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class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Federal Judicial Center</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Judicial_Center_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Federal_Judicial_Center_logo.png/220px-Federal_Judicial_Center_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Federal_Judicial_Center_logo.png/330px-Federal_Judicial_Center_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Federal_Judicial_Center_logo.png/440px-Federal_Judicial_Center_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building_front.JPG/220px-Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building_front.JPG/330px-Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building_front.JPG/440px-Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br />Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">December 20, 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">United States Judiciary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building" title="Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building">Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">128 (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$27 million (2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Cooke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Cooke (page does not exist)">John S. Cooke</a>, Director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/">www<wbr />.fjc<wbr />.gov</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5440270#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Federal Judicial Center</b> is the education and research agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal court">United States federal courts</a>. It was established by <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/90/219">90–219</a> in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-28USC620_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28USC620-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of the United States</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/620">§ 620</a>, the main areas of responsibility for the Center include:<sup id="cite_ref-28USC620_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28USC620-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 1">: p. 1 </span></sup> </p> <ol><li>conducting and promoting "research and study of the operation of the courts of the United States," and to act to encourage and coordinate the same by others;</li> <li>developing "recommendations for improvement of the administration and management of [U.S.] courts," and presenting these to the Judicial Conference of the U.S.; and</li> <li>through all means available, see to conducting programs for the "continuing education and training for personnel" of the U.S. judiciary, for all employees in the justice system, from judges through probation officers and mediators.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In addition to these major provisions, §620 (b)(4)(5)(6) sets forth the additional provisions that the FJC will (i) provide staff and assistance to the Judicial Conference and component bodies, (ii) coordinate programs and research on the administration of justice with the State Justice Institute, and (iii) cooperatively assist other government agencies in providing advice, and receiving advice, regarding judicial administration in foreign countries, in each of these cases, to the extent it is "consistent with the performance of the other functions set forth" earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-28USC620_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28USC620-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 1">: p. 1 </span></sup> </p><p>The Code also states (§621) that the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> is the permanent Chair of the Center's board, and that it includes the director of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Office_of_the_United_States_Courts" title="Administrative Office of the United States Courts">Administrative Office of the United States Courts</a> and seven federal judges elected by the Judicial Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-28USC620_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28USC620-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 2">: p. 2 </span></sup> The Board appoints the Center's director and deputy director; the director appoints the Center's staff. Since its founding in 1967, the Center has had eleven directors. The current director is <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Cooke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Cooke (page does not exist)">John S. Cooke</a>. The deputy director is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clara_Altman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clara Altman (page does not exist)">Clara Altman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Judicial_Center&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federal Judicial Center was established by Congress on the recommendation of Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> and other members of the judiciary who hoped that regular programs of research and education would improve the efficiency of the federal courts and help to relieve the backlog of cases in the lower courts. Governed by its own board, the Federal Judicial Center offered the courts the benefits of independent <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> research and educational programs designed to improve judicial administration. </p><p>In the 1950s and early 1960s, the Judicial Conference and the Administrative Office increasingly commissioned research projects to examine problems of judicial administration and organized educational programs to help judges manage growing and complicated caseloads. These research and educational programs had no permanent staff or funding. Support for an institutionalized program of judicial research and education increased after the establishment of 60 new district judgeships in 1961 demonstrated that the number of judges alone would not solve all of the problems of overworked courts. A growing number of judges and members of the bar urged the judiciary to establish a formal means to bring improved research and education to the courts. </p><p>At the suggestion of Chief Justice Warren, the Judicial Conference in 1966 authorized a committee to examine the research and education requirements of the judiciary. Former Justice <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Stanley Reed</a> agreed to Warren’s request to chair the committee. As the Reed committee formulated its recommendation for establishment of a Federal Judicial Center, President Johnson, at Warren’s request, included the proposal in his highly publicized message on crime in February 1967. The Judicial Committee adopted the recommendation. Bills to create the Center were soon submitted in both houses of Congress. With broad support for the concept of a research and education center for the judiciary, discussion in the House and Senate hearings centered on questions about the proper institutional form and leadership for the Center. </p><p>The Reed Committee and the director of the Administrative Office, among others, advocated an independent agency with its own governing board to which the Center director would report. The goal was to protect the research and education resources from being absorbed into strictly administrative duties and to insure the objectivity of research. The Federal Judicial Center’s board consists of the Chief Justice, a rotating group of judges selected by the Judicial Conference, and the director of the Administrative Office; no member of the Judicial Conference was to serve on the Center’s board. The statute authorizes the Center to conduct and support research on the operation of the courts, to offer education and training for judges and court personnel, and to assist and advise the Judicial Conference on matters related to the administration and management of the courts. Later legislation expanded the Center’s mandate to include programs related to the history of the federal judiciary. </p><p><a href="/wiki/A._Leo_Levin" title="A. Leo Levin">A. Leo Levin</a> was the Director of the Federal Judicial Center from 1977 to 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Judicial_Center&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Special:EditPage/Federal Judicial Center">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Center includes several offices and divisions. </p><p>The <b>Director's Office</b> is responsible for the Center's overall management and its relations with other organizations. Its Office of Systems Innovation and Development (OSID) provides technical support for Center education and research. Communications Policy and Design (CPD) edits, produces, and distributes all Center print and electronic publications, operates the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Judicial_Television_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Judicial Television Network (page does not exist)">Federal Judicial Television Network</a>, and through the Information Services Office maintains a specialized library collection of materials on judicial administration. </p><p>The <b>Research Division</b> undertakes <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> and exploratory <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> on federal judicial processes, federal court rules, judicial resources, court administration and case management, federal-state jurisdiction and cooperation, and <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentencing</a> and its consequences, often at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial Conference">Judicial Conference</a> and its committees, the courts themselves, or other groups in the federal system. Elizabeth Wiggins is the current director of the research division. She is the third research division director in the history of the Federal Judicial Center. </p><p>The <b>Federal Judicial History Office</b> develops programs relating to the history of the judicial branch and assists courts with their own judicial history program. </p><p>The <b>Education Division</b> plans and organizes educational sessions for federal judges and court staff. </p><p>The <b>International Judicial Relations Office</b> carries out the Center's statutory mission to provide information about federal courts to officials of foreign judicial systems and to acquire information about foreign judicial systems that will help the Center perform its other missions. The office administers the Center's International Visitor briefing program and the Visiting Foreign Judicial Fellows Program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Board_and_funding">Board and funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Judicial_Center&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Board and funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of February 2021 the Center's board consists of:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Roberts_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts Jr.">John G. Roberts Jr.</a>, Chief Justice of the United States, chair (Sept. 2005–present)</li> <li>Judge <a href="/wiki/Duane_Benton" title="Duane Benton">Duane Benton</a>, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (Mar. 2018–present)</li> <li>Judge <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardiman" title="Thomas Hardiman">Thomas Hardiman</a>, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Mar. 2020–present)</li> <li>Judge <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Alvin_Jackson" title="Raymond Alvin Jackson">Raymond Alvin Jackson</a>, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (Mar. 2019–present)</li> <li>Judge <a href="/wiki/Nancy_D._Freudenthal" title="Nancy D. Freudenthal">Nancy D. Freudenthal</a>, U.S. District Court for the District of Wyoming (Mar. 2019–present)</li> <li>Senior Judge <a href="/wiki/Carol_Amon" title="Carol Amon">Carol Amon</a>, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Mar. 2020–present)</li> <li>Chief Bankruptcy Judge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mildred_Cab%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mildred Cabán (page does not exist)">Mildred Cabán</a>, U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Puerto Rico</li> <li>Magistrate Judge Tim Baker, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana (Mar. 2017–present)</li> <li>Judge <a href="/wiki/Roslynn_R._Mauskopf" title="Roslynn R. Mauskopf">Roslynn R. Mauskopf</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Office_of_the_United_States_Courts" title="Administrative Office of the United States Courts">Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts</a> (Feb. 2021–present)</li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>, the Federal Judicial Center Foundation, solicits support for the Center.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Judicial_Center&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28USC620-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-28USC620_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28USC620_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28USC620_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28USC620_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_LRC1967" class="citation book cs1">Office of LRC (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2014-title28/html/USCODE-2014-title28-partIII-chap42.htm"><i>U.S.C. Title 28—Judiciary and Judicial Procedure</i></a>. Washington, DC: Office of the Law Revision Counsel (LRC), U.S. House of Representatives, and the Government Printing Office (GPO). pp. §§ 620–629<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2017</span> – via GPO.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.C.+Title+28%E2%80%94Judiciary+and+Judicial+Procedure&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=%C2%A7%C2%A7+620-629&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Law+Revision+Counsel+%28LRC%29%2C+U.S.+House+of+Representatives%2C+and+the+Government+Printing+Office+%28GPO%29&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Office+of+LRC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2014-title28%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2014-title28-partIII-chap42.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Judicial+Center" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, the Code states that this third stipulation includes, "but is not limited to, judges, United States magistrate judges, clerks of court, probation officers, and persons serving as mediators and arbitrators." See 28 U.S.C. §620 (b)(3) (on p. 1, op. cit.),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/about/senior-staff">"Senior Staff — Federal Judicial Center"</a>. <i>www.fjc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fjc.gov&rft.atitle=Senior+Staff+%E2%80%94+Federal+Judicial+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fabout%2Fsenior-staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Judicial+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/llevin/">Faculty</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/about/board-members">Federal Judicial Center, Board Members, March 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/fjcfoundation/fjcboard.html">"The Federal Judicial Center Board"</a>. <i>fjc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fjc.gov&rft.atitle=The+Federal+Judicial+Center+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Ffjcfoundation%2Ffjcboard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Judicial+Center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Judicial_Center&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Conference"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_members_of_the_Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current members of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._Thomas_Anderson" title="S. Thomas Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Bailey" title="John P. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Barnett" title="Mark A. Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Barron" title="David J. Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boasberg" title="James Boasberg">Boasberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Kitsy_Brodie" title="Margo Kitsy Brodie">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_M._Brown" title="Debra M. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chagares" title="Michael Chagares">Chagares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Colloton" title="Steven Colloton">Colloton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Diaz_(judge)" title="Albert Diaz (judge)">Diaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Walker_Elrod" title="Jennifer Walker Elrod">Elrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_S._Goldberg" title="Mitchell S. Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Holmes" title="Jerome Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Johnson" title="William P. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Mary_Kendall" title="Virginia Mary Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Kobayashi" title="Leslie E. Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Lange" title="Roberto Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Ann_Livingston" title="Debra Ann Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_A._Moore" title="Kimberly A. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_H._Murguia" title="Mary H. Murguia">Murguia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._David_Proctor" title="R. David Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Pryor_Jr." title="William H. Pryor Jr.">Pryor Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Smith_(judge)" title="William E. Smith (judge)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Srinivasan" title="Sri Srinivasan">Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sutton" title="Jeffrey Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_S._Sykes" title="Diane S. Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Godbey_Wood" title="Lisa Godbey Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Conrad" title="Robert J. Conrad">Conrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_Office_of_the_United_States_Courts" title="Administrative Office of the United States Courts">Administrative Office</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Cooke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Cooke (page does not exist)">Cooke</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Judicial Center</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template talk:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">research and development agencies</a> of the United States (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li> <li>Naval Warfare Centers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a> (AFOTEC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> (SSC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and<br />Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and research programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research 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