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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_functions_of_the_mouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other functions of the mouth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_functions_of_the_mouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the body part in many animals. For the human body part, see <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Human mouth</a>. For the landform, see <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mouth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mouth (disambiguation)">Mouth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Mouth</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Australien-Krokodil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australien-Krokodil.JPG/250px-Australien-Krokodil.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australien-Krokodil.JPG/375px-Australien-Krokodil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australien-Krokodil.JPG/500px-Australien-Krokodil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_crocodile" title="Freshwater crocodile">freshwater crocodile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Basel_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Zoo">Basel Zoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>os, oris<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.1.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.1.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2794">2794</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma20292">20292</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27042858" class="extiw" title="d:Q27042858">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>mouth</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Body_orifice" title="Body orifice">body orifice</a> through which many <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> <a href="/wiki/Ingest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingest">ingest</a> food and <a href="/wiki/Animal_communication#Auditory" title="Animal communication">vocalize</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">body cavity</a> immediately behind the mouth opening, known as the <b>oral cavity</b> (or <b><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">cavum oris</span></span></b> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Alimentary_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentary canal">alimentary canal</a>, which leads to the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gullet">gullet</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, the mouth is bounded on the outside by the <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheeks</a> — thus the oral cavity is also known as the <b>buccal cavity</b> (from Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">bucca</span></span></i>, meaning "cheek")<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — and contains the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> on the inside. Except for some groups like <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissamphibian">lissamphibians</a>, vertebrates usually have <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> in their mouths,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> species have <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal teeth</a> instead of oral teeth. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Bilaterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaterian">bilaterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>, have a two-opening <a href="/wiki/Gut_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut tube">gut tube</a> with a mouth at one end and an <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> at the other. Which end forms first in <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a> is a criterion used to classify bilaterian animals into <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostomes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostome</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protovsdeuterostomes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/250px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg/500px-Protovsdeuterostomes.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Development of the mouth and anus in protostomes and deuterostomes</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular animals</a>, there was probably no mouth or gut and food particles were engulfed by the cells on the exterior surface by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>. The particles became enclosed in <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a> into which enzymes were secreted and <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> took place <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellularly</a>. The digestive products were absorbed into the cytoplasm and diffused into other cells. This form of digestion is used nowadays by simple organisms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(genus)" title="Amoeba (genus)">Amoeba</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a></i> and also by <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">sponges</a> which, despite their large size, have no mouth or gut and capture their food by endocytosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorit242_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorit242-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">most animals</a> have a mouth and a gut, the lining of which is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a> on the surface of the body. A few animals which live parasitically originally had guts but have secondarily lost these structures. The original gut of <a href="/wiki/Diploblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploblast">diploblastic</a> animals probably consisted of a mouth and a one-way gut. Some modern invertebrates still have such a system: food being ingested through the mouth, partially broken down by enzymes secreted in the gut, and the resulting particles engulfed by the other cells in the gut lining. Indigestible waste is ejected through the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorit242_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorit242-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In animals at least as complex as an <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> forms a dent on one side, the <a href="/wiki/Blastopore" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastopore">blastopore</a>, which deepens to become the <a href="/wiki/Archenteron" title="Archenteron">archenteron</a>, the first phase in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Gut_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (zoology)">gut</a>. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the mouth. In the protostomes, it used to be thought that the blastopore formed the mouth (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proto-" class="extiw" title="wikt:proto-">proto–</a></i> meaning "first") while the anus formed later as an opening made by the other end of the gut. More recent research, however, shows that in protostomes the edges of the slit-like blastopore close up in the middle, leaving openings at both ends that become the mouth and anus.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_tongue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Butterfly_tongue.jpg/220px-Butterfly_tongue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Butterfly_tongue.jpg/330px-Butterfly_tongue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Butterfly_tongue.jpg/440px-Butterfly_tongue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">Butterfly</a> tongue</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from sponges and <a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">placozoans</a>, almost all animals have an internal gut cavity, which is lined with gastrodermal cells. In less advanced invertebrates such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemone</a>, the mouth also acts as an anus. Circular muscles around the mouth are able to relax or contract in order to open or close it. A fringe of tentacles thrusts food into the cavity and it can gape widely enough to accommodate large prey items. Food passes first into a <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> and digestion occurs extracellularly in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrovascular_cavity" title="Gastrovascular cavity">gastrovascular cavity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annelids" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelids">Annelids</a> have simple tube-like guts, and the possession of an anus allows them to separate the digestion of their foodstuffs from the absorption of the nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many molluscs have a <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a>, which is used to scrape microscopic particles off surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In invertebrates with hard exoskeletons, various mouthparts may be involved in feeding behaviour. Insects have a range of mouthparts suited to their mode of feeding. These include mandibles, maxillae and labium and can be modified into suitable appendages for chewing, cutting, piercing, sponging and sucking.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapods</a> have six pairs of mouth appendages, one pair of mandibles, two pairs of maxillae and three of <a href="/wiki/Maxilliped" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxilliped">maxillipeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea urchins have a set of five sharp calcareous plates, which are used as jaws and are known as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_lantern" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle's lantern">Aristotle's lantern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In vertebrates, the first part of the digestive system is the <a href="/wiki/Buccal_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal cavity">buccal cavity</a>, commonly known as the mouth. The buccal cavity of a fish is separated from the opercular cavity by the <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a>. Water flows in through the mouth, passes over the gills and exits via the <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">operculum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slits</a>. Nearly all fish have <a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">jaws</a> and may seize food with them but most feed by opening their jaws, expanding their pharynx and sucking in food items. The food may be held or chewed by teeth located in the jaws, on the roof of the mouth, on the pharynx or on the <a href="/wiki/Gill_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill arch">gill arches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litoria_chloris_calling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Litoria_chloris_calling.jpg/220px-Litoria_chloris_calling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Litoria_chloris_calling.jpg/330px-Litoria_chloris_calling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Litoria_chloris_calling.jpg/440px-Litoria_chloris_calling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orange-eyed_tree_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange-eyed tree frog">Orange-eyed tree frog</a> calling</figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all amphibians are carnivorous as adults. Many catch their prey by flicking out an elongated tongue with a sticky tip and drawing it back into the mouth, where they hold the prey with their jaws. They then swallow their food whole without much chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorit847_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorit847-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically have many small hinged <a href="/wiki/Pedicellate_teeth" title="Pedicellate teeth">pedicellate teeth</a>, the bases of which are attached to the jaws, while the crowns break off at intervals and are replaced. Most amphibians have one or two rows of teeth in both jaws but some frogs lack teeth in the lower jaw. In many amphibians, there are also <a href="/wiki/Vomerine_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomerine teeth">vomerine teeth</a> attached to the bone in the roof of the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mouths of reptiles are largely similar to those of mammals. The <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a> are the only reptiles to have teeth anchored in <a href="/wiki/Tooth_socket" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth socket">sockets</a> in their jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are able to replace each of their approximately 80 teeth up to 50 times during their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-teeth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teeth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most reptiles are either carnivorous or insectivorous, but turtles are often herbivorous. Lacking teeth that are suitable for efficiently chewing of their food, turtles often have <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a> in their stomach to further grind the plant material.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snakes have a very flexible lower jaw, the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull. These modifications allow them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is wider than they are.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds do not have teeth, relying instead on other means of gripping and macerating their food. Their <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaks</a> have a range of sizes and shapes according to their diet and are composed of elongated mandibles. The upper mandible may have a nasofrontal hinge allowing the beak to open wider than would otherwise be possible. The exterior surface of beaks is composed of a thin, horny sheath of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nectar feeders such as <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> have specially adapted brushy tongues for sucking up nectar from flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thurston_Waffles.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Thurston_Waffles.jpeg/250px-Thurston_Waffles.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Thurston_Waffles.jpeg/330px-Thurston_Waffles.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Thurston_Waffles.jpeg/500px-Thurston_Waffles.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Domestic_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic cat">Domestic cat</a> meowing</figcaption></figure> <p>In mammals, the buccal cavity is typically roofed by the <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palates</a>, floored by the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> and surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salivary_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary glands">salivary glands</a>, and upper and lower <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>. The upper teeth are embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">upper jaw</a> and the lower teeth in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower jaw">lower jaw</a>, which articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lips" class="mw-redirect" title="Lips">lips</a> are soft and fleshy folds which shape the entrance into the mouth. The buccal cavity empties through the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_functions_of_the_mouth">Other functions of the mouth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other functions of the mouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilians</a> living in the tropics can gape with their mouths to provide cooling by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> from the mouth lining.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross51_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mammals rely on panting for <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a> as it increases evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs, the tongue and mouth. Birds also avoid overheating by gular fluttering, flapping the wings near the gular (throat) skin, similar to panting in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasdevil_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tasdevil_large.jpg/250px-Tasdevil_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tasdevil_large.jpg/330px-Tasdevil_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tasdevil_large.jpg/500px-Tasdevil_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_devil" title="Tasmanian devil">Tasmanian devil</a> in defensive stance</figcaption></figure> <p>Various animals use their mouths in threat displays. They may gape widely, exhibit their teeth prominently, or flash the startling colours of the mouth lining. This display allows each potential combatant an opportunity to assess the weapons of their opponent and lessens the likelihood of actual combat being necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of species of bird use a <a href="/wiki/Gaping_(animal_behavior)" title="Gaping (animal behavior)">gaping</a>, open beak in their fear and threat displays. Some augment the display by hissing or breathing heavily, while others clap their beaks.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mouths are also used as part of the mechanism for producing sounds for communication. To produce sounds, air is forced from the lungs over <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal cord">vocal cords</a> in the larynx. In humans, the pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ridge">alveolar ridge</a>, tongue, teeth and lips are termed <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulators</a> and play their part in the production of <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>. Varying the position of the tongue in relation to the other articulators or moving the lips restricts the airflow from the lungs in different ways and changes the mouth's resonating properties, producing a range of different sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In frogs, the sounds can be amplified using sacs in the throat region. The vocal sacs can be inflated and deflated and act as resonators to transfer the sound to the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bird's song is produced by the flow of air over a vocal organ at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>. For each burst of song, the bird opens its beak and closes it again afterwards. The beak may move slightly and may contribute to the resonance but the song originates elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_manifestations_of_systemic_disease" title="Oral manifestations of systemic disease">Oral manifestations of systemic disease</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchröderMoserHuggenberger2020" class="citation book cs1">Schröder, Hannsjörg; Moser, Natasha; Huggenberger, Stefan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j5HTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>Neuroanatomy of the Mouse: An Introduction</i></a>. Springer International Publishing. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03019-898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03019-898-5"><bdi>978-3-03019-898-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroanatomy+of+the+Mouse%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-03019-898-5&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Hannsj%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Moser%2C+Natasha&rft.au=Huggenberger%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj5HTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gray" title="Henry Gray">Gray, Henry</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/107/242.html">"2a. The Mouth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010021809/https://www.bartleby.com/107/242.html">Archived</a> from the original on Oct 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2a.+The+Mouth&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F107%2F242.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/buccal">"Buccal definition"</a>. <i>Dictionary Reference</i>. The Free Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+Reference&rft.atitle=Buccal+definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fbuccal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mouth">"Mouth definition"</a>. <i>Dictionary Reference</i>. The Free Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930170021/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/mouth">Archived</a> from the original on Sep 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+Reference&rft.atitle=Mouth+definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fmouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorit242-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorit242_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorit242_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoritWalkerBarnes1991" class="citation book cs1">Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori"><i>Zoology</i></a></span>. Saunders College Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori/page/241">241–242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7"><bdi>978-0-03-030504-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoology&rft.pages=241-242&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-03-030504-7&rft.aulast=Dorit&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoology0000dori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArendt,_D.Technau,_U.Wittbrodt,_J.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Arendt, D.; Technau, U.; Wittbrodt, J. (2001). "Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut". <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6816): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409...81A">2001Natur.409...81A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35051075">10.1038/35051075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11343117">11343117</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4406268">4406268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+bilaterian+larval+foregut&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6816&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35051075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4406268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11343117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409...81A&rft.au=Arendt%2C+D.&rft.au=Technau%2C+U.&rft.au=Wittbrodt%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool00robe"><i>Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition</i></a></span>. Cengage Learning. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%2C+7th+edition&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebratezool00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool00robe"><i>Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition</i></a></span>. Cengage Learning. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%2C+7th+edition&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebratezool00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool00robe"><i>Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition</i></a></span>. Cengage Learning. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%2C+7th+edition&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebratezool00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool00robe"><i>Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition</i></a></span>. Cengage Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">727–</span>731. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%2C+7th+edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E727-%3C%2Fspan%3E731&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebratezool00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool00robe"><i>Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition</i></a></span>. Cengage Learning. p. 634. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%2C+7th+edition&rft.pages=634&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebratezool00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool00robe"><i>Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition</i></a></span>. Cengage Learning. p. 902. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%2C+7th+edition&rft.pages=902&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebratezool00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoritWalkerBarnes1991" class="citation book cs1">Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori"><i>Zoology</i></a></span>. Saunders College Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori/page/818">818</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7"><bdi>978-0-03-030504-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoology&rft.pages=818&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-03-030504-7&rft.aulast=Dorit&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoology0000dori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorit847-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorit847_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoritWalkerBarnes1991" class="citation book cs1">Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori"><i>Zoology</i></a></span>. Saunders College Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoology0000dori/page/847">847</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-030504-7"><bdi>978-0-03-030504-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoology&rft.pages=847&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-03-030504-7&rft.aulast=Dorit&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoology0000dori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsCohen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Stebbins, Robert C.</a>; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000steb"><i>A Natural History of Amphibians</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8"><bdi>978-0-691-03281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03281-8&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Nathan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturalhistoryof0000steb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc,_A._R._H.Reisz,_R._R.2013" class="citation journal cs1">LeBlanc, A. R. H.; Reisz, R. R. (2013). Viriot, Laurent (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762739">"Periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone in the oldest herbivorous tetrapods, and their evolutionary significance"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (9): e74697. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...874697L">2013PLoSO...874697L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0074697">10.1371/journal.pone.0074697</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762739">3762739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24023957">24023957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Periodontal+ligament%2C+cementum%2C+and+alveolar+bone+in+the+oldest+herbivorous+tetrapods%2C+and+their+evolutionary+significance&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e74697&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3762739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24023957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0074697&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...874697L&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+A.+R.+H.&rft.au=Reisz%2C+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3762739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teeth-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teeth_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNuwer,_Rachel2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer" title="Rachel Nuwer">Nuwer, Rachel</a> (13 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612051902/http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/05/solving-an-alligator-mystery-may-help-humans-regrow-lost-teeth/">"Solving an alligator mystery may help humans regrow lost teeth"</a>. <i>Smithsonian.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian.com&rft.atitle=Solving+an+alligator+mystery+may+help+humans+regrow+lost+teeth&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.au=Nuwer%2C+Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2F05%2Fsolving-an-alligator-mystery-may-help-humans-regrow-lost-teeth%2F%23ixzz2jeiA3qon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1996" class="citation book cs1">King, Gillian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8IU3isYaiAC"><i>Reptiles and Herbivory</i></a>. 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Wayne (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00behl/page/581"><i>The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America</i></a></span>. Alfred A. 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(1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ornithology0000gill_r7n1"><i>Ornithology</i></a></span> (2 ed.). W. H. Freeman & Co. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2415-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2415-4"><bdi>0-7167-2415-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornithology&rft.pages=149&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+%26+Co&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7167-2415-4&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Frank+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fornithology0000gill_r7n1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatonCollins1989" class="citation journal cs1">Paton, D. C.; Collins, B. G. (1 April 1989). 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Blitz. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85391-092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85391-092-0"><bdi>978-1-85391-092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crocodiles+and+Alligators&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Blitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85391-092-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertshaw,_David2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robertshaw, David (2006). 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Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/songsroarsritual00lesl/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00827-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00827-8"><bdi>0-674-00827-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs%2C+Roars+and+Rituals%3A+Communication+in+Birds%2C+Mammals+and+Other+Animals&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-674-00827-8&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Lesley+J.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Gisela+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsongsroarsritual00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~llsroach/phon2/artic-basics.htm">"The production of speech sounds: Articulators above the larynx"</a>. <i>personal.rdg.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000steb"><i>A Natural History of Amphibians</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03281-8"><bdi>978-0-691-03281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Amphibians&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03281-8&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Nathan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturalhistoryof0000steb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich,_Paul_R.Dobkin,_David_S.Wheye,_Darryl1998" class="citation web cs1">Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Bird_Voices.html">"Bird voices"</a>. <i>web.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Bird+voices&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Dobkin%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Wheye%2C+Darryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2FBird_Voices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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