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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. 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Originally migrants from North Western India sometime between the 6th and 11th centuries, they have long had a presence in the region. Since the creation of [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] in 1918, the Romani population have experienced considerable hardship, having been a main target of [[Porajmos|Nazi extermination programs]] during [[World War II]], and the subject of forced relocation, [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilisation]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Boston |first1=677 Huntington Avenue |last2=Ma 02115 |date=2016-12-07 |title=Coercive and Cruel: Forced Sterilisation of Romani Women |url=https://www.hhrjournal.org/2016/12/coercive-and-cruel-forced-sterilisation-of-romani-women/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Health and Human Rights Journal |language=en-us}}</ref> and other radical social policies during the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Communist era]]. In the successor state, the Czech Republic, challenges remain for the Romani population with respect to education and poverty, and there are frequent tensions with the Czech majority population over issues including crime and integration. ==Demographics== In the 2001 Census, 11,746 people reported their nationality as Romani – 0.1% of those claiming some nationality. According to the 2011 census, the Romani population was 13,150,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpravy.ihned.cz/c1-54211050-k-romske-narodnosti-se-verejne-hlasi-13-150-lidi-mene-nez-k-rytirum-jedi-ze-star-wars|title=K romské národnosti se veřejně hlásí 13 150 lidí. Méně než k Rytířům jedi ze Star Wars|trans-title=13,150 people publicly declare themselves to have Romani Nationality, less than Jedi Knights from Star Wars|date=15 December 2011|work=Hospodářské Noviny|language=cs|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> 0.2% of the total number reporting some nationality. Of these, 5,199 responded by listing only Romani nationality; the remaining 7,951 listed their Romani nationality in combination with another nationality, for example, Romani and Czech, Romani and Moravian and so on. 40,370 respondents to the 2011 census reported [[Romani language]] as their language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction to Roma in the Czech Republic |url=http://www.dare-net.eu/introduction-to-roma-in-the-czech-republic |website=dare-net.eu |publisher=Desegregation and Action for Roma Education Network |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> ==History== === Origin === The Romani people originate from [[North India|Northern India]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Hancock |first = Ian F. |year = 2005 |orig-year=2002 |title = We are the Romani People |publisher = Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn = 978-1-902806-19-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70|page=70 | postscript =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}</ref><ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723|doi-access=free|bibcode=2012CBio...22.2342M |hdl=10230/25348|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to South India|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50 |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 |date=2015-09-28 |publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo |url-access=registration |quote=Roma Rajastan Penjab. |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |publisher=Rough Guides |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147 147] |access-date=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}</ref> most likely from the northwestern Indian states [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google2"/> and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="google1"/> Linguistic evidence indicates that the roots of Romani language lie in India; the language shares grammatical characteristics with Indian languages, as well as a large part of the basic lexicon, such as body parts or daily routines.<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation|last1=Šebková|first1=Hana|title=Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)|url=http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf|page=4|year=1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf|place=Ústí nad Labem|publisher=Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem|language=cs|isbn=978-80-7044-205-0|archive-date=2016-03-04|last2=Žlnayová|first2=Edita|url-status=dead}}</ref> More specifically, Romani shares its basic lexicon with [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It shares many phonetic features with [[Marwari (language)|Marwari]], while its grammar is closest to [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|last=Hübschmannová|first=Milena|year=1995|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|language=cs|publisher=Muzeum romské kultury|issue=4/1995|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.|place=Brno}}</ref> The results of a genetic study in 2012 suggest that the Romani originated in North Western India and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science|date=23 October 2013}}</ref> The study indicates that the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of [[North India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the [[Ḍoma]], are the likely ancestors of modern European Roma.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK| year = 2012 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748477R }}</ref> In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian Minister of External Affairs]] stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the [[Government of India]] to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web|title=Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?|publisher=khaleejtimes.com|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora|date=29 February 2016|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> === World War II === {{See also|Porajmos}} During the [[Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia]] in [[World War II]], Romani were exterminated by [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] mobile killing units and in camps such as [[Lety concentration camp|Lety]], [[Hodonin concentration camp|Hodonín]] and [[Auschwitz]]. 90% of native Romani were killed during the war; the Romani in modern-day Czech Republic are mostly post-war immigrants from Slovakia or Hungary and their descendants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/irbc/1997/en/39968|title=Roma in the Czech Republic: Identity and Culture|website=Refworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6hhAAAAMAAJ&q=the+Romani+in+modern-day+Czech+Republic+are+mostly+post-war+immigrants+from+Slovakia+or+Hungary|year=1996|title=International Journal of the Sociology of Language}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/roma-czech-lands/|title=Roma in the Czech Lands - RomArchive|website=www.romarchive.eu}}</ref> The postwar migration of Romani people from Slovakia to the Czech Republic is considered a consequence of the Romani genocide as well as increased opportunities in the Czech Republic following World War II.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadílková |first1=Helena |title=The Postwar Migration of Romani Families from Slovakia to the Bohemian Lands |date=2020 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-1-9788-1954-2}}</ref> === Communist era === {{main|Romani people in Czechoslovakia}} During the communist years unsuccessful attempts to change the nomadic living style of Romani were undertaken by the government. Many Romani people were rehoused in ''[[panelák]]'' housing estates, which subsequently fell into acute disrepair, such as the [[Chánov housing estate]] in [[Most (city)|Most]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chanov - Urban settlement without trees and flowers|url=http://whitewoman.sweb.cz/chanov/english.htm|website=sweb.cz|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> After 1989, some Romani women accused the state of "[[Sterilization of Romani women|forced sterilizations]]" arguing that they were not properly informed of what "sterilization" meant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jak to bylo s násilnou sterilizací u Romů v Československu?|url=http://www.psychologia.sk/empatia/11.htm|website=www.psychologia.sk|language=cs|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> According to Czech ombudsman [[Otakar Motejl]], "at least 50 Romani women were unlawfully sterilized".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/clanek.phtml?id=40065|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522081313/http://aktualne.centrum.cz/clanek.phtml?id=40065|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2011|title=Otakar Motejl: Nezákonně bylo sterilizováno nejméně 50 žen|trans-title=Otakar Motejl: At Least 50 Women Were Unlawfully Sterilized|language=cs|date=29 December 2005|access-date=3 June 2018|website=Aktuálně.cz}}</ref> The Czech representative at the United Nations protested against the accusations, claiming that they were "false" and that Romani women "exaggerate in all cases".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=218615|title=Česko řeklo v OSN, že Romky přehánějí|trans-title=Czech Republic says in UN that Roma women exaggerate|website=Aktuálně.cz|language=cs|date=18 August 2006|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> A hospital in Vitkovice, Ostrava, apologised to a Romani woman who was sterilised after her second [[Caesarean section|caesarean]], but a request for a compensation of 1 million Czech crowns was rejected by the court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=333188|title=Soud:Za sterilizaci jen omluva,peníze ne|trans-title=Court: Apology for sterilization, no money|language=cs|website=Aktuálně.cz|date=17 January 2007|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> == Emigration == Many Romani left the country after the independence of the Czech Republic, saying that they felt unsafe due to a surge in right-wing activity. Countries such as Ireland, the UK, Norway and Sweden took in large numbers, but most Romani returned home after a few years. Immigration rates to Great Britain dropped suddenly after financial support for refugees started to be paid out in the form of food tickets in summer 2000 (due to the [[Immigration and Asylum Act 1999]]).<ref>* {{cite web|title=Roma And Emigration|url=http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/b02romove.pdf|work=Postoj politiků k emigraci Romů (The Attitude Of Politicians To The Romani Emigration)|page=219|language=cs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226080107/http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/b02romove.pdf|archive-date=2007-02-26}}</ref> The following year, British customs officers began to check the passengers flying to the UK from Prague airport and routinely rejected those of Romani origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/czech/interview/seifter.htm|title=Interview with Pavel Seifter, Czech Ambassador to the UK|website=BBC|language=cs|date=1 August 2001|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=3 November 2004|url=http://www.britske-listy.cz/2004/11/3/art20418.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210042328/http://www.britske-listy.cz/2004/11/3/art20418.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2013|language=cs|title=Pozdní důkaz u britských soudů: Britští imigrační úředníci v Ruzyni Romy skutečně rasisticky diskriminovali|trans-title=Late proof in British courts: British immigration officers really did racially discriminated against Roma at Ruzyně airport|access-date=3 June 2018|website=Britské listy}}</ref> In October 1997, after receiving over 1,000 requests for asylum from Czech Roma within a single year, Canada reinstated a visa regime for Czech citizens.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 October 1997|title=Canada limits Czech visitors|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/canada/stories/gypsies101097.htm|first=Howard|last=Schneider|access-date=3 June 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> ==Anti-ziganism== {{see also|Antiziganism#Czech_Republic|l1=Antiziganism in the Czech Republic}} [[File:České Budějovice 29-6-2013 24.JPG|thumb|Violent [[anti-Roma]] protests in [[České Budějovice]] in 2013]] The Romanis are at the centre of the agenda of far-right groups in the Czech Republic, which spread [[Anti-Romanyism|anti-ziganism]]. One highly publicized case was the [[Vítkov arson attack of 2009]], in which four right-wing extremists seriously injured a three-year-old Romani girl. The public responded by donating money as well as presents to the family, who were able to buy a new house from the donations, while the perpetrators were sentenced to 18 and 22 years in prison. In January 2010, Amnesty International launched a report titled ''Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in Education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic''.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur71/003/2009/en/ ''Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in Education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic''] Amnesty International report, January 2010</ref> According to the [[BBC]], Amnesty argued that while cosmetic changes had been introduced by the authorities, little genuine improvement in addressing discrimination against Romani children had occurred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8456882.stm|title=Amnesty says Czech schools still fail Roma Gypsies|date=13 January 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=14 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100114052029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8456882.stm| archive-date= 14 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> According to a 2010 opinion poll, 68% of Czechs have antipathy towards Romani.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/stem-dve-tretiny-cechu-nemaji-rady-romy-fc1-/domaci.asp?c=A070504_141136_domaci_mr|work=idnes.cz|date=4 May 2007|language=cs|title=STEM: Dvě třetiny Čechů nemají rády Romy|trans-title=STEM: Two-thirds of Czechs dislike Roma|access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> The survey also found that 82% Czechs oppose any form of a "special care of Roma rights", 83% of Czechs consider Romani asocial, and 45% of Czechs would support the expulsion of Romani people from the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jiri|last=St'astny |url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/cesi-propadaji-anticikanismu-kazdy-druhy-tu-romy-nechce-zjistil-pruzkum-1qx-/domaci.asp?c=A101209_161615_domaci_js |title=Češi propadají anticikánismu, každý druhý tu Romy nechce, zjistil průzkum|language=cs|website=idnes.cz |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> A 2011 poll, which followed a number of violent attacks by Romani perpetrators against ethnic Czech victims, reported that 44% of Czechs are afraid of Roma people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romský bloger: Někteří Romové se chovají jako blázni|date=November 2011|url=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/romsky-bloger-nekteri-romove-se-chovaji-jako-blazni_216270.html|language=cs|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> The majority of Czechs (90%) do not want Romani people as neighbours,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.romea.cz/index.php?id=servis/z2005_0318&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201133920/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romea.cz%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Dservis%2Fz2005_0318&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2012|title=Czech don't want Roma as neighbours|language=cs|access-date=15 April 2007}}</ref> viewing them as thieves and social parasites. Despite a long waiting list for adoptive parents, Romani children from orphanages are almost never adopted by Czech couples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/88089 |title=What is keeping children in orphanages when so many people want to adopt?|date=7 February 2007|website=Radio Prague|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> After the [[Velvet Revolution]] in 1989, jobs traditionally employing Romanis either disappeared or were taken over by immigrant workers.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/c/czechrep/czech.928/czech928full.pdf|title=Struggling for ethnic identity|date= 1992|website=www.hrw.org |access-date=2021-01-02}}</ref> In 2013, [[2013 Czech Anti-Roma protests|numerous violent Anti-Roma protests]] took place across the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/czech-neo-nazi-marches-target-roma/a-17055919 | title=Living in fear – DW – 08/30/2013 | website=[[Deutsche Welle]] }}</ref> A 2019 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research poll]] found that 66% of Czechs held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019}}</ref> ==Crime== Crime statistics from the early 1990s reported that the crime rate among the Romani population in Czechoslovakia was highly disproportionate, especially regarding burglaries. According to Říčan (1998), about 20–30% of the Romani population earn their livelihood in illegal ways, such as procuring prostitution, trafficking and other property crimes.<ref name="rican">{{cite book|last=Říčan|first=Pavel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtgmAAAAMAAJ&q=pavel+%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dan+s+romy+%C5%BE%C3%ADt+budeme|title=S Romy žít budeme – jde o to jak: dějiny, současná situace, kořeny problémů, naděje společné budoucnosti|publisher=Portál|year=1998|isbn=978-80-7178-250-6|location=Praha|pages=58–63|language=cs}}</ref> Romani make up more than 60% of the Czech prison population and about 50% of repeat offenders, and are thus more than 20 times over-represented in Czech prisons than their population share would suggest.<ref name="rican"/> == Notable people == * [[Elena Gorolová]], human rights defender * [[Věra Bílá]], singer * [[Monika Bagárová]], singer * [[Jan Cina]], actor * [[Václav Sivák]], kickboxer ==See also== *[[Romani people in Czechoslovakia]] *''[[D.H. and Others v. the Czech Republic]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commonscat|Romani people in the Czech Republic}} * [http://romove.radio.cz/en/ Roma in the Czech Republic] ([[Czech Radio]]) * {{cite web |title=Romany communities: ways of living in relation to criminality (in the known of the Czech Republic and Slovakia) |url=http://www.epolis.cz/download/pdf/materials_31_1.pdf |first=Roman|last=Krištof}} * [https://minorityrights.org/minorities/roma-5/ Roma - Minority Rights Group] {{Ethnic and national minoritites in the Czech Republic}} {{Romani diaspora}} {{Europe topic |Romani people in}} [[Category:Romani in the Czech Republic| ]] [[Category:Romani-related controversies]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> 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