CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91354ed6dc92fcec',cH: 'H.kuvrBjawP4FYi53_UJBO_oWmmQdTdO7SHT_bzKAv0-1739790385-1.2.1.1-ZKJejQUsWBbBXXzigtfMQOfryU.8a.06bo63ov8PmJKdgJZhcF6Yb.H1uwtaGv_.',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=car&__cf_chl_tk=nJxvRAUMaqVFZm7vdT0MTMm0UcH403NxTo4Cj9Gpx50-1739790385-1.0.1.1-9s5AobYnYr3Z.5eDFCWySQChvxCDhWlDntRYbTnwIYc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790385',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=car&__cf_chl_f_tk=nJxvRAUMaqVFZm7vdT0MTMm0UcH403NxTo4Cj9Gpx50-1739790385-1.0.1.1-9s5AobYnYr3Z.5eDFCWySQChvxCDhWlDntRYbTnwIYc",md: "m3foJue4NuOXbPJ6Nk0BKLjhR17.MDhrnNOffFZUD6k-1739790385-1.2.1.1-uIJveV0H5dkOii0vUpDxJHMwd.xTC17KSFNlZzg7C_odUC5XvsPQ7I03RirFx72y.4adgCi_Sd6mmDl1jILhj4twjIIxtSoEcWEnjXlltD7wFlq5o0.38Tf.uXeU._k3rg7olUAoWbTP.LUWG6JNKoBINrO9G38IzBPocN9Mb4N6VLuofIwsh80EkJtV8q.aFR5OsdDqLdui3SqEcpKZ_kbdteFukCgvl6OTPqNjf0eQBxzaZEeybdJcH1VLcf8.6uzSATpSh8DCnMoBOFaiTXBc97gKLEZZut2c4dSd8zgueVDfqzrk1DX_H9Gt3XVge8NnK42SdxvzV6bLRE0zD_ZthqwmFzddljk4P7yBf9fkoy59J9zOGwU_hqGYpx12Bsw8n.tLddMk5Rp2F3Z.bCs3HCXaTyj.LK.XTyHlrCh2OwBXCKRNJcKajqMWv4d71jhsRNMtwuwS6GWVQFczpfyXva6.zUvE.ZCdVlRW4bte2zUq6Gwmsx4akbbZceHag2mC26cLjrB1deSKrmb7g0KKWB8zfIYIcoL5VM67KrT1yXBLB7pudJOdMacTr8F9ZfL_IryfnJbz3.oA84pNz5FqRFhxeBtemDfxjeR89MwMAS6u3smh8RGD293FxxiMssI4Iv8lSj.WBTbjcb3MD0AeqxB5yRct3DkZRwksIlr9ZKmTRoltkcpCI87tbR.h1sRHx1oTZY5XOqqgSKMX2zGUXmuUqR.d4cStHCvQSVrBTrf2sZPgCaJt4ten8wrQdivbmFqzFcbap6oIETHr.NLpsj5pOo62SXXGITPtZFotuzGXr.jeC348oMsjuvch79iOZn4U5AZ79JMxatQinaTtE9aDD1h.yNxDxs4eZhLuAiLc28CIaCmBxYfGCbnYIRuqXQPvuVoLFZMKefXOQFSqsP6W03mEakNTai1rrn7R.WiM7qJjJso6WBoQjjFM2MerLGuwc1vKxqEn9Xk_XSyj5kS_fuMgwu4XyTvjpLLsYTt47k3rSInM_LygvNHWrMsiD6R8S8nNhmSstR.WsusRa2xuOZMwwvno0Pr0Y81SJgkCBpVvh34_kt_4G_WqtRryfR88nOIcOSVUZpm.0VFYF0.j6_qT6wOhKMbf7Bw8Ttku.8EymM77V.dqhb1jZxulkL8A6CYy__V1jWPKndqpdAoo.l0uIcoSR6I2Z7EIzVUiQDnoYFn.oklc_1o6Dc6y.9nLsDLCZpeQFpqddYvqaxC.jHIvVxl5hfoj_TaUbQ2dxnla8JYASigI.ABU9sAiRTFqp4pKrN5N0cBKdvOe0HwOJuCi7tb8RyBF6uFg_Z9VvUs63sF4bWU602TLkfePplg.N1Y6k.1.ycuRRBMbzAgplxBa8opUophlMII5Rli3.ZgT1idn7kX4hMrYgfIVNB2k0sk1oSKAFzlOqfX1XiQUYCW1wGiUj6To5SA2Bi9bs4q6csHWl5MuokQCBn.5s6dD_3SC1emK7Q8B0pNYACAkAulpva6L6j21S3cuUUT64C_UzFuIITn7IRP1i.v.7COEjWXWnxd8eiiO3ZgSky59IXehcd12S4zdgr0GiMrPiNyDm_jNFcFBtvQFtDLf33prJIV9RszILPgYgi815_LfHGMW_w23HyW6nHpB0Sznsc0eiFcPGEZPS86aUCYWCuVzc7Wd_H11FsgX5En0JhQ38cQQ.A.IhgNSidEJXjxIiy7XdO3r_LUTZbvfP6xiv4oogkc01iGmiYgF5Ib0_mj_6h.403r2p4IK35JOca08hmJdWJ4uQXJ8Agsqgw20VVI9o3Fnl8Tu_qkIhvHC2AsD8.V7r1Yq_9NhnRZ5ecaZ0Oyv_MDNibJ3v_jzlgXqBC9OOYkR_7JjBqjLm.RTqkTnUPZa3NiRYadp.3EUR2rHKZyqS8pRdPaaRbm8",mdrd: "5o.I520ePJbcnZkcJME4X5s5P4zcB1CJK6ecvX6voJo-1739790385-1.2.1.1-ro8pPTq0U5hw3bSzEMKXvFrhvBiGLhsPWT94NJ1xD1K2MApcMZhio2MhMvkv74yf.3HLUJ4QyBOVToseHECFW_9LyssKi1TIy5.DyAEq1U2uPwleCGaH63Iq7.2XySX2ChJCCoD0PFF9v8Q5e2oPmqdNQhfeOpJ0PLW4jQxYb4P5EgHK__cJS.o5okWk4Z7sEZpqiFMSyPoE43LXKQNRtbgrBIaU0jZTKJZxU79M8phlfKMCbAhjlzPPHjokCuptp.Cyi05mCl3L4JlB2m.9Nc5GFucqkG8i3Iy.xZ8N_DXuYPzqgs2T8rpKri5hFGmMOEFbtVyDXthoMU4rkKmonI0uFDz5edFdAl9WWQ7FNxNk.DMwk0w_GgIHPfHwbhjZ1WFo3MhNtYlr.EX5IQf1bFFP_5MEISXEzuv92ShIBswfk4u3icEahvojuVus6oLmJS45UiJP3vsbyv8XEgt5MnNHS42Z80J3sHXK0R4Ow3Dwuq2E2X1irIRi8Cow7erotSm06sxFzjN8tgS4AkGLfU0fSnJJkDRRmOzuPabTKXa7iVWSeuEknjGsqPS0xk7eJ8AEE0ZeefZRpe5RDWuYyaNFmBW1yWtAOEWaTqrd3EVQ86gmwXQWUPdyw8D8.PJaYOtotAVjWoa0LiiIxEXKtlD_8f.sqsUpthIhWY6jQeT8b.wrXN8_azZ.708.OhAMYhBhcXnWLYoI.f.4xs9EjEUAwfe7O09Vu8hTAWHdabFwmbbmIzI7mPUK_EPy7DpQuTc15l_Xcgl8ievS0RkyCoTky3Xy111Y15lrdy7VLdEYs6cOz7k_I6kptgt7HXquO7tTbsxiqjfFPC8w_w6Uo7w97eK.7DTBe_0GyPfkXv.wrx10KjBpl.lwQJiZtUZGUycDvMEM_CEKov_Hl_rShsnod9nvS_Gyz5lAtX7sbDWNJvpUJDfiCi2e.fbYGX7ofO0ai6wsiu2t2mN8FDSTlI4r_FHKCXCUhtbibB8GrocNCjVhJqQrznf2_nEhMuSYYJDTzAnYc.nmygSZwyBiqczL.T3Zjs8FKj4nxlPzSGhrtwaG4M2sS3BRgVec0sLCRuHAIqAFkUwikHQ1HRWvpYGyDQI8T9G9psTvLhwvlC6XJquuW50OpcAshMazuYn7l0NoJBwtsleZ7zhgzh_tvs2zLQ9mpHEo5Vss_Uo42iLnjGzBg0yK6J1ETeuPuEeyzqhSxigKU1R5po81WIPVFiFUExbypgTbK0NGKpPv3D8Lh9_uo6CuF_tafMs3903j.hNiOea63HfkqhHVkQa6SOVBRmneQon3_mag6ba9b1nBJil4Pq.4TGcuSP1t2.sU1LPzJLmXQHczuPhUx07XL5mFjF8V0jzii3t45c6eiauUE2Fz7J1IArl2Ifv1KpxrXh8cSlIR47SBgHE3yY3hIpKeXB9GQlAuPwi92LE.6QJJ583UnbevBxTt5T1mMrsi7yQaEFm5gMdm.2msSW4Fp82bNoNcSO_48bHsVIMW_m7mdtj.ICl2SyPwXUnb8rfo7Y_ebXrV.TR5vP9qDLLW61lggKcqUuxKJ2qvLc9NFL6l9vdv.LH_LxS7wgp5L_JsFO7hC1WK7vqAkW9tnoAzmyVnqwMGsJ75kRhF18Q9yZUSom2bBkNAj0iuk7uUidveTA1v2sNXltIQV1dLj7L8tOlrDop26n5uBHuQXkfysqpj3C7XL.n23O5kQ5eeJCe_q8UmxP88B8LRL.AeHT7JbFSa7OYDDWHdGJMIyKMnuPhIG0CPpq9WaeRVKBnmcfn6O4aBLHiHeCBFGcUvQjsqykaRlWQOzULwMzx9CW6HtNOsKzi0KHxOLiA4lp76pkhIqOjB_VEAc3FC4YPX90irfn6Hkzj1Law9a3exUPHfQnmnTnBYHR2SqAESqptkpZMX6oWHM5xc9tdM9aasMr_DsslawSvGYMjTKbfXTb48Xp7X8opWEKAsKnP.B7w3p7F0Utc_qXKVI1pWqDvTyLMOEA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91354ed6dc92fcec';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=car&__cf_chl_rt_tk=nJxvRAUMaqVFZm7vdT0MTMm0UcH403NxTo4Cj9Gpx50-1739790385-1.0.1.1-9s5AobYnYr3Z.5eDFCWySQChvxCDhWlDntRYbTnwIYc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>