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model”</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: “quaternary model”"> <meta name="keywords" content="“quaternary model”"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="“quaternary model”"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 16870</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: “quaternary model”</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16870</span> Biostratigraphy of Neogene and Quaternary Deposits of the West Turkmen Depression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arzu%20Javadova">Arzu Javadova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The complex of sedimentary deposits that make up the West Turkmen Basin is almost completely hidden under the Quaternary formations. The most ancient deposits emerging on the surface in some places are the deposits of the Red Color Suite of the Pliocene. Miocene deposits are exposed only at the Western end of the Kopet Dag. The main object of stratigraphic, including micropaleontological studies, were the deposits of the Quaternary and Pliocene forming marine and coastal structures. The identified stratigraphic units have certain characteristic Ostracod complexes. The fauna of the Ostracod acquires special significance in the stratification of Neogene and Quaternary deposits. Ostracods of the Neogene, Pliocene and Quaternary deposits of the West Turkmen depression are represented by a large part of the species common in the corresponding deposits of Azerbaijan and Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neogene" title="neogene">neogene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary" title=" quaternary"> quaternary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turkmenistan" title=" turkmenistan"> turkmenistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=south%20caspian%20basin" title=" south caspian basin"> south caspian basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ostracoda" title=" ostracoda"> ostracoda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foraminifera" title=" foraminifera"> foraminifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biostratigraphy" title=" biostratigraphy"> biostratigraphy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleontology" title=" paleontology"> paleontology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171898/biostratigraphy-of-neogene-and-quaternary-deposits-of-the-west-turkmen-depression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171898.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16869</span> Quaternary Ammonium Salts Based Algerian Petroleum Products: Synthesis and Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houria%20Hamitouche">Houria Hamitouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdellah%20Khelifa"> Abdellah Khelifa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Quaternary ammonium salts (QACs) are the most common cationic surfactants of natural or synthetic origin usually. They possess one or more hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains and hydrophilic cationic group. In fact, the hydrophobic groups are derived from three main sources: petrochemicals, vegetable oils, and animal fats. These QACs have attracted the attention of chemists for a long time, due to their general simple synthesis and their broad application in several fields. They are important as ingredients of cosmetic products and are also used as corrosion inhibitors, in emulsion polymerization and textile processing. Within biological applications, QACs show a good antimicrobial activity and can be used as medicines, gene delivery agents or in DNA extraction methods. The 2004 worldwide annual consumption of QACs was reported as 500,000 tons. The petroleum product is considered a true reservoir of a variety of chemical species, which can be used in the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts. The purpose of the present contribution is to synthesize the quaternary ammonium salts by Menschutkin reaction, via chloromethylation/quaternization sequences, from Algerian petroleum products namely: reformate, light naphtha and kerosene and characterize. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20ammonium%20salts" title="quaternary ammonium salts">quaternary ammonium salts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reformate" title=" reformate"> reformate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20naphtha" title=" light naphtha"> light naphtha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kerosene" title=" kerosene "> kerosene </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32772/quaternary-ammonium-salts-based-algerian-petroleum-products-synthesis-and-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16868</span> Magnetic and Optical Properties of Quaternary GaFeMnN</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Bouadjemi">B. Bouadjemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bentata"> S. Bentata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abbad"> A. Abbad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.Benstaali"> W.Benstaali </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW) within the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) is used to calculate the magnetic and optical properties of quaternary GaFeMnN. The results show that the compound becomes magnetic and half metallic and there is an apparition of peaks at low frequencies for the optical properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20properties" title="optical properties">optical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT" title=" DFT"> DFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spintronic" title=" Spintronic"> Spintronic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave" title=" wave "> wave </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19957/magnetic-and-optical-properties-of-quaternary-gafemnn" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">551</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16867</span> Theoretical Investigations on Optical Properties of GaFeMnN Quaternary Compound</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20A.%20Bentounes">H. A. Bentounes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abbad"> A. Abbad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Benstaali"> W. Benstaali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using first principles calculations based on the density functional theory and local spin density approximation, we investigate optical properties of GaFeMnN quaternary compound. Results show that optical properties confirm that GaFeMnN can be a good candidate in the design of thin ﬁlm solar cells in the visible and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum, and a good sensor in the infrared <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaN" title="GaN">GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20absorption" title=" optical absorption"> optical absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semi-metallic" title=" semi-metallic"> semi-metallic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20function" title=" dielectric function"> dielectric function</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10495/theoretical-investigations-on-optical-properties-of-gafemnn-quaternary-compound" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16866</span> Development, Characterization and Properties of Novel Quaternary Rubber Nanocomposites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumar%20Sankaran">Kumar Sankaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santanu%20Chattopadhyay"> Santanu Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Golok%20Behari%20Nando"> Golok Behari Nando</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sujith%20Nair"> Sujith Nair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sreejesh%20Arayambath"> Sreejesh Arayambath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Unnikrishnan%20Govindan"> Unnikrishnan Govindan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rubber nanocomposites based on Bromobutyl rubber (BIIR), Polyepichlorohydrin rubber (CO), Carbon black (CB) and organically modified montmorillonite clay (NC) were prepared via melt compounding technique. The developed quaternary nanocomposites were characterized analytically and their properties were compared against the standard BIIR compound. BIIR-CO nanocomposites showed improved physico-mechanical properties as compared to that of the standard BIIR compound. Hybrid microstructure (NC-CB) development, clay exfoliation and better filler dispersion in the quaternary nanocomposite significantly contributed to the overall enhancement of properties. Introduction of CO in the system increased the specific gravity and hardness of the compound as compared to that of the standard compound. XRD analysis, AFM imaging and HR-TEM measurements confirmed exfoliation and a good level of dispersion of the NC in the composites. Permeability of developed BIIR-CO nanocomposites decreases significantly as compared to that of the standard BIIR compound. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rubber%20nanocomposites" title="rubber nanocomposites">rubber nanocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability" title=" permeability"> permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BIIR" title=" BIIR"> BIIR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15209/development-characterization-and-properties-of-novel-quaternary-rubber-nanocomposites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16865</span> A Quinary Coding and Matrix Structure Based Channel Hopping Algorithm for Blind Rendezvous in Cognitive Radio Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qinglin%20Liu">Qinglin Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiyong%20Lin"> Zhiyong Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zongheng%20Wei"> Zongheng Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianfeng%20Wen"> Jianfeng Wen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Congming%20Yi"> Congming Yi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai%20Liu"> Hai Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The multi-channel blind rendezvous problem in distributed cognitive radio networks (DCRNs) refers to how users in the network can hop to the same channel at the same time slot without any prior knowledge (i.e., each user is unaware of other users' information). The channel hopping (CH) technique is a typical solution to this blind rendezvous problem. In this paper, we propose a quinary coding and matrix structure-based CH algorithm called QCMS-CH. The QCMS-CH algorithm can guarantee the rendezvous of users using only one cognitive radio in the scenario of the asynchronous clock (i.e., arbitrary time drift between the users), heterogeneous channels (i.e., the available channel sets of users are distinct), and symmetric role (i.e., all users play a same role). The QCMS-CH algorithm first represents a randomly selected channel (denoted by R) as a fixed-length quaternary number. Then it encodes the quaternary number into a quinary bootstrapping sequence according to a carefully designed quaternary-quinary coding table with the prefix "R00". Finally, it builds a CH matrix column by column according to the bootstrapping sequence and six different types of elaborately generated subsequences. The user can access the CH matrix row by row and accordingly perform its channel, hoping to attempt rendezvous with other users. We prove the correctness of QCMS-CH and derive an upper bound on its Maximum Time-to-Rendezvous (MTTR). Simulation results show that the QCMS-CH algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art in terms of the MTTR and the Expected Time-to-Rendezvous (ETTR). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channel%20hopping" title="channel hopping">channel hopping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blind%20rendezvous" title=" blind rendezvous"> blind rendezvous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20radio%20networks" title=" cognitive radio networks"> cognitive radio networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary-quinary%20coding" title=" quaternary-quinary coding"> quaternary-quinary coding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153152/a-quinary-coding-and-matrix-structure-based-channel-hopping-algorithm-for-blind-rendezvous-in-cognitive-radio-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16864</span> The Language of Landscape Architecture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hosna%20Pourhashemi">Hosna Pourhashemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chahar Bagh, the symbol of the world, displayed around the pool of life in the centre, attempts to emulate Eden. It represents a duality concept based on the division of the universe into two perceptional insights, a celestial and an earthly one. Chahar Bagh garden pattern refers to the Garden of Eden, that was watered and framed by main four rivers. This microcosm is combined with a mystical love of flowers, sweet-scented trees, the variety of colors, and the sense of eternal life. This symbol of the integration of spontaneous expressivity of the natural elements and reasoning awareness of man strives for the ideal of divine perfection. Through collecting and analyzing the data, the prevalence and continuous influence of Chahar Bagh concept on selected historical gardens was elaborated and evaluated. After the conquest of Persia by the Arabs in the 7th century, Chahar Bagh was adopted and spread throughout the Islamic expansion, from the Middle East, westward across northern Africa to Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula, and eastward through Iran to Central Asia and India. Furthermore, its continuity to the mid of 16th century Renaissance period is shown. By adapting the semiotic theory of Peirce and Saussure on the Persian garden, Chahar Bagh was defined as the basic pattern language for the garden culture. The hypothesis of the continuous influence of Chahar Bagh pattern language on today’s landscape architecture was examined on selected works of Dieter Kienast, as the important and relevant protagonist of his time (end of twentieth ct.) and up to our time. Chahar Bagh pattern language offers collective cultural sensitive healing wisdom transmitted down through the millennia. Through my reflections in Dieter Kienast’s works, I transformed my personal experience into a transpersonal understanding regarding the Sufi philosophy and the Jung psychology, which brings me to define new design theories and methods to form a spiritual, as I call it” Quaternary Perception Model” for landscape architecture. Based on a cognition process through self-journeying in this holistic model, human consciousness can be developed to access to “higher” levels of being and embrace the unity. The self-purification and mindfulness through transpersonal confrontation in the ”Quaternary Perception Model” generates a form of heart-based treatment. I adapted the seven spiritual levels of Sufi self-development on the perception of landscape, representing the stages of the self, ranging from absolutely self-centered to pure spiritual humanity. I redefine and reread the elements and features of Chahar Bagh pattern language for today’s landscape architecture. The “lost paradise” lies in our heart and can be perceived by all humans in landscapes and cities designed in the spirit of” Quaternary Model”. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persian%20garden" title="persian garden">persian garden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern%20language%20of%20Chahar%20Bagh" title=" pattern language of Chahar Bagh"> pattern language of Chahar Bagh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wholistic%20Perception" title=" wholistic Perception"> wholistic Perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dieter%20kienast" title=" dieter kienast"> dieter kienast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%9Cquaternary%20model%E2%80%9D" title=" “quaternary model”"> “quaternary model”</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159230/the-language-of-landscape-architecture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16863</span> Modification of a Natural Zeolite with a Short-Chain Quaternary Ammonium Salt in an Ultrasonication Process and Investigation of Its Ability to Eliminate Nitrate Ions: Characterization and Mechanism Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nona%20%20Mirzamohammadi">Nona Mirzamohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahram%20Nasernejad"> Bahram Nasernejad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work mainly focuses on studying the mechanism governing the adsorption of tetraethylammonium bromide, a short-chain quaternary ammonium salt, on the surface of natural zeolite and to characterize modified and raw zeolites in order to study the removal of nitrate anions from water. Natural clinoptilolite, as the most common zeolite, was chosen and modified in an ultrasonication process using tetraethylammonium bromide, subsequent to being contacted with NaCl solutions. FT-IR studies indicated a peak attributed to the stretching vibrations of the –CH₂ group in the molecule of tetraethylammonium bromide in the spectrum of the modified sample. Moreover, the SEM images showed some obvious changes in the surface morphology and crystallinity of clinoptilolite after being modified. Batch adsorption experiments show that the modified zeolite is capable of removing nitrate anions, and the predominant removal mechanism is suggested to be a combination of electrostatic attraction and ion exchange since the results from the zeta potential analysis showed a decrease in the net negative charge of clinoptilolite after modification, while bromide ions were detected in the modified sample in the µXRF analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinoptilolite" title=" clinoptilolite"> clinoptilolite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=short-chain%20quaternary%20ammonium%20salt" title=" short-chain quaternary ammonium salt"> short-chain quaternary ammonium salt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tetraethylammoniumbromide" title=" tetraethylammoniumbromide"> tetraethylammoniumbromide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonication" title=" ultrasonication"> ultrasonication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138686/modification-of-a-natural-zeolite-with-a-short-chain-quaternary-ammonium-salt-in-an-ultrasonication-process-and-investigation-of-its-ability-to-eliminate-nitrate-ions-characterization-and-mechanism-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138686.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16862</span> An Eco-Friendly Preparations of Izonicotinamide Quaternary Salts in Deep Eutectic Solvents </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dajana%20Ga%C5%A1o-Soka%C4%8D">Dajana Gašo-Sokač</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentina%20Bu%C5%A1i%C4%87"> Valentina Bušić</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are liquids composed of two or three safe, inexpensive components, often interconnected by noncovalent hydrogen bonds which produce eutectic mixture whose melting point is lower than that of each component. No data in literature have been found on the quaternization reaction in DES. The use of DES have several advantages: they are environmentally benign and biodegradable, easy for purification and simple for preparation. An environmentally sustainable method for preparing quaternary salts of izonicotinamide and substituted 2-bromoacetophenones was demonstrated here using choline chloride-based DES. The quaternization reaction was carried out by three synthetic approaches: conventional method, microwave and ultrasonic irradiation. We showed that the highest yields were obtained by the microwave method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20eutectic%20solvents" title="deep eutectic solvents">deep eutectic solvents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=izonicotinamide%20salts" title=" izonicotinamide salts"> izonicotinamide salts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20synthesis" title=" microwave synthesis"> microwave synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20irradiation" title=" ultrasonic irradiation"> ultrasonic irradiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118856/an-eco-friendly-preparations-of-izonicotinamide-quaternary-salts-in-deep-eutectic-solvents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118856.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16861</span> Multiphase Coexistence for Aqueous System with Hydrophilic Agent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20B.%20Hong">G. B. Hong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) data are measured for the ternary mixtures of water + 1-butanol + butyl acetate and quaternary mixtures of water + 1-butanol + butyl acetate + glycerol at atmospheric pressure at 313.15 K. In addition, isothermal Vapor–Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium (VLLE) data are determined experimentally at 333.15 K. The region of heterogeneity is found to increase as the hydrophilic agent (glycerol) is introduced into the aqueous mixtures. The experimental data are correlated with the NRTL model. The predicted results from the solution model with the model parameters determined from the constituent binaries are also compared with the experimental values. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LLE" title="LLE">LLE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VLLE" title=" VLLE"> VLLE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophilic%20agent" title=" hydrophilic agent"> hydrophilic agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NRTL" title=" NRTL"> NRTL</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3968/multiphase-coexistence-for-aqueous-system-with-hydrophilic-agent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3968.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16860</span> Growth Mechanism, Structural and Compositional Properties of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) Thin Films Deposited by Sputtering Method from a Compound Target</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanusi%20Abdullahi">Sanusi Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musa%20Momoh"> Musa Momoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubakar%20Umar%20Moreh"> Abubakar Umar Moreh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aminu%20Muhammad%20Bayawa"> Aminu Muhammad Bayawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olubunmi%20Popoola"> Olubunmi Popoola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kesterite-type Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin films were deposited on corning glass from a single quaternary target. In this study, we investigated the growth mechanism and the influence of thin film thickness on the structural and compositional properties of CZTS films. All the four samples (as-deposited inclusive) show peaks corresponding to kesterite-type structure. The diffraction peaks of (112) are sharp and the small characteristics peaks of the kesterite structure such as (220)/ (204) and (312)/ (116) are also clearly observed in X-ray diffraction pattern. These results indicate that the quaternary CZTS would be a potential candidate for solar cell applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RF%20sputtering" title="RF sputtering">RF sputtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cu2ZnSnS4%20thin%20film" title=" Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film"> Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annealing" title=" annealing"> annealing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20mechanism" title=" growth mechanism"> growth mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annealing" title=" annealing"> annealing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20mechanism" title=" growth mechanism"> growth mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55136/growth-mechanism-structural-and-compositional-properties-of-cu2znsns4-czts-thin-films-deposited-by-sputtering-method-from-a-compound-target" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16859</span> Multidisciplinary Approach to Mio-Plio-Quaternary Aquifer Study in the Zarzis Region (Southeastern Tunisia)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghada%20Ben%20Brahim">Ghada Ben Brahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aicha%20El%20Rabia"> Aicha El Rabia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Hedi%20Inoubli"> Mohamed Hedi Inoubli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change has exacerbated disparities in the distribution of water resources in Tunisia, resulting in significant degradation in quantity and quality over the past five decades. The Mio-Plio-Quaternary aquifer, the primary water source in the Zarzis region, is subject to climatic, geographical, and geological challenges, as well as human stress. The region is experiencing uneven distribution and growing threats from groundwater salinity and saltwater intrusion. Addressing this challenge is critical for the arid region’s socioeconomic development, and effective water resource management is required to combat climate change and reduce water deficits. This study uses a multidisciplinary approach to determine the groundwater potential of this aquifer, involving geophysics and hydrogeology data analysis. We used advanced techniques such as 3D Euler deconvolution and power spectrum analysis to generate detailed anomaly maps and estimate the depths of density sources, identifying significant Bouguer anomalies trending E-W, NW-SE, and NE-SW. Various techniques, such as wavelength filtering, upward continuation, and horizontal and vertical derivatives, were used to improve the gravity data, resulting in consistent results for anomaly shapes and amplitudes. The Euler deconvolution method revealed two prominent surface faults, trending NE-SW and NW-SE, that have a significant impact on the distribution of sedimentary facies and water quality within the Mio-Plio-Quaternary aquifer. Additionally, depth maxima greater than 1400 m to the North indicate the presence of a Cretaceous paleo-fault. Geoelectrical models and resistivity pseudo-sections were used to interpret the distribution of electrical facies in the Mio-Plio-Quaternary aquifer, highlighting lateral variation and depositional environment type. AI optimises the analysis and interpretation of exploration data, which is important to long-term management and water security. Machine learning algorithms and deep learning models analyse large datasets to provide precise interpretations of subsurface conditions, such as aquifer salinisation. However, AI has limitations, such as the requirement for large datasets, the risk of overfitting, and integration issues with traditional geological methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mio-plio-quaternary%20aquifer" title="mio-plio-quaternary aquifer">mio-plio-quaternary aquifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southeastern%20Tunisia" title=" Southeastern Tunisia"> Southeastern Tunisia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geophysical%20methods" title=" geophysical methods"> geophysical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogeological%20analysis" title=" hydrogeological analysis"> hydrogeological analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title=" artificial intelligence"> artificial intelligence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193214/multidisciplinary-approach-to-mio-plio-quaternary-aquifer-study-in-the-zarzis-region-southeastern-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">14</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16858</span> Mapping the Intrinsic Vulnerability of the Quaternary Aquifer of the Eastern Mitidja (Northern Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abida%20Haddouche">Abida Haddouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Chrif%20Toubal"> Ahmed Chrif Toubal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Neogene basin of the Eastern Mitidja, object of the study area, represents potential water resources and especially groundwater reserves. This water is an important economic; this resource is highly sensitive which need protection and preservation. Unfortunately, these waters are exposed to various forms of pollution, whether from urban, agricultural, industrial or merely accidental. This pollution is a permanent risk of limiting resource. In this context, the work aims to evaluate the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer to protect and preserve the quality of this resource. It will focus on the disposal of water and land managers a cartographic document accessible to locate the areas where the water has a high vulnerability. Vulnerability mapping of the Easter Mitidja quaternary aquifer is performed by applying three methods (DRASTIC, DRIST, and GOD). Comparison and validation results show that the DRASTIC method is the most suitable method for aquifer vulnerability of the study area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aquifer%20of%20Mitidja" title="Aquifer of Mitidja">Aquifer of Mitidja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DRASTIC%20method" title=" DRASTIC method"> DRASTIC method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographic%20information%20system%20%28GIS%29" title=" geographic information system (GIS)"> geographic information system (GIS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability%20mapping" title=" vulnerability mapping"> vulnerability mapping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65638/mapping-the-intrinsic-vulnerability-of-the-quaternary-aquifer-of-the-eastern-mitidja-northern-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16857</span> An Organocatalytic Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters via Mannich Reaction of 2-Substituted Benzofuran-3-One with Isatin-Derived Ketimine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koilpitchai%20Sivamuthuraman">Koilpitchai Sivamuthuraman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkitasamy%20Kesavan"> Venkitasamy Kesavan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindole skeleton bearing adjacent tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers is of great importance because of these heterocyclic motifs possess a wide range of pharmacological activity. The catalytic asymmetric construction of multi functionalised heterocyclic compound with adjacent tetrasubstituted stereocenters is one of the most difficult tasks in organic synthesis. To date, the most straightforward methodologies have been developed for synthesis of chiral 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles through the addition of carbon nucleophiles to isatin-derived ketimines. However, only a few successful examples have been described for the assembly of vicinal tetrasubstituted stereocenters using isatin derived ketimines as electrophiles. On the other hand, 2,2-Disubstituted benzofuran-3(2H)-ones and related frameworks are characteristic of a quaternary stereogenic center at C2 position present in quite a number of natural products and bioactive Molecules.Despite the intensive efforts devoted for the construction of 2,2-Disubstituted Benzofuran-3[2H]-one, there are only a few asymmetric methods such as organocatalytic Michael addition and enantioselective halogenations were reported till now. Due to the biological importance of oxindole and benzofuran-3-one, it is proposed here with the synthesis of hybrid molecule containing tetrasubstituted stereo centers through asymmetric organocatalysis. The addition of 2-substituted Benzofuran-3-one(1a) to isatin-derived ketimines(2a) using a bifunctional organocatalyst(catalyst IV or V), leading to chiral heterocyclic compounds containing both 3-amino 2-oxindole and benzofurn-3-one bearing vicinal quaternary stereocenters with good yields and excellent enantioselectivity. The present study extends the scope of the catalytic asymmetric Mannich reaction with isatin-derived ketimines, providing a new class of amino oxindole derivatives having benzofuran-3-one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetric%20synthesis" title="asymmetric synthesis">asymmetric synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzofuran-3-one" title=" benzofuran-3-one"> benzofuran-3-one</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isatin-derived%20ketimines" title=" isatin-derived ketimines"> isatin-derived ketimines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20stereocenters" title=" quaternary stereocenters"> quaternary stereocenters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78628/an-organocatalytic-construction-of-vicinal-tetrasubstituted-stereocenters-via-mannich-reaction-of-2-substituted-benzofuran-3-one-with-isatin-derived-ketimine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16856</span> Dem Based Surface Deformation in Jhelum Valley: Insights from River Profile Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Amer%20Mahmood">Syed Amer Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rao%20Mansor%20Ali%20Khan"> Rao Mansor Ali Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study deals with the remote sensing analysis of tectonic deformation and its implications to understand the regional uplift conditions in the lower Jhelum and eastern Potwar. Identification and mapping of active structures is an important issue in order to assess seismic hazards and to understand the Quaternary deformation of the region. Digital elevation models (DEMs) provide an opportunity to quantify land surface geometry in terms of elevation and its derivatives. Tectonic movement along the faults is often reflected by characteristic geomorphological features such as elevation, stream offsets, slope breaks and the contributing drainage area. The river profile analysis in this region using SRTM digital elevation model gives information about the tectonic influence on the local drainage network. The steepness and concavity indices have been calculated by power law of scaling relations under steady state conditions. An uplift rate map is prepared after carefully analysing the local drainage network showing uplift rates in mm/year. The active faults in the region control local drainages and the deflection of stream channels is a further evidence of the recent fault activity. The results show variable relative uplift conditions along MBT and Riasi and represent a wonderful example of the recency of uplift, as well as the influence of active tectonics on the evolution of young orogens. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20deformation" title="quaternary deformation">quaternary deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRTM%20DEM" title=" SRTM DEM"> SRTM DEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geomorphometric%20indices" title=" geomorphometric indices"> geomorphometric indices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20tectonics%20and%20MBT" title=" active tectonics and MBT"> active tectonics and MBT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36263/dem-based-surface-deformation-in-jhelum-valley-insights-from-river-profile-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16855</span> The Effect of Reaction Time on the Morphology and Phase of Quaternary Ferrite Nanoparticles (FeCoCrO₄) Synthesised from a Single Source Precursor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khadijat%20Olabisi%20Abdulwahab">Khadijat Olabisi Abdulwahab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Azad%20Malik"> Mohammad Azad Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20O%27Brien"> Paul O'Brien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grigore%20Timco"> Grigore Timco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Floriana%20Tuna"> Floriana Tuna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The synthesis of spinel ferrite nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution is very crucial in their numerous applications including information storage, hyperthermia treatment, drug delivery, contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, catalysis, sensors, and environmental remediation. Ferrites have the general formula MFe₂O₄ (M = Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn e.t.c) and possess remarkable electrical and magnetic properties which depend on the cations, method of preparation, size and their site occupancies. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the use of a single source precursor to synthesise quaternary ferrite nanoparticles. Here in, we demonstrated the use of trimetallic iron pivalate cluster [CrCoFeO(O₂CᵗBu)₆(HO₂CᵗBu)₃] as a single source precursor to synthesise monodisperse cobalt chromium ferrite (FeCoCrO₄) nanoparticles by the hot injection thermolysis method. The precursor was thermolysed in oleylamine, oleic acid, with diphenyl ether as solvent at 260 °C. The effect of reaction time on the stoichiometry, phases or morphology of the nanoparticles was studied. The p-XRD patterns of the nanoparticles obtained after one hour was pure phase of cubic iron cobalt chromium ferrite (FeCoCrO₄). TEM showed that a more monodispersed spherical ferrite nanoparticles were obtained after one hour. Magnetic measurements revealed that the ferrite particles are superparamagnetic at room temperature. The nanoparticles were characterised by Powder X-ray Diffraction (p-XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobalt%20chromium%20ferrite" title="cobalt chromium ferrite">cobalt chromium ferrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colloidal" title=" colloidal"> colloidal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20injection%20thermolysis" title=" hot injection thermolysis"> hot injection thermolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monodisperse" title=" monodisperse"> monodisperse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reaction%20time" title=" reaction time"> reaction time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20source%20precursor" title=" single source precursor"> single source precursor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20ferrite%20nanoparticles" title=" quaternary ferrite nanoparticles"> quaternary ferrite nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70779/the-effect-of-reaction-time-on-the-morphology-and-phase-of-quaternary-ferrite-nanoparticles-fecocro4-synthesised-from-a-single-source-precursor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16854</span> The Magnetic Susceptibility of the Late Quaternary Loess in North-East of Iran and Its Correlation with Other Palaeoclimatical Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fereshteh%20M.%20Haskouei">Fereshteh M. Haskouei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Habib%20Alimohammadian"> Habib Alimohammadian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Magnetic susceptibility (<em>χ</em>) is operational to identify of late quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles in loess-paleosol sequences. It is well accepted that many loess-paleosol sequences bear witness to cold-dry/warm-humid periods, well known as glacial-interglacial cycles, respectively. For this study, loess-paleosol sequence of north-east of Iran was magnetically investigated. The study area is situated at about 8 km away of Neka city, on the main road of Sari-Behshahr, in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. The youngest deposits of study area are the late Quaternary wind-blown accumulations. In this study, the total number of 117 samples was collected from loess-paleosols units. After that, the natural remnant magnetization (NRM) and magnetic susceptibility (MS) of the samples were measured. Variation of MS of more than 110 loess samples was plotted to reveal the correlation of the MS and paleoclimatic changes. This study aims reconstruction of climatic changes (glacial-interglacial and stadials-interstadials cycles). To confirm our results we compared MS (χ) and the curves of other investigations in paleoclimatology. This correspondence abled us to recognize worldly events in the study area such as: Younger Dryas, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), deglaciation of Northern Hemisphere etc. The obtained magnetic data indicate that during almost 50 ka, at least two glacial-interglacial periods occurred in north-east of Iran. Further, variation of χ values revealed short period of climatically cycles known as stadials-interstadials. We recognized 4 stadials and a single stadial as colder sub-periods for S<sub>0</sub> (recently soil-paleosol) and S<sub>2</sub> (lower paleosol), respectively, Moreover, we recognized 6 warmer sub-periods (interstadials) for L<sub>1</sub> (upper loess) and one interstadial L<sub>2</sub> (lower loess). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glacial-interglacial%20cycles" title="glacial-interglacial cycles">glacial-interglacial cycles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=last%20glacial%20maximum%20%28LGM%29" title=" last glacial maximum (LGM)"> last glacial maximum (LGM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loess" title=" loess"> loess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20susceptibility%20%28%CF%87%29" title=" magnetic susceptibility (χ)"> magnetic susceptibility (χ)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neka" title=" Neka"> Neka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stadials-interstadials%20sub-periods" title=" stadials-interstadials sub-periods"> stadials-interstadials sub-periods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=younger%20dryas" title=" younger dryas"> younger dryas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108548/the-magnetic-susceptibility-of-the-late-quaternary-loess-in-north-east-of-iran-and-its-correlation-with-other-palaeoclimatical-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16853</span> Monodisperse Quaternary Cobalt Chromium Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesised from a Single Source Precursor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khadijat%20O.%20Abdulwahab">Khadijat O. Abdulwahab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20A.%20Malik"> Mohammad A. Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20O%E2%80%99Brien"> Paul O’Brien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grigore%20A.%20Timco"> Grigore A. Timco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Floriana%20Tuna"> Floriana Tuna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The synthesis of spinel ferrite nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution is very crucial in their numerous applications including information storage, hyperthermia treatment, drug delivery, contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, catalysis, sensors, and environmental remediation. Ferrites have the general formula MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn etc.) and possess remarkable electrical and magnetic properties which depend on the cations, method of preparation, size and their site occupancies. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on the use of a single source precursor to synthesise quaternary ferrite nanoparticles. Herein, we demonstrated the use of trimetallic iron pivalate cluster [CrCoFeO(O2CtBu)6(HO2CtBu)3] as a single source precursor to synthesise monodisperse cobalt chromium ferrite (FeCoCrO4) nanoparticles by the hot injection thermolysis method. The precursor was thermolysed in oleylamine, oleic acid, with diphenyl ether as solvent at its boiling point (260°C). The effect of concentration on the stoichiometry, phases or morphology of the nanoparticles was studied. The p-XRD patterns of the nanoparticles obtained at both concentrations were matched with cubic iron cobalt chromium ferrite (FeCoCrO4). TEM showed that a more monodispersed spherical ferrite nanoparticles of average diameter 4.0 ± 0.4 nm were obtained at higher precursor concentration. Magnetic measurements revealed that all the ferrite particles are superparamagnetic at room temperature. The nanoparticles were characterised by Powder X-ray Diffraction (p-XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20ferrite%20nanoparticles" title="quaternary ferrite nanoparticles">quaternary ferrite nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20source%20precursor" title=" single source precursor"> single source precursor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monodisperse" title=" monodisperse"> monodisperse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobalt%20chromium%20ferrite" title=" cobalt chromium ferrite"> cobalt chromium ferrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colloidal" title=" colloidal"> colloidal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20injection%20thermolysis" title=" hot injection thermolysis"> hot injection thermolysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15324/monodisperse-quaternary-cobalt-chromium-ferrite-nanoparticles-synthesised-from-a-single-source-precursor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16852</span> Measurement of Intermediate Slip Rate of Sabzpushan Fault Zone in Southwestern Iran, Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iman%20Nezamzadeh">Iman Nezamzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Faghih"> Ali Faghih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnam%20Oveisi"> Behnam Oveisi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to reduce earthquake hazards in urban areas, it is necessary to perform comprehensive studies to understand the dynamics of the active faults and identify potentially high risk areas. The fault slip-rates in Late Quaternary sediment are critical indicators of seismic hazard and also provide valuable data to recognize young crustal deformations. To measure slip-rates accurately, is needed to displacement of geomorphic markers and ages of quaternary sediment samples of alluvial deposit that deformed by movements on fault. In this study we produced information about Intermediate term slip rate of Sabzpushan Fault Zone (SPF) within the central part of the Zagros Mountains of Iran using OSL dating technique to make better analysis of seismic hazard and seismic risk reduction for Shiraz city. For this purpose identifiable geomorphic fluvial surfaces help us to provide a reference frame to determine differential or absolute horizontal and vertical deformation. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is an alternative and independent method of determining the burial age of mineral grains in Quaternary sediments. Field observation and satellite imagery show geomorphic markers that deformed horizontally along the Sabzpoushan Fault. Here, drag folds is forming because of evaporites material of Miocen Formation. We estimate 2.8±0.5 mm/yr (mm/y) horizontal slip rate along the Sabzpushan fault zone, where ongoing deformation is involve with drug folding. The Soltan synclinal structure, close to the Sabzpushan fault, shows slight uplift rate due to active core-extrousion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slip%20rate" title="slip rate">slip rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20tectonics" title=" active tectonics"> active tectonics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSL" title=" OSL"> OSL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geomorphic%20markers" title=" geomorphic markers"> geomorphic markers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabzpushan%20Fault%20Zone" title=" Sabzpushan Fault Zone"> Sabzpushan Fault Zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zagros" title=" Zagros"> Zagros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39525/measurement-of-intermediate-slip-rate-of-sabzpushan-fault-zone-in-southwestern-iran-using-optically-stimulated-luminescence-osl-dating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16851</span> Structural and Functional Comparison of Untagged and Tagged EmrE Protein</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Junaid%20S.%20Qazi">S. Junaid S. Qazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denice%20C.%20Bay"> Denice C. Bay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raymond%20Chew"> Raymond Chew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raymond%20J.%20Turner"> Raymond J. Turner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> EmrE, a member of the small multidrug resistance protein family in bacteria is considered to be the archetypical member of its family. It confers host resistance to a wide variety of quaternary cation compounds (QCCs) driven by proton motive force. Generally, purification yield is a challenge in all membrane proteins because of the difficulties in their expression, isolation and solubilization. EmrE is extremely hydrophobic which make the purification yield challenging. We have purified EmrE protein using two different approaches: organic solvent membrane extraction and hexahistidine (his6) tagged Ni-affinity chromatographic methods. We have characterized changes present between ligand affinity of untagged and his6-tagged EmrE proteins in similar membrane mimetic environments using biophysical experimental techniques. Purified proteins were solubilized in a buffer containing n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DDM) and the conformations in the proteins were explored in the presence of four QCCs, methyl viologen (MV), ethidium bromide (EB), cetylpyridinium chloride (CTP) and tetraphenyl phosphonium (TPP). SDS-Tricine PAGE and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed that the addition of QCCs did not induce higher multimeric forms of either proteins at all QCC:EmrE molar ratios examined under the solubilization conditions applied. QCC binding curves obtained from the Trp fluorescence quenching spectra, gave the values of dissociation constant (Kd) and maximum specific one-site binding (Bmax). Lower Bmax values to QCCs for his6-tagged EmrE shows that the binding sites remained unoccupied. This lower saturation suggests that the his6-tagged versions provide a conformation that prevents saturated binding. Our data demonstrate that tagging an integral membrane protein can significantly influence the protein. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20multidrug%20resistance%20%28SMR%29%20protein" title="small multidrug resistance (SMR) protein">small multidrug resistance (SMR) protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EmrE" title=" EmrE"> EmrE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integral%20membrane%20protein%20folding" title=" integral membrane protein folding"> integral membrane protein folding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20ammonium%20compounds%20%28QAC%29" title=" quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC)"> quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20cation%20compounds%20%28QCC%29" title=" quaternary cation compounds (QCC)"> quaternary cation compounds (QCC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%20affinity%20chromatography" title=" nickel affinity chromatography"> nickel affinity chromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hexahistidine%20%28His6%29%20tag" title=" hexahistidine (His6) tag"> hexahistidine (His6) tag</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36260/structural-and-functional-comparison-of-untagged-and-tagged-emre-protein" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36260.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16850</span> Geology, Geomorphology and Genesis of Andarokh Karstic Cave, North-East Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojtaba%20Heydarizad">Mojtaba Heydarizad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Andarokh basin is one of the main karstic regions in Khorasan Razavi province NE Iran. This basin is part of Kopeh-Dagh mega zone extending from Caspian Sea in the east to northern Afghanistan in the west. This basin is covered by Mozdooran Formation, Ngr evaporative formation and quaternary alluvium deposits in descending order of age. Mozdooran carbonate formation is notably karstified. The main surface karstic features in Mozdooran formation are Groove karren, Cleft karren, Rain pit, Rill karren, Tritt karren, Kamintza, Domes, and Table karren. In addition to surface features, deep karstic feature Andarokh Cave also exists in the region. Studying Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Fe concentration and Sr/Mn ratio in Mozdooran formation samples with distance to main faults and joints system using PCA analyses demonstrates intense meteoric digenesis role in controlling carbonate rock geochemistry. The karst evaluation in Andarokh basin varies from early stages 'deep seated karst' in Mesozoic to mature karstic system 'Exhumed karst' in quaternary period. Andarokh cave (the main cave in Andarokh basin) is rudimentary branch work consists of three passages of A, B and C and two entrances Andarokh and Sky. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andarokh%20basin" title="Andarokh basin">Andarokh basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andarokh%20cave" title=" Andarokh cave"> Andarokh cave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemical%20analyses" title=" geochemical analyses"> geochemical analyses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=karst%20evaluation" title=" karst evaluation"> karst evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86350/geology-geomorphology-and-genesis-of-andarokh-karstic-cave-north-east-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16849</span> Factors Affecting the Ultimate Compressive Strength of the Quaternary Calcarenites, North Western Desert, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Rashed">M. A. Rashed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Mansour"> A. S. Mansour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Faris"> H. Faris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Afify"> W. Afify</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The calcarenites carbonate rocks of the Quaternary ridges, which extend along the northwestern Mediterranean coastal plain of Egypt, represent an excellent model for the transformation of loose sediments to real sedimentary rocks by the different stages of meteoric diagenesis. The depositional and diagenetic fabrics of the rocks, in addition to the strata orientation, highly affect their ultimate compressive strength and other geotechnical properties. There is a marked increase in the compressive strength (UCS) from the first to the fourth ridge rock samples. The lowest values are related to the loose packing, weakly cemented aragonitic ooid sediments with high porosity, besides the irregularly distributed of cement, which result in decreasing the ability of these rocks to withstand crushing under direct pressure. The high (UCS) values are attributed to the low porosity, the presence of micritic cement, the reduction in grain size and the occurrence of micritization and calcretization processes. The strata orientation has a notable effect on the measured (UCS). The lowest values have been recorded for the samples cored in the inclined direction; whereas the highest values have been noticed in most samples cored in the vertical and parallel directions to bedding plane. In case of the inclined direction, the bedding planes were oriented close to the plane of maximum shear stress. The lowest and highest anisotropy values have been recorded for the first and the third ridges rock samples, respectively, which may attributed to the relatively homogeneity and well sorted grain-stone of the first ridge rock samples, and relatively heterogeneity in grain and pore size distribution and degree of cementation of the third ridge rock samples, besides, the abundance of shell fragments with intra-particle pore spaces, which may produce lines of weakness within the rock. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title="compressive strength">compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropy" title=" anisotropy"> anisotropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcarenites" title=" calcarenites"> calcarenites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egypt" title=" Egypt"> Egypt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2864/factors-affecting-the-ultimate-compressive-strength-of-the-quaternary-calcarenites-north-western-desert-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16848</span> Anthropogenic Impact on Surface and Groundwaters Quality in the Western Part of the River Nile, Elsaff Village, Giza</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Elkashouty">Mohamed Elkashouty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Yehia"> Mohamed Yehia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Tawfuk"> Ahmed Tawfuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study area is located in the southern part of Giza Governorate at both side of the Nile Valley. A combination of major and trace elements have been used to classify surface- and ground-waters in El Kurimat village, Egypt. The main purpose of the project is to investigate the surface-and ground-waters quality and hydrochemical evaluation. The situation is further complicated by contamination with lithogenic and anthropogenic (agricultural and sewage wastewaters) sources and low groundwater management strategies. The Quaternary aquifer consists of sands and gravels of Pleistocene age intercalated with clay lenses and overlain by silty clay aquitard (Holocene). The semi-pervious silty clay aquitard of the Holocene Nile sediments cover the Quaternary aquifer in most areas. The groundwater flows generally from southwest to northeast. To achieve this target, thirty five and seventy three samples were collected from surface– and ground-waters within summer and winter seasons 2009-2010). Total dissolved solids (TDS), cations, anions, NO2, NO3, PO4 , Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, F, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr and V) were determined in water samples. Grain size analysis was achieved to eight soil samples and measured the organic matter percent in different fractions. The TDS concentration is high in Arab El Ein canal by lithogenic and anthropogenic sources. The average concentrations of TDS in the River Nile are 245 (summer) and 254 ppm (winter). NO3 content ranges from 1.7 to 12 mg/l (summer), while in winter it ranges from 0.4 to 2.4. Most of the toxic metal concentrations are below the drinking and irrigation guidelines except Mn, V, Cr, Al, and Fe, which are higher than the guidelines in some canals and drains. The TDS concentration in groundwater increases toward northeastern and northwestern part of the study area (i.e. toward limestone plateau). It is due to hydrogeological interconnection between Quaternary and Eocene aquifer (saline water), wastewater dump and recharge from wadi El Atfihi wastewater. There is a good match between the hydrogeology and the hydrogeochemistry. Total dissolved solid in groundwater increases toward southwestern part, may be due to hydrogeological interconnection between Quaternary and Eocene aquifer and leakage from agricultural waste water of El Mohut drain. Fe, Mn, Cr, Al, PO4 and NO3 concentrations are high due to anthropogenic sources, therefore they are unsuitable for drinking. The average concentration of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn &Zn are higher in winter than those in summer due to winter drought. The organic matter content in soil are increases in the northeastern and southwestern part, with different fractions, sue to agricultural wastewaters. Reused of contaminated surface- and ground-waters samples by mixing with fresh water (By AquaChem) was estimated to increase the income per capita. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water" title="surface water">surface water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=major%20ions" title=" major ions"> major ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic%20metals" title=" toxic metals"> toxic metals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29549/anthropogenic-impact-on-surface-and-groundwaters-quality-in-the-western-part-of-the-river-nile-elsaff-village-giza" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16847</span> Palygorskite Bearing Calcic-Soils from Western Thar Desert: Implications for Late Quaternary Monsoonal Fluctuations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Hameed">A. Hameed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Upreti"> N. Upreti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Srivastava"> P. Srivastava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Main objective the present study is to investigate microscopic, sub-microscopic, clay mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of three calcic soil profiles from the western Thar Desert for the last 30 ka paleoclimatic information. Thin-sections of the soils show weakly to moderately developed pedofeatures dominated by powdery to well-indurated pedogenic calcium carbonate. Sub-microscopy of the representative calcretes show extensive growth of fibrous palygorskite in pore spaces of micritic and sparitic nodules. XRD of the total clay ( < 2 µm) and fine clay ( < 0.2 µm) fractions of the soils show dominance of smectite, palygorskite, chlorite, mica, kaolinite and small amounts of quartz and feldspar. Formation of the palygorskite is attributed to pedogenic processes associated with Bw, Bss and Bwk horizons during drier conditions over the last 30 ka. Formation of palygorskite was mainly favoured by strongly evaporating percolating water and precipitation of secondary calcite, high pH (9-10), high Mg, Si and low Al activities during pedogenesis. Age estimate and distribution of calcretes, palygorskite, and illuvial features indicate fluctuating monsoonal strength during MIS3-MIS1 stages. The pedogenic features in calcic soils of western Thar suggest relatively arid conditions during MIS3-MIS2 transition and LGM time that changed to relatively wetter conditions during post LGM time and again returned to dry conditions at ~4 ka in MIS1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palygorskite" title="palygorskite">palygorskite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay%20minerals" title=" clay minerals"> clay minerals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thar" title=" Thar"> Thar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aridisol" title=" aridisol"> aridisol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=late%20quaternary" title=" late quaternary"> late quaternary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85055/palygorskite-bearing-calcic-soils-from-western-thar-desert-implications-for-late-quaternary-monsoonal-fluctuations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85055.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16846</span> Magnetic and Optical Properties of GaFeMnN</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Abbad">A.Abbad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.A.Bentounes"> H.A.Bentounes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.Benstaali"> W.Benstaali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW) within the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) is used to calculate the magnetic and optical properties of quaternary GaFeMnN. The results show that the compound becomes magnetic and half metallic and there is an apparition of peaks at low frequencies for the optical properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FP-LAPW" title="FP-LAPW">FP-LAPW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LSDA" title=" LSDA"> LSDA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20moment" title=" magnetic moment"> magnetic moment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflectivity" title=" reflectivity "> reflectivity </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26313/magnetic-and-optical-properties-of-gafemnn" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16845</span> Geodynamic Evolution of the Tunisian Dorsal Backland (Central Mediterranean) from the Cenozoic to Present</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aymen%20Arfaoui">Aymen Arfaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkader%20Soumaya"> Abdelkader Soumaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noureddine%20Ben%20Ayed"> Noureddine Ben Ayed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study region is located in the Tunisian Dorsal Backland (Central Mediterranean), which is the easternmost part of the Saharan Atlas mountain range, trending southwest-northeast. Based on our fieldwork, seismic tomography images, seismicity, and previous studies, we propose an interpretation of the relationship between the surface deformation and fault kinematics in the study area and the internal dynamic processes acting in the Central Mediterranean from the Cenozoic to the present. The subduction and dynamics of internal forces beneath the complicated Maghrebides mobile belt have an impact on the Tertiary and Quaternary tectonic regimes in the Pelagian and Atlassic foreland that is part of our study region. The left lateral reactivation of the major "Tunisian N-S Axis fault" and the development of a compressional relay between the Hammamet Korbous and Messella-Ressas faults are possibly a result of tectonic stresses due to the slab roll-back following the Africa/Eurasia convergence. After the slab segmentation and its eastward migration (5–4 Ma) and the formation of the Strait of Sicily "rift zone" further east, a transtensional tectonic regime has been installed in this area. According to seismic tomography images, the STEP fault of the "North-South Axis" at Hammamet-Korbous coincides with the western edge of the "Slab windows" of the Sicilian Channel and the eastern boundary of the positive anomalies attributed to the residual Slab of Tunisia. On the other hand, significant E-W Plio-Quaternary tectonic activity may be observed along the eastern portion of this STEP fault system in the Grombalia zone as a result of recent vertical lithospheric motion in response to the lateral slab migration eastward to Sicily Channel. According to SKS fast splitting directions, the upper mantle flow pattern beneath Tunisian Dorsal is parallel to the NE-SW to E-W orientation of the Shmin identified in the study area, similar to the Plio-Quaternary extensional orientation in the Central Mediterranean. Additionally, the removal of the lithosphere and the subsequent uplift of the sub-lithospheric mantle beneath the topographic highs of the Dorsal and its surroundings may be the cause of the dominant extensional to transtensional Quaternary regime. The occurrence of strike-slip and extensional seismic events in the Pelagian block reveals that the regional transtensional tectonic regime persists today. Finally, we believe that the geodynamic history of the study area since the Cenozoic is primarily influenced by the preexisting weak zones, the African slab detachment, and the upper mantle flow pattern in the central Mediterranean. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithospheric%20discontinuity%20%28STEP%20fault%29" title=" lithospheric discontinuity (STEP fault)"> lithospheric discontinuity (STEP fault)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geodynamic%20evolution" title=" geodynamic evolution"> geodynamic evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunisian%20dorsal%20backland" title=" Tunisian dorsal backland"> Tunisian dorsal backland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strike-slip%20fault" title=" strike-slip fault"> strike-slip fault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20tomography" title=" seismic tomography"> seismic tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismicity" title=" seismicity"> seismicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20Mediterranean" title=" central Mediterranean"> central Mediterranean</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161121/geodynamic-evolution-of-the-tunisian-dorsal-backland-central-mediterranean-from-the-cenozoic-to-present" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16844</span> Characterization of the State of Pollution by Nitrates in the Groundwater in Arid Zones Case of Eloued District (South-East of Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zair%20Nadje">Zair Nadje</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Attoui%20Badra"> Attoui Badra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miloudi%20Abdelmonem"> Miloudi Abdelmonem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to assess sensitivity to nitrate pollution and monitor the temporal evolution of nitrate contents in groundwater using statistical models and map their spatial distribution. The nitrate levels observed in the waters of the town of El-Oued differ from one aquifer to another. Indeed, the waters of the Quaternary aquifer are the richest in nitrates, with average annual contents varying from 6 mg/l to 85 mg/l, for an average of 37 mg/l. These levels are higher than the WHO standard (50 mg/l) for drinking water. At the water level of the Terminal Complex (CT) aquifer, the annual average nitrate levels vary from 14 mg/l to 37 mg/l, with an average of 18 mg/l. In the Terminal Complex, excessive nitrate levels are observed in the central localities of the study area. The spatial distribution of nitrates in the waters of the Quaternary aquifer shows that the majority of the catchment points of this aquifer are subject to nitrate pollution. This study shows that in the waters of the Terminal Complex aquifer, nitrate pollution evolves in two major areas. The first focus is South-North, following the direction of underground flow. The second is West-East, progressing towards the East zone. The temporal distribution of nitrate contents in the water of the Terminal Complex aquifer in the city of El-Oued showed that for decades, nitrate contents have suffered a decline after an increase. This evolution of nitrate levels is linked to demographic growth and the rapid urbanization of the city of El-Oued. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthropogenic%20activities" title="anthropogenic activities">anthropogenic activities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrates" title=" nitrates"> nitrates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arid%20zones%20city%20of%20El-Oued" title=" arid zones city of El-Oued"> arid zones city of El-Oued</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title=" Algeria"> Algeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184684/characterization-of-the-state-of-pollution-by-nitrates-in-the-groundwater-in-arid-zones-case-of-eloued-district-south-east-of-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184684.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16843</span> Neotectonic Characteristics of the Western Part of Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmi%20Aksoy">Rahmi Aksoy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The western part of Konya consists of an area of block faulted basin and ranges. Present day topography is characterized by alternating elongate mountains and depressions trending east-west. A number of depressions occur in the region. One of the large depressions is the E-W trending Kızılören-Küçükmuhsine (KK basin) basin bounded on both sides by normal faults and located on the west of the Konya city. The basin is about 5-12 km wide and 40 km long. Ranges north and south of the basin are composed of undifferentiated low grade metamorphic rocks of Silurian-Cretaceous age and smaller bodies of ophiolites of probable Cretaceous age. The basin fill consists of the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene fluvial, lacustrine, alluvial sediments and volcanic rocks. The younger and undeformed Plio-Quaternary basin fill unconformably overlies the older basin fill and is composed predominantly of conglomerate, mudstone, silt, clay and recent basin floor deposits. The paleostress data on the striated fault planes in the basin indicates NW-SE extension and associated with an NE-SW compression. The eastern end of the KK basin is cut and terraced by the active Konya fault zone. The Konya fault zone is NE trending, east dipping normal fault forming the western boundary of the Konya depression. The Konya depression consists mainly of Plio-Quaternary alluvial complex and recent basin floor sediments. The structural data gathered from the Konya fault zone support normal faulting with a small amount of dextral strike-slip tensional tectonic regime that shaped under the WNW-ESE extensional stress regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20Anatolia" title="central Anatolia">central Anatolia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20kinematics" title=" fault kinematics"> fault kinematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C3%B6ren-K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkmuhsine%20basin" title=" Kızılören-Küçükmuhsine basin"> Kızılören-Küçükmuhsine basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konya%20fault%20zone" title=" Konya fault zone"> Konya fault zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neotectonics" title=" neotectonics"> neotectonics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44672/neotectonic-characteristics-of-the-western-part-of-konya-central-anatolia-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44672.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16842</span> Mixed Alumina-Silicate Materials for Groundwater Remediation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ziyad%20Abunada">Ziyad Abunada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abir%20Al-tabbaa"> Abir Al-tabbaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current work is investigating the effectiveness of combined mixed materials mainly modified bentonites and organoclay in treating contaminated groundwater. Sodium bentonite was manufactured with a quaternary amine surfactant, dimethyl ammonium chloride to produce organoclay (OC). Inorgano-organo bentonite (IOB) was produced by intercalating alkylbenzyd-methyl-ammonium chloride surfactant into sodium bentonite and pillared with chlorohydrol pillaring agent. The materials efficiency was tested for both TEX compounds from model-contaminated water and a mixture of organic contaminants found in groundwater samples collected from a contaminated site in the United Kingdom. The sorption data was fitted well to both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models reflecting the double sorption model where the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.89 for all materials. The mixed materials showed higher sorptive capacity than individual material with a preference order of X> E> T and a maximum sorptive capacity of 21.8 mg/g was reported for IOB-OC materials for o-xylene. The mixed materials showed at least two times higher affinity towards a mixture of organic contaminants in groundwater samples. Other experimental parameters such as pH and contact time were also investigated. The pseudo-second-order rate equation was able to provide the best description of adsorption kinetics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20bentobite" title="modified bentobite">modified bentobite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title=" adsorption"> adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contaminats" title=" contaminats"> contaminats</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39667/mixed-alumina-silicate-materials-for-groundwater-remediation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16841</span> Bactericidal Efficacy of Quaternary Ammonium Compound on Carriers with Food Additive Grade Calcium Hydroxide against Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Shahin%20Alam">M. Shahin Alam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satoru%20Takahashi"> Satoru Takahashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariko%20Itoh"> Mariko Itoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miyuki%20Komura"> Miyuki Komura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayuko%20Suzuki"> Mayuko Suzuki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natthanan%20%20Sangsriratanakul"> Natthanan Sangsriratanakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuaki%20Takehara"> Kazuaki Takehara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cleaning and disinfection are key components of routine biosecurity in livestock farming and food processing industry. The usage of suitable disinfectants and their proper concentration are important factors for a successful biosecurity program. Disinfectants have optimum bactericidal and virucidal efficacies at temperatures above 20°C, but very few studies on application and effectiveness of disinfectants at low temperatures have been done. In the present study, the bactericidal efficacies of food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)), quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and their mixture, were investigated under different conditions, including time, organic materials (fetal bovine serum: FBS) and temperature, either in suspension or in carrier test. Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli, which are the most prevalent gram negative bacteria in commercial poultry housing and food processing industry, were used in this study. Initially, we evaluated these disinfectants at two different temperatures (4°C and room temperature (RT) (25°C ± 2°C)) and 7 contact times (0, 5 and 30 sec, 1, 3, 20 and 30 min), with suspension tests either in the presence or absence of 5% FBS. Secondly, we investigated the bactericidal efficacies of these disinfectants by carrier tests (rubber, stainless steel and plastic) at same temperatures and 4 contact times (30 sec, 1, 3, and 5 min). Then, we compared the bactericidal efficacies of each disinfectant within their mixtures, as follows. When QAC was diluted with redistilled water (dW2) at 1: 500 (QACx500) to obtain the final concentration of didecyl-dimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) of 200 ppm, it could inactivate Salmonella Infantis within 5 sec at RT either with or without 5% FBS in suspension test; however, at 4°C it required 30 min in presence of 5% FBS. FdCa(OH)2 solution alone could inactivate bacteria within 1 min both at RT and 4°C even with 5% FBS. While FdCa(OH)2 powder was added at final concentration 0.2% to QACx500 (Mix500), the mixture could inactivate bacteria within 30 sec and 5 sec, respectively, with or without 5% FBS at 4°C. The findings from the suspension test indicated that low temperature inhibited the bactericidal efficacy of QAC, whereas Mix500 was effective, regardless of short contact time and low temperature, even with 5% FBS. In the carrier test, single disinfectant required bit more time to inactivate bacteria on rubber and plastic surfaces than on stainless steel. However, Mix500 could inactivate S. Infantis on rubber, stainless steel and plastic surfaces within 30 sec and 1 min, respectively, at RT and 4°C; but, for E. coli, it required only 30 sec at both temperatures. So, synergistic effects were observed on different carriers at both temperatures. For a successful enhancement of biosecurity during winter, the disinfectants should be selected that could have short contact times with optimum efficacy against the target pathogen. The present study findings help farmers to make proper strategies for application of disinfectants in their livestock farming and food processing industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carrier" title="carrier">carrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20additive%20grade%20calcium%20hydroxide%20%28FdCa%28OH%29%E2%82%82%29" title=" food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)₂)"> food additive grade calcium hydroxide (FdCa(OH)₂)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quaternary%20ammonium%20compound" title=" quaternary ammonium compound"> quaternary ammonium compound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synergistic%20effects" title=" synergistic effects"> synergistic effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81553/bactericidal-efficacy-of-quaternary-ammonium-compound-on-carriers-with-food-additive-grade-calcium-hydroxide-against-salmonella-infantis-and-escherichia-coli" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%9Cquaternary%20model%E2%80%9D&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%E2%80%9Cquaternary%20model%E2%80%9D&page=3">3</a></li> <li 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