CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Luigi Einaudi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d02fac57-3fc1-4ac2-abbb-656ac3eeb447","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Luigi_Einaudi","wgTitle":"Luigi Einaudi","wgCurRevisionId":1253034455,"wgRevisionId":1253034455,"wgArticleId":775026,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2022","Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2024","All articles lacking in-text citations","Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking","Pages with Italian IPA","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with Italian-language sources (it)","1874 births","1961 deaths","Bocconi University alumni", "Academic staff of Bocconi University","Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies","Deputy prime ministers of Italy","Fellows of the Econometric Society","Finance ministers of Italy","Governors of the Bank of Italy","Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","Historians of economic thought","Italian anti-fascists","Italian economists","Exiled Italian politicians","Italian Liberal Party politicians","Italian life senators","Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals","Members of the National Council (Italy)","Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy","Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy","People from the Province of Cuneo","Politicians of Piedmont","Presidents of Italy","Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)","University of Turin alumni","Honorary Fellows of the British Academy", "Member of the Mont Pelerin Society","Members of the American Philosophical Society"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Luigi_Einaudi","wgRelevantArticleId":775026,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1242","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1617"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg/800px-Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1078"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg/640px-Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="862"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Luigi Einaudi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Luigi_Einaudi rootpage-Luigi_Einaudi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luigi+Einaudi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luigi+Einaudi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luigi+Einaudi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luigi+Einaudi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_(1948–1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_(1948–1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>President (1948–1955)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_(1948–1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luigi Einaudi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="لويجي إيناودي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويجي إيناودي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luici_Eynaudi" title="Luici Eynaudi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Luici Eynaudi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Луиджи Ейнауди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луиджи Ейнауди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9_%CE%95%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Λουίτζι Εϊνάουντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουίτζι Εϊνάουντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="لوئیجی ایناودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیجی ایناودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94" title="루이지 에이나우디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이지 에이나우디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%AB_%D4%B7%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Լուիջի Էյնաուդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուիջի Էյնաուդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%27%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="לואיג'י אינאודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואיג'י אינאודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლუიჯი ეინაუდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუიჯი ეინაუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisius_Einaudi" title="Aloisius Einaudi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aloisius Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%89" title="لويجى ايناودى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويجى ايناودى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi_(president)" title="Luigi Einaudi (president) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luigi Einaudi (president)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ルイージ・エイナウディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイージ・エイナウディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Эйнауди, Луиджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйнауди, Луиджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ลุยจี เอย์เนาดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลุยจี เอย์เนาดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D2%B7%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Луиҷи Эйнаудӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Луиҷи Эйнаудӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96_%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Луїджі Ейнауді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луїджі Ейнауді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Luigi Einaudi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E8%AB%BE%E7%AC%AC" title="路易吉·伊諾第 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易吉·伊諾第" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Luigi_Einaudi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Luigi_Einaudi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Luigi_Einaudi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&oldid=1253034455" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Luigi_Einaudi&id=1253034455&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuigi_Einaudi"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuigi_Einaudi"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Luigi_Einaudi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luigi_Einaudi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1242" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Italy from 1948 to 1955</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former acting Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Luigi_R._Einaudi" title="Luigi R. Einaudi">Luigi R. Einaudi</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Luigi Einaudi</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">OMRI</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg/220px-Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg/330px-Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg/440px-Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1948</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 May 1948 – 11 May 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Giuseppe Pella</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mario_Scelba" title="Mario Scelba">Mario Scelba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Deputy Prime Minister of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 June 1947 – 11 May 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alcide De Gasperi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Porzio" title="Giovanni Porzio">Giovanni Porzio</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Finance">Minister of the Budget</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 June 1947 – 11 May 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alcide De Gasperi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Giuseppe Pella</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banca d'Italia">Governor of the Bank of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 January 1945 – 11 May 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Vincenzo Azzolini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Donato Menichella </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">Ex officio</a></b></i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy" title="Senators for life in Italy">Life tenure</a></b></span><br />11 May 1955 – 30 October 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">Italy at-large</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 October 1919 – 24 June 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-03-24</span>)</span>24 March 1874<br /><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%B9" title="Carrù">Carrù</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1961<span style="display:none">(1961-10-30)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Liberal_Party" title="Italian Liberal Party">Italian Liberal Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ida Pellegrini</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Einaudi" title="Giulio Einaudi">Giulio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Einaudi" title="Mario Einaudi">Mario</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Einaudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Einaudi (page does not exist)">Roberto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Teacher</li><li><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_Luigi_Einaudi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luigi Einaudi's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Firma_Luigi_Einaudi.svg/128px-Firma_Luigi_Einaudi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Firma_Luigi_Einaudi.svg/192px-Firma_Luigi_Einaudi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Firma_Luigi_Einaudi.svg/256px-Firma_Luigi_Einaudi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Luigi Numa Lorenzo Einaudi</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">OMRI</a></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[luˈiːdʒi<span class="wrap"> </span>eiˈnaudi]</a></span>; 24 March 1874 – 30 October 1961)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Italian politician and economist. He served as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president of Italy</a> from 1948 to 1955 and is considered one of the founding fathers of the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Italian Republic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Einaudi was born to Lorenzo and Placida Fracchia in <a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%B9" title="Carrù">Carrù</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo" title="Province of Cuneo">province of Cuneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> he attended <a href="/wiki/Liceo_classico_Cavour" title="Liceo classico Cavour">Liceo classico Cavour</a> and completed his university studies; in the same years he became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> ideas and collaborated with the magazine <i>Critica sociale</i>, directed by the socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Turati" title="Filippo Turati">Filippo Turati</a>. In 1895, after overcoming financial difficulties, he graduated in jurisprudence, and was later appointed as a professor in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin" title="Polytechnic University of Turin">Polytechnic University of Turin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bocconi_University" title="Bocconi University">Bocconi University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. </p><p>As an economist, Einaudi belonged to the classical school of economics in addition to <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Campilli" title="Pietro Campilli">Pietro Campilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicarmo_Corbino" title="Epicarmo Corbino">Epicarmo Corbino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Del_Vecchio" title="Gustavo Del Vecchio">Gustavo Del Vecchio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_life">Early political life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early 20th century, Einaudi moved increasingly towards a more <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> stance. In 1919 he was named <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senator</a> of the Kingdom of Italy. He also worked as a journalist for important Italian newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Corriere_della_Sera" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Corriere della Sera">Il Corriere della Sera</a></i>, as well as being financial correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LEeEcon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEeEcon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals"> Anti-Fascist Intellectuals Manifesto</a>. As an <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a>, he stopped working for Italian newspapers from 1926, under the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> regime, resuming his professional relationship with the <i>Corriere della Sera</i> after the fall of the regime in 1943. After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Italy">Armistice</a> (8 September 1943) he fled to Switzerland, returning to Italy in 1944. In Switzerland, Einaudi worked at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Graduate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Graduate Institute">Geneva Graduate Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Einaudi was Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banca d'Italia">Bank of Italy</a> from 5 January 1945 until 11 May 1948, and was also a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Consulta_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulta Nazionale">Consulta Nazionale</a> which opened the way to the new Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Later he was <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Finance">Minister of Finances, Treasury and Balance</a>, as well as Vice-Premier, in 1947–48. He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberal">neo-liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plehwe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plehwe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Einaudi was elected an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1935 and an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_(1948–1955)"><span id="President_.281948.E2.80.931955.29"></span>President (1948–1955)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: President (1948–1955)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_e_Giulio_Einaudi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Luigi_e_Giulio_Einaudi.jpg/220px-Luigi_e_Giulio_Einaudi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Luigi_e_Giulio_Einaudi.jpg/330px-Luigi_e_Giulio_Einaudi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Luigi_e_Giulio_Einaudi.jpg/440px-Luigi_e_Giulio_Einaudi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Luigi Einaudi with his son <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Einaudi" title="Giulio Einaudi">Giulio</a> in 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 May 1948, he was elected the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Italian Republic">President of the Italian Republic</a>. At the end of the seven-year term of office in 1955, he became a <a href="/wiki/Life_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Senator">Life Senator</a>. Einaudi was a member of numerous cultural, economic and university institutions. </p><p>A staunch <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberal</a> in the European, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> sense (he invented the Italian term "<i>liberismo</i>" to mean <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, arguing with <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>), he was a supporter of the idea of <a href="/wiki/European_Federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federalism">European Federalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Einaudi personally managed the activities of his farm near <a href="/wiki/Dogliani" title="Dogliani">Dogliani</a>, which produced <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo wine</a>, and he boasted to be using the most advanced agricultural developments. In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a> satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Candido_(magazine)" title="Candido (magazine)">Candido</a></i> published a cartoon in which Einaudi was at the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Quirinal Palace</a>, surrounded by a presidential guard of honour (the <i>corazzieri</i>) of giant bottles of <a href="/wiki/Nebbiolo" title="Nebbiolo">Nebbiolo</a> wine, each labelled with the institutional logo. The cartoon was judged a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a> by a court of the time, and <a href="/wiki/Giovannino_Guareschi" title="Giovannino Guareschi">Giovannino Guareschi</a>, the director of the magazine, was held responsible and sentenced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Einaudi married Countess Ida Pellegrini (1885-1968) on 19 December 1903. Pellegrini was born in <a href="/wiki/Pescantina" title="Pescantina">Pescantina</a> in 1885 into a family of the Veronese aristocracy, as she was the daughter of Count Giulio Pellegrini. She attended the Regia School of Commerce in Turin, where she met her future husband, who was her professor at the time. Their son <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Einaudi" title="Giulio Einaudi">Giulio</a> became a prominent Italian publisher, and their grandson <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Einaudi" title="Ludovico Einaudi">Ludovico</a> is a neo-Classical musician. Their son Roberto, a mechanical engineer, continued to cultivate his father's beloved winery. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their son <a href="/wiki/Mario_Einaudi" title="Mario Einaudi">Mario</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> professor and active anti-fascist. The Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Mario founded the Fondazione Luigi Einaudi in Turin in honour of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Einaudi_Institute_for_Economics_and_Finance" title="Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance">Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance</a> (EIEF), a research centre of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Bank of Italy</a>, is named after Luigi Einaudi. </p><p>Einaudi died in Rome on 30 October 1961 at the age of 87. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einaudi_Institute_for_Economics_and_Finance" title="Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance">Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Principi di scienza delle finanze</i> (1932)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Il buon governo</i> (1954)</li> <li><i>Prediche inutili</i> (1956–1959)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/einaudi.1919.html"><i>Tracotanze protezionistiche</i> (1919)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyarchy.org/basta/documenti/einaudi.1944.html"><i>Via il Prefetto!</i> (1944)</a></li> <li><i>On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value Judgments in Economic Sciences</i>, Critical Edition with an Introduction and Afterword by Paolo Silvestri. 'Routledge Studies in the History of Economics, Vol 185', New York-London, 2017, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-51790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-51790-4">978-0-415-51790-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaug,_Mark1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Blaug" title="Mark Blaug">Blaug, Mark</a>, ed. (1986). "Einaudi, Luigi". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoineconomi0000unse_e8w6/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Who's Who in Economics: A Biographical Dictionary of Major Economists 1700-1986</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Wheatsheaf Books Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoswhoineconomi0000unse_e8w6/page/244/mode/2up?view=theater">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7450-0230-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7450-0230-9"><bdi>978-0-7450-0230-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Einaudi%2C+Luigi&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Economics%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Major+Economists+1700-1986&rft.pages=244&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wheatsheaf+Books+Limited&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7450-0230-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoswhoineconomi0000unse_e8w6%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YficAAAAQBAJ&dq=Luigi+Einaudi+30+oct&pg=PA880">Profile of Luigi Einaudi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Einaudi">"Luigi Einaudi | president of Italy | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi+%7C+president+of+Italy+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLuigi-Einaudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_Mascolo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rita Mascolo (2020). "Tennessee valley in Southern Italy: How the ENSI project was the first and only World Bank loan for nuclear power". <i>Business History</i>. <b>64</b> (8): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00076791.2020.1819984">10.1080/00076791.2020.1819984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225016028">225016028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History&rft.atitle=Tennessee+valley+in+Southern+Italy%3A+How+the+ENSI+project+was+the+first+and+only+World+Bank+loan+for+nuclear+power&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00076791.2020.1819984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225016028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Rita+Mascolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEeEcon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LEeEcon_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinaudi2000" class="citation book cs1">Einaudi, Luigi (2000). Marchionatti, Roberto (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5XsAAAAMAAJ"><i>"From our Italian correspondent": Luigi Einaudi's articles in The Economist, 1908–1946, Volume 1</i></a>. Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-222-4859-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-222-4859-6"><bdi>978-88-222-4859-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22From+our+Italian+correspondent%22%3A+Luigi+Einaudi%27s+articles+in+The+Economist%2C+1908%E2%80%931946%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Olschki&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-88-222-4859-6&rft.aulast=Einaudi&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5XsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöckmann2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Stöckmann, J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e028dab4-29e4-45af-91b0-e15fb7ef47b7"><i>The formation of International Relations: ideas, practices, institutions, 1914-1940</i></a> (Doctoral dissertation thesis). University of Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+formation+of+International+Relations%3A+ideas%2C+practices%2C+institutions%2C+1914-1940&rft.degree=Doctoral+dissertation&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6ckmann&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ae028dab4-29e4-45af-91b0-e15fb7ef47b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Hayek">Hayek, F.A.</a> (1967). "The Transmission of the Ideals of Economic Freedom". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinphiloso0000haye_o2x8/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics</i></a></span>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinphiloso0000haye_o2x8/page/199/mode/2up?view=theater">199</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Transmission+of+the+Ideals+of+Economic+Freedom&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Philosophy%2C+Politics+and+Economics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesinphiloso0000haye_o2x8%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plehwe-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plehwe_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlehwe" class="citation web cs1">Plehwe, Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063836/http://www.eisa-net.org/be-bruga/eisa/files/events/stockholm/Plehwe_SGIR_17_5.pdf">"Liberal Think Tanks and the Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European International Studies Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eisa-net.org/be-bruga/eisa/files/events/stockholm/Plehwe_SGIR_17_5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+International+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=Liberal+Think+Tanks+and+the+Crisis&rft.aulast=Plehwe&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisa-net.org%2Fbe-bruga%2Feisa%2Ffiles%2Fevents%2Fstockholm%2FPlehwe_SGIR_17_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/luigi-einaudi">"Luigi Einaudi"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fluigi-einaudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Luigi+Einaudi&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DLuigi%2BEinaudi%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F.A._Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="F.A. Hayek">Hayek, F.A.</a> (1978). "Liberalism". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newstudiesinphil0000haye/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and History of Ideas</i></a></span>. London and Chicago: Routledge and University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newstudiesinphil0000haye/page/132/mode/2up?view=theater">132</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberalism&rft.btitle=New+Studies+in+Philosophy%2C+Politics%2C+Economics+and+History+of+Ideas&rft.place=London+and+Chicago&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge+and+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewstudiesinphil0000haye%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poderieinaudi.com/en/winery-poderi-einaudi/winery-history-poderi-einaudi/">"Poderi Luigi Einaudi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poderi+Luigi+Einaudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poderieinaudi.com%2Fen%2Fwinery-poderi-einaudi%2Fwinery-history-poderi-einaudi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.einaudi.cornell.edu/discover/about-us">"About Us | Einaudi Center"</a>. <i>www.einaudi.cornell.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.einaudi.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=About+Us+%7C+Einaudi+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.einaudi.cornell.edu%2Fdiscover%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondazioneeinaudi.it/">"Fondazione Einaudi"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fondazione+Einaudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazioneeinaudi.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvestri2023" class="citation journal cs1">Silvestri, Paolo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09672567.2023.2249295">"Luigi Einaudi's 'Scienza delle Finanze' or the science of good government"</a>. <i>The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>. <b>30</b> (5): 764–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09672567.2023.2249295">10.1080/09672567.2023.2249295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-2567">0967-2567</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261481065">261481065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi%27s+%27Scienza+delle+Finanze%27+or+the+science+of+good+government&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=764-790&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A261481065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0967-2567&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09672567.2023.2249295&rft.aulast=Silvestri&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09672567.2023.2249295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Acocella" title="Nicola Acocella">Acocella, N.</a> (ed.), <i>"Luigi Einaudi: studioso, statista, governatore"</i>, Carocci, Roma, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-430-5660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-430-5660-6">978-88-430-5660-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte,_F.Marchionatti,_R.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Forte, F.; Marchionatti, R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2010.540346">"Luigi Einaudi's economics of liberalism"</a>. <i>The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 587–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09672567.2010.540346">10.1080/09672567.2010.540346</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F90412">2318/90412</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi%27s+economics+of+liberalism.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587-624&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F90412&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09672567.2010.540346&rft.au=Forte%2C+F.&rft.au=Marchionatti%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09672567.2010.540346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Giordano, A. (2004), Luigi Einaudi and the Dilemmas of Liberal Democracy, <i>Notizie di Politeia</i>, XX, 2004, n. 75, pp. 7–12 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www-4.unipv.it/paviagc/?page_id=236">http://www-4.unipv.it/paviagc/?page_id=236</a>).</li> <li>Silvestri, Paolo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/55351.html"><i>The ideal of good government in Luigi Einaudi's Thought and Life: Between Law and Freedom</i></a>, in Paolo Heritier, Paolo Silvestri (Eds.), <i>Good government, Governance, Human complexity. Luigi Einaudi's legacy and contemporary societies</i>, Leo Olschki, Firenze, 2012, pp. 55–95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-222-6161-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-222-6161-8">978-88-222-6161-8</a></li> <li>Silvestri, Paolo, "Preface", in L. Einaudi, On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value judgments in Economic Sciences, Routledge, London – New York, 2017, pp. XXIV-XXXII.</li> <li>Silvestri, Paolo, "The defence of economic science and the issue of value judgments", in L. Einaudi, On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value judgments in Economic Sciences, Routledge, London – New York, 2017, pp. 1–34.</li> <li>Silvestri Paolo, "Freedom and taxation between good and bad polity, and the economist-whole-man", in L. Einaudi, On Abstract and Historical Hypotheses and on Value judgments in Economic Sciences, Routledge, London – New York, 2017, pp. 94–136.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1954/03/24/archives/luigi-einaudi-at-80.html">"Luigi Einaudi at 80"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>: 26. 24 March 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi+at+80&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1954-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1954%2F03%2F24%2Farchives%2Fluigi-einaudi-at-80.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Signor Luigi Einaudi: Statesman and Economist". <i>The Times</i>: 16. 31 October 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Signor+Luigi+Einaudi%3A+Statesman+and+Economist&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1961-10-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1961/10/31/archives/luigi-einaudi-of-italy-dies-at-87-president-of-republic-1948-to55.html">"Luigi Einaudi of Italy Dies at 87; President of Republic 1948 to'55; Won Affection of Populace Ex-Monarchist Was Noted as Economist"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>: 31. 31 October 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi+of+Italy+Dies+at+87%3B+President+of+Republic+1948+to%2755%3B+Won+Affection+of+Populace+Ex-Monarchist+Was+Noted+as+Economist&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1961-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1961%2F10%2F31%2Farchives%2Fluigi-einaudi-of-italy-dies-at-87-president-of-republic-1948-to55.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaffé,_F.2018" class="citation book cs1">Caffé, F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_316">"Einaudi, Luigi (1874–1961)"</a>. <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3567–3568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95189-5_316">10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95188-8"><bdi>978-1-349-95188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Einaudi%2C+Luigi+%281874%E2%80%931961%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3567-3568&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95189-5_316&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95188-8&rft.au=Caff%C3%A9%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95189-5_316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaucci,_Riccardo1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faucci, Riccardo (1993). "EINAUDI, Luigi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-einaudi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/"><i>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</i></a> (in Italian). Vol. 42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EINAUDI%2C+Luigi&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Faucci%2C+Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fluigi-einaudi_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaucci,_Riccardo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faucci, Riccardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-einaudi_(Il-Contributo-italiano-alla-storia-del-Pensiero:-Economia)/">"Luigi Einaudi - Il Contributo italiano alla storia del Pensiero: Economia (2012)"</a> (in Italian). Enciclopedia Treccani<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luigi+Einaudi+-+Il+Contributo+italiano+alla+storia+del+Pensiero%3A+Economia+%282012%29&rft.pub=Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft.au=Faucci%2C+Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fluigi-einaudi_%28Il-Contributo-italiano-alla-storia-del-Pensiero%3A-Economia%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte,_Francesco1962" class="citation journal cs1">Forte, Francesco (1962). "Luigi Einaudi (1874-1961)". <i>Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)</i>. <b>125</b> (4): 668–669. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2982659">2982659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society.+Series+A+%28General%29&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi+%281874-1961%29&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=668-669&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2982659%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Forte%2C+Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacci,_Ferdinando1998" class="citation book cs1">Meacci, Ferdinando (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_ZFrS56Wr4C&dq=%22Luigi+Einaudi%22&pg=PA134">"Luigi Einaudi"</a>. In Meacci, Ferdinando (ed.). <i>Italian Economists of the 20th Century</i>. Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianeconomist0000unse/page/163/mode/1up?view=theater">163</a>- 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78254-120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78254-120-2"><bdi>978-1-78254-120-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi&rft.btitle=Italian+Economists+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK%2C+and+Northampton%2C+MA%2C+USA&rft.pages=163-+178&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-78254-120-2&rft.au=Meacci%2C+Ferdinando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_ZFrS56Wr4C%26dq%3D%2522Luigi%2BEinaudi%2522%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapi,_Giuseppe_Ugo1962" class="citation journal cs1">Papi, Giuseppe Ugo (1962). "Luigi Einaudi". <i>Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie / Journal of Economics</i>. <b>22</b> (1/2): 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01417768">10.1007/BF01417768</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41796393">41796393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+National%C3%B6konomie+%2F+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Luigi+Einaudi&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01417768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41796393%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Papi%2C+Giuseppe+Ugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Einaudi%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Luigi%20Einaudi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Einaudi%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Luigi%20Einaudi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Einaudi%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Luigi%20Einaudi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Einaudi%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Luigi%20Einaudi%22%29%20OR%20%28%221874-1961%22%20AND%20Einaudi%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Luigi Einaudi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondazioneeinaudi.it/en/explore/luigi-einaudi">"Fondazione Luigi Einaudi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fondazione+Luigi+Einaudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazioneeinaudi.it%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fluigi-einaudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/profiles/einaudi.htm">"Luigi Einaudi, 1874-1961"</a>. The History of Economic Thought website (hetwebsite.net)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luigi+Einaudi%2C+1874-1961&rft.pub=The+History+of+Economic+Thought+website+%28hetwebsite.net%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetwebsite.net%2Fhet%2Fprofiles%2Feinaudi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Einaudi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/ex_presidenti/Einaudi/Einaudi.htm">Biography at the Official Website of Presidency of Italian Republic</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004581">Newspaper clippings about Luigi Einaudi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Azzolini" title="Vincenzo Azzolini">Vincenzo Azzolini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Governor of the Bank of Italy">Governor of the Bank of Italy</a> </b><br />1945–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donato_Menichella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donato Menichella (page does not exist)">Donato Menichella</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Finance">Minister of the Budget</a> </b><br />1947–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Giuseppe Pella</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a> </b><br />1948–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Luigi_Einaudi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;style="background:#eee;"><div id="Luigi_Einaudi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Luigi Einaudi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Italy" title="Template:Presidents of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Presidents of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Presidents of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy_by_time_in_office" title="List of presidents of Italy by time in office">List by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_standard_of_Italy" title="Presidential standard of Italy">Presidential standard of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luigi Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Giovanni Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro" title="Oscar Luigi Scalfaro">Oscar Luigi Scalfaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian Presidential Standard"><img alt="Italian Presidential Standard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="Template:Deputy prime ministers of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Deputy prime ministers of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy prime ministers of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Deputy prime ministers of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/113px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy#List_of_deputy_prime_ministers" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Rodinò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Nenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Brosio" title="Manlio Brosio">Brosio</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/75px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/113px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolfo_Pacciardi" title="Randolfo Pacciardi">Pacciardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Saragat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Piccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Porzio" title="Giovanni Porzio">Porzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Piccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Saragat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella" title="Giuseppe Pella">Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attilio_Piccioni" title="Attilio Piccioni">Piccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Nenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">De Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Emilio_Taviani" title="Paolo Emilio Taviani">Taviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">De Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tanassi" title="Mario Tanassi">Tanassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Forlani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Amato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_De_Michelis" title="Gianni De Michelis">De Michelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Martelli" title="Claudio Martelli">Martelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Maroni" title="Roberto Maroni">Maroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tatarella" title="Giuseppe Tatarella">Tatarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Veltroni" title="Walter Veltroni">Veltroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Mattarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Fini" title="Gianfranco Fini">Fini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Follini" title="Marco Follini">Follini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Tremonti" title="Giulio Tremonti">Tremonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" title="Massimo D'Alema">D'Alema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Rutelli" title="Francesco Rutelli">Rutelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelino_Alfano" title="Angelino Alfano">Alfano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Di_Maio" title="Luigi Di Maio">Di Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Tajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1242#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368572905">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110272710">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56623995">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19185/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHd3dvXrkppBvGjKkbh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118688383">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50070289">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120277056">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120277056">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Einaudi, Luigi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV026671">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36344786">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003209507&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX833655">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39615">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070464480">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000642774&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=114673">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594880105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/141639">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260609905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611964906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14459158">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02028022?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1249113">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="EINAUDI, Luigi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-einaudi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118688383.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118688383">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028442733">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027916">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18541624">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qr57ms">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&oldid=1253034455">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&oldid=1253034455</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1874_births" title="Category:1874 births">1874 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1961_deaths" title="Category:1961 deaths">1961 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bocconi_University_alumni" title="Category:Bocconi University alumni">Bocconi University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Bocconi_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Bocconi University">Academic staff of Bocconi University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Category:Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="Category:Deputy prime ministers of Italy">Deputy prime ministers of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society">Fellows of the Econometric Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_ministers_of_Italy" title="Category:Finance ministers of Italy">Finance ministers of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Category:Governors of the Bank of Italy">Governors of the Bank of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_Special_Class_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_economic_thought" title="Category:Historians of economic thought">Historians of economic thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_anti-fascists" title="Category:Italian anti-fascists">Italian anti-fascists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_economists" title="Category:Italian economists">Italian economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exiled_Italian_politicians" title="Category:Exiled Italian politicians">Exiled Italian politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Liberal_Party_politicians" title="Category:Italian Liberal Party politicians">Italian Liberal Party politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_life_senators" title="Category:Italian life senators">Italian life senators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_with_Collar_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Category:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Council_(Italy)" title="Category:Members of the National Council (Italy)">Members of the National Council (Italy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy">Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Category:Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Province_of_Cuneo" title="Category:People from the Province of Cuneo">People from the Province of Cuneo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_of_Piedmont" title="Category:Politicians of Piedmont">Politicians of Piedmont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Italy" title="Category:Presidents of Italy">Presidents of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(civil_class)" title="Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)">Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Turin_alumni" title="Category:University of Turin alumni">University of Turin alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Fellows_of_the_British_Academy" title="Category:Honorary Fellows of the British Academy">Honorary Fellows of the British Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_of_the_Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Category:Member of the Mont Pelerin Society">Member of the Mont Pelerin Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society">Members of the American Philosophical Society</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2022">Use dmy dates from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2024">Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Template:Post-nominals_with_customized_linking" title="Category:Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking">Pages using Template:Post-nominals with customized linking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it)">Articles with Italian-language sources (it)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 01:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Einaudi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sw5fn","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.254","walltime":"1.519","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21732,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":171103,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":36509,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":133156,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1392.671 1 -total"," 42.06% 585.809 1 Template:Infobox_President"," 28.80% 401.131 34 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 11.53% 160.573 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 9.77% 136.078 1 Template:IPA"," 9.44% 131.419 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.72% 107.524 1 Template:Birth_date"," 5.80% 80.828 7 Template:Cite_book"," 5.45% 75.916 2 Template:Succession_box"," 4.79% 66.773 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.708","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26071390,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-78gtk","timestamp":"20241122150205","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Luigi Einaudi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luigi_Einaudi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1242","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1242","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-03T16:29:03Z","dateModified":"2024-10-24T01:35:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/60\/Luigi_Einaudi_1948_portrait.jpg","headline":"(1874-1961) President of Italy from 1948 to 1955"}</script> </body> </html>