkins: "},{"type":"text","text":"Trust and embracing risk sound like a fitting way to conclude. I wish the two of you were in charge moving forward. Thank you both for your time. This has been great. Everyone, you can find the rest of the issue at "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.wilsonquarterly.com","title":null}}],"text":"WilsonQuarterly.com"},{"type":"text","text":". Thank you."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Robert Jenkins "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}],"text":"is a public policy fellow at the Wilson Center. "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Jamie McGoldrick"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}],"text":" recently served as UN Assistant Secretary-General Humanitarian Coordinator and currently hosts Fordham University’s Humanitarian Fault Lines "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.fordham.edu/academics/centers-and-institutes/institute-of-international-humanitarian-affairs/podcast/","title":null}},{"type":"em"}],"text":"Podcast"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}],"text":", which discusses the major changes in humanitarian assistance over the last three decades, the most important challenges today, and improvements and innovations coming to the sector. "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Nimo Hassan"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}],"text":" currently serves as Executive Director of the Somali NGO Consortium and Board Chair of ICVA, a group of more than 160 NGOs working to improve collective humanitarian action."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"align":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}],"text":"Cover photo: Children standing in line to fill water and yellow drums in Baidoa, Somalia, 2019. 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In his piece, Fabrizio Carboni draws upon personal experiences working in conflict zones to demonstrate how the laws of war, when adhered to, can help humanitarian assistance efforts, and why they are worth protecting—even in the most protracted conflicts."},"attribution":{"authors":[{"_id":"67103c4de09b113950f21a7c","name":"Fabrizio Carboni","slug":"fabrizio-carboni","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"}]},"openGraph":{"summary":"Upholding the laws of war is essential for immediate humanitarian relief—and long-term conflict resolution.","title":"Human Dignity and Legal Duty Make the Case for Enforcing the Laws of War","image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/photo (34).jpeg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fphoto%20(34).jpeg","size":540981}},"twitterCard":{"summary":"Upholding the laws of war is essential for immediate humanitarian relief—and long-term conflict resolution.","title":"Human Dignity and Legal Duty Make the Case for Enforcing the Laws of War","image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/photo (34).jpeg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fphoto%20(34).jpeg","size":540981}},"coverArt":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/photo (34).jpeg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fphoto%20(34).jpeg","size":540981},"squareImage":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/photo (34).jpeg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fphoto%20(34).jpeg","size":540981}}},"_proof":"Entry"},{"_id":"670eb12de09b113950f21a63","type":"article","title":"As Humanitarian Crises Grow, So Do Risks for Women and Newborns","slug":"as-humanitarian-crises-grow,-so-do-risks-for-women-and-newborns","releaseDate":"2024-10-22T14:48:46.504Z","content":{"textSnippets":{"teaser":"Maternal and newborn health experts on what needs more attention when responding to humanitarian emergencies.","summary":"Sarah B. 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Rohingya women in refugee camps share stories of loss and hopes of recovery. UN Women. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/","image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_41582689660_4421912aa9_k_resized and cropped.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_41582689660_4421912aa9_k_resized%20and%20cropped.jpg","size":773802},"squareImage":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_41582689660_4421912aa9_k_resized and cropped.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_41582689660_4421912aa9_k_resized%20and%20cropped.jpg","size":773802}},"attribution":{"authors":[{"_id":"616efee87ed12a546e40e979","name":"Sarah B. 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International Medical Corps has a long history of providing mental health and psychosocial support services in conflict zones and has been working throughout Ukraine since the Russian invasion of February 2022 to integrate these services into all the other services they provide, an approach that is necessary and effective in societies like Ukraine, where seeking mental health assistance is often stigmatized. They are also working closely with government initiatives (including the Ukrainian First Lady’s “Are You Okay?” initiative), local health facilities, and local NGOs to ensure that their services and training programs are customized for local settings. ","teaser":"Conflict is accelerating changes in Ukraine’s mental health system."},"twitterCard":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_MIH4637-Улучшено-Ум. шума_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_MIH4637-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D0%BC.%20%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_resized.jpg","size":980926},"summary":"Conflict is accelerating changes in Ukraine’s mental health system.","title":"Healing Ukraine's Invisible Scars"},"openGraph":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_MIH4637-Улучшено-Ум. шума_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_MIH4637-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D0%BC.%20%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_resized.jpg","size":980926},"summary":"Conflict is accelerating changes in Ukraine’s mental health system.","title":"Healing Ukraine's Invisible Scars"}},"_proof":"Entry"},{"_id":"67112e2be09b113950f21a80","type":"article","title":"Saving Lives, One Drone at a Time","slug":"saving-lives,-one-drone-at-a-time","releaseDate":"2024-10-22T14:47:47.168Z","content":{"attribution":{"authors":[{"_id":"627162aa8dbf1f91f304ab8a","name":"Ambassador Mark A. 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Can use of this technology expand and change the course of humanitarian assistance worldwide?","summary":"Innovations in tech are bringing life-saving medicines and supplies to some of the hardest to reach areas. Ambassador Mark A. Green talks with Zipline Co-Founder and CEO Keller Rinaudo Cliffton about the company’s use of drones to deliver blood across the mountainous terrain of Rwanda and other African countries."},"openGraph":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/Zip-package-drop_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2FZip-package-drop_resized.jpg","size":142418},"summary":"Self-flying drones deliver critical medicine and supplies to some of Africa’s hardest to reach areas. Can use of this technology expand and change the course of humanitarian assistance worldwide?","title":"Saving Lives, One Drone at a Time"},"twitterCard":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/Zip-package-drop_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2FZip-package-drop_resized.jpg","size":142418},"summary":"Self-flying drones deliver critical medicine and supplies to some of Africa’s hardest to reach areas. Can use of this technology expand and change the course of humanitarian assistance worldwide?","title":"Saving Lives, One Drone at a Time"}},"_proof":"Entry"},{"_id":"67111a94e09b113950f21a7e","type":"article","title":"A World in Crisis","slug":"a-world-in-crisis","releaseDate":"2024-10-22T14:47:54.223Z","content":{"textSnippets":{"teaser":"Examining the USAID humanitarian response system.","summary":"Congress has massively increased the emergency response money of USAID to $9 billion, what Natsios says is almost a shocking level. He tells us what this money may be used for and explains why this category of funding is rising so fast and the systemic problems this amount of money may cause. Finally, he explains the concepts of the relief to development continuum and developmental relief, and why they should be integrated more aggressively into humanitarian aid programs. "},"attribution":{"authors":[{"_id":"67111af9e09b113950f21a7f","name":"Andrew Natsios","slug":"andrew-natsios","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"}]},"openGraph":{"summary":"Examining the USAID humanitarian response system.","title":"A World in Crisis","image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_AP400824420621_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_AP400824420621_resized.jpg","size":1128942}},"twitterCard":{"summary":"Examining the USAID humanitarian response system.","title":"A World in Crisis","image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_AP400824420621_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_AP400824420621_resized.jpg","size":1128942}},"coverArt":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/AP400824420621_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2FAP400824420621_resized.jpg","size":1128942},"squareImage":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/AP400824420621_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2FAP400824420621_resized.jpg","size":1128942}}},"_proof":"Entry"},{"_id":"671007cae09b113950f21a71","type":"article","title":"Volunteers Open Doors in Sudan Typically Closed to International Aid Groups","slug":"volunteers-open-doors-in-sudan-typically-closed-to-international-aid-groups","releaseDate":"2024-10-22T14:48:29.200Z","content":{"textSnippets":{"teaser":"Amid Sudan’s civil war, Emergency Response Rooms are mobilizing volunteers to get food, medicine, and other vital supplies to people in need.","summary":"Globally, challenges to humanitarian access impede critical supplies and support to communities in need. Even more so, humanitarian aid delivery during an active conflict makes it harder to reach populations, threatens humanitarian workers’ safety, and pressures traditional humanitarian values such as impartiality. Recent and ongoing conflicts in Sudan and Ethiopia highlight the challenges that ongoing violence violent conflict creates for access and humanitarian aid delivery. However, the challenges have also led to creativity as individuals and organizations find ways to ensure adequate food, healthcare, and other critical supplies reach communities. We talk with someone working with Sudan Emergency Response Rooms to learn more."},"openGraph":{"summary":"Amid Sudan’s civil war, Emergency Response Rooms are mobilizing volunteers to get food, medicine, and other vital supplies to people in need.","title":"Volunteers Open Doors in Sudan Typically Closed to International Aid Groups"},"twitterCard":{"summary":"Amid Sudan’s civil war, Emergency Response Rooms are mobilizing volunteers to get food, medicine, and other vital supplies to people in need.","title":"Volunteers Open Doors in Sudan Typically Closed to International Aid Groups"},"attribution":{"authors":[{"_id":"67100a78e09b113950f21a72","name":"Aaron Stanley","slug":"aaron-stanley","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"},{"_id":"67100a95e09b113950f21a73","name":"Alsanosi Adam","slug":"alsanosi-adam","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"}]},"coverArt":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/Cover_AP24240408622602_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2FCover_AP24240408622602_resized.jpg","size":1662448},"squareImage":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/Cover_AP24240408622602_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2FCover_AP24240408622602_resized.jpg","size":1662448}}},"_proof":"Entry"},{"_id":"67101908e09b113950f21a74","type":"article","title":"Here to Serve","slug":"here-to-serve","releaseDate":"2024-10-22T14:48:23.544Z","content":{"attribution":{"authors":[{"_id":"616efbdb7ed12a546e40e972","name":"Stephanie Bowen","slug":"stephanie-bowen","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"},{"_id":"67101951e09b113950f21a75","name":"Robert Hokanson","slug":"robert-hokanson","type":"contributor","data":{},"_proof":"Tag"}]},"coverArt":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","size":1115544},"squareImage":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","size":1115544}},"textSnippets":{"teaser":"With deep-held values to help those in need and large global networks, faith-based organizations play a unique role in providing humanitarian assistance.","summary":"The Church of Latter-day Saints is one of the many faith-based organizations that provide humanitarian assistance around the world. They often work with other FBOs—like Islamic Relief and Catholic Community Services—and organizations like the World Food Program, Shelter Box, and UNHCR, among others. This Q\u0026A explores the unique role that faith-based institutions play in providing humanitarian assistance, how it dovetails with broader values, and allows them to tap into their community to provide significant humanitarian support (both in dollars and actions), while helping their congregants find deeper purpose. "},"openGraph":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","size":1115544},"summary":"With deep-held values to help those in need and large global networks, faith-based organizations play a unique role in providing humanitarian assistance.","title":"Here to Serve"},"twitterCard":{"image":{"mimetype":"image/jpeg","s3":{"key":"wilsonquarterly/cover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","bucket":"proof-assets"},"url":"https://proof-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/wilsonquarterly%2Fcover_AP428460416322_resized.jpg","size":1115544},"summary":"With deep-held values to help those in need and large global networks, faith-based organizations play a unique role in providing humanitarian assistance.","title":"Here to Serve"}},"_proof":"Entry"}]}},"_proof":"Entry"}},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/quarterly/[slug]/[storySlug]","query":{"slug":"confronting-unprecedented-humanitarian-needs","storySlug":"humanitarian-assistance-past-and-present"},"buildId":"73l2bCb0Jpsu8OhZuIzo2","isFallback":false,"gsp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>