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id="toc-10th–13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th–13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 10th–13th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th–13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th–16th_centuries:_Brunei_and_Malacca_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th–16th_centuries:_Brunei_and_Malacca_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 15th–16th centuries: Brunei and Malacca affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th–16th_centuries:_Brunei_and_Malacca_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Spanish colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1565–1815:_Galleon_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1565–1815:_Galleon_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 1565–1815: Galleon era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1565–1815:_Galleon_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1821–1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1821–1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 1821–1901 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1821–1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture and society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naming_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Naming customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Historical customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine_and_dining_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine_and_dining_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cuisine and dining customs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine_and_dining_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Secular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Musical and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_musical_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_musical_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Historical musical and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_musical_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precolonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precolonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1.1 Precolonial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precolonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_colonial_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_colonial_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1.2 Spanish colonial music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_colonial_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood_and_bambooworking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_and_bambooworking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Wood and bambooworking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_and_bambooworking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Weaving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2.1 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalworking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalworking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Metalworking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalworking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goldworking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goldworking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3.1 Goldworking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goldworking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bladesmithing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bladesmithing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3.2 Bladesmithing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bladesmithing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.4 Ceramics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papercraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papercraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.5 Papercraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papercraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Roman Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Protestantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Tagalog_faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Tagalog_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Indigenous Tagalog faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Tagalog_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Language and orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tagalog people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تاغالوغيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاغالوغيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تاقلوقلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاقلوقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Tagalog" title="Mga Tagalog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga Tagalog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog" title="Tagalog – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tagalog" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_(Ethnie)" title="Tagalog (Ethnie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tagalog (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Ταγκάλογκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταγκάλογκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_tagalo" title="Pueblo tagalo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo tagalo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalogoj" title="Tagalogoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tagalogoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="مردم تاگالوگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم تاگالوگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_(ethnie)" title="Tagalog (ethnie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tagalog (ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EA%B0%88%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%A1%B1" title="타갈로그족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타갈로그족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տագալներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տագալներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattao_a_Tagalog" title="Tattao a Tagalog – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tattao a Tagalog" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tagalog" title="Orang Tagalog – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Tagalog" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog" title="Tagalog – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tagalog" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_(%D7%A2%D7%9D)" title="טאגאלוג (עם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טאגאלוג (עם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тагалдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тагалдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagali" title="Tagali – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tagali" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagali" title="Tagali – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tagali" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalai" title="Tagalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tagalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ടാഗലോഗ് ജനവിഭാഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടാഗലോഗ് ജനവിഭാഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tagalog" title="Orang Tagalog – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Tagalog" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E6%97%8F" title="タガログ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タガログ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_(folk)" title="Tagalog (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tagalog (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalowie" title="Tagalowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tagalowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Тагалы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тагалы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Tagalag_people" title="Tagalag people">Tagalag people</a> of Australia.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tagalog people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="tl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1046610773">.mw-parser-output .script-baybayin{font-family:"Tagalog Stylized","Baybayin Lopez","Tagalog Doctrina 1593","Noto Sans Tagalog","Noto Sans Hanunoo",Code2000}</style>ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔ Katagalugan / Mga Tagalog / Lahing Tagalog</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturales_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Naturales_5.png/220px-Naturales_5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Naturales_5.png/330px-Naturales_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Naturales_5.png/440px-Naturales_5.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="725" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Maginoo" title="Maginoo">maginoo</a> (nobility) couple, both wearing blue-colored clothing articles (blue being the distinctive color of their class), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 16th century.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">28,273,666 (2020 census)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a>)<hr /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>), minority <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Anitism (Tagalog religion)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Filipino ethnic groups</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tagalog people are an Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a> regions and <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a> province of southern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, and comprise the majority in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The most popular <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> "Tagalog" is the term tagá-ilog, which means "people from [along] the river" (the prefix tagá- meaning "coming from" or "native of"). However, the Filipino historian <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Pardo_de_Tavera" title="Trinidad Pardo de Tavera">Trinidad Pardo de Tavera</a> in Etimología de los Nombres de Razas de Filipinas (1901) concludes that this origin is linguistically unlikely, because the i- in ilog should have been retained if it were the case.<a href="#cite_note-de_Tavera-2">[2]</a> De Tavera and other authors instead propose an origin from tagá-álog, which means "people from the lowlands", from the archaic meaning of the noun álog, meaning "low lands which fill with water when it rains". This would make the most sense considering that the name was used to distinguish the people of the lowlands of the <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> region, which was formerly primarily <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshlands</a>, from the people living in higher elevations.<a href="#cite_note-de_Tavera-2">[2]</a> Other authors, like the American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a>, propose that tagá-álog meant "people of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a>/river crossing", from the modern meaning of the verb alog, which means "to wade". But this has been rejected by de Tavera as unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-de_Tavera-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical usage">edit</a>]</div> Before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">colonial period</a>, the term "Tagalog" was originally used to differentiate lowland dwellers from mountain dwellers between <a href="/wiki/Nagcarlan" title="Nagcarlan">Nagcarlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamon_Bay" title="Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a>, the taga-bukit ("highland dweller") or taga-bundok ("mountain dweller", also archaically tingues, meaning "mountain", cf. <a href="/wiki/Tinguian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinguian">Tinguian</a>);<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Tavera-2">[2]</a> as well as the dwellers of the banks of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a>, the taga-doongan (people of the pier/shore where boats dock").<a href="#cite_note-de_Tavera-2">[2]</a> Despite the naming distinctions, all of these groups speak the same language. Further exceptions include the present-day <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> Tagalogs, who referred to themselves as people of Kumintang – a distinction formally maintained throughout the colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_p190-6">[6]</a> Allegiance to a <a href="/wiki/Bayan_(political_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan (political entity)">bayan</a> differentiated between its natives called tawo and foreigners, who either also spoke <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> or other languages – the latter called samot or samok.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_p190-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Beginning in the Spanish colonial period, documented foreign spellings of the term ranged from Tagalos to Tagalor.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History of Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Luzon" title="History of Luzon">History of Luzon</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/300px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/450px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/600px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>Tagalogs are shown in red in this map.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_origin_theories">Prehistory and origin theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory and origin theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/300px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/450px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/600px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian migration">migration of Austronesian-speakers</a></figcaption></figure> The Tagalog people are said to have descended from seafaring <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a> who migrated southwards to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Specific origin narratives of the Tagalog people contend among several theories: <ul><li>Eastern Visayas – Research on the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> hypothesize a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a> subfamily that includes, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a> and Tagalog, the latter vaguely assumed to have originated somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <ul><li>Borneo via Panay – The controversial <a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a> manuscript dates events from around the early 13th century, telling a great migration of ten <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datus</a> and their followers somewhere from <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> northwards and subsequent settlements in <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>, escaping the tyranny of their Bornean overlord, Rajah Makatunaw. Sometime later, three datus (Kalengsusu, Puti, and Dumaksol) sailed back from Panay to Borneo, then intended to make return for Panay before blowing off course further north to the <a href="/wiki/Pansipit_River" title="Pansipit River">Taal river</a> area in present-day <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>. Datu Puti continued to Panay, while Kalengsusu and Dumaksol decided to settle there with their barangay followings, thus the story says is the origin of the Tagalogs.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Sumatra or Java – A twin migration of Tagalog and <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a> peoples from either somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Dates unknown, but this theory holds the least credibility regardless for basing these migrations from the outdated <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Sundaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Sundaland">out-of-Sundaland</a> model of the Austronesian expansion.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> Linguist <a href="/wiki/R._David_Zorc" title="R. David Zorc">R. David Zorc</a> reconstructed the origins and prehistory of the Tagalog people based on linguistic evidence. According to Zorc, the prehistory of the Tagalogs began slightly more than one thousand years ago, when the Tagalog language first emerged as a separate speech variety. Tagalog is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Philippine language">Central Philippine language</a>, and is therefore closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan languages</a>. Zorc theorizes that the Tagalog people originated in the general area of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">northeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, probably specifically around southern <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>. Zorc notes that the <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon people</a> also reportedly originated in Leyte, and the Tagalog and <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon languages</a> seem to have a special affiliation with each other. The Tagalog people emigrated from their homeland and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luzon">southern Luzon</a> around 1200 to 1000 years ago. Subsequently, the Tagalogs made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinauna">Sinauna</a> (lit. "those from the beginning"), of which contact with the Kapampangans was most intensive.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> After this, the original settlers moved northward: Kapampangans moved to modern Tondo, Navotas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Pampanga, south Tarlac, and east Bataan,<a href="#cite_note-Tantingco:_The_Kapampangan_in_Us-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and Sambals to the modern province of Zambales,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> in turn, displacing the <a href="/wiki/Aeta_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeta peoples">Aetas</a>. Kapampangans settled Aurora alongside Aetas and Bugkalots. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barangay_period">Barangay period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Barangay period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/300px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/450px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/600px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Tagalogs, like other lowland coastal Philippine communities, engaged in trade elsewhere in Southeast Asia and beyond for millennia</figcaption></figure> Tagalog and other Philippine histories in general are highly speculative before the 10th century, primarily due to lack of written sources. Most information on precolonial Tagalog culture is documented by observational writings by early Spanish explorers in the mid-16th century, alongside few precedents from indirect Portuguese accounts and archaeological finds. The maritime-oriented barangays of pre-Hispanic Tagalogs were shared with other coastal peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago. The roughly three-tiered Tagalog social structure of <a href="/wiki/Maginoo" title="Maginoo">maginoo</a> (royalty), <a href="/wiki/Timawa" title="Timawa">timawa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maharlika" title="Maharlika">maharlika</a> (freemen usually of lower nobility), and <a href="/wiki/Alipin" title="Alipin">alipin</a> (bondsmen, slaves, debt peons) have almost identical cognates in Visayan, Sulu, and Mindanawon societies. Most barangays were networked almost exclusively by sea traffic,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> while smaller scale inland trade was typified as lowlander-highlander affairs. Barangays, like other Philippine settlements elsewhere, practiced <a href="/wiki/Mangayaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangayaw">seasonal sea raiding</a> for vengeance, slaves, and valuables alongside <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> except for the relatively larger suprabarangay <a href="/wiki/Bayan_(political_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan (political entity)">bayan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> delta that served as a hub for slave trading. Such specialization also applied to other large towns like <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu" title="Jolo, Sulu">Jolo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Tagalog barangays, especially around <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, were typically larger than most Philippine polities due to a largely flat geography of their environment hosting extensive irrigated rice agriculture (then a prestigious commodity) and particularly close trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">sangley</a>), <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Japan</a>, from direct proximity to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> tradewinds.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Such characteristics gave early Spanish impressions of Tagalogs as "more traders than warriors," although raids were practiced. Neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a> barangays also shared these characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="10th–13th_centuries">10th–13th centuries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 10th–13th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo (historical polity)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/220px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/330px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/440px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a> is the oldest record of Tagalog polities and their syncretic beliefs and culture with Hindu-Buddhism</figcaption></figure> Although at the periphery of the larger <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a> like much of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">eastern Indonesia</a>, notable influences from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Buddhism</a> were brought to southwest <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> and other parts of the Philippine archipelago by largely intermediate Bornean, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> traders by this time period, likely much earlier. The earliest document in Tagalog and general Philippine history is the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna copperplate inscription</a> (LCI), bearing several place names speculated to be analogous to several towns and barangays in predominantly Tagalog areas ranging from present-day <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> to coastal <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The text is primarily in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> and shows several cultural and societal insights into the Tagalogs during time period. The earliest recognized Tagalog polity is Tondo, mentioned as <a href="/wiki/Tundun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tundun">Tundun</a>, while several other place names are theorized to be present-day <a href="/wiki/Pila,_Laguna" title="Pila, Laguna">Pila</a> or Paila, Bulacan (Pailah), <a href="/wiki/Pulilan" title="Pulilan">Pulilan</a> (Puliran), and <a href="/wiki/Binuangan,_Obando" title="Binuangan, Obando">Binuangan</a>. Sanskrit, Malay, and Tagalog honorifics, names, accounting, and timekeeping were used. Chiefs were referred as either pamagat or tuhan, while dayang was likely female royalty. All of the aforementioned polities seemed to have close relations elsewhere with the polities of Dewata and Mdang, theorized to be the present-day area of <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a> in Mindanao and the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a> in Java.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Additionally, several records from <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song China</a> and Brunei mention a particular polity called <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a>, the earliest in 971. Several places within Tagalog-speaking areas contend for its location: <a href="/wiki/Bulalacao" title="Bulalacao">Bulalacao</a> (formerly Mait), <a href="/wiki/Bay,_Laguna" title="Bay, Laguna">Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>. Ma-i had close trade relations with the Song, directly importing manufactured wares, iron, and jewelry and retailing to "other islands," evident of earlier possible Tagalog predominance of reselling Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine islands before its explicit role by <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a> in the 16th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15th–16th_centuries:_Brunei_and_Malacca_affairs">15th–16th centuries: Brunei and Malacca affairs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 15th–16th centuries: Brunei and Malacca affairs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila (historical polity)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PreCol_Manila.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PreCol_Manila.png/220px-PreCol_Manila.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PreCol_Manila.png/330px-PreCol_Manila.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PreCol_Manila.png/440px-PreCol_Manila.png 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Tagalog-Kapampangan polities in 1565</figcaption></figure> The growth of <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a> as the largest Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a> led to a gradual spread of its cultural influence eastward throughout <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">insular Southeast Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay</a> became the regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of trade and many polities enculturated Islamic Malay customs and governance to varying degrees, including Tagalogs and other coastal Philippine peoples. According to Bruneian folklore, at around 1500 <a href="/wiki/Bolkiah" title="Bolkiah">Sultan Bolkiah</a> launched a successful northward expedition to break <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo's</a> monopoly as a regional entrepot of the Chinese trade and established <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a> (Selurong?) across the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig</a> delta, ruled by his heirs as a satellite.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Subsequently, Bruneian influence spread elsewhere around Manila Bay, present-day Batangas, and coastal Mindoro through closer trade and political relations, with a growing <a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Tagalog-Kapampangan diaspora</a> based in Brunei and beyond in Malacca in various professions as traders, sailors, shipbuilders, mercenaries, governors, and slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Pasig delta bayan of Tondo-Maynila was the largest <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepot</a> within the Philippine archipelago primarily from retailing <a href="/wiki/Tradeware_ceramics_in_the_Philippines" title="Tradeware ceramics in the Philippines">Chinese and Japanese manufactured goods and wares</a> throughout Luzon, the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayan islands</a> (where Bisaya would mistakenly call Tagalog and Bornean traders alike as Sina), <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>. Tagalog (alongside Kapampangan) traders also worked elsewhere as far as <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a>, and traders from the rest of the Philippine archipelago alike all conducted business in Maynila, and to a lesser extent along the Batangas<a href="#cite_note-pottery_in_zobel_property_calatagan-26">[26]</a> and Mindoro coasts. However, in a broader scope of Southeast Asian trade the bayan served a niche regional market comparable to smaller trade towns in Borneo, Sulawesi, and Maluku.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonial_period">Spanish colonial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish colonial period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila galleons">Manila galleons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">Reductions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Repartimiento" title="Repartimiento">repartimiento</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1565–1815:_Galleon_era">1565–1815: Galleon era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1565–1815: Galleon era">edit</a>]</div> On May 19, 1571, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> gave the title "city" to the colony of Manila.<a href="#cite_note-Blair1911pp173-174-28">[28]</a> The title was certified on June 19, 1572.<a href="#cite_note-Blair1911pp173-174-28">[28]</a> Under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> and the governor-general of the Philippines who ruled from Manila was sub-ordinate to the viceroy in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen, including <a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a> by Pedro de San Buenaventura (<a href="/wiki/Pila,_Laguna" title="Pila, Laguna">Pila, Laguna</a>, 1613), <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Clain" title="Pablo Clain">Pablo Clain</a>'s Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (beginning of the 18th century), Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835), and Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies of the language.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The first substantial dictionary of Tagalog language was written by the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as <a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a> in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly<a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> re-edited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The indigenous poet <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Baltazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Baltazar">Francisco Baltazar</a> (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/220px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/330px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/440px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Group of Tagalog revolutionaries that participated at the pact of <a href="/wiki/Biak-na-bato_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Biak-na-bato Constitution">Biak-na-Bato</a>.</figcaption></figure> Prior to Spanish arrival and Catholic seeding, the ancient Tagalog people used to cover the following: present-day <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a> region except the Polillo Islands, northern Quezon, Alabat island, the Bondoc Peninsula, and easternmost Quezon; <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>; Metro Manila, except Tondo and <a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> except for its eastern part; southwest <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, as much of Nueva Ecija used to be a vast rainforest where numerous nomadic ethnic groups stayed and left; and west Bataan and south Zambales, as the Tagalogs already migrated and settled there before Spanish rule. Tagalogs were minority of the residents in west Bulacan, Navotas, & Tondo before Spanish arrival. When the polities of Tondo and Maynila fell due to the Spanish, the Tagalog-majority areas grew through Tagalog migrations in portions of Central Luzon and north Mimaropa as a Tagalog migration policy was implemented by Spain. When the province of Bataan was established on January 11, 1757 out of territories belonging to <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> and the corregimiento of <a href="/wiki/Mariveles" title="Mariveles">Mariveles</a>, Tagalogs migrated to east Bataan, where Kapampangans assimilated to the Tagalogs. Kapampangans were displaced to the towns near Pampanga by that time, along with the Aetas. This happened again when <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a> happened in 1762, when many Tagalog refugees from Manila and north areas of Cavite escaped to Bulacan and to neighboring Nueva Ecija, where the original Kapampangan settlers welcomed them; Bulacan and Nueva Ecija were natively Kapampangan when Spaniards arrived; majority of Kapampangans sold their lands to the newly arrived Tagalog settlers and others intermarried with and assimilated to the Tagalog, which made Bulacan and Nueva Ecija dominantly Tagalog, many of the Tagalog settlers arrived in Nueva Ecija directly from Bulacan;<a href="#cite_note-Indúng_Kapampangan-35">[35]</a> also, the sparsely populated valley of the Zambales region was later settled by migrants, largely from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos region">Ilocos regions</a>, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline in the Sambal identity and language.<a href="#cite_note-Indúng_Kapampangan-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The same situation happened in modern north Quezon and modern Aurora, where it was repopulated by settlers from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Tagalog</a> and Ilocos regions, with other settlers from <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a>, and married with some Aeta and <a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalots</a>, this led to the assimilation of Kapampangans to the Tagalog settlers.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tantingco:_The_Kapampangan_in_Us-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This was continued by the Americans when they defeated Spain in a war, extending the Tagalog diaspora to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-3">[3]</a> with most notable Tagalog settlement in the latter being <a href="/wiki/New_Bataan" title="New Bataan">New Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao_de_Oro" title="Davao de Oro">Davao del Oro</a>, which was named after Tagalog migrants' <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">place of origin</a>. Subsequent postwar eras also saw Tagalog migrations to those islands in vast numbers due to various economic opportunities, especially agriculture (Tagalogs already settled Mindoro during Spanish territorial rule).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tagalog migrations to Mindoro and Palawan are the reason for making the two areas part of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a>. The first documented Asian-origin people to arrive in North America after the beginning of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> were a group of Filipinos known as "Luzonians" or Luzon Indians who were part of the crew and landing party of the Spanish galleon <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Unamuno" title="Pedro de Unamuno">Nuestra Señora de la Buena Esperanza</a>. The ship set sail from <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and landed in <a href="/wiki/Morro_Bay,_California" title="Morro Bay, California">Morro Bay</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> coast on October 17, 1587, as part of the Galleon Trade between the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> (the colonial name for what would become the Philippines) and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Spain's Viceroyalty in North America).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> More Filipino sailors arrived along the California coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> By 1763, "Manila men" or "Tagalas" had established a settlement called <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana" title="Saint Malo, Louisiana">St. Malo</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Flag used during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> which is mainly used by the Tagalog revolutionaries.</figcaption></figure> The Tagalog people played an active role during the 1896 <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> and many of its leaders were either from <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> or surrounding provinces. The first Filipino president was Tagalog creole <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guerrero1-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> once intended to name the Philippines as Katagalugan, or the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guerrero2-45">[45]</a> and extended the meaning of these terms to all natives in the Philippine islands.<a href="#cite_note-guerrero1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrero2-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a> described Filipino propagandist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> (1861–1896) as the "Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a>" and said of him "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> formed his own Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Morong (today, the province of <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>), and held the <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">presidency</a> with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Carre%C3%B3n" title="Francisco Carreón">Francisco Carreón</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-antonio_abad-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1821–1901">1821–1901</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1821–1901">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Illustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrados">Illustrados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg/170px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg/255px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg/340px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a>, one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_the_Philippines_(1897)#ARTICLE_VIII:_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGE" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1897)">Constitution of Biak-na-Bato</a> in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-MLQspeech-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-51">[51]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-MLQspeech-50">[50]</a> Quezon, who is also sometimes referred to as Castile, was from <a href="/wiki/Baler,_Aurora" title="Baler, Aurora">Baler, Aurora</a>, which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ (national language) or literally, Wikang Pambansa na batay/base sa Tagalog.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-51">[51]</a> In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-51">[51]</a> The 1973 constitution designated the Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area">Area</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Area">edit</a>]</div> Present-day <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a> are the historical and regional native homelands of the Tagalogs, while Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Mindoro and Palawan comprise the majority of the Tagalog population—the two latter became the part of the now-defunct region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog" title="Southern Tagalog">Southern Tagalog</a> (which consisted of Aurora, Calabarzon and Mimaropa) as the reasons of heavy Tagalog migration resulting the widespread of the Tagalog language as the main lingua franca—since the Spanish colonial era when a migration policy was implemented to Tagalogs. This shares the same reason with Aurora, added by the event when formerly known as El Príncipe District was transferred from Nueva Ecija to Tayabas in U.S. colonial time until Tayabas renamed to Quezon Province in 1946, then Aurora was created as a sub-province of the latter in 1951 and became totally independent province in 1979. American colonial and postwar eras extended the Tagalog diaspora to Palawan and Mindanao seeking various economic opportunities, mainly agriculture. Among the Tagalog settlements in Mindanao is <a href="/wiki/New_Bataan" title="New Bataan">New Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davao_de_Oro" title="Davao de Oro">Davao de Oro</a>, which was named after Tagalog migrants' <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">place of origin</a>, though varying numbers of Tagalog settlers and their descendants reside in nearly every province in Mindanao, and formed ethnic associations such as Samahang Batangueño in <a href="/wiki/Gingoog" title="Gingoog">Gingoog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misamis_Oriental" title="Misamis Oriental">Misamis Oriental</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture and society">edit</a>]</div> Tagalog settlements are generally lowland, commonly oriented towards banks near the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> or wawà (<a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">mouth</a> of a river).<a href="#cite_note-SoAPac-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-3">[3]</a> Culturally, it is rare for native Tagalog people to identify themselves as Tagalog as part of their collective identity as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> due to cultural differences, specialization, and geographical location. The native masses commonly identify their native <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural group</a> by provinces, such as <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangueño</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Caviteño</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulakeño</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduqueño</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> or by towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Lucban" title="Lucban">Lukbanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tayabas" title="Tayabas">Tayabasin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infanta,_Quezon" title="Infanta, Quezon">Infantahin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Likewise, most cultural aspects of the Tagalog people are oriented towards the decentralized characteristics of provinces and towns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_customs">Naming customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Naming customs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino name</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_customs">Historical customs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical customs">edit</a>]</div> Tagalog naming customs have changed over the centuries. The 17th-century Spanish missionary Francisco Colin wrote in his work Labor Evangelica about the naming customs of Tagalogs from the pre-colonial times up to the early decades of the Spanish colonial era. Colin mentioned that Tagalog infants were given names as soon as they were born, and that it was the mother's business to give them names.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> Generally, the name was taken from the child's circumstances at the time of birth. In his work, Colin gave an example of how names were given: "For example, Maliuag, which means 'difficult', because of the difficulty of the birth; Malacas, which signifies 'strong', for it is thought that the infant will be strong."<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> A surname was only given upon the birth of one's first child. Fathers added Amani (Ama ni in modern Tagalog), while mothers added Ynani (Ina ni in modern Tagalog); these names preceded the infant's name and acted as the surname. Historical examples of these practices are two of the perpetrators involved in the failed <a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a> in 1587: Felipe Amarlangagui (Ama ni Langkawi), one of the chiefs of Tondo, and Don Luis Amanicalao (Ama ni Kalaw), his son.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Later, in a document dated December 5, 1625, a man named Amadaha was said to be the father of a <a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">principalía</a> named Doña Maria Gada.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Colin noted that it was a practice among Tagalogs to add -in to female names to differentiate them from men. He provided an example in his work: "Si Ilog, the name of a male; Si Iloguin, the name of a female."<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> Colin also wrote that Tagalog people used <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutives</a> for children, and had appellations for various relationships. They also had these appellations for ancestors and descendants.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> By the time Colin wrote his work in the 1600s, the Tagalogs had mainly converted to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Christianity">Roman Catholic Christianity</a> from the old religions of <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a> worship and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. He noted that some mothers had become such devout Catholics that they would not give their children native secular names until <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>. Upon conversion, the <a href="/wiki/Mononym" title="Mononym">mononyms</a> of the pre-colonial era had become the Tagalog people's surnames and they added a <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> as their first name. Colin further noted that Tagalogs quickly adopted the Spanish practice of adding "<a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a>" for prestige, when in the pre-colonial era, they would have used Lacan (Lakan) or Gat for men, while Dayang would have been added for women.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> In Tagalog society, it was considered distasteful and embarrassing to explicitly mention one another among themselves by their own names alone; adding something was seen as an act of courtesy. This manifested in the practice of adding Amani or Ynani before the first child's name. For those people of influence but without children, their relatives and acquaintances would throw a banquet where a new name would be given to the person; this new name was called pamagat. The name given was based on the person's old name, but it reflected excellence and was metaphorical.<a href="#cite_note-:3-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine_and_dining_customs">Cuisine and dining customs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cuisine and dining customs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine#Luzonese_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine § Luzonese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pork_sinigang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pork_sinigang.JPG/220px-Pork_sinigang.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pork_sinigang.JPG/330px-Pork_sinigang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pork_sinigang.JPG/440px-Pork_sinigang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a>, a popular Filipino stew originating from the Tagalogs, is commonly served in many variations throughout the country.</figcaption></figure> Tagalog cuisine is not defined ethnically or in centralized culinary institutions, but instead by town, province, or even region with specialized dishes developed largely at homes or various kinds of restaurants. Nonetheless, there are fundamental characteristics largely shared with most of the Philippines:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the primary staple food, while <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> are typically prepared as vegetables.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_vinegar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Palm vinegar (disambiguation)">Palm vinegar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calamansi" title="Calamansi">calamansi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a> are often combined in most dishes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, are prominent, along with other <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meats</a> of poultry and beef.</li> <li>Panaderias or neighborhood bakeries were inherited from <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic culture">Hispanic culture</a>.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> is known for <a href="/wiki/Pork_rinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork rinds">chicharon</a> (fried <a href="/wiki/Pork_rind" title="Pork rind">pork rinds</a>), steamed rice and tuber cakes like <a href="/wiki/Puto_(food)" title="Puto (food)">puto</a>, panghimagas (desserts), like <a href="/wiki/Suman_(food)" title="Suman (food)">suman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapin-sapin" title="Sapin-sapin">sapin-sapin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">ube halaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutsinta" title="Kutsinta">kutsinta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava_cake" title="Cassava cake">cassava cake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pastillas" title="Pastillas">pastillas de leche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a> is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Suman_(food)" title="Suman (food)">suman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a> products. <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a> is known for <a href="/wiki/Buko_pie" title="Buko pie">buko pie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peanut_brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peanut brittle">panutsa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a>, home to 75 species of freshwater fish. Among these, <a href="/wiki/Maliputo" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliputo">maliputo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawilis">tawilis</a> are unique local delicacies. Batangas is also known for <a href="/wiki/Kape_Barako" class="mw-redirect" title="Kape Barako">kapeng barako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lomi" title="Lomi">lomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulalo" title="Bulalo">bulalo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goto_(food)" title="Goto (food)">goto</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bistek" title="Bistek">Bistek</a> Tagalog is a dish of strips of sirloin beef slowly cooked in <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calamansi" title="Calamansi">calamansi</a> juice, <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> and onions. Records have also shown that kare-kare is the Tagalog dish that the Spanish first tasted when they landed in pre-colonial Tondo.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">panaderias</a>, numerous roadside eateries serve local specialties. Batangas is home to many <a href="/wiki/Lomi" title="Lomi">lomihan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goto_(food)" title="Goto (food)">gotohan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulalo" title="Bulalo">bulalohan</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog literature">Tagalog literature</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (June 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secular">Secular</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secular">edit</a>]</div> The Tagalog people are also known for their <a href="/wiki/Tanaga" title="Tanaga">tanaga</a>, an indigenous artistic poetic form of the Tagalog people's <a href="/wiki/Idioms" class="mw-redirect" title="Idioms">idioms</a>, feelings, teachings, and ways of life. The tanaga strictly has four lines only, each having seven syllables only. Other literary forms include the bugtong (riddle), <a href="/wiki/Awit_(poem)" title="Awit (poem)">awit</a> (a dodecasyllabic <a href="/wiki/Quatrain" title="Quatrain">quatrain</a> romance), and <a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">korido</a> (an ocotsyllabic quatrain romance).<a href="#cite_note-:4-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious">Religious</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religious">edit</a>]</div> Religious literary forms of the Tagalog people include:<a href="#cite_note-:4-69">[69]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Dalit — verses of <a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">novenas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechisms</a>: no fixed metre or rhyme, though some in octosyllabic quatrains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasyon" title="Pasyon">Pasyon</a> — prose in octosyllabic quintillas commemorating Christ's resurrection</li> <li>Dialogo</li> <li>Manual de Urbanidad</li> <li>Tratado</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_and_performing_arts">Musical and performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Musical and performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_musical_and_performing_arts">Historical musical and performing arts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historical musical and performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Precolonial">Precolonial</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Precolonial">edit</a>]</div> Not much is known of precolonial Tagalog music, though Spanish-Tagalog dictionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a> in the early colonial period provided translations for Tagalog words for some musical instruments, such as agung/agong (gong), bangsi (flute), and kudyapi/cutyapi/coryapi (boat lute),<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> the last one was further described by the Spanish chronicler Fr. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Chirino" title="Pedro Chirino">Pedro Chirino</a> in his Relación de las Islas Filipinas, which had long faded into obscurity among modern Tagalogs. In his entry, he mentioned:<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><blockquote>In polite and affectionate intercourse, [the Tagalos] are very extravagant, addressing letters to each other in terms of elaborate and delicate expressions of affection, and neat turns of thought. As a result of this, they are much given to musical practice; and although the guitar that they use, called cutyapi, is not very ingenious or rich in tone, it is by no means disagreeable, and to them is most pleasing. They play it with such vivacity and skill that they seem to make human voices issue from its four metallic cords. We also have it on good authority that by merely playing these instruments they can, without opening their lips, communicate with one another, and make themselves perfectly understood – a thing unknown of any other nation..." (Chirino 1604a: 241).</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spanish_colonial_music">Spanish colonial music</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spanish colonial music">edit</a>]</div> During the 333 years of Spanish colonization, Tagalogs began to use Western musical instruments. Local adaptations have led to new instruments like the 14-string <a href="/wiki/Bandurria" title="Bandurria">bandurria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octavina" title="Octavina">octavina</a>, both of which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Rondalla" title="Rondalla">rondalla</a> ensemble.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> There are several types of Tagalog folk songs or awit according to Spanish records, differing on the general theme of the words as well as meter. <ul><li>Awit – house songs; also a generic term for "song"</li> <li>Diona – wedding songs</li> <li>Indolanin and umbay – sad songs</li> <li>Talingdao – work songs</li> <li>Umiguing – songs sung in a slow tempo with trilling vocals</li> <li>Sea shanties: <ul><li>Dolayinin – oar rowing songs</li> <li>Soliranin – sailing songs</li> <li>Manigpasin – refrains sung during paddling</li> <li>Hila and dopayinin – other kinds of boat songs</li> <li>Balicungcung – manner of singing in boats</li></ul></li> <li>Haloharin, oyayi and hele-hele – <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullabies</a></li> <li>Sambotani – songs for festivals and social reunions</li> <li>Tagumpay – songs to commemorate victory in ware</li> <li>Hilirao – drinking songs</li> <li>Kumintang – love songs; sometimes also <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomimic</a> "dance songs", per Dr. F. Santiago</li> <li>kundiman – love songs; used especially in <a href="/wiki/Serenade" title="Serenade">serenading</a></li></ul> Many of these traditional songs were not well documented and were largely passed down orally, and persisted in rural Tagalog regions well into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> The Tagalog people were also crafters. The katolanan of each barangay is the bearer of arts and culture, and usually trains crafters if none are living in the barangay. If the barangay has many skilled crafters, they teach their crafts to gifted students. Notable crafts made by ancient Tagalogs are boats, fans, agricultural materials, livestock instruments, spears, arrows, shields, accessories, jewelries, clothing, houses, paddles, fish gears, mortar and pestles, food utensils, musical instruments, bamboo and metal wears for inscribing messages, clay wears, toys, and many others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wood_and_bambooworking">Wood and bambooworking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wood and bambooworking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malolos_Singkaban_Arch.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Malolos_Singkaban_Arch.jpeg/220px-Malolos_Singkaban_Arch.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Malolos_Singkaban_Arch.jpeg/330px-Malolos_Singkaban_Arch.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Malolos_Singkaban_Arch.jpeg/440px-Malolos_Singkaban_Arch.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Detail of singkaban, showing the shaved off bamboo layers</figcaption></figure> Tagalog woodworking practices include <a href="/wiki/Paete" title="Paete">Paete</a> carving, <a href="/wiki/Baliwag" title="Baliwag">Baliuag</a> furniture, <a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal</a> furniture, precolonial <a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">boat building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">joinery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakil" title="Pakil">Pakil</a> woodshaving and <a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">whittling</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tagalog provinces practice a traditional art called singkaban, a craft that involves shaving and curling <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> through the use of sharp metal tools. This process is called kayas in Tagalog. Kayas requires patience as the process involves shaving off the bamboo by thin layers, creating curls and twirls to produce decorations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[74]</a> This art is mostly associated with the town of <a href="/wiki/Hagonoy,_Bulacan" title="Hagonoy, Bulacan">Hagonoy, Bulacan</a>, though it is also practiced in southern Tagalog provinces like <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>. It primarily serves as decoration during town festivals, usually applied on arches that decorate the streets and alleyways during the festivities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weaving">Weaving</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Weaving">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Notable Tagalog weaving customs include: <ul><li>Taal and Lumban embroidery</li> <li>Basketry</li> <li>Palaspas palm weaving</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Clothing">Clothing</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_family_belonging_to_the_Principalia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_family_belonging_to_the_Principalia.JPG/170px-A_family_belonging_to_the_Principalia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_family_belonging_to_the_Principalia.JPG/255px-A_family_belonging_to_the_Principalia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/A_family_belonging_to_the_Principalia.JPG/340px-A_family_belonging_to_the_Principalia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Costume typical of a family belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Principalía</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">baro't saya</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagalog_dress,_early_1800s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tagalog_dress%2C_early_1800s.jpg/220px-Tagalog_dress%2C_early_1800s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tagalog_dress%2C_early_1800s.jpg/330px-Tagalog_dress%2C_early_1800s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tagalog_dress%2C_early_1800s.jpg/440px-Tagalog_dress%2C_early_1800s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Tagalog clothing during the 19th century</figcaption></figure> The majority of Tagalogs before colonization wore garments woven by the locals, much of which showed sophisticated designs and techniques. The <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a> displays the intricacies and high standards of Tagalog clothing, especially among the gold-draped high society. High society members, which include the datu and the katolonan, also wore accessories made of prized materials. Slaves on the other hand wore simple clothing, seldom loincloths.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During later centuries, Tagalog nobles would wear the <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a> for men and the <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">baro't saya</a> for women. When the Philippines became independent, the barong tagalog were popularised as the national costume of the country, as the wearers were the majority in the new capital, Manila. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metalworking">Metalworking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Metalworking">edit</a>]</div> Metalworking is one of the most prominent trades of precolonial Tagalog, noted for the abundance of terms recorded in <a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a> that is related to metalworking, signifying a sophisticated practice of this art which has died down during the colonial period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Goldworking">Goldworking</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Goldworking">edit</a>]</div> Goldworking in particular is of considerable significance among the Tagalogs. Gold (in Spanish, oro) was mentioned in 228 entries in Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. In the 16th-century Tagalog region, the region of Paracale (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a>) was noted for its abundance in gold. Paracale is connected to the archipelago's largest port, Manila, through the Tayabas province and <a href="/wiki/Pila,_Laguna" title="Pila, Laguna">Pila, Laguna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Tagalog term for gold, still in use today, is ginto. The craftsman who works on metal is called panday bakal (metalsmith), but those who specialize in goldworks are called panday ginto (goldsmith). For gold procurement, Tagalogs get the ores from mines which are called dolang (dulang in modern Tagalog) and dulangan for places where gold or metal ores can be acquired in general, not restricted to mines. Dulangan is also used as tool for acquiring such gold like wooden pans. These raw gold ores are distinguished between two types, the gintong buo (large gold) and gintong wagas (gold dusts and bits).<a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> Material processing involves wisak (coal) which is used for heating, San Buenaventura further elaborates that this is a specific type of coal, one that "cannot melt the Chinese gold or silver with", it is used for reduction or addition sequences. Raw materials are called wagas (gold dusts and bits), pilak (silver) and tumbaga (copper). Tumbaga is also defined as "combining gold and copper", thus changing the color to red. The terms for processes are ilik (heating and melting), sangag (purifying and refining), sumbat (combining gold and silver) which turns the metal into white, subong (combining gold, silver and copper) and piral (bonding with silver or copper). These are done with tools called sangagan and patutunawan (pot, crucible). They may produce lata (soft gold), buo (large gold), mistula (pure, unalloyed gold).<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> For forming, metal works may undergo hibo (forming, gilding), alat-at or gitang (splitting), tungmatatak (tumatatak in modern Tagalog) (a delicate process of cutting), batbat or talag (hammering), lantay (beating), batak (stretching), pilipit (twisting), binubo (fusing), hinang (soldering), and piral (bonding with silver or copper). All of these processes are done with pamatbat, panalag (hammer), panlantay (beating instrument). These processes result in tatak (workable gold cuts) and lantay (gold foil). Leftover gold bits that are of little worth are called unbit/umbit and torn gold is called lamok.<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> The resulting tatak and lantay from the previous processes are then taken for designing. Gems, jewels and aromatics can also be used as additional embellishments. A Tagalog goldsmith can engrave designs on these gold pieces with dawa-dawa (styling and filigree work) which enhances the visual appeal. Kinang (lustre) or dalag are the most adored qualities of gold in Tagalog society. Sapo or dungmadalag (dumaralag in modern Tagalog) for polishing, they do this by rubbing in ochre to increase is reddish color. Baid or naynay are the terms for burnishing, bitang (sleek styling), tukol (chiselling), kalupkop (garnishing), salak (accessorizing with gems or aromatics). The tools that goldsmiths use here are called pamaid (polishing instrument) and panukol (chisel). These result in finished works such as gold ornaments, jewelleries and other gold objects.<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> In assaying or reworking gold ornaments, one can do uri (assaying) with tools such as urian (magnet, touchstone) and karay (weighing container). As such, precolonial Tagalogs would discern fake gold called balat from genuine gold called tunay.<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> After assaying the gold, precolonial Tagalogs would test its quality. The Vocabulario illustrated the quality spectrum of gold as it was formulated during the early 1600s. Dalisay is the highest part of the spectrum with 24 karats, followed by ginugulan with 22 karats, next would be hilapo for 20 karats, panangbo for less than 20 karats, panika with 18 karats, linging-in with 14 karats, and bislig with only 12 karats. Malubay and hutok are defined as gold of the lowest quality, below 10 karats. Each category is further divided into two, matanda and bata, a step superior and inferior than it; a hilapong bata is not straightforward hilapo (20 karats) while a bislig matanda is short of being straightforward lingin-in (14 karats).<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> Gold ornaments usually end up being buried (baon) with the dead or made use of as an heirloom or inheritance (mana, malaking ginto).<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bladesmithing">Bladesmithing</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bladesmithing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rizal_Tagalog_blades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rizal_Tagalog_blades.jpg/220px-Rizal_Tagalog_blades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rizal_Tagalog_blades.jpg/330px-Rizal_Tagalog_blades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rizal_Tagalog_blades.jpg/440px-Rizal_Tagalog_blades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Various Tagalog blades from <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balisong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Balisong.jpg/220px-Balisong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Balisong.jpg/330px-Balisong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Balisong.jpg/440px-Balisong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Balisong from <a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal, Batangas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahong_palay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dahong_palay.jpg/220px-Dahong_palay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dahong_palay.jpg/330px-Dahong_palay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dahong_palay.jpg/440px-Dahong_palay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Dahong palay from <a href="/wiki/Binangonan" title="Binangonan">Binangonan, Rizal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagalog_kris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tagalog_kris.jpg/220px-Tagalog_kris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tagalog_kris.jpg/330px-Tagalog_kris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tagalog_kris.jpg/440px-Tagalog_kris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>A Tagalog kris from Binangonan, Rizal</figcaption></figure> Tagalogs have long traditions in bladesmithing, with itak (<a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolo knife</a>) having historical importance as a symbol. It is strongly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> as these farm implements were converted into fighting blades during this turbulent period. Vocabulario de la lengua tagala recorded several Tagalog terms for specific type of blades, some of which were later replaced by Spanish loanword or fell into obscurity; <a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">kalis</a> was the term for "sword", which has been replaced in modern Tagalog by the Spanish loanword espada. <a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">Kampilan</a> and talibong were the terms for "cutlass", while gulok, sundang, itak and tabak were generic terms for agricultural blades, which can have different length and blade profiles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> Bladesmithing is traditionally learned through apprenticeships. A blacksmith (panday) takes a young apprentice, and the young apprentice starts off assisting the blacksmith in the forging process, as well as scabbard making, until they are well-equipped to start their own forge. In the 21st century, bladesmthing, hilt and scabbard making can be done in the forge by blacksmiths, although blacksmiths can also not make scabbards and can delegate the task to craftsmen (either woodworkers or leatherworkers) who specialize in scabbard making. There are also specialized craftsmen who make pamigkis or the strap used as belts to tie up the scabbard to the user's hips.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are few descriptions on what pre-colonial Tagalog blades looked like, and their specific shapes and the materials used. The ones that survived to this day are from the Spanish colonial era. They demonstrate the use of wood or carabao horn for hilts. Laminated blades were also found, albeit not as common as their counterparts in Mindanao. Brass fittings were also found in both antiques and modern samples especially on ferrules (sakla) and pommels (bitling). For scabbards (kaluban), carabao leather was featured in earlier samples and persists in some towns in Laguna to this day, but the rest of the Tagalog provinces shifted to using wooden scabbards. For hilts (puluhan), carabao horn is the preferred material in Rizal, Laguna and Quezon provinces, while wood is preferred elsewhere.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 21st century, there are still thriving bladesmithing traditions in the rural parts of Rizal, Laguna, Mindoro, Marinduque and Quezon provinces. Bataan, Bulacan and Cavite blacksmiths mainly concentrate on mass-produced and cheaper blades that are normally sold in Sunday markets and shipped to various parts of the country. Two prominent forges are the SH and SK forges in <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Cavite" title="Carmona, Cavite">Carmona, Cavite</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditional blacksmithing of long blades in Batangas has largely died out and intricate pieces are only preserved as heirlooms, as most longer blades have shifted into the more plain-looking farm implements similar to those in the neighboring Cavite. On the other hand, balisong-making is still thriving in the town of <a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal, Batangas</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In modern-day Tagalog regions, there are several types of blade profiles that persisted in rural areas. These blades may differ on nomenclature, shapes, and other designs, but nevertheless the general terms and materials are fairly consistent among different Tagalog provinces. Some of these are the following: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahong_palay" title="Dahong palay">Dahong palay</a> – literally, "rice leaf", although it is also a local name for <a href="/wiki/Philippine_pit_viper" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine pit viper">Philippine pit viper</a>. A sword that is most commonly associated with Tagalog people. The usual blade length can range from 38 cm (15 inches) up to 76 cm (30 inches). There are at least two types of blade profiles for dahong palay and it can vary depending on the area or even among the blacksmiths. It is also called dinahong palay and rinahong palay in some provinces.</li> <li>Sungot ulang/hipon – literally, "shrimp/lobster snout". This short sword is also one of the more common blade profiles among Tagalogs. The definitive false edge at the spine that starts midway through the blade, slightly bends downwards to the tip. Its blade profile can also have subtle differences depending on the blacksmith. Sometimes it is also called sinungot ulang/hipon.</li> <li>Dahong buho – literally, "bamboo leaf". This bolo is similar to dahong palay, but usually has a wider "belly" that can sometimes make it look similar to the Tausug <a href="/wiki/Barong_(sword)" title="Barong (sword)">barong</a>. This blade is most common in the eastern towns of Laguna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balisong_(knife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balisong (knife)">Balisong</a> – a knife that originated from Barangay Balisong in <a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal, Batangas</a> where many of its traditional craftsmen are based. It is one of the most popular traditional blades in the country, popular in media, and has gained notoriety as a preferred weapon by thugs and criminals. Traditional blade profiles are the labaha, debuyod, tari, kris among others. The typical length is 29 cm (11 inches), and is normally called bentenueve. Another type is busese. Its blade is much longer than its handles, exposing half of the blade even if folded. A more recent, and longer version of balisong is the <a href="/wiki/Balisword" title="Balisword">balisword</a>, although it is mostly for novelty and usually not functional.</li> <li>Uhas tari – a sword that can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a> where it is called wastari. It is generally more slender than the dahong palay, with its blade slightly curving downwards towards the tip. It goes by a myriad of other names, namely, ohas tari, hustari/hinustari, tinari, hiwas tari, bastari, huwas tari, etc. depending on the town or province.</li> <li>Binakoko – a knife that is most common in Rizal province. The usual blade length can vary from 25 cm (10 inches) up to 41 cm (16 inches). There are two known types in Rizal province: binakokong matanda which is the classic, wider version of binakoko, and the slender and slightly pointed binakokong bata also occasionally called kinabase in the province. In other Tagalog provinces, binakoko can also be used interchangeably with sinampalok and kabase/kinabase.</li> <li>Sinanduki – a small knife that is only made in the town of <a href="/wiki/Binangonan" title="Binangonan">Binangonan</a> in Rizal province. It has a clip point that starts mid-way through the blade. The normal blade lengths are around 23 cm (9-10 inches), though there are samples that are as long as 40 cm (16 inches).</li> <li>Sinanbartolome – a knife that was popular during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>. The knife's name was taken from <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew the Apostle</a> whose depiction shows him wielding a knife. It is said that Katipuneros venerated him, a patron of knife makers, and bought many such knives during his feast day. This would later lead to the <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Balintawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cry of Balintawak">Cry of Balintawak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Modern-day Tagalog blacksmiths rarely make sinanbartolome or sanbartolome, though there are few ones who knew how to make it and can make specific orders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">Kris</a> – like other lowlander ethnic groups in the country, Tagalogs also employed the wavy blade called kris. It is not known what the connection is between the modern-day kris that has surviving samples from the late Spanish colonial period and the kalis mentioned in Spanish-Tagalog dictionaries of the early 17th century. Nevertheless, the modern-day non-Moro kris is distinct from its counterparts from Mindanao, the traditional gangya (guard) is absent in the kris found in Christianized areas of the country.</li> <li>Sinampalok – a short sword also found in the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a>. It is named after sampalok (tamarind). It is shaped like a beak and curves downward to the tip similar to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginunting (page does not exist)">ginunting</a>, a traditional blade from <a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ceramics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Machuca_Tile" title="Machuca Tile">Machuca Tile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapayan" title="Tapayan">Tapayan</a></div> Tagalogs have practiced pottery since the pre-colonial period. Many fragments of such pottery were found buried among the dead. These wares are prominent in pre-colonial Tagalog society along with porcelain (kawkawan/kakawan in Tagalog) imported from Chinese traders. By the early Spanish colonial period, Manila and nearby areas became centers for pottery production. Pottery produced from these areas was called Manila ware by <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a> and often dated from the 16th century up to the early 19th century. They were made of <a href="/wiki/Terra_cotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra cotta">terra cotta</a>, semi-stone material with a hard and fine-grained (typically unglazed) appearance in a brown, buff or brick-red color. Vases, small jars, bottles and goblets found in archaeological sites in Manila, Cavite and Mindoro were described by Beyer and others as fluted, combed and incised.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Research and investigation discovered that Manila ware pottery was fired at kilns located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>. At least three defunct kilns were discovered in the vicinity of the Pasig River. Analyses of the patterns reveal that these were replicated from the style found in European wares and assumed to be intended for the elite market due to the <a href="/wiki/Manila-Acapulco_galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila-Acapulco galleon">Manila-Acapulco galleon</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Papercraft">Papercraft</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Papercraft">edit</a>]</div> Tagalogs in Bulacan practice an art called pabalat, colorful pieces of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese paper">Japanese paper</a> cut into intricate designs. These papers are then used as wrappers for <a href="/wiki/Pastillas" title="Pastillas">pastillas</a>, a traditional Tagalog confection that originated from <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> province. Aside from their use as wrappers, pabalat are also used as centerpieces during feasts. Pabalat designs vary depending on the maker, but <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">bahay kubo</a>, rice fields, flowers, landscapes and figures are common motifs.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Traditional Tagalog architecture is divided into two pre-20th-century paradigms based on residential designs. The <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">bahay kubo</a> is a pre-colonial cube-shaped house. It is made of prefabricated wooden or bamboo siding (explaining the cube shape), and raised on thick wooden stilts to make feeding animals with disposed food waste easier and to avoid flooding during the wet season and hot soil during the dry season.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The bahay kubo or "cube house" features a thatched, steeply pitched roof made of dried, reinforced <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaves">palm leaves</a>, from species such as <a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">nipa</a>. After Spanish colonization, wealthy Tagalog families resided in the <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a> or "house of stone" which kept the overall form of the bahay kubo, but incorporated elements of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a>. The builders lined the stilts and created outer walls with stone <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a>. The ground level was used for storage space or small shops, while the windows were made of translucent, iridescent <a href="/wiki/Windowpane_oyster" title="Windowpane oyster">windowpane oyster</a> shells to control sunlight. The roof either remained thatched or was tiled similar to Chinese roofs. Churches, convents, and monasteries in the Tagalog region tended to follow the bahay na bato paradigm contemporaneously, though with additional masonry and carvings, a bell tower, and plastered walls on the inside.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahay_Kubo_sa_Batangas_sa_Pilipinas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bahay kubo"><img alt="A bahay kubo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bahay_Kubo_sa_Batangas_sa_Pilipinas.jpg/267px-Bahay_Kubo_sa_Batangas_sa_Pilipinas.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bahay_Kubo_sa_Batangas_sa_Pilipinas.jpg/400px-Bahay_Kubo_sa_Batangas_sa_Pilipinas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bahay_Kubo_sa_Batangas_sa_Pilipinas.jpg/533px-Bahay_Kubo_sa_Batangas_sa_Pilipinas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1037" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bahay kubo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taal_town_proper_-_old_houses_side_(Taal,_Batangas)(2018-07-30).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical Taal bahay na bato"><img alt="A typical Taal bahay na bato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taal_town_proper_-_old_houses_side_%28Taal%2C_Batangas%29%282018-07-30%29.jpg/320px-Taal_town_proper_-_old_houses_side_%28Taal%2C_Batangas%29%282018-07-30%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taal_town_proper_-_old_houses_side_%28Taal%2C_Batangas%29%282018-07-30%29.jpg/480px-Taal_town_proper_-_old_houses_side_%28Taal%2C_Batangas%29%282018-07-30%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taal_town_proper_-_old_houses_side_%28Taal%2C_Batangas%29%282018-07-30%29.jpg/640px-Taal_town_proper_-_old_houses_side_%28Taal%2C_Batangas%29%282018-07-30%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical Taal bahay na bato</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:634Exterior_of_the_Paete_Church_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earthquake baroque church of Paete"><img alt="Earthquake baroque church of Paete" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/634Exterior_of_the_Paete_Church_04.jpg/240px-634Exterior_of_the_Paete_Church_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/634Exterior_of_the_Paete_Church_04.jpg/360px-634Exterior_of_the_Paete_Church_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/634Exterior_of_the_Paete_Church_04.jpg/480px-634Exterior_of_the_Paete_Church_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake baroque</a> church of Paete</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The Tagalog mostly practice <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> (majority <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Evangelicalism in the Philippines">Evangelical Protestantism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">mainline Protestantism</a>) with a minority practicing <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a>. The adherence forms the minority <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">indigenous Philippine folk religions</a> (Tagalog religion), and other religions as well as <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Philippines" title="Irreligion in the Philippines">no religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-3">[3]</a> Precolonial Tagalog societies were largely animist, alongside a gradual spread of mostly syncretic forms of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">Islam</a> since roughly the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Reid_2006_333–350-80">[80]</a> Subsequent Spanish colonization in the latter part of the same century ushered a gradual spread of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, resulting as the dominant religion today alongside widespread syncretic <a href="/wiki/Rizalista_religious_movements" title="Rizalista religious movements">folk beliefs</a> both mainstream and rural<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="American occupation of the Philippines">American occupation</a>, there is also a small minority of Protestant and Restorationist Christians. Even fewer today are Muslim 'reverts' called balik-islam, and revivals of worship to pre-Hispanicized <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Manila" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lipa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_saints,_blesseds,_and_Servants_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Filipino saints, blesseds, and Servants of God">List of Filipino saints, blesseds, and Servants of God</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agimat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Agimat.jpg/220px-Agimat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Agimat.jpg/330px-Agimat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Agimat.jpg/440px-Agimat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a> or anting-anting talismans, traditionally believed to grant certain powers. Typical motifs are esoteric symbols inspired primarily by Christian iconography.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8869San_Bartolome_Apostol_Parish_Church_of_Nagcarlan_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/8869San_Bartolome_Apostol_Parish_Church_of_Nagcarlan_25.jpg/220px-8869San_Bartolome_Apostol_Parish_Church_of_Nagcarlan_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/8869San_Bartolome_Apostol_Parish_Church_of_Nagcarlan_25.jpg/330px-8869San_Bartolome_Apostol_Parish_Church_of_Nagcarlan_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/8869San_Bartolome_Apostol_Parish_Church_of_Nagcarlan_25.jpg/440px-8869San_Bartolome_Apostol_Parish_Church_of_Nagcarlan_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Church architecture in Tagalog areas is typically characterized as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a>, with wider frames, massive buttresses and belfries, and relatively simpler ornamentation.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> arrived in Tagalog areas in the Philippines during the late 16th century, starting from the Spanish conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a> and its subsequent claim for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Crown</a>. Augustinian friars, later followed by <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> would subsequently establish churches and schools within <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>, serving as base for further (but gradual) proselytization to other Tagalog areas and beyond in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. By the 18th century, the majority of Tagalogs are Catholics; indigenous Tagalog religion was largely purged by missionaries, or otherwise undertook Catholic idioms which comprise many syncretic <a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">folk beliefs</a> practiced today. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Nazarene" title="Black Nazarene">Pista ng Itim na Nazareno</a> (Feast of the Black Nazarene) of Manila is the largest Catholic procession in the nation. Notable Roman Catholic Tagalogs are <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz of Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Obviar" title="Alfredo Obviar">Alfredo Obviar</a>, the cardinals <a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Tagle" title="Luis Antonio Tagle">Luis Antonio Tagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaudencio_Rosales" title="Gaudencio Rosales">Gaudencio Rosales</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> A minority of Tagalogs are also members of numerous Protestant and Restorationist faiths such as the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aglipayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglipayans">Aglipayans</a>, and other denominations introduced during American rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> A few Tagalogs practice Islam, mostly by former Christians either by study abroad or contact with Moro migrants from the southern Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> By the early 16th century, some Tagalogs (especially merchants) were Muslim due to their links with <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian Malays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reid_2006_333–350-80">[80]</a> The old Tagalog-speaking Kingdom of Maynila was ruled as a Muslim kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-83">[83]</a> Islam was prominent enough in coastal areas of Tagalog region that Spaniards mistakenly called them "Moros" due to abundance of indications of practicing Muslim faith and their close association with Brunei.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Tagalog_faith">Indigenous Tagalog faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Indigenous Tagalog faith">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LakeSampalocjf7329_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LakeSampalocjf7329_03.JPG/220px-LakeSampalocjf7329_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LakeSampalocjf7329_03.JPG/330px-LakeSampalocjf7329_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/LakeSampalocjf7329_03.JPG/440px-LakeSampalocjf7329_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Natural formations and phenomena like flora, fauna, mountains, bodies of water, and various activities are considered <a href="/wiki/Dambana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambana">domains</a> of specific earthly <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Banahaw" title="Mount Banahaw">Mt. Banahaw</a> is one of several <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">sacred mountains</a> venerated by animists and Christians alike.</figcaption></figure> Most pre-Hispanic Tagalogs at the time of Spanish advent followed indigenous polytheistic and animist beliefs, syncretized primarily with some <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in the Philippines">Islamic</a> expressions from a long history of trade with kingdoms and sultanates elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Anitism is the contemporary academic term for these beliefs, which had no documented explicit label among Tagalogs themselves. Many characteristics like the importance of <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, swine, fowl, reptilians, and seafaring motifs share similarities with other indigenous animist beliefs not just elsewhere in the Philippines, but also much of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Aboriginal">Taiwanese aboriginal cultures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific islands">Pacific islands</a>, and several Indian Ocean islands. <a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a> is the supreme <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator god</a> who sends ancestor spirits and deities called <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a> as delegates to intervene in earthly affairs, and sometimes as intercessors for invocations on their behalf. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_shamans" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine shamans">Katalonan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dambana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambana">dambana</a>, known also as lambana in the Old Tagalog language.<a href="#cite_note-tribhanga-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-asj.upd.edu.ph-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_orthography">Language and orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Language and orthography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baybayin_alpha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baybayin_alpha.jpg/220px-Baybayin_alpha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Baybayin_alpha.jpg/330px-Baybayin_alpha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Baybayin_alpha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> or Sulat Tagalog, the traditional <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> of the Tagalog people.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katagalugan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Katagalugan.png/220px-Katagalugan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Katagalugan.png/330px-Katagalugan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Katagalugan.png/440px-Katagalugan.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Dialects of Tagalog. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Northern Tagalog dialects: Bulacan (<a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>), and Bataan (<a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Central Tagalog dialects: Laguna (<a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>) and Manila or the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Southern Tagalog dialects: Batangas (<a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a>), Lubang (<a href="/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro" title="Occidental Mindoro">Occidental Mindoro</a>), Tayabas (<a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a>.</div><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Marinduque dialects (<a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>). Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tgl">[1]</a></div></div></figcaption></figure> The indigenous language of the Tagalog people is <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, which has evolved and developed over time. <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> is the indigenous and traditional Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>. Although it nearly disappeared during the colonial period, there has been a growing movement to revive and preserve this script. Today, Baybayin is being integrated into various aspects of modern culture, including art, fashion, and digital platforms.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> It is also being taught in schools and through community workshops.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The script can be seen on streetwear, tattoos, and even in the logos of some Philippine agencies.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> lists nine distinct <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of Tagalog,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> which are Lubang, Manila, Marinduque,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Bataan (Western Central Luzon), <a href="/wiki/Batangas_Tagalog" title="Batangas Tagalog">Batangas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Bulacan (Eastern Central Luzon), Puray, Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna) and Tayabas (Quezon).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The Manila dialect is the basis of Standard <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>. Tagalog-speaking provinces can vary greatly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar based on the specific region or province. These provincial dialects may retain more preserved native vocabulary and grammatical structures unfamiliar in Metro Manila.   The Tagalog elite were skilled Spanish speakers from the 18th to 19th centuries due to the Spanish colonial era. When Americans arrived, English became the most important language in the 20th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> province, two varieties of the Spanish-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> exist: Caviteño (Cavite Chabacano) in <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a> and Ternateño (Bahra, Ternate Chabacano, Ternateño Chavacano) in <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Some Spanish words are still used by the Tagalog, though sentence construction in Spanish is no longer used. From the 1970s to the 21st century, the languages of the Tagalogs have been Tagalog, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, and a mix of the two, known in Tagalog pop culture as <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>. They use the prescribed rules of Tagalic Filipino as the basis of the Tagalog standard of correct grammar, and as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of speakers of various Tagalog dialects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As English spread throughout the country, the language acquired new forms, features, and functions. It has also developed into a language of aspiration for many Filipinos.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_people&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a>. Philippine Statistics Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720023033/https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2023. 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In Øyvind Dahl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zorc.net/RDZorc/publications/081%3DPrehistory%26OriginOfTagalog%5BDahlFestschrif%5D.pdf">Language - a doorway between human cultures : tributes to Dr. Otto Chr. Dahl on his ninetieth birthday</a> (PDF). Oslo: Novus. pp. 201–211. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110220635/https://zorc.net/RDZorc/publications/081%3DPrehistory%26OriginOfTagalog%5BDahlFestschrif%5D.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved May 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prehistory+and+Origin+of+the+Tagalog+People&rft.btitle=Language+-+a+doorway+between+human+cultures+%3A+tributes+to+Dr.+Otto+Chr.+Dahl+on+his+ninetieth+birthday&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=201-211&rft.pub=Novus&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Zorc&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzorc.net%2FRDZorc%2Fpublications%2F081%253DPrehistory%2526OriginOfTagalog%255BDahlFestschrif%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tantingco:_The_Kapampangan_in_Us-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tantingco:_The_Kapampangan_in_Us_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tantingco:_The_Kapampangan_in_Us_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more-articles/tantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us">"Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more-articles/tantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tantingco%3A+The+Kapampangan+in+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstar.com.ph%2Famp%2Fstory%2Fmore-articles%2Ftantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marcnepo.blogspot.com/2013/06/what-is-kapampangan-region.html?m=1">What is the Kapampangan Region?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.language-and-society.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Ariel-49-61.pdf">https://www.language-and-society.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Ariel-49-61.pdf</a> The Language Shift from the Middle and Upper Middle-Class Families in the Kapampangan Speaking Region] </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121084810/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/ebook_subcont.php?subcont_Id=33">"Sambal"</a>. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/ebook_subcont.php?subcont_Id=33">the original</a> on January 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Sambal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout_cultarts%2Febook_subcont.php%3Fsubcont_Id%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 223–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=223-224&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Katipunan Ave, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 191–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Katipunan+Ave%2C+Quezon+City&rft.pages=191-195&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. 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(April 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/Vol12No.1,Apr1974.pdf">"Culture Contact and Ethnogenesis in Mindoro up to the End of the Spanish Rule"</a> (PDF). Asian Studies. 12 (1): 11–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219084324/https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/Vol12No.1,Apr1974.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Culture+Contact+and+Ethnogenesis+in+Mindoro+up+to+the+End+of+the+Spanish+Rule&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1974-04&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Violeta+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FVol12No.1%2CApr1974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma1992" class="citation journal cs1">Postma, Antoon (April–June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601192944/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018">"The Laguna Copperplate Inscription: Text and Commentary"</a>. Philippine Studies. 40 (2): 182–203. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633308">42633308</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018">the original</a> on June 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Laguna+Copperplate+Inscription%3A+Text+and+Commentary&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-203&rft.date=1992-04%2F1992-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42633308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Antoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1033%2F1018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm">Pusat Sejarah Brunei</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm">Archived</a> April 15, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved February 7, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pigafetta-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigafetta1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Pigafetta, Antonio</a> (1969) [1524]. First voyage round the world. Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+voyage+round+the+world&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Filipiniana+Book+Guild&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Pigafetta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Katipunan Ave, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Katipunan+Ave%2C+Quezon+City&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pottery_in_zobel_property_calatagan-26"><a href="#cite_ref-pottery_in_zobel_property_calatagan_26-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://asianethnology.org/article/1756/download">https://asianethnology.org/article/1756/download</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William H. (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth-Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=207-208&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair1911pp173-174-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blair1911pp173-174_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair1911pp173-174_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1911" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Emma Helen, ed. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;q1=blair;op2=and;op3=and;rgn=works;rgn1=author;rgn2=title;rgn3=title;idno=AFK2830.0001.003;didno=AFK2830.0001.003;view=image;seq=00000171">The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century; [Vol. 1, no. 3]</a>. pp. 173–174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526124148/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer;cc=philamer;q1=blair;op2=and;op3=and;rgn=works;rgn1=author;rgn2=title;rgn3=title;idno=AFK2830.0001.003;didno=AFK2830.0001.003;view=image;seq=00000171">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1803%3B+explorations+by+early+navigators%2C+descriptions+of+the+islands+and+their+peoples%2C+their+history+and+records+of+the+Catholic+missions%2C+as+related+in+contemporaneous+books+and+manuscripts%2C+showing+the+political%2C+economic%2C+commercial+and+religious+conditions+of+those+islands+from+their+earliest+relations+with+European+nations+to+the+beginning+of+the+nineteenth+century%3B+%5BVol.+1%2C+no.+3%5D&rft.pages=173-174&rft.date=1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%3Bcc%3Dphilamer%3Bq1%3Dblair%3Bop2%3Dand%3Bop3%3Dand%3Brgn%3Dworks%3Brgn1%3Dauthor%3Brgn2%3Dtitle%3Brgn3%3Dtitle%3Bidno%3DAFK2830.0001.003%3Bdidno%3DAFK2830.0001.003%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D00000171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412085/Viceroyalty-of-New-Spain">"Viceroyalty of New Spain"</a>. Britannica. May 3, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018220838/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412085/Viceroyalty-of-New-Spain">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2017. <q>The Philippines was an autonomous Captaincy-General under the Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1521 until 1815</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Viceroyalty+of+New+Spain&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F412085%2FViceroyalty-of-New-Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpieker-Salazar1992" class="citation journal cs1">Spieker-Salazar, Marlies (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1992_num_44_1_2861">"A contribution to Asian Historiography : European studies of Philippines languages from the 17th to the 20th century"</a>. 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Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. 12: 39–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410124405">10.1080/09596410124405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144971952">144971952</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407203954/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09596410124405">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=Balik+-Islam%3A+Christian+converts+to+Islam+in+the+Philippines%2C+c.+1970-98&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=39-60&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410124405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144971952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lacar&rft.aufirst=Luis+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09596410124405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henson1955-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenson,_Mariano_A1955" class="citation book cs1">Henson, Mariano A (1955). The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon. Manila: Villanueva Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Province+of+Pampanga+and+its+towns+%28A.D.+1300%E2%80%931955%29+with+the+genealogy+of+the+rulers+of+central+Luzon&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Villanueva+Books&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Henson%2C+Mariano+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouza" class="citation book cs1">Souza, George Bryan. The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, Ethnography, Expansion and Indigenous Response.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxer+Codex%3A+Transcription+and+Translation+of+an+Illustrated+Late+Sixteenth-Century+Spanish+Manuscript+Concerning+the+Geography%2C+Ethnography%2C+Expansion+and+Indigenous+Response&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=George+Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribhanga-85"><a href="#cite_ref-tribhanga_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yet.typepad.com/round_dice/2006/02/tribhanga_strik.html">tribhanga</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115234226/http://yet.typepad.com/round_dice/2006/02/tribhanga_strik.html">Archived</a> January 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-asj.upd.edu.ph-86"><a href="#cite_ref-asj.upd.edu.ph_86-0">^</a> Franciso, R. Juan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-01-01-1963/Francisco%20Buddhist.pdf">"A Buddhist Image from Karitunan Site, Batangas Province."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121043645/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-01-01-1963/Francisco%20Buddhist.pdf">Archived</a> January 21, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Asian Studies, vol. 1, pp. 13-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Henry_Scott1984" class="citation book cs1">William Henry Scott (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials: for the study of Philippine History. New Day Publishers. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehispanic+Source+Materials%3A+for+the+study+of+Philippine+History&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.au=William+Henry+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> While Aurora is geographically northern Tagalog area which borders Bulacan & Nueva Ecija, Aurora Tagalog dialect is closely related to Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon mostly by accent & vocabulary.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phinder.ph/aurora-philippines/">Discovering Aurora</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131153829/https://phinder.ph/aurora-philippines/">Archived</a> January 31, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in phinder.ph, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/422gng/is_it_true_that_aurora_uses_the_southern_tagalog/">Is it true that Aurora uses the Southern Tagalog dialect?</a> in Reddit)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPineda2024" class="citation web cs1">Pineda, Amiel (January 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homebasedpinoy.com/the-art-of-baybayin-reviving-the-ancient-filipino-script/">"The Art of Baybayin: Reviving the Ancient Filipino Script"</a>. homebasedpinoy.com. Retrieved October 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homebasedpinoy.com&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Baybayin%3A+Reviving+the+Ancient+Filipino+Script&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Pineda&rft.aufirst=Amiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomebasedpinoy.com%2Fthe-art-of-baybayin-reviving-the-ancient-filipino-script%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFchloe2024" class="citation web cs1">chloe (August 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.momentslog.com/culture/the-art-of-filipino-baybayin-script-history-revival-and-cultural-importance">"The Art of Filipino Baybayin Script: History, Revival, and Cultural Importance"</a>. Moments Log. Retrieved October 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moments+Log&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Filipino+Baybayin+Script%3A+History%2C+Revival%2C+and+Cultural+Importance&rft.date=2024-08-26&rft.au=chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.momentslog.com%2Fculture%2Fthe-art-of-filipino-baybayin-script-history-revival-and-cultural-importance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin2022" class="citation web cs1">Admin, HAPI (2022-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hapihumanist.org/2022/08/18/baybayin-legacy/">"Baybayin: How This Ancient Pinoy Script's Legacy Lives On"</a>. Humanist Alliance Philippines International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908064420/https://hapihumanist.org/2022/08/18/baybayin-legacy/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanist+Alliance+Philippines+International&rft.atitle=Baybayin%3A+How+This+Ancient+Pinoy+Script%27s+Legacy+Lives+On&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Admin&rft.aufirst=HAPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhapihumanist.org%2F2022%2F08%2F18%2Fbaybayin-legacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.explained.ph/2021/08/by-ellen-faye-ann-yabut-and-gianela.html">"Stories Behind Symbols: 4 Interesting Facts You Probably Don't Know about Baybayin"</a>. Explained PH | Youth-Driven Journalism. August 8, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908070805/https://www.explained.ph/2021/08/by-ellen-faye-ann-yabut-and-gianela.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explained+PH+%7C+Youth-Driven+Journalism&rft.atitle=Stories+Behind+Symbols%3A+4+Interesting+Facts+You+Probably+Don%27t+Know+about+Baybayin&rft.date=2021-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.explained.ph%2F2021%2F08%2Fby-ellen-faye-ann-yabut-and-gianela.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamba2021" class="citation journal cs1">Camba, Allan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.12961.94563">"Baybayin: The Role of a Written Language in the Cultural Identity and Socio-Psychological Well-Being of Filipinos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.12961.94563">10.13140/RG.2.2.12961.94563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Baybayin%3A+The+Role+of+a+Written+Language+in+the+Cultural+Identity+and+Socio-Psychological+Well-Being+of+Filipinos&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.12961.94563&rft.aulast=Camba&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgdoi.net%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.12961.94563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tgl/">"Tagalog | Ethnologue Free"</a>. Ethnologue (Free All). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309074911/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tgl/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+%28Free+All%29&rft.atitle=Tagalog+%7C+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ftgl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoberano1980" class="citation book cs1">Soberano, Rosa (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbhwAAAAIAAJ">The Dialects of Marinduque Tagalog</a>. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-216-9"><bdi>978-0-85883-216-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialects+of+Marinduque+Tagalog&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-216-9&rft.aulast=Soberano&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbhwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroja2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baroja, Felipe Mayor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRh8ngEACAAJ">Diksyunaryong batangueño</a> (in Tagalog). Veritas Printing Press, Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diksyunaryong+batangue%C3%B1o&rft.pub=Veritas+Printing+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Baroja&rft.aufirst=Felipe+Mayor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRh8ngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel1971" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, E. Arsenio (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ropdAAAAIAAJ">A Lexicographic Study of Tayabas Tagalog of Quezon Province</a>. Diliman Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224180337/https://books.google.com/books?id=ropdAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lexicographic+Study+of+Tayabas+Tagalog+of+Quezon+Province&rft.pub=Diliman+Review&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=E.+Arsenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DropdAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cbk/">"Chavacano | Ethnologue Free"</a>. Ethnologue (Free All). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309090456/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cbk/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+%28Free+All%29&rft.atitle=Chavacano+%7C+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fcbk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lx.berkeley.edu/publications/cavite-chabacano-philippine-creole-spanish-description-and-typology">"Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology | Linguistics"</a>. lx.berkeley.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728213639/https://lx.berkeley.edu/publications/cavite-chabacano-philippine-creole-spanish-description-and-typology">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lx.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Cavite+Chabacano+Philippine+Creole+Spanish%3A+Description+and+Typology+%7C+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flx.berkeley.edu%2Fpublications%2Fcavite-chabacano-philippine-creole-spanish-description-and-typology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbang" class="citation journal cs1">Abbang, Gregg Alfonso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5922616">"Chabacano: The Case of Philippine Creole Spanish in Cavite"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chabacano%3A+The+Case+of+Philippine+Creole+Spanish+in+Cavite&rft.aulast=Abbang&rft.aufirst=Gregg+Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5922616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdaleasis2020" class="citation web cs1">daleasis (August 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdnbayanihan.org/2020/08/28/philippine-english-is-legit-oxford-english-dictionary-says-so/">"Philippine English is Legit. Oxford English Dictionary Says So"</a>. Bayanihan Foundation Worldwide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927224127/https://fdnbayanihan.org/2020/08/28/philippine-english-is-legit-oxford-english-dictionary-says-so/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bayanihan+Foundation+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Philippine+English+is+Legit.+Oxford+English+Dictionary+Says+So&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft.au=daleasis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdnbayanihan.org%2F2020%2F08%2F28%2Fphilippine-english-is-legit-oxford-english-dictionary-says-so%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Roger M. (January 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&q=Philippine+english">Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4891-6"><bdi>978-90-272-4891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+English+and+Taglish%3A+Language+Switching+from+Multiple+Perspectives&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4891-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1h9oF9rj-MC%26q%3DPhilippine%2Benglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaBolton" class="citation book cs1">Bautista, Ma Lourdes S.; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo37850956.html">Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives</a>. Hong Kong University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523030749/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo37850956.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+English%3A+Linguistic+and+Literary+Perspectives&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FP%2Fbo37850956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATagalog+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/discover/introduction-to-philippine-english/?tl=true">"Introduction to Philippine English"</a>. www.oed.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023165724/https://www.oed.com/discover/introduction-to-philippine-english/?tl=true">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2023. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalot</a> (Ilongot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyunon_people" title="Cuyunon people">Cuyunon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itawes">Itawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_people" title="Masbateño people">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_people" title="Romblomanon people">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_people" title="Capiznon people">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_people" title="Karay-a people">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Porohanon people">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o_people" title="Zamboangueño people">Zamboangueño</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moro" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaagan people">Kaagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_people" title="Balangao people">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_people" title="Isnag people">Isneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Tinguian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad#Bukidnon" title="Lumad">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_people" title="Ratagnon people">Ratagnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeta_people" title="Aeta people">Aeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palaweño</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa" title="Tagbanwa">Tagbanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Molbog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon/Tumandok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigrants or expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_the_Philippines" title="Brazilians in the Philippines">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_the_Philippines" title="Indonesians in the Philippines">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Malay_descent" title="Filipinos of Malay 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