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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amritsar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amritsar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Amritsar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amritsar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Community expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Granth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Granth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adi Granth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Granth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guru Arjan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الغورو أرجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغورو أرجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcan_Dev" title="Arcan Dev – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arcan Dev" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="গুরু অর্জন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুরু অর্জন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev_Ji" title="Guru Arjan Dev Ji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guru Arjan Dev Ji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjan_Dev" title="Arjan Dev – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arjan Dev" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Γκουρού Αρντζάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουρού Αρντζάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C3%BA_Arjan_Dev_Ji" title="Gurú Arjan Dev Ji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gurú Arjan Dev Ji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86" title="گورو ارجن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورو ارجن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guru Arjan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D6%87" title="Գուրու Արջան Դև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուրու Արջան Դև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="गुरु अर्जुन देव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरु अर्जुन देव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Guru Arjan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guru Arjan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗುರು ಅರ್ಜನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರು ಅರ್ಜನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C5%BEanas" title="Ardžanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ardžanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗുരു അർജൻ ദേവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരു അർജൻ ദേവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="गुरू अर्जुनदेव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरू अर्जुनदेव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeroe_Arjan" title="Goeroe Arjan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goeroe Arjan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3" title="グル・アルジュン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グル・アルジュン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Ardjan_Dev" title="Guru Ardjan Dev – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guru Ardjan Dev" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88" title="گرو ارجن دیو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرو ارجن دیو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C5%BCan" title="Ardżan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ardżan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guru Arjan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2" title="Гуру Арджан Дэв – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуру Арджан Дэв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="गुरु अर्जुन दास – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरु अर्जुन दास" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjun_Dev" title="Guru Arjun Dev – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Guru Arjun Dev" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev" title="Guru Arjan Dev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guru Arjan Dev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குரு அர்ஜன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரு அர்ஜன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="గురు అర్జున్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురు అర్జున్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99" title="คุรุอรชุน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คุรุอรชุน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%85" title="Арджуна Сінґх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арджуна Сінґх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88" title="گرو ارجن دیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرو ارجن دیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fifth Sikh guru from 1581 to 1606</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arjun Dev" redirects here. For the Indian historian and educationist, see <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Dev_(historian)" title="Arjun Dev (historian)">Arjun Dev (historian)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC600; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Guru Arjan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname">ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Arjan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Guru Arjan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Guru_Arjan.jpg/250px-Guru_Arjan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Guru_Arjan.jpg/330px-Guru_Arjan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Guru_Arjan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Painting of Guru Arjan by the family atelier of Purkhu of Kangra, circa 1800</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">5th Guru of Sikhism</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">15 April 1563<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Goindwal" title="Goindwal">Goindwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore Subah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1606<span style="display:none">(1606-05-30)</span> (aged 43)<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">Execution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Dera Sahib">Gurdwara Dera Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walled_City_of_Lahore" title="Walled City of Lahore">Walled City of Lahore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mata Ram Dei<br /><a href="/wiki/Mata_Ganga" title="Mata Ganga">Mata Ganga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mata_Bhani" title="Mata Bhani">Mata Bhani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Building the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li>Founding <a href="/wiki/Taran_Taran_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Taran Taran Sahib">Taran Taran Sahib</a> city</li> <li>Compiling the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a> and installing them in <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li>Founding <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_Jalandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartarpur, Jalandhar">Kartarpur, Jalandhar</a> city</li> <li>Composing fifth hymn of <a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Sohila" title="Kirtan Sohila">Kirtan Sohila</a></li> <li>Writing <a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li>Writing the Prichhia, a prose work<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><i>Fifth Master</i><br /><i>Fifth Nanak</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_(nisan)_of_Guru_Arjan_by_scribing_the_Mul_Mantar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signature_%28nisan%29_of_Guru_Arjan_by_scribing_the_Mul_Mantar.jpg/150px-Signature_%28nisan%29_of_Guru_Arjan_by_scribing_the_Mul_Mantar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signature_%28nisan%29_of_Guru_Arjan_by_scribing_the_Mul_Mantar.jpg/225px-Signature_%28nisan%29_of_Guru_Arjan_by_scribing_the_Mul_Mantar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signature_%28nisan%29_of_Guru_Arjan_by_scribing_the_Mul_Mantar.jpg/300px-Signature_%28nisan%29_of_Guru_Arjan_by_scribing_the_Mul_Mantar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC600; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period in office</th><td class="infobox-data">1581–1606</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikh gurus</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Selected revered saints</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Philosophy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kirat Karō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vand Chakkō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Charhdi Kalā</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Practices</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Scripture</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Places</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Takhts</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikhism and other religions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Guru Arjan</b><sup id="cite_ref-mb12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dehsen_1999_14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dehsen_1999_14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ, pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[gʊɾuː<span class="wrap"> </span>əɾd͡ʒənᵊ]</a></span>; 15 April 1563 – 30 May 1606)<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the fifth of the ten total <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Gurus">Sikh Gurus</a>. He compiled the first official edition of the Sikh scripture called the Adi Granth, which later expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>. He is regarded as the first of the two Gurus <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Sikhism" title="Martyrdom in Sikhism">martyred</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> faith. </p><p>Guru Arjan was born in <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindval</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjab</a>, the youngest son of Bhai Jetha, who later became <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mata_Bhani" title="Mata Bhani">Mata Bhani</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Darbar Sahib</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, after the fourth Sikh Guru founded the town and built a <a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">sarovar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arshi1989p5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arshi1989p5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arjan compiled the hymns of previous Gurus and of other saints into Adi Granth, the first edition of the Sikh scripture, and installed it in the <a href="/wiki/Harimandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harimandir Sahib">Harimandir Sahib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guru Arjan reorganized the <a href="/wiki/Masand" title="Masand">masand</a> system initiated by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>, by suggesting that the Sikhs donate, if possible, one-tenth of their income, goods or service to the Sikh organization (<i><a href="/wiki/Dasvandh" title="Dasvandh">dasvandh</a></i>). The <i>Masand</i> not only collected these funds but also taught tenets of Sikhism and settled civil disputes in their region. The <i>dasvand</i> financed the building of <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langars</a> (shared communal kitchens).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guru Arjan was arrested under the orders of the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> accusing him of supporting a rebellion under <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was asked to convert himself to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-ps5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lkca_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lkca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused and, as a result, was tortured and executed in 1606 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-ps5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thackston_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thackston-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical records and the Sikh tradition are unclear as to whether Arjan was executed by drowning or died during torture.<sup id="cite_ref-ps5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh tradition states the Guru's execution was a part of the ongoing persecution of the Sikhs under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His martyrdom is considered a watershed event in the history of Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ps5_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whm_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is remembered as <i>Shaheedi Divas of Guru Arjan</i> in May or June according to the <a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a> released by the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-nesbitt122_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesbitt122-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guru Arjan was born in <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindval</a> to Bibi Bhani and Jetha Sodhi. Bibi Bhani was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a>, and her husband Jetha Sodhi later came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a>. Arjan's birthplace site is now memorialized as the Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two brothers: <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a> and Mahadev.<sup id="cite_ref-Perplexed_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perplexed-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Sikh chroniclers give his birth year as 1553 or 1563, the latter is accepted by scholarly consensus as the actual year of birth with 15 April as the accepted birth date.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guru Arjan spent the first 11 years of his life in <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindwal</a> and the next seven years with his father in Ramdaspur.<sup id="cite_ref-Perplexed_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perplexed-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per Sikh tradition, he had stayed for two years in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> during his youth after being sent by his father to attend the wedding of his first cousin Sahari Mal's son as well as to establish a Sikh congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed as the Sikh Guru in 1581 after the death of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guru Ram Das was a <i><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhi</a> sub-caste. With Arjan's succession, the Guruship remained in the Sodhi family of Guru Ram Das.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historians, Guru Arjan wedded twice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first wife was <i>Mata</i> Ram Dei, whom he married on 20 June 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second wife was <i>Mata</i> Ganga, their wedding taking place on 19 May 1589.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular Sikh tradition omits his first wife and claims he was only married to Ganga.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_and_time_as_Guru">Succession and time as Guru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Succession and time as Guru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Baba_Buddha_crowning_the_fifth_guru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fresco_of_Baba_Buddha_crowning_the_fifth_guru.jpg/250px-Fresco_of_Baba_Buddha_crowning_the_fifth_guru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fresco_of_Baba_Buddha_crowning_the_fifth_guru.jpg/330px-Fresco_of_Baba_Buddha_crowning_the_fifth_guru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fresco_of_Baba_Buddha_crowning_the_fifth_guru.jpg/500px-Fresco_of_Baba_Buddha_crowning_the_fifth_guru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> crowning Guru Arjan as the next guru by placing tilak on his forehead, known as the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gaddi" title="Guru Gaddi">Gurgadi ceremony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a> is depicted to the immediate bottom right of Arjan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Guru Ram Das chose Arjan, the youngest, to succeed him as the fifth Sikh Guru. Mahadev, the middle brother chose the life of an <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p50-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His choice of Guru Arjan as successor, as throughout most of the history of Sikh Guru successions, led to disputes and internal divisions among the Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grewal1998p54_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p54-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The succession dispute regarding Guru Arjan created a schism that yielded different narratives for the two factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p50-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the orthodox Sikh tradition, <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a> is remembered as vehemently opposing Guru Arjan, creating a factional sect of the Sikh community.<sup id="cite_ref-psbg_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psbg-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikhs following Arjan referred to the breakaway faction as <i><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Minas</a></i> (literally, "scoundrels"). Prithi Chand and his followers attempted to assassinate the young <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Hargobind</a> thrice.<sup id="cite_ref-fenech39_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenech39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeod2009p20_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeod2009p20-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prithi Chand also befriended Mughal agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p50-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent written competing texts written by the Minas, on the other hand, offered a different explanation for the attempt on Hargobind's life, and present him as devoted to his younger brother Arjan. The eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Prithi_Chand" title="Prithi Chand">Prithi Chand</a>, Miharvan, is mentioned in both traditions as having received tutelage from both Prithi Chand and Arjan as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-Syan2013p49_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p49-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The competing texts acknowledge the disagreements. They state Prithi Chand left <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, became the <i>Sahib Guru</i> after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan and one who disputed the succession of Hargobind as the next Guru.<sup id="cite_ref-pashaura171_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pashaura171-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The followers of Prithi Chand considered themselves the true followers of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> as they rejected the increasing emphasis on militarization of the <i>panth</i> under Hargobind to resist Mughal persecution in the wake of Arjan's martyrdom, in favor of non-violent interiorization.<sup id="cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p50-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Prithi Chand, a son of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a> named Baba Mohan had also challenged the authority of Arjan.<sup id="cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p21_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p21-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These challenging claims were asserted by the early Sikh sects in part by their manuscripts of Sikh hymns. Baba Mohan possessed the Goindval pothi containing the hymns of Nanak and other early Gurus, while Prithi Chand possessed the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Sahai" title="Guru Har Sahai">Guru Harsahai</a> pothi then believed to have been the oldest scripture from the time of Nanak.<sup id="cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p21_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p21-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, state scholars, may have triggered Guru Arjan to create a much enlarged, official version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p21_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p21-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the first <i>parkash</i> of the Adi Granth according to Gurbilas, Guru Arjan said, “Listen you all to my directive. And believe it as ever true. Accept the Granth as equal with the Guru. And think no distinctions between the two.”<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mainstream Sikh tradition recognised Guru Arjan as the fifth Guru, and Hargobind as the sixth Guru.<sup id="cite_ref-whm_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-psbg_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psbg-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arjan, at age 18, became the fifth Guru in 1581 inheriting the title from his father. After his execution by the Muslim officials of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, his son Hargobind became the sixth Guru in 1606 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-whm_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution">Execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Arjan_by_the_Punjabi_painter_Sri_Ram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Painting_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Arjan_by_the_Punjabi_painter_Sri_Ram.jpg/250px-Painting_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Arjan_by_the_Punjabi_painter_Sri_Ram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Painting_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Arjan_by_the_Punjabi_painter_Sri_Ram.jpg/330px-Painting_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Arjan_by_the_Punjabi_painter_Sri_Ram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Painting_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Arjan_by_the_Punjabi_painter_Sri_Ram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the torture and martyrdom of Arjan by the Punjabi painter Sri Ram (1876 – 1926)</figcaption></figure> <p>Arjan died in Mughal custody; this has been one of the defining, though controversial, issues in Sikh history.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeodp20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Mughal historians considered Guru Arjan's execution as a political event, stating that the Sikhs had become formidable as a social group, and Sikh Gurus became actively involved in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjabi</a> political conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-ps5_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeodp20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar theory floated in the early 20th-century, asserts that this was just a politically-motivated single execution.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this theory, there was an ongoing Mughal dynasty dispute between Jahangir and his son <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau</a> suspected of rebellion by Jahangir, wherein Arjan blessed Khusrau and thus the losing side. Jahangir was jealous and outraged, and therefore he ordered the Guru's execution.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But according to Jahangir's own autobiography, most probably he didn't understand the importance of Sikh gurus. He referred to Arjan as a Hindu, who had <i>"captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners...for the three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm."</i> The execution of Arjan marks a sharp contrast to Jahangir's tolerant attitude towards other religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib_and_Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib_and_Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/220px-Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib_and_Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib_and_Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/330px-Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib_and_Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib_and_Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/440px-Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib_and_Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Dera_Sahib" title="Gurdwara Dera Sahib">Gurdwara Dera Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, commemorates the spot where Guru Arjan Dev is traditionally believed to have died.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sikh tradition has a competing view. It states that the Guru's execution was a part of the ongoing persecution of the Sikhs by Islamic authorities in the Mughal Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Mughal rulers of Punjab were alarmed at the growth of the Panth.<sup id="cite_ref-lkca_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lkca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeodp20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>'s autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Tuzk-e-Jahangiri</a></i> (<i>Jahangirnama</i>) which discussed Arjan's support for his rebellious son <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau</a>, too many people were becoming persuaded by Arjan's teachings and if Arjan did not become a <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, the Sikh Panth had to be extinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeodp20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wmt1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmt1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1606 CE, the Guru was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, where by some accounts he was tortured and executed,<sup id="cite_ref-lkca_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lkca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by other accounts, the method of his death remains unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeodp20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional Sikh account states that the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> demanded a fine of 200,000 rupees and demanded that Arjan erase some of the hymns in the text that he found offensive. The Guru refused to remove the lines and pay the fine which, the Sikh accounts state, led to his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim traditional accounts such as of Latif in 19th-century states that Arjan was dictatorial, someone who lived in splendour with "costly attire", who had left aside the rosary and the clothes of a saint (<i><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakir</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaikh <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a> cheered the punishment and execution of Arjun, calling the Sikh Guru an <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Mian_Mir" title="Mian Mir">Mian Mir</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> friend of Arjan, lobbied when Jehangir ordered the execution and the confiscation of Arjan's property, then got the confiscation order deferred, according to Rishi Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars state that the evidence is unclear whether his death was due to execution, torture or <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">forced drowning</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravi river">Ravi river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeod_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeod-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhalla_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhalla-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">J.S. Grewal</a> notes that Sikh sources from the seventeenth and eighteenth-century contain contradictory reports of Arjan's death.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">J. F. Richard</a> states that Jahangir was persistently hostile to popularly venerated saints, not just Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a> was a contemporary of Arjan and is a noted 17th-century Sikh chronicler.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eyewitness account recorded Arjan's life, and the order by Emperor Jahangir to torture the Guru to death.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contemporary Jesuit account, written by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Xavier" title="Jerome Xavier">Jerome Xavier</a> (1549–1617), who was in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> at the time, records that the Sikhs tried to get Jahangir to commute the torture and death sentence to a heavy fine, but this attempt failed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabistan-i Mazahib Mobad states Jahangir tortured Arjan in the hopes of extracting the money and public repudiation of his spiritual convictions, but the Guru refused and was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Xavier" title="Jerome Xavier">Jerome Xavier</a>, in appreciation of the courage of Guru Arjun, wrote back to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, that Arjan suffered and was tormented.<sup id="cite_ref-mb12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_depiction_of_Guru_Arjan_Dev%27s_martyrdom,_from_the_front-page_of_the_Thursday,_13_April_1933_Vaisakhi_edition_of_%27The_Khalsa%27,_published_from_Lahore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Detail_of_a_depiction_of_Guru_Arjan_Dev%27s_martyrdom%2C_from_the_front-page_of_the_Thursday%2C_13_April_1933_Vaisakhi_edition_of_%27The_Khalsa%27%2C_published_from_Lahore.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Detail_of_a_depiction_of_Guru_Arjan_Dev%27s_martyrdom%2C_from_the_front-page_of_the_Thursday%2C_13_April_1933_Vaisakhi_edition_of_%27The_Khalsa%27%2C_published_from_Lahore.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Detail_of_a_depiction_of_Guru_Arjan_Dev%27s_martyrdom%2C_from_the_front-page_of_the_Thursday%2C_13_April_1933_Vaisakhi_edition_of_%27The_Khalsa%27%2C_published_from_Lahore.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a depiction of Guru Arjan Dev's martyrdom, from the front-page of the Thursday, 13 April 1933 Vaisakhi edition of 'The Khalsa', published from Lahore.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Sikh tradition, before his execution, Arjan instructed his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Hargobind" class="mw-redirect" title="Hargobind">Hargobind</a> to take up arms, and resist tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-mcleod2021_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcleod2021-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His execution led the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Panth" title="Panth">Panth</a> to become armed and pursue resistance to persecution under the Mughal rule.<sup id="cite_ref-lkca_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lkca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Barnes states that the resolve and death of Arjun strengthened the conviction among Sikhs that, "personal piety must have a core of moral strength. A virtuous soul must be a courageous soul. Willingness to suffer trial for one's convictions was a religious imperative".<sup id="cite_ref-mb12_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several stories and versions about how, where and why Arjan died.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ps6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent scholarship<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have offered alternative analyses, wary of "exaggerating fragmentary traces of documentary evidence in historical analysis". The alternate versions include stories about the role of Arjan in a conflict between the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and his son who Jahangir suspected of trying to organize a patricidal coup. An alternate version highlights the role of a Hindu minister of Jahangir named <a href="/wiki/Chandu_Shah" title="Chandu Shah">Chandu Shah</a>. He, in one version, takes revenge on Arjan for not marrying his son Hargobind to Chandu Shah's daughter. In another Lahore version, Chandu Shah actually prevents Arjan from suffering torture and death by Muslims by paying 200,000 rupees (100,000 crusados) to Jahangir, but then keeps him and emotionally torments him to death in his house.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several alternative versions of the story try to absolve Jahangir and the Mughal empire of any responsibility,<sup id="cite_ref-ps6_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have no trace or support in the documentary evidence from early 17th century, such as the records of Jesuit priest Jerome Xavier and the memoirs of Jahangir.<sup id="cite_ref-ps5_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thackston_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thackston-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amritsar">Amritsar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amritsar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Arjan_hunting_while_mounted_on_horseback_with_a_hawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Guru_Arjan_hunting_while_mounted_on_horseback_with_a_hawk.jpg/250px-Guru_Arjan_hunting_while_mounted_on_horseback_with_a_hawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Guru_Arjan_hunting_while_mounted_on_horseback_with_a_hawk.jpg/330px-Guru_Arjan_hunting_while_mounted_on_horseback_with_a_hawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Guru_Arjan_hunting_while_mounted_on_horseback_with_a_hawk.jpg/500px-Guru_Arjan_hunting_while_mounted_on_horseback_with_a_hawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="3495" /></a><figcaption>Guru Arjan hunting while mounted on horseback with a hawk. Painting from Faizabad, circa 1760.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arjan's father Guru Ram Das founded the town named after him "Ramdaspur", around a large man-made water pool called "Ramdas Sarovar". Arjan continued the infrastructure-building effort of his father. The town expanded during the time of Arjan, financed by donations and constructed by <a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">voluntary work</a>. The pool area grew into a temple complex with the <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> near the pool. Arjan installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple in 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city that emerged is now known as <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, and is the holiest pilgrimage site in Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLeod1990p28_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLeod1990p28-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuing the efforts of Ram Das, Arjan established Amritsar as a primary Sikh pilgrimage destination. He wrote a voluminous amount of Sikh scripture including the popular <a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a>. Arjan is credited with completing many other infrastructure projects, such as water reservoirs called <i>Santokhsar</i> (Pond of <a href="/wiki/Santokh" title="Santokh">Contentment</a>) and <i>Gongsar</i> (Pond of Bells),<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founding the towns of Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur.<sup id="cite_ref-mandair42_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandair42-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community_expansion">Community expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Community expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While having completing the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">dasvand</a></i> donations during the first decade of his guruship between 1581 and 1589, creating a rallying point for the community and a center for Sikh activity, and a place for the installment of the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a>, Arjan had also gone on a tour of <a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a> in Punjab, where he would found the towns. Due to their central location in the Punjab heartland, the ranks of Sikhs would swell, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jat</a> peasantry, and create a level of prosperity for them; Arjan would serve not only as a spiritual mentor but as a true emperor (<i>sacchā <a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">pādshāh</a></i>) for his followers in his own right.<sup id="cite_ref-mandair42_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandair42-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adi_Granth">Adi Granth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adi Granth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Sikh tradition, Arjan compiled the Adi Granth by collecting hymns of past Gurus from many places, then rejecting those that he considered as fakes or to be diverging from the teachings of the Gurus.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His approved collection included hymns from the first four Gurus of Sikhism, those he composed, as well as 17 Hindu bards and 2 Muslim bards (<a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat">Bhagats</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compilation was completed on 30 August 1604, according to the Sikh tradition and installed in the Harmandir Sahib temple on 1 September 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arjan was a prolific poet who composed 2,218 hymns. More than half of the volume of <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i> and the largest collection of hymns has been composed by Arjan. According to Christopher Shackle and Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, Arjan's compositions combined spiritual message in an "encyclopedic linguistic sophistication" with "Braj Bhasha forms and learned Sanskrit vocabulary".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Arjan completed and installed the Adi Granth in the Harimandir Sahib, Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> was informed of the development with the allegation that it contained teachings hostile to Islam. He ordered a copy be brought to him. Arjan sent him a copy on a <i>thali</i> (plate), with the following message that was later added to the expanded text: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>In this <i>thali</i> (dish) you will find three things – truth, peace and contemplation:<br /> in this too the nectar <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ma" title="Nāma">Name</a> which is the support of all humanity. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>AG 1429</i>, Translated by William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl Allami</a> mentions that Arjan met the Mughal emperor Akbar and his cortege in 1598. According to Louis Fenech, this meeting likely influenced the development of Sikh <a href="/wiki/Manuscriptology" title="Manuscriptology">manuscriptology</a> and the later martial tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the Sikh community disputes following Guru Ram Das was the emergence of new hymns claiming to have been composed by Nanak. According to the faction led by Arjan, these hymns were distorted and fake, with some blaming Prithi Chand and his Sikh faction for having composed and circulated them.<sup id="cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p50-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concern and the possibility of wrong propaganda, immoral teachings and inauthentic <i>Gurbani</i> led Arjan to initiate a major effort to collect, study, approve and compile a written official scripture, and this he called <i>Adi Granth</i>, the first edition of the Sikh scripture by 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-fenech39_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenech39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pashaura171_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pashaura171-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition of both Prithi Chand and his followers have been preserved in the Mina texts of Sikhism, while the mainstream and larger Sikh tradition adopted the <i>Guru Granth Sahib</i> scripture that ultimately emerged from the initiative of Arjan.<sup id="cite_ref-pashaura171_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pashaura171-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Syan2013p52-54_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan2013p52-54-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars spell Guru Arjan's name as 'Guru Arjun'.<sup id="cite_ref-mb12_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dehsen_1999_14_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dehsen_1999_14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Arjun_Dev_being_pronounced_fifth_guru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gurgadi ceremony of Guru Arjan being pronounced as fifth Guru."><img alt="Gurgadi ceremony of Guru Arjan being pronounced as fifth Guru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Guru_Arjun_Dev_being_pronounced_fifth_guru.jpg/120px-Guru_Arjun_Dev_being_pronounced_fifth_guru.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Guru_Arjun_Dev_being_pronounced_fifth_guru.jpg/250px-Guru_Arjun_Dev_being_pronounced_fifth_guru.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gaddi" title="Guru Gaddi">Gurgadi ceremony</a> of Guru Arjan being pronounced as fifth Guru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Arjan_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Arjan miniature painting, ca.1800."><img alt="Guru Arjan miniature painting, ca.1800." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Guru_Arjan_painting.jpg/120px-Guru_Arjan_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Guru_Arjan_painting.jpg/250px-Guru_Arjan_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Arjan miniature painting, ca.1800.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Arjan_miniature_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Arjan with Sri Chand, miniature painting."><img alt="Guru Arjan with Sri Chand, miniature painting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Guru_Arjan_miniature_painting.jpg/120px-Guru_Arjan_miniature_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Guru_Arjan_miniature_painting.jpg/250px-Guru_Arjan_miniature_painting.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="2966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Arjan with <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chand" title="Sri Chand">Sri Chand</a>, miniature painting.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Arjun_Dev_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Arjun Dev painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler."><img alt="Guru Arjun Dev painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Guru_Arjun_Dev_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg/82px-Guru_Arjun_Dev_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Guru_Arjun_Dev_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg/123px-Guru_Arjun_Dev_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Guru_Arjun_Dev_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg/164px-Guru_Arjun_Dev_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Arjun Dev painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_Guru_Arjan_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of Guru Arjan Dev from Goindwal Baoli Sahib."><img alt="Fresco of Guru Arjan Dev from Goindwal Baoli Sahib." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fresco_of_Guru_Arjan_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg/120px-Fresco_of_Guru_Arjan_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fresco_of_Guru_Arjan_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg/180px-Fresco_of_Guru_Arjan_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fresco_of_Guru_Arjan_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg/240px-Fresco_of_Guru_Arjan_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of Guru Arjan Dev from Goindwal Baoli Sahib.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_60.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Arjan compiling the Adi Granth with Bhai Gurdas."><img alt="Guru Arjan compiling the Adi Granth with Bhai Gurdas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_60.jpg/120px-Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_60.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_60.jpg/180px-Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_60.jpg/240px-Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Arjan compiling the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Adi Granth</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lal_Khoohi_-_Place_Where_Guru_Arjan_dev_ji_was_tortured.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph from Gurdwara Lal Khoohi of the place where Guru Arjan is believed to have been incarcerated"><img alt="Photograph from Gurdwara Lal Khoohi of the place where Guru Arjan is believed to have been incarcerated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lal_Khoohi_-_Place_Where_Guru_Arjan_dev_ji_was_tortured.jpg/54px-Lal_Khoohi_-_Place_Where_Guru_Arjan_dev_ji_was_tortured.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lal_Khoohi_-_Place_Where_Guru_Arjan_dev_ji_was_tortured.jpg/81px-Lal_Khoohi_-_Place_Where_Guru_Arjan_dev_ji_was_tortured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lal_Khoohi_-_Place_Where_Guru_Arjan_dev_ji_was_tortured.jpg/108px-Lal_Khoohi_-_Place_Where_Guru_Arjan_dev_ji_was_tortured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph from <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Lal_Khoohi" title="Gurdwara Lal Khoohi">Gurdwara Lal Khoohi</a> of the place where Guru Arjan is believed to have been incarcerated</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span 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href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">Sarinda (instrument)</a><sup id="cite_ref-ResearchGate_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchGate-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wmt1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wmt1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The following is from Jahangir's memoirs:<br />There was a Hindu named Arjan in Gobindwal on the banks of the Beas River. Pretending to be a spiritual guide, he had won over as devotees many simple-minded Indians and even some ignorant, stupid Muslims by broadcasting his claims to be a saint. They called him a guru. Many fools from all around had recourse to him and believed in him implicitly. For three or four generations they had been peddling this same stuff. For a long time, I had been thinking that either this false trade should be eliminated or that he should be brought into the embrace of Islam. At length, when Khusraw passed by there, this inconsequential little fellow wished to pay homage to Khusraw. When Khusraw stopped at his residence, [Arjan] came out and had an interview with [Khusraw]. Giving him some elementary spiritual precepts picked up here and there, he made a mark with saffron on his forehead, which is called <i>qashqa</i> in the idiom of the Hindus and which they consider lucky. When this was reported to me, I realized how perfectly false he was and ordered him brought to me. I awarded his houses and dwellings and those of his children to <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Farid_Bukhari" title="Shaikh Farid Bukhari">Murtaza Khan</a>, and I ordered his possessions and goods confiscated and him executed. – Emperor Jahangir's Memoirs, Jahangirnama 27b-28a, (Translator: Wheeler M. Thackston)<sup id="cite_ref-thackston_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thackston-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is from records of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, composed after the punishment and execution of Guru Arjun:<br />These days the accursed infidel of Gobindwal was very fortunately killed. It is a cause of great defeat for the reprobate Hindus. With whatever intention and purpose they are killed – the humiliation of infidels is for Muslims, life itself. Before this Kafir (<a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a>) was killed, I had seen in a dream that the Emperor of the day had destroyed the crown of the head of Shirk or infidelity. It is true that this infidel [Guru Arjun] was the chief of the infidels and a leader of the Kafirs. The object of levying <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> (tax on non-Muslims) on them is to humiliate and insult the Kafirs, and <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against them and hostility towards them are the necessities of the Mohammedan faith. – <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi</a>, Letter to <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Farid_Bukhari" title="Shaikh Farid Bukhari">Murtaza Khan</a>, On the execution of Guru Arjan<sup id="cite_ref-ps5_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smii_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smii-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jasmer (2005). <i>Sri Guru Granth Sahib - A Descriptive Bibliography of Punjabi Manuscripts</i>. Patiala: Punjabi University of Patiala. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib+-+A+Descriptive+Bibliography+of+Punjabi+Manuscripts&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Punjabi+University+of+Patiala&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jasmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34850/Arjan">"Arjan, Sikh Guru"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arjan%2C+Sikh+Guru&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F34850%2FArjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mb12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mb12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mb12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mb12_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mb12_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2012" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Michael (2012). <i>Interreligious learning: dialogue, spirituality, and the Christian imagination</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">245–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01284-4"><bdi>978-1-107-01284-4</bdi></a>. <q>In that way, their good Pope died, overwhelmed by the sufferings, torments and dishonours. – Jerome Xavier, Letter to Gasper Fernandes in Lisbon, On the execution of Guru Arjan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interreligious+learning%3A+dialogue%2C+spirituality%2C+and+the+Christian+imagination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01284-4&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dehsen_1999_14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dehsen_1999_14_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dehsen_1999_14_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDehsen1999" class="citation book cs1">Dehsen, Christian (1999). <i>Philosophers and religious leaders</i>. Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-182-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophers+and+religious+leaders&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-182-4&rft.aulast=Dehsen&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcleod1997" class="citation book cs1">Mcleod, Hew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/28"><i>Sikhism</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025260-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025260-6"><bdi>0-14-025260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-14-025260-6&rft.aulast=Mcleod&rft.aufirst=Hew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhism00mcle%2Fpage%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC"><i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShackleMandair2013xv-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShackleMandair2013xv_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC"><i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">xv–</span>xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0"><bdi>978-1-136-45101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exvi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45101-0&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvoJV8mw0LwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arshi1989p5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arshi1989p5_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPardeep_Singh_Arshi1989" class="citation book cs1">Pardeep Singh Arshi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcmfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Golden Temple: history, art, and architecture</i></a>. Harman. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85151-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85151-25-0"><bdi>978-81-85151-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Temple%3A+history%2C+art%2C+and+architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Harman&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-85151-25-0&rft.au=Pardeep+Singh+Arshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcmfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DS Dhillon (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA205">Sikhism Origin and Development</a> Atlantic Publishers, pp. 213-215, 204-207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 32-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, R</a> (14 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifs9AQAAQBAJ"><i>Punjab:A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i></a>. Aleph Book Company. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789383064410" title="Special:BookSources/9789383064410"><bdi>9789383064410</bdi></a>. <q><b>Quote:</b> Jahangir, Akbar's son and successor, had ordered the execution. We know from Jahangir's own handwriting that he was jealous of Guru Arjan Dev's popularity and that a gesture from the Guru towards Khusrau, a son rebelling against Jahangir, had outraged him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3AA+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013-09-14&rft.isbn=9789383064410&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfs9AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47024480"><i>Sikh history from Persian sources : translations of major texts</i></a>. J. S. Grewal, Irfan Habib, Indian History Congress. Session. New Delhi: Tulika. 2001. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85229-17-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-85229-17-1"><bdi>81-85229-17-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47024480">47024480</a>. <q>The author of the Dabistan refers to the blessings of Guru Arjan for the rebel Prince Khusrau. A heavy fine was imposed on Guru Arjan, which he was unable to pay. He was bound and kept on the hot sands of Lahore. He died due to the heat of the summer and the tortures inflicted by the officials responsible for collecting the fine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+history+from+Persian+sources+%3A+translations+of+major+texts&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Tulika&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47024480&rft.isbn=81-85229-17-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F47024480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ps5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps5_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pages 29-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lkca-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lkca_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lkca_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lkca_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lkca_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulathungam2012" class="citation book cs1">Kulathungam, Lyman (2012). <i>Quest : Christ amidst the quest</i>. Wipf. pp. <span class="nowrap">175–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-515-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-515-5"><bdi>978-1-61097-515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+%3A+Christ+amidst+the+quest&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Wipf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-515-5&rft.aulast=Kulathungam&rft.aufirst=Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thackston-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thackston_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thackston_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thackston_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahangir,_Emperor_of_Hindustan1999" class="citation book cs1">Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999). <i>The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Thackston" title="Wheeler Thackston">Thackston, Wheeler M.</a> Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512718-8"><bdi>978-0-19-512718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jahangirnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Jahangir%2C+Emperor+of+India&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512718-8&rft.au=Jahangir%2C+Emperor+of+Hindustan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 29, <b>Quote:</b> "In contrast to this viewpoint, however, most of the Sikh scholars have vehemently presented this event as the first of the long series of religious persecutions that Sikhs suffered at the hands of Mughal authorities."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press, pp. 118-121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whm-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whm_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whm_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whm_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWH_McLeod1989" class="citation book cs1">WH McLeod (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhshistoryreli00mcle"><i>The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhshistoryreli00mcle/page/26">26–51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231068154" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231068154"><bdi>978-0231068154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=26-51&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0231068154&rft.au=WH+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhshistoryreli00mcle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nesbitt122-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nesbitt122_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ"><i>Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, <span class="nowrap">122–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=6%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.au=Eleanor+Nesbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">Guru Arjan Birthplace</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perplexed-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perplexed_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perplexed_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArvind-pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 39, 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441153661" title="Special:BookSources/9781441153661"><bdi>9781441153661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=39%2C+40&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781441153661&rft.au=Arvind-pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcleod1997" class="citation book cs1">Mcleod, Hew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/26"><i>Sikhism</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025260-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025260-6"><bdi>0-14-025260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-14-025260-6&rft.aulast=Mcleod&rft.aufirst=Hew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhism00mcle%2Fpage%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2006" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2006). <i>Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 50, 64, 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+Guru+Arjan%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Biography+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=50%2C+64%2C+98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+Guru+Arjan%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Biography+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8wy2FZRgPAC&q=jetha+sodhi&pg=PT70"><i>Sikhism</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. 2 March 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824860349" title="Special:BookSources/9780824860349"><bdi>9780824860349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft.isbn=9780824860349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8wy2FZRgPAC%26q%3Djetha%2Bsodhi%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.S._Grewal1990" class="citation book cs1">J.S. Grewal (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA46"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521637640" title="Special:BookSources/9780521637640"><bdi>9780521637640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab%2C+Volumes+2-3&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780521637640&rft.au=J.S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJain2003" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Harish (2003). <i>The Making of Punjab</i>. Unistar Books. p. 275. <q>Historians say that he was married to Mata Ram Dei on 20th June 1579 and to Mata Ganga on 19th May 1589. But the prevalent belief is that he had only one wife (Mata) Ganga who bore him only one son, Har Gobind, who was to become the sixth guru of the Sikhs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Punjab&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Unistar+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Harish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syan2013p50-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p50_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardip_Singh_Syan2013" class="citation book cs1">Hardip Singh Syan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA50"><i>Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0"><bdi>978-1-78076-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Militancy+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Religious+Violence+in+Mughal+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-250-0&rft.au=Hardip+Singh+Syan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RzzxcEL4C0C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal1998p54-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p54_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/54">54</a>–55, <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=54-55%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psbg-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psbg_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-psbg_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrītama_Siṅgha1992" class="citation book cs1">Prītama Siṅgha (1992). <i>Bhai Gurdas</i>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172012182" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172012182"><bdi>978-8172012182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhai+Gurdas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8172012182&rft.au=Pr%C4%ABtama+Si%E1%B9%85gha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenech39-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenech39_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech39_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2009p20-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2009p20_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1">W. H. McLeod (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA86"><i>The A to Z of Sikhism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syan2013p49-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p49_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardip_Singh_Syan2013" class="citation book cs1">Hardip Singh Syan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C"><i>Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0"><bdi>978-1-78076-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Militancy+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Religious+Violence+in+Mughal+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-250-0&rft.au=Hardip+Singh+Syan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RzzxcEL4C0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashaura171-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura171_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura171_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pashaura171_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MandairShackle2013p21-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p21_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p21_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p21_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_S._MandairChristopher_ShackleGurharpal_Singh2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal S. Mandair; Christopher Shackle; Gurharpal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ"><i>Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84634-2"><bdi>978-1-136-84634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Religion%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84634-2&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+S.+Mandair&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Gurharpal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D79ZcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&dq=gurbilas+guru+arjan&pg=PA946"><i>History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 946. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0858-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1606-1708+C.E&rft.pages=946&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0858-5&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZFBp89UInUC%26dq%3Dgurbilas%2Bguru%2Barjan%26pg%3DPA946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DS Dhillon (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA99">Sikhism Origin and Development</a> Atlantic Publishers, pp. 99-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 29, <b>Quote:</b> "The most controversial issue in Sikh history is related to Guru Arjan’s execution in Mughal custody. A number of interpretations of this event have emerged in scholarly and quasi-scholarly writings."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeodp20-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLeodp20_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW.H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.H._McLeod" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. McLeod">W.H. McLeod</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC"><i>The A to Z of Sikhism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 20 (Arjan's Death). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810863446" title="Special:BookSources/9780810863446"><bdi>9780810863446</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Mughal rulers of the Punjab were evidently concerned with the growth of the Panth, and in 1605 the Emperor Jahangir made an entry in his memoirs, the <i>Tuzuk-i-Jahāṅgīrī</i>, concerning Guru Arjan's support for his rebellious son <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</a>. Too many people, he wrote, were being persuaded by his teachings, and if the Guru would not become a Muslim, the Panth had to be extinguished. Jahangir believed that Guru Arjan was a Hindu who pretended to be a saint, and that he had been thinking of forcing Guru Arjan to convert to Islam or that his false trade should be eliminated, for a long time. Mughal authorities seem plainly to have been responsible for Arjan's death in custody in Lahore, and this may be accepted as an established fact. Whether the death was by execution, the result of torture, or drowning in the Ravi River remains unresolved. For Sikhs, Arjan is the first martyr Guru.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=20+%28Arjan%27s+Death%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810863446&rft.au=W.H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 29, <b>Quote:</b> Similarly, in the early decades of twentieth-century Beni Prasad treated this whole affair as “a single execution due primarily to political reasons.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnappily" class="citation web cs1">Knappily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knappily.com/onthisday/jahangir-mughal-life-legacy-739">"August 31, 1569: Jahangir is born | Knappily"</a>. <i>Knappily - The Knowledge App</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knappily+-+The+Knowledge+App&rft.atitle=August+31%2C+1569%3A+Jahangir+is+born+%7C+Knappily&rft.au=Knappily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknappily.com%2Fonthisday%2Fjahangir-mughal-life-legacy-739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahangir2016" class="citation book cs1">Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (6 December 2016). Beveridge, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53674"><i>The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir (Volume 1 of 2)</i></a>. Translated by Rogers, Alexander.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri%3A+or%2C+Memoirs+of+Jahangir+%28Volume+1+of+2%29&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Emperor+of+Hindustan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F53674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/63">63</a>–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2006" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, <span class="nowrap">217–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567921-2"><bdi>978-0-19-567921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Work+of+Guru+Arjan%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+and+Biography+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=23%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567921-2&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbPXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayar2004" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya"><i>The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity & Multiculturalism</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhdiasporainva00naya/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802086310" title="Special:BookSources/9780802086310"><bdi>9780802086310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Diaspora+in+Vancouver%3A+Three+Generations+Amid+Tradition%2C+Modernity+%26+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780802086310&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhdiasporainva00naya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Rishi (23 April 2015). <i>State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab</i>. SAGE Publications India. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351505044" title="Special:BookSources/9789351505044"><bdi>9789351505044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+and+the+Establishment+of+Non-Muslim+Hegemony%3A+Post-Mughal+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.isbn=9789351505044&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rishi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Latif, writing his work in 19th century, states that Guru Arjan assumed dictatorship, and adds that he was the first one to lay aside the rosary and the garb of a fakir, and dressed himself in costly attire and converted the saintly gaddi (the seat) of his pious predecessors into a princely rostrum. He adds that Guru Arjan kept fine horses and elephants, and lived in splendour."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smii-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smii_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirhindi, Maktubat-i Imam-i Rabbani, I-iii, letter No. 193, pp. 95-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman Yohanan (1966), Shaikh Ahmad Sirhandi: An Outline of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity, Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, pp. 110-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Rishi (23 April 2015). <i>State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab</i>. SAGE Publications India. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351505044" title="Special:BookSources/9789351505044"><bdi>9789351505044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+and+the+Establishment+of+Non-Muslim+Hegemony%3A+Post-Mughal+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.isbn=9789351505044&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rishi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW.H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.H._McLeod" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. McLeod">W.H. McLeod</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC"><i>The A to Z of Sikhism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810863446" title="Special:BookSources/9780810863446"><bdi>9780810863446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810863446&rft.au=W.H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhalla-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhalla_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA.S._Bhalla2008" class="citation book cs1">A.S. Bhalla (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KfLydMHLhYC"><i>In Search of Roots: Guru Amar Das and Bhallas</i></a>. Rupa & Co. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129113337" title="Special:BookSources/9788129113337"><bdi>9788129113337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Roots%3A+Guru+Amar+Das+and+Bhallas&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788129113337&rft.au=A.S.+Bhalla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KfLydMHLhYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>. 2, 3. Gen eds. Chris Bayly, Gordon Johnson, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">John F. Richards</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 63-64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire, in The New Cambridge History of India. 1, 5. Gen eds. Chris Bayly, Gordon Johnson, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">John F. Richards</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vir Singh, ed. Varam Bahi Gurdas Satki, 9th edition. New Delhi: Bhai Vir Singh Sahitya Sadan, 1997), p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrītama_Siṅgha1992" class="citation book cs1">Prītama Siṅgha (1992). <i>Bhai Gurdas</i>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172012182" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172012182"><bdi>978-8172012182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhai+Gurdas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8172012182&rft.au=Pr%C4%ABtama+Si%E1%B9%85gha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Father Jerome to Father Gasper Fernandes, (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> Add MS 9854, ff. 38-52), 1617, in Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1809). Eds. Amandeep Singh Madra and Parmjit Singh. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mobad', Dabistan-i Mazahib, 1645-46, in Sikh history from Persian sources. Eds. J.S. Grewal and Irfan Habib. Indian History Congress: Tulika, 2001. p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcleod2021-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcleod2021_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW.H._McLeod2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.H._McLeod" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. McLeod">W.H. McLeod</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC"><i>The A to Z of Sikhism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810863446" title="Special:BookSources/9780810863446"><bdi>9780810863446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810863446&rft.au=W.H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgixwfeCyDAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh,_Louis_Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh, Louis Fenech (2014). <i>The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">236–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199699308" title="Special:BookSources/9780199699308"><bdi>9780199699308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+Sikh+studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199699308&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh%2C+Louis+Fenech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sajida S. Alvi (1987), “Religion and State during the Reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1605-27): Nonjuristical Perspectives,” in Studia Islamica, pp. 113-114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ps6-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ps6_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps6_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_Singh2006" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh (2006). <i>Life and work of Guru Arjan: history, memory, and biography in the Sikh tradition</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>219, 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567921-2"><bdi>978-0-19-567921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+work+of+Guru+Arjan%3A+history%2C+memory%2C+and+biography+in+the+Sikh+tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E219%2C+233&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567921-2&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1999" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (1999). <i>Revenge and reconciliation</i>. New Delhi New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029045-5"><bdi>978-0-14-029045-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+reconciliation&rft.place=New+Delhi+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029045-5&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214905/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_12_1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Philosophical Society, 12(1), pp. 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Fenech (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606726">Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources</a>, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(1), pp. 20-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirpal Singh (2000), Perspectives on Sikh Gurus, National Book Shop, pp. 125-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashaura Singh (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v18_1-2/articles/11_InResponse.pdf">Reconsidering the Sacrifice of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022617/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v18_1-2/articles/11_InResponse.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Punjab Studies, University of California Press, 18(1&2), pp. 295-316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis E. Fenech (2010), Martyrdom: W.H. McLeod and his Students, Journal of Punjab Studies, University of California Press, 17(1&2), pp. 75-94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod1990p28-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod1990p28_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW.H._McLeod1990" class="citation book cs1">W.H. McLeod (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA28"><i>Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4"><bdi>978-0-226-56085-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56085-4&rft.au=W.H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xIT7OMSJ44C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/english-punjabi/gong/gong-meaning-in-punjabi">"Gong meaning in Punjabi | gong translation in Punjabi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gong+meaning+in+Punjabi+%26%23124%3B+gong+translation+in+Punjabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabdkosh.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-punjabi%2Fgong%2Fgong-meaning-in-punjabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandair42-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandair42_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandair42_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohinder_Singh_Joshi1994" class="citation book cs1">Mohinder Singh Joshi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PCQaSH_29i4C&pg=PA6"><i>Guru Arjan Dev</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-769-9"><bdi>978-81-7201-769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Arjan+Dev&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-769-9&rft.au=Mohinder+Singh+Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPCQaSH_29i4C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArvind-Pal_Singh_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5366-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-5366-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5366-1&rft.au=Arvind-Pal+Singh+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn_jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohinder1994" class="citation book cs1">Mohinder, Joshi (1994). <i>Guru Arjan Dev</i>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172017699" title="Special:BookSources/9788172017699"><bdi>9788172017699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Arjan+Dev&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788172017699&rft.aulast=Mohinder&rft.aufirst=Joshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohinder1994" class="citation book cs1">Mohinder, Joshi (1994). <i>Guru Arjan Dev</i>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172017699" title="Special:BookSources/9788172017699"><bdi>9788172017699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Arjan+Dev&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788172017699&rft.aulast=Mohinder&rft.aufirst=Joshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (2011). <i>Sikhism: An Introduction</i>. New York. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nikky-Guninder+Kaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLargen2017" class="citation book cs1">Largen, Kristin (2017). <i>Finding God Among our Neighbors, Volume 2: An Interfaith Systematic Theology</i>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506423302" title="Special:BookSources/9781506423302"><bdi>9781506423302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+God+Among+our+Neighbors%2C+Volume+2%3A+An+Interfaith+Systematic+Theology&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781506423302&rft.aulast=Largen&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ShackleArvind_Mandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC"><i>Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">xviii–</span>xix, xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45101-0"><bdi>978-1-136-45101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Sikh+Gurus%3A+Selections+from+the+Sikh+Scriptures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exviii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exix%2C+xxii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-45101-0&rft.au=Christopher+Shackle&rft.au=Arvind+Mandair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVvoJV8mw0LwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC"><i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis Fenech (2014). Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Louis+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW.H._McLeod1990" class="citation book cs1">W.H. McLeod (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C&pg=PA29"><i>Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56085-4"><bdi>978-0-226-56085-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textual+Sources+for+the+Study+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-56085-4&rft.au=W.H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xIT7OMSJ44C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syan2013p52-54-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syan2013p52-54_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardip_Singh_Syan2013" class="citation book cs1">Hardip Singh Syan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA52"><i>Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-250-0"><bdi>978-1-78076-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Militancy+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Religious+Violence+in+Mughal+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-250-0&rft.au=Hardip+Singh+Syan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RzzxcEL4C0C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ResearchGate-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ResearchGate_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344726865">"MUSIC AND SIKH SPIRITUALITY"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MUSIC+AND+SIKH+SPIRITUALITY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F344726865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Sikhs-Vol-Gurus-1469-1708/dp/8121502764/ref=pd_rhf_d_dp_s_ci_mcx_mr_hp_d_sccl_1_3/145-9098560-6919419?pd_rd_w=EhQDc&content-id=amzn1.sym.0a853d15-c5a9-4695-90cd-fdc0b630b803&pf_rd_p=0a853d15-c5a9-4695-90cd-fdc0b630b803&pf_rd_r=43STA5ET49JHAD1KW93F&pd_rd_wg=QgeDc&pd_rd_r=a73a726d-d340-472d-a1b7-10ee05e97b57&pd_rd_i=8121502764&psc=1">https://www.amazon.com/History-Sikhs-Vol-Gurus-1469-1708/dp/8121502764/ref=pd_rhf_d_dp_s_ci_mcx_mr_hp_d_sccl_1_3/145-9098560-6919419?pd_rd_w=EhQDc&content-id=amzn1.sym.0a853d15-c5a9-4695-90cd-fdc0b630b803&pf_rd_p=0a853d15-c5a9-4695-90cd-fdc0b630b803&pf_rd_r=43STA5ET49JHAD1KW93F&pd_rd_wg=QgeDc&pd_rd_r=a73a726d-d340-472d-a1b7-10ee05e97b57&pd_rd_i=8121502764&psc=1</a> </p> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahangir,_Emperor_of_Hindustan1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan</a> (1909). <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beveridge_(1837%E2%80%931929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Beveridge (1837–1929)">Beveridge, Henry</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tuzukijahangirio00jahauoft#page/n4/mode/1up"><i>The Tuzuk-i-Janhangīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr</i></a>. Translated by Rogers, Alexander. London: Royal Asiatic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tuzuk-i-Janhang%C4%ABr%C4%AB+or+Memoirs+of+Jah%C4%81ng%C4%ABr&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Jahangir%2C+Emperor+of+Hindustan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftuzukijahangirio00jahauoft%23page%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuru+Arjan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>History of the Panjab</i>, Syad Muhammad Latif, Published by: Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7096-245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7096-245-8">978-81-7096-245-8</a></li> <li><i>Philosophy of 'Charhdi Kala' and Higher State of Mind in Sri Guru Granth Sahib</i>, Dr. Harjinder Singh Majhail, 2010, Published by: Deepak Publishers, Jalandhar, Punjab, India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88852-96-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-88852-96-1">81-88852-96-1</a></li> <li><i>SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES</i>, Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Published by: The Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium. ISBN 2- 930247-41-X</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guru_Arjan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211011252/http://sgpc.net/gurus/guruarjandev.asp">sgpc.net</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh Guru</a> </b><br />1 September 1581 – 25 May 1606 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Gobind" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Har Gobind">Guru Har Gobind</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_officials_of_the_Sikh_Empire" title="Foreign officials of the Sikh Empire">Foreigners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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