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id="toc-George_William,_1619–1640-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Great_Elector",_Frederick_William,_1640–1688" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Great_Elector",_Frederick_William,_1640–1688"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 "The Great Elector", Frederick William, 1640–1688 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"The_Great_Elector",_Frederick_William,_1640–1688-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle "The Great Elector", Frederick William, 1640–1688 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-"The_Great_Elector",_Frederick_William,_1640–1688-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conclusion_of_the_Thirty_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion_of_the_Thirty_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Conclusion of the Thirty Years' War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion_of_the_Thirty_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devastation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devastation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Devastation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devastation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cow_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cow_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cow War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cow_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standing_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Standing Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Northern_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Northern_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Second Northern War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Northern_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_and_Scanian_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_and_Scanian_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Dutch and Scanian Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_and_Scanian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frederick_III_(I),_1688–1713" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frederick_III_(I),_1688–1713"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Frederick III (I), 1688–1713 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frederick_III_(I),_1688–1713-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Map </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 List of territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religion and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy_and_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy_and_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Navy and colonies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Navy_and_colonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Navy and colonies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Navy_and_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_African_Gold_Coast_(Großfriedrichsburg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African_Gold_Coast_(Großfriedrichsburg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 West African Gold Coast (Großfriedrichsburg) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African_Gold_Coast_(Großfriedrichsburg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Arguin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 In English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 In German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brandenburg–Prussia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="براندنبورغ بروسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براندنبورغ بروسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeburgu-Prusia" title="Brandeburgu-Prusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brandeburgu-Prusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburq-Prussiya" title="Brandenburq-Prussiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brandenburq-Prussiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="براندنبورق-پروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="براندنبورق-پروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Брандэнбург-Прусія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брандэнбург-Прусія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бранденбург-Прусия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бранденбург-Прусия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Prusia" title="Brandenburg-Prusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brandenburg-Prusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Брандербург-Прусси – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Брандербург-Прусси" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Brandenburg-Prússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brandenburg-Prússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braniborsko-Prusko" title="Braniborsko-Prusko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Braniborsko-Prusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Preussen" title="Brandenburg-Preussen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brandenburg-Preussen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Preu%C3%9Fen" title="Brandenburg-Preußen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brandenburg-Preußen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Preisimaa" title="Brandenburg-Preisimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brandenburg-Preisimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeburgo-Prusia" title="Brandeburgo-Prusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brandeburgo-Prusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgio-Prusujo" title="Brandenburgio-Prusujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brandenburgio-Prusujo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="براندنبورگ-پروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="براندنبورگ-پروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandebourg-Prusse" title="Brandebourg-Prusse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brandebourg-Prusse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%80%EB%8D%B4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC-%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%BC" title="브란덴부르크-프로이센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브란덴부르크-프로이센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Prusia" title="Brandenburg-Prusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brandenburg-Prusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeburgo-Prussia" title="Brandeburgo-Prussia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brandeburgo-Prussia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92-%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="ברנדנבורג-פרוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברנדנבורג-פרוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburga-Pr%C5%ABsija" title="Brandenburga-Prūsija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brandenburga-Prūsija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgas-Pr%C5%ABsija" title="Brandenburgas-Prūsija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brandenburgas-Prūsija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Pruisen" title="Brandenburg-Pruisen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brandenburg-Pruisen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3" title="ブランデンブルク＝プロイセン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブランデンブルク＝プロイセン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Preussen" title="Brandenburg-Preussen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brandenburg-Preussen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Preussen" title="Brandenburg-Preussen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brandenburg-Preussen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannenborg-Preu%C3%9Fen" title="Brannenborg-Preußen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Brannenborg-Preußen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgia-Prusy" title="Brandenburgia-Prusy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brandenburgia-Prusy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandemburgo-Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Brandemburgo-Prússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brandemburgo-Prússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Prusia" title="Brandenburg-Prusia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brandenburg-Prusia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бранденбург-Пруссия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg-Prussia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1701</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Brandenburg–Prussia</div><div class="ib-country-names">Brandenburg-Preußen (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1618–1701</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Margraviate of Brandenburg"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Margraviate of Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/86px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/130px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/173px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Prusy_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ce_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ducal Prussia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ducal Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/POL_Prusy_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ce_COA.svg/82px-POL_Prusy_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ce_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/POL_Prusy_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ce_COA.svg/124px-POL_Prusy_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ce_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/POL_Prusy_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ce_COA.svg/165px-POL_Prusy_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ce_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> </div> <div><div style="display:table; width:100%; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brandenburg" title="Coat of arms of Brandenburg">Coat of arms of Brandenburg</a></div> <div style="display:table-cell; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia" title="Coat of arms of Prussia">Coat of arms of Ducal Prussia</a></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Brandenburg-Prussia_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_(1618).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brandenburg-Prussia within and outside of the Holy Roman Empire (1618)"><img alt="Brandenburg-Prussia within and outside of the Holy Roman Empire (1618)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Locator_Brandenburg-Prussia_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/250px-Locator_Brandenburg-Prussia_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Locator_Brandenburg-Prussia_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/375px-Locator_Brandenburg-Prussia_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Locator_Brandenburg-Prussia_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg/500px-Locator_Brandenburg-Prussia_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_%281618%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="2524" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Brandenburg-Prussia within and outside of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (1618)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Population: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> Elector-Duke: <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudal_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal monarchies">Feudal monarchies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Brandenburg">Elector</a>-<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Prussia">Duke</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1618–1619 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg">John Sigismund</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1619–1640 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="George William, Elector of Brandenburg">George William</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1640–1688 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1688–1701 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III</a> (Frederick I)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation">Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 27, 1618</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Wehlau">Prussian independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">September 19, 1657</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Elevation to kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 18, 1701</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ducal_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brandenburg_%281660%E2%80%931750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg/20px-Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg/30px-Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg/40px-Die_greue_van_Cleue_ende_vander_Marck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="686" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Duchy of Cleves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Bistum_Minden.png/20px-Wappen_Bistum_Minden.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Bistum_Minden.png/30px-Wappen_Bistum_Minden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Bistum_Minden.png/40px-Wappen_Bistum_Minden.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Minden" title="Prince-Bishopric of Minden">Prince-Bishopric of Minden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/POL_ksi%C4%99stwo_pomorskie_COA.svg/20px-POL_ksi%C4%99stwo_pomorskie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/POL_ksi%C4%99stwo_pomorskie_COA.svg/30px-POL_ksi%C4%99stwo_pomorskie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/POL_ksi%C4%99stwo_pomorskie_COA.svg/40px-POL_ksi%C4%99stwo_pomorskie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="833" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mark_wapen.svg/20px-Mark_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mark_wapen.svg/30px-Mark_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mark_wapen.svg/40px-Mark_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="884" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">County of Mark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Armoiries_Ravensberg.svg/20px-Armoiries_Ravensberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Armoiries_Ravensberg.svg/30px-Armoiries_Ravensberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Armoiries_Ravensberg.svg/40px-Armoiries_Ravensberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">County of Ravensberg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wappen_Bistum_Halberstadt.png/20px-Wappen_Bistum_Halberstadt.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wappen_Bistum_Halberstadt.png/30px-Wappen_Bistum_Halberstadt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wappen_Bistum_Halberstadt.png/40px-Wappen_Bistum_Halberstadt.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Halberstadt" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Halberstadt">Diocese of Halberstadt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="500" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Archbishopric of Magdeburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Banner_of_Poland-Lithuania.svg/20px-Banner_of_Poland-Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Banner_of_Poland-Lithuania.svg/30px-Banner_of_Poland-Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Banner_of_Poland-Lithuania.svg/40px-Banner_of_Poland-Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="759" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stare_Drawsko" title="Stare Drawsko">Draheim</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/75px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/113px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/150px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/75px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/113px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/150px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="355" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> (965 – 983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutician federation</a> (983 – 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> (pre – 13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> (1157–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (1224 – 1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_margraves_and_electors_of_Brandenburg" title="List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg">Elector of Brandenburg</a> (1356 – 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (1525 – 1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork Voivodeship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a> within <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal (Polish) Prussia</a> (Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> (1618 – 1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (1701 – 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> (1918 – 1947)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Present</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> area (from 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> (1920–1939, from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> within <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (1947–1952, from 1990)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> Brandenburg-Prussia (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Brandenburg-Preußen; <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: Brannenborg-Preußen) is the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographic</a> denomination for the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> realm of the Brandenburgian Royal dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a> between 1618 and 1701. Based in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Electorate of Brandenburg</a>, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618. Another consequence of the intermarriage between the nobility was the acquisition / incorporation of the lands far to the west of Brandenburg-Prussia located in western Germany of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (A.D. c. 800 / 962 to 1806), and situated in the lower <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhenish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a> of the principalities of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Duchy of Cleves</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">County of Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">County of Ravensberg</a> after the signing and agreements in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">Treaty of Xanten</a> in <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) was especially devastating. The Elector changed sides three times, and as a result <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> groups of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Evangelical Lutheran</a> / <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a> / <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> and opposing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> armies swept the lands back and forth, killing, burning, seizing men and confiscating any food or useful supplies. It is estimated that upwards of half the population of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval / Middle Ages</a> period were killed or dislocated. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and the other major cities were in ruins, and recovery took decades. By the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>, Brandenburg also gained the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Bishopric of Minden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Principality of Halberstadt</a>, also the succession in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> (incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Treaty of Stettin</a> of <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Duchy of Magdeburg</a> (incorporated later in <a href="/wiki/1680" title="1680">1680</a>). With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Treaty of Bromberg</a> (1657), these concluded during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a> (<a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>-<a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>), the electors were also freed of old <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> vassalage and loyalty by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cracow" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Cracow">Treaty of Cracow</a> gaining more independence for the Duchy of Prussia and gained territories of <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Draheim">Draheim</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a> expanded the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">province of Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> to the lower <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder River</a>. The second half of the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a> laid the basis for <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> to become one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great players</a> in European politics. The emerging Brandenburg-Prussian military potential, based on the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Prussian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian army">standing army</a> in <a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>, was symbolized by the widely noted victories in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1656)">Battle of Warsaw</a> in <a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin" title="Battle of Fehrbellin">Battle of Fehrbellin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1675" title="1675">1675</a>) and by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sleigh_Drive" title="Great Sleigh Drive">Great Sleigh Drive</a> (<a href="/wiki/1678" title="1678">1678</a>). Brandenburg-Prussia also established a <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Navy" title="Brandenburg Navy">Brandenburg Navy</a> for on the nearby waters of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> and passages west to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> with access to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a> and additional <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_German_colonies" title="List of former German colonies">German colonies</a> were established along the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburger Gold Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a>, known as "The Great Elector", opened up his realm of Brandenburg-Prussia to large-scale immigration ("Peuplierung") of mostly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> refugees from all across Europe ("Exulanten"), most notably <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> immigration from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Potsdam" title="Edict of Potsdam">Edict of Potsdam</a>. Frederick William also started to centralize Brandenburg-Prussia's administration and reduce the influence of the outlying landed estates. In <a href="/wiki/1701" title="1701">1701</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg</a>, succeeded in elevating his status to the title of <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>. This was made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>'s sovereign status outside the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation">Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</a>, and approval by the Royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and other European royals in the course of forming alliances for the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>. From 1701 onward, the Hohenzollern dynasty domains were referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, or simply Prussia. Legally, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> between Brandenburg and Prussia continued until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1806. However, by this time the emperor's overlordship over the empire had become in recent decades of a "figleaf" <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a>. Hence, after 1701, Brandenburg was de facto treated as part of the Prussian kingdom. Frederick and his successors continued to centralize and expand the state, transforming the personal union of politically diverse principalities typical for the Brandenburg-Prussian era into a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">system of provinces</a> subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Stadtschloss,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtschloss, Berlin">Stadtschloss, Berlin</a> (Royal or Berlin Palace) in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_under_John_Sigismund_(1618)">Establishment under John Sigismund (1618)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment under John Sigismund (1618)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ErwerbRheinland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ErwerbRheinland.jpg/200px-ErwerbRheinland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/ErwerbRheinland.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allegory#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:allegory">allegory</a> visualizing the emergence of Brandenburg-Prussia through the marriage of <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg">John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Anna_of_Prussia" title="Duchess Anna of Prussia">Duchess Anna of Prussia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> had been the seat of the main branch of the Hohenzollerns, who were <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, since 1415.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer33-1">[1]</a> In 1525, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Krakow" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Krakow">Treaty of Krakow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> was created through partial secularization of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Order state">State of the Teutonic Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer33-1">[1]</a> It was a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> and was governed by Duke <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albert of Prussia</a>, a member of a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> On behalf of her mother Elisabeth of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollern, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Marie_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> became Albert's second wife in 1550, and bore him his successor <a href="/wiki/Albert_Frederick,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia">Albert Frederick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaehnig65-3">[3]</a> In 1563, the Brandenburgian branch of the Hohenzollern was granted the right of succession by the Polish crown.<a href="#cite_note-Jaehnig65-3">[3]</a> Albert Frederick became duke of Prussia after Albert's death in 1568.<a href="#cite_note-Jaehnig65-3">[3]</a> His mother died in the same year, and thereafter he showed signs of mental disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Jaehnig65-3">[3]</a> Because of the duke's illness,<a href="#cite_note-Jaehnig66-4">[4]</a> Prussia was governed by Albert's nephew<a href="#cite_note-Jaehnig65-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" title="George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach">George Frederick of Hohenzollern-Ansbach-Jägersdorf</a> (1577–1603).<a href="#cite_note-Hammer33-1">[1]</a> In 1573, Albert Frederick married <a href="/wiki/Marie_Eleonore_of_Cleves" title="Marie Eleonore of Cleves">Marie Eleonore of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, with whom he had several daughters.<a href="#cite_note-Jaehnig66-4">[4]</a> In 1594, Albert Frederick's then 14-year-old daughter <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Anna_of_Prussia" title="Duchess Anna of Prussia">Anna</a> married the son of <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frederick,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg">Joachim Frederick of Hohenzollern-Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg">John Sigismund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer24-5">[5]</a> The marriage ensured the right of succession in the Prussian duchy as well as in <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Cleves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer24-5">[5]</a> Upon George Frederick's death in 1603, the regency of the Prussian duchy passed to Joachim Frederick.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer33-1">[1]</a> Also in 1603, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Gera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Gera (page does not exist)">Treaty of Gera</a> was concluded by the members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>, ruling that their territories were not to be internally divided in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer33-1">[1]</a> The Electors of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Albert Frederick's death in 1618,<a href="#cite_note-Gotthard86-6">[6]</a> but the duchy continued to be held as a fief under the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Crown">Polish Crown</a> until 1656/7.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer136-7">[7]</a> Since John Sigismund had suffered a stroke in 1616 and as a consequence was severely handicapped physically as well as mentally, his wife Anna ruled the Duchy of Prussia in his name until John Sigismund died of a second stroke in 1619, aged 47.<a href="#cite_note-Gotthard86-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="George_William,_1619–1640">George William, 1619–1640</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: George William, 1619–1640">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG/200px-GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG/300px-GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG/400px-GeorgWilhelm.1635.Ausschnitt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="3608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="George William, Elector of Brandenburg">George William, Elector of Brandenburg</a></figcaption></figure> From 1619 to 1640, <a href="/wiki/George_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="George William, Elector of Brandenburg">George William</a> was elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. He strove, but proved unable to break the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon Circle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nicklas214ff-8">[8]</a> The Brandenburg-Saxon antagonism rendered the defense of the circle ineffective, and it was subsequently overrun by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nicklas214ff-8">[8]</a> While George William had claimed neutrality before, the presence of Wallenstein's army forced him to join the Catholic-Imperial camp in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1627)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Königsberg (1627) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Königsberg (1627)</a> and accept garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-Gotthard88-9">[9]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">entered the war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder">advanced into Brandenburg</a>, George William again claimed neutrality, yet <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> compelled George William to join Sweden as an ally by occupying substantial territory in Brandenburg-Prussia and concentrating an army before the town walls of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gotthard90-10">[10]</a> George William did not conclude an alliance, but granted Sweden transit rights, two fortresses and subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-Gotthard90-10">[10]</a> Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Roman Catholic</a> armies repeatedly ravaged Brandenburg and other Hohenzollern lands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_Great_Elector",_Frederick_William,_1640–1688">"The Great Elector", Frederick William, 1640–1688</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "The Great Elector", Frederick William, 1640–1688">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Brandenburg-Preussen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Brandenburg-Preussen.jpg/220px-Map_of_Brandenburg-Preussen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Brandenburg-Preussen.jpg/330px-Map_of_Brandenburg-Preussen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Brandenburg-Preussen.jpg/440px-Map_of_Brandenburg-Preussen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Brandenburg-Prussia (red 1640, red and green 1688).</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, George William was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a>, born 1620, who became known as "The Great Elector" (Der Große Kurfürst).<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt97-11">[11]</a> The character of the young elector had been stamped by his <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> nurturer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcum (page does not exist)">Calcum</a>, a long stay in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Grand_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand tour">grand tour</a>, and the events of the war, of which a meeting with his uncle <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Pomerania</a> was among the most impressive.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt97-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion_of_the_Thirty_Years'_War">Conclusion of the Thirty Years' War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conclusion of the Thirty Years' War">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Treaty of Stettin (1630)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Treaty of Stettin (1653)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurfuerst_friedrich_wilhelm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Kurfuerst_friedrich_wilhelm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William, "Great Elector" of Brandenburg-Prussia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a> took over Brandenburg-Prussia in times of a political, economical and demographic crisis caused by the war.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt97-11">[11]</a> Upon his succession, the new elector retired the Brandenburgian army, but had an army raised again in 1643/44.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">[12]</a> Whether or not Frederick William concluded a truce and neutrality agreement with Sweden is disputed: while a relevant 1641 document exists, it was never ratified and has repeatedly been described as a falsification. However, it is not disputed that he established the growth of Brandenburg-Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt102-13">[13]</a> At the time, the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> dominated Northern Germany, and along with <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_B%C3%A4rwalde" title="Treaty of Bärwalde">her ally</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Sweden became guarantee power of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648. The Swedish aim of controlling the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> by establishing <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominions</a> on the coastline ("dominium maris baltici")<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> thwarted Frederick William's ambitions to gain control over the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> estuary with <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> (Szczecin) in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer19-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Margraves_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraves of Brandenburg">Brandenburgian margraves</a> had <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Pomeranian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict">long sought to expand northwards</a>, connecting land-locked Brandenburg to the Baltic Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">Treaty of Grimnitz</a> (1529) guaranteed Brandenburgian succession in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> upon the extinction of the local <a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a>, and would have come into effect by the death of Pomeranian duke <a href="/wiki/Bogislaw_XIV,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania">Bogislaw XIV</a> in 1637.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">[12]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Treaty of Stettin (1630)</a> however, Bogislaw XIV had also effectively handed over control of the duchy to Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> who <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)#After_Bogislaw_XIV's_death_-_Confrontation_with_Brandenburg" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">refused to give in</a> to the Brandenburgian claim. The Peace of Westphalia settled for a partition of the duchy between Brandenburg and Sweden, who determined the exact border in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Treaty of Stettin (1653)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer25-17">[17]</a> Sweden retained the western part including the lower <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>), while Brandenburg gained the eastern part (<a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hammer25-17">[17]</a> Frederick William was dissatisfied by this outcome, and the acquisition of the whole <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> was to become one of the main goals of his foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the Peace of Westphalia, Frederick William was compensated for <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> with the secularized bishoprics of <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Halberstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> and the right of succession to the likewise secularized <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Archbishopric of Magdeburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer19-15">[15]</a> With Halberstadt, Brandenburg-Prussia also gained several smaller territories: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Derenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Derenburg (page does not exist)">Lordship of Derenburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Regenstein" title="County of Regenstein">County of Regenstein</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Klettenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Klettenberg (page does not exist)">Lordship of Klettenberg</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lordship_of_Lohra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lordship of Lohra (page does not exist)">Lordship of Lohra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer25-17">[17]</a> This was primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern France">French</a> efforts to counterbalance the power of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> emperor by strengthening the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, and while Frederick William valued these territories lower than Western Pomerania, they became step-stones for the creation of a closed, dominant realm in Germany in the long run.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer19-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devastation">Devastation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Devastation">edit</a>]</div> Of all Brandenburg-Prussian territories, the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Electorate of Brandenburg</a> was among the most devastated at the end of the Thirty Years' War.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer19-15">[15]</a> Already before the war, the population density and wealth in the electorate had been low compared to other territories of the empire, and the war had destroyed 60 towns, 48 castles and about 5,000 villages.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer19-15">[15]</a> An average of 50% of the population was dead, in some regions only 10% survived.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer20-19">[19]</a> The rural population, due to deaths and flight to the towns, had dropped from 300,000 before the war to 75,000 thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer20-19">[19]</a> In the important towns of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin-Cölln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a>, the population drop was one third and two-thirds, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer20-19">[19]</a> Some of the territories gained after the war were likewise devastated: in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age#Thirty_Years'_War_(1618–48)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Modern Age">only one third of the population survived</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, once among the wealthiest cities of the empire, was <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">burned down with most of the population slain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Least hit were the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, which was only <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">peripherally involved in the war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hammer24-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer25-17">[17]</a> In 1670, the Great Elector invited Jews expelled from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to settle in Brandenburg.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Despite efforts to resettle the devastated territories, it took some of them until the mid-18th century to reach the pre-war population density.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer20-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cow_War">Cow War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cow War">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KBMG1477.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/KBMG1477.png/200px-KBMG1477.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/KBMG1477.png 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Lower Rhenish duchies</figcaption></figure> In June 1651, Frederick William broke the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> by invading <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Berg</a>, bordering his possessions in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves-Mark</a> at the lower <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-Gabel468-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">Treaty of Xanten</a>, which had ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Jülich succession">War of the Jülich succession</a> between Brandenburg and the <a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">count palatines</a> in 1614, had partitioned the once <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">united Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a> among the belligerents, and Jülich-Berg was since ruled by the Catholic counts of <a href="/wiki/Palatinate-Neuburg" title="Palatinate-Neuburg">Palatinate-Neuburg</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_William,_Count_Palatine_of_Neuburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg">Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg</a>, disregarded a 1647 agreement with Frederick William which had favored the Protestants in the duchies, while Frederick William insisted that the agreement be upheld.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Besides these religious motives, Frederick William's invasion also aimed at territorial expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Gabel468-23">[23]</a> The conflict had the potential to spark another international war<a href="#cite_note-Gabel469-25">[25]</a> since Wolfgang William wanted to have the still not demobilized army of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (duchy)">Lorraine</a>, which continued to operate in the region despite the Peace of Westphalia, to intervene on his side, and Frederick William sought support of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gabel468-23">[23]</a> The latter however followed a policy of neutrality and refused to aid Frederick William's campaign, which was furthermore opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial estates">Imperial estates</a> as well as the local ones.<a href="#cite_note-Gabel469-25">[25]</a> Politically isolated, Frederick William aborted the campaign after the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Cleves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Cleves (page does not exist)">Treaty of Cleves</a> negotiated by Imperial mediators in October 1651.<a href="#cite_note-Gabel469-25">[25]</a> The underlying religious dispute was only solved in 1672.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> While military confrontations were avoided and the Brandenburg-Prussian army was primarily occupied with stealing cattle (hence the name), it considerably lowered Frederick William's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt103-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standing_Army">Standing Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standing Army">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inf._Regiment_Nr.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Inf._Regiment_Nr.3.jpg/162px-Inf._Regiment_Nr.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Inf._Regiment_Nr.3.jpg/243px-Inf._Regiment_Nr.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Inf._Regiment_Nr.3.jpg/323px-Inf._Regiment_Nr.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Brandenburg-Prussian army</a> in 1698</figcaption></figure> Due to his wartime experiences, Frederick William was convinced that Brandenburg-Prussia would only prevail with a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kotulla265-28">[28]</a> Traditionally, raising and financing <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">army reserves</a> was a privilege of the estates, yet Frederick William envisioned a standing army financed independently of the estates.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">[12]</a> He succeeded in getting the consent and necessary financial contributions of the estates in a landtag decree of 26 July 1653.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla265-28">[28]</a> In turn, he confirmed several privileges of the knights, including tax exemption, assertion of jurisdiction and police powers on their estates (Patrimonialgerichtsbarkeit) and the upholding of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> (Leibeigenschaft, Bauernlegen).<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> Initially, the estates' contributions were limited to six years, yet Frederick William obliged the estates to continue the payments thereafter and created a dedicated office to collect the contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> The contributions were confirmed by the estates in 1662, but transformed in 1666 by decree from a real estate tax to an excise tax.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> Since 1657, the towns had to contribute not soldiers, but monetary payments to the army, and since 1665, the estates were able to free themselves from contributing soldiers by additional payments.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> The initial army size of 8,000 men<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> had risen to 25,000<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">[12]</a> to 30,000 men by 1688.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> By then, Frederick William had also accomplished his second goal, to finance the army independently of the estates.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">[12]</a> By 1688, these military costs amounted to considerable 1,500,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">talers</a> or half of the state budget.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">[12]</a> Ensuring a solid financial basis for the army, undisturbed by the estates, was the foremost objective of Frederick William's administrative reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt101-31">[31]</a> He regarded military success as the only way to gain international reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt102-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Northern_War">Second Northern War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Northern War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Treaty of Bromberg</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koenigsberg_Huldigung_im_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_1663.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Koenigsberg_Huldigung_im_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_1663.gif/250px-Koenigsberg_Huldigung_im_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_1663.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Koenigsberg_Huldigung_im_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_1663.gif/375px-Koenigsberg_Huldigung_im_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_1663.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Koenigsberg_Huldigung_im_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_1663.gif/500px-Koenigsberg_Huldigung_im_Schlo%C3%9Fhof_1663.gif 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_estates" title="Prussian estates">Prussian estates</a> paying homage to sovereign <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William I</a> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a>, 1663.</figcaption></figure> The Swedish <a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(Polish_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deluge (Polish history)">invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in the following year started the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Frederick William offered protection to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussian</a> towns in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rinsk" title="Treaty of Rinsk">Treaty of Rinsk</a>, but had to yield Swedish military supremacy and withdraw to his Prussian duchy.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Pursued by Swedish forces to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Prussian capital</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Frederick William made peace and allied with Sweden, taking the Duchy of Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Ermland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermland">Ermland</a> (Ermeland, Warmia) as fiefs from <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1656)" title="Treaty of Königsberg (1656)">Treaty of Königsberg</a> in January 1656.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer135-35">[35]</a> The alliance proved victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1656)">Battle of Warsaw</a> in June, enhancing the elector's international reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer136-7">[7]</a> Continued pressure on Charles X Gustav resulted in him conceding full <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> in Ducal Prussia and Ermland to Frederick William by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Treaty of Labiau</a> in November to ensure the maintenance of the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Frost178-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Radnot" title="Treaty of Radnot">Treaty of Radnot</a>, concluded in December by Sweden and her allies, further awarded <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> to Brandenburg-Prussia in case of a victory.<a href="#cite_note-Frost178-36">[36]</a> When the anti-Swedish coalition however gained the upper hand, Frederick William changed sides when Polish king <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a> confirmed his sovereignty in Prussia, but not in Ermland, in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau-Bromberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg">Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg</a> in 1657.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer24-5">[5]</a> The duchy would legally revert to Poland if the Hohenzollern dynastic line became extinct.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Hohenzollern sovereignty in the Prussian duchy was confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Oliva" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Oliva">Peace of Oliva</a>, which ended the war in 1660.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer24-5">[5]</a> Brandenburg-Prussian campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> did not result in permanent gains.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_and_Scanian_Wars">Dutch and Scanian Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dutch and Scanian Wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin" title="Battle of Fehrbellin">Battle of Fehrbellin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Sleigh_Drive" title="Great Sleigh Drive">Great Sleigh Drive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Stettin_during_Scanian_War.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siege_of_Stettin_during_Scanian_War.PNG/220px-Siege_of_Stettin_during_Scanian_War.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siege_of_Stettin_during_Scanian_War.PNG/330px-Siege_of_Stettin_during_Scanian_War.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siege_of_Stettin_during_Scanian_War.PNG/440px-Siege_of_Stettin_during_Scanian_War.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption>Siege of <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> in 1677</figcaption></figure> In 1672, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> broke out, with Brandenburg-Prussia involved as an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. This alliance was based on a treaty of 1669, and resulted in French occupation of Brandenburg-Prussian <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt105-39">[39]</a> In June 1673, Frederick William abandoned the Dutch alliance and concluded a subsidy treaty with France, who in return withdrew from Cleves.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt105-39">[39]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> declared war on France, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Reichskrieg" title="Reichskrieg">Reichskrieg</a>, Brandenburg-Prussia again changed sides and joined the imperial forces.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt105-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> pressured her ally <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> to relieve her by attacking Brandenburg-Prussia from the north.<a href="#cite_note-Frost210-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a>, dependent on French subsidies, reluctantly occupied the Brandenburgian <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a> in 1674, starting the German theater of the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a> (Brandenburg-Swedish War).<a href="#cite_note-Frost210-40">[40]</a> Frederick William reacted promptly by marching his armies from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to northern Brandenburg, and encountered the rear of the Swedish army, which was in the process of crossing a swamp, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin" title="Battle of Fehrbellin">Battle of Fehrbellin</a> (1675).<a href="#cite_note-Frost210213-41">[41]</a> Though a minor skirmish from a military perspective, Frederick William's victory turned out to be of huge symbolic significance.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The "Great Elector" started a counter-offensive, pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frost212-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbergang_%C3%BCber_das_Kurische_Haff_1679.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%9Cbergang_%C3%BCber_das_Kurische_Haff_1679.jpg/270px-%C3%9Cbergang_%C3%BCber_das_Kurische_Haff_1679.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%9Cbergang_%C3%BCber_das_Kurische_Haff_1679.jpg/405px-%C3%9Cbergang_%C3%BCber_das_Kurische_Haff_1679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%9Cbergang_%C3%BCber_das_Kurische_Haff_1679.jpg/540px-%C3%9Cbergang_%C3%BCber_das_Kurische_Haff_1679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Sleigh_Drive" title="Great Sleigh Drive">Great Sleigh Drive</a> (1678):<a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a> pursues Swedish troops across the frozen <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Lagoon</a>; fresco by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Simmler" title="Wilhelm Simmler">Wilhelm Simmler</a>, ca. 1891</figcaption></figure> Polish king <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> planned to restore Polish <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the Duchy of Prussia, and for this purpose concluded an alliance with France on 11 June 1675.<a href="#cite_note-CModH354-44">[44]</a> France promised assistance and subsidies, while Sobieski in turn allowed French recruitment in <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a> and promised to aid <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> rebel forces who were to distract the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">war against France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CModH354-44">[44]</a> For this plan to work out, Poland-Lithuania had to first conclude her <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">war against the Ottoman Empire</a>, which French diplomacy despite great efforts failed to achieve.<a href="#cite_note-CModH355-45">[45]</a> Furthermore, Sobieski was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>, by Polish gentry who saw the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> as the greater threat, and by Polish <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> bribed by Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gieysztor220ff-46">[46]</a> Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments.<a href="#cite_note-CModH356-47">[47]</a> Thus, while <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C5%BBurawno" title="Treaty of Żurawno">Treaty of Żurawno</a> ended the Polish-Ottoman war in 1676, Sobieski sided with the emperor instead,<a href="#cite_note-CModH356-47">[47]</a> and the plan for a Prussian campaign was dropped.<a href="#cite_note-Gieysztor220ff-46">[46]</a> By 1678, Frederick William had <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1678)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1678)">cleared Swedish Pomerania and occupied most of it</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a> which was held by <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frost212-43">[43]</a> This was followed by another success against Sweden, when Frederick William cleared <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> of Swedish forces in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sleigh_Drive" title="Great Sleigh Drive">Great Sleigh Drive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> concluded the Dutch War by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Nijmegen treaties</a>, he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally, and forced Frederick William to basically return to the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt105-39">[39]</a> Though the Scanian War resulted only in minor territorial gains, attaching a small strip of the Swedish Pomeranian right bank of the lower Oder to <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania</a>, the war resulted in a huge gain of prestige for the elector.<a href="#cite_note-Frost210213-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frederick_III_(I),_1688–1713">Frederick III (I), 1688–1713</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Frederick III (I), 1688–1713">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III of Brandenburg</a>, since 1701 also <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> in 1657.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer104-49">[49]</a> Already in the last years of the reign of his father, the friendly relations with France established after <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Saint Germain (1679)</a> had cooled, not least because of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Potsdam" title="Edict of Potsdam">Huguenot question</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer126-50">[50]</a> In 1686, Frederick William turned toward the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">emperor</a>, with whom he concluded an alliance on 22 December 1686.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer126-50">[50]</a> For this alliance, Frederick William relinquished rights on <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> in favor of the Habsburgs, and in turn received the Silesian <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiebodzin" title="Świebodzin">County of Schwiebus</a> which bordered the <a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">Neumark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer126-50">[50]</a> Frederick III, present at the negotiations as crown prince, assured the Habsburgs of the continuation of the alliance once he was in power, and secretly concluded an amendment to return Schwiebus to the Habsburgs, which he eventually did in 1694.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer126-50">[50]</a> Throughout his reign, Brandenburg-Prussia remained a Habsburg ally and repeatedly deployed troops to fight against France.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer126-50">[50]</a> In 1693, Frederick III began to sound out the possibility of an elevation of his status at the Habsburg court in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and while the first attempt was unsuccessful, elevation to a king remained the central goal on his agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer126-50">[50]</a> The envisioned status elevation did not merely serve a decorative purpose, but was regarded a necessity to prevail in political competition.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer126-50">[50]</a> Though Frederick III held the elevated status of a <a href="/wiki/Prince_elector" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince elector">prince elector</a>, this status was also gained by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I of Bavaria</a> in 1623, during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, also by the <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of the Palatinate">Elector of the Palatinate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648), and by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Elector_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Ernest Augustus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> in 1692.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Thus, the formerly exclusive club of the prince-electors now had nine members, six of whom were secular princes, and further changes seemed possible.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer127-52">[52]</a> Within the circle of prince-electors, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_the_Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus the Strong">August the Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a>, had secured the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish crown</a> in 1697, and the House of Hanover had secured succession of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British throne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer127-52">[52]</a> From Frederick III's perspective, stagnation in status meant loss of power, and this perspective seemed to be confirmed when the European royals ignored Brandenburg-Prussia's claims in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rijswijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Rijswijk">Treaty of Rijswijk</a> (1697).<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer127-52">[52]</a> Frederick decided to raise the Duchy of Prussia to a kingdom. Within the Holy Roman Empire, no one could call himself king except the emperor and the king of Bohemia. However, Prussia was outside the empire, and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer127-52">[52]</a> The practicability of this plan was doubted by some of his advisors, and in any case the crown was only valuable if recognized by the European nobility, most important the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer127-52">[52]</a> In 1699, negotiations were renewed with emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>, who in turn was in need of allies since the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> was about to break out.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer127-52">[52]</a> On 16 November 1700, the emperor approved Frederick's coronation in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Treaty" title="Crown Treaty">Crown Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer127-52">[52]</a> With respect to <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a>, who held the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ermland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermland">Ermland</a>, it was agreed that Frederick would call himself <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>, instead of King of Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-Weber13-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, for similar reasons as the emperor, accepted Frederick's elevation prior to the coronation.<a href="#cite_note-Weber12-54">[54]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/400px-Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Anointment of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III (I)</a> after his coronation as <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, 1701.</figcaption></figure> On 17 January 1701, Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms, the Prussian black eagle, and motto, "<a href="/wiki/Suum_cuique" title="Suum cuique">suum cuique</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Beier162-55">[55]</a> On 18 January, he crowned himself and his wife <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Charlotte_of_Hanover" title="Sophia Charlotte of Hanover">Sophie Charlotte</a> in a baroque ceremony in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beier162-55">[55]</a> On 28 January, Augustus the Strong congratulated Frederick, yet not as Polish king, but as Saxon elector.<a href="#cite_note-Weber13-53">[53]</a> In February, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> accepted Frederick's elevation in hope of an ally in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> likewise approved in 1701.<a href="#cite_note-Weber12-54">[54]</a> Most princes of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> followed.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer128-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> accepted Frederick as Prussian king in 1703.<a href="#cite_note-Weber12-54">[54]</a> In 1713, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> also accepted Frederick's royal status.<a href="#cite_note-Neugebauer128-56">[56]</a> The coronation was not accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, who despite the secularization of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cracow" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Cracow">in 1525</a> upheld claims to the region.<a href="#cite_note-Weber12-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights">Grand Master</a> protested at the emperor's court, and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> sent a circular to all <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> regents to not accept Frederick's royal status.<a href="#cite_note-Weber13-53">[53]</a> Until 1787, papal documents continued to speak of the Prussian kings as "Margraves of Brandenburg".<a href="#cite_note-Weber13-53">[53]</a> Neither did the Polish–Lithuanian nobility accept Frederick's royal status, seeing the Polish province of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> endangered, and only in 1764<a href="#cite_note-Weber14-57">[57]</a> was the Prussian kingship accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Weber15-58">[58]</a> Since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia technically continued until the empire's dissolution in 1806. However, the emperor's power was only nominal by this time, and Brandenburg soon came to be treated as a de facto province of the Prussian kingdom. Although Frederick was still only an elector within the portions of his domain that were part of the empire, he only acknowledged the emperor's overlordship over them in a formal way. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Margraves_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraves of Brandenburg">margraves of Brandenburg</a> had become highly dependent on the estates (counts, lords, knights and towns, no prelates due to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in 1538).<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla262-59">[59]</a> The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were controlled by the Kreditwerk, an institution not controlled by the elector, and the Großer Ausschuß ("Great Committee") of the estates.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla263-60">[60]</a> This was due to concessions made by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_II,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg">Joachim II</a> in 1541 in turn for financial aid by the estates, however, the Kreditwerk went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla263-60">[60]</a> The margraves further had to yield the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla263-60">[60]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <a href="/wiki/Stadtschloss,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtschloss, Berlin">residence in Berlin</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Berlin_Stadtschlossminiatur_042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dom_Berlin_Stadtschlossminiatur_042.jpg/200px-Dom_Berlin_Stadtschlossminiatur_042.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dom_Berlin_Stadtschlossminiatur_042.jpg/300px-Dom_Berlin_Stadtschlossminiatur_042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dom_Berlin_Stadtschlossminiatur_042.jpg/400px-Dom_Berlin_Stadtschlossminiatur_042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">…during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtschloss_1702.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stadtschloss_1702.jpg/200px-Stadtschloss_1702.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stadtschloss_1702.jpg/300px-Stadtschloss_1702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stadtschloss_1702.jpg/400px-Stadtschloss_1702.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1283" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">…according to the design of 1702</div></div></div></div></div> To reduce the influence of the estates, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frederick,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg">Joachim Frederick</a> in 1604 created a council called Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark ("Privy Council for the Electorate"), which instead of the estates was to function as the supreme advisory council for the elector.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla263-60">[60]</a> While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651 due to the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla263-60">[60]</a> Until after the Thirty Years' War, the territories of Brandenburg-Prussia were politically independent from each other,<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt101-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kotulla262-59">[59]</a> connected only by the common feudal superior.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla265-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt101-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a>, who envisioned the transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla265-28">[28]</a> started to centralize the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the Geheimer Rat as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved to be unfeasible.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (Kurfürstlicher Rat) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the Geheimer Rat.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates (Landständische Regierung, named Oberratsstube in Prussia and Geheime Landesregierung in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating Amtskammer chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> Also in 1680, the Kreditwerk came under the aegis of the elector.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> Frederick William's excise tax (Akzise), which since 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation of the estates.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> The conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a> had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> In the Duchy of Prussia, he confirmed the traditional privileges of the estates in 1663,<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> but the latter accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an Akzise was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> Since 1704, the Prussian estates had de facto relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> In 1682, the elector introduced an Akzise to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg,<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla267-30">[30]</a> while in Cleves and Mark an Akzise was introduced only between 1716 and 1720.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla266-29">[29]</a> Due to Frederick William's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign,<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt101-31">[31]</a> and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duchhardt108-61">[61]</a> Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick III (I)</a>, the Brandenburg Prussian territories were de facto reduced to provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla265-28">[28]</a> Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, yet firstborn Frederick III with the emperor's backing succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Gera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Gera (page does not exist)">Treaty of Gera</a>, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla269-62">[62]</a> In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was created, called Geheime Hofkammer (since 1713: Generalfinanzdirektorium).<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla270-63">[63]</a> This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories' Amtskammer chambers.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla270-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_War_Commissariat" title="General War Commissariat">General War Commissariat</a> (Generalkriegskommissariat) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local Kriegskommissariat agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but until 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla270-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map">Map</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Map">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussen-GrKF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brandenburg-Prussia. Orange: Electorate of Brandenburg; red: under John Sigismund; green/yellow: under Frederick William I"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Preussen-GrKF.jpg/900px-Preussen-GrKF.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Preussen-GrKF.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="601" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussen-GrKF.jpg" title="File:Preussen-GrKF.jpg"> </a></div>Brandenburg-Prussia. Orange: <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Electorate of Brandenburg</a>; red: under <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg">John Sigismund</a>; green/yellow: under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William I</a></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_territories">List of territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of territories">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245584064">@media screen{html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js 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.static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.5em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center"> <caption>List of territories<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="190">Name </th> <th width="80">Year of acquisition </th> <th class="unsortable">How obtained </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> </td> <td>1415 </td> <td>Core territory, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electorate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Duchy of Cleves</a> </td> <td>1614 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">Treaty of Xanten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">County of Mark</a> </td> <td>1614 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">Treaty of Xanten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">County of Ravensberg</a> </td> <td>1614 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">Treaty of Xanten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> </td> <td>1618 </td> <td>Succession as <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> vassal, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a> vassal in 1656 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1656)" title="Treaty of Königsberg (1656)">Treaty of Königsberg</a>), sovereign since 1656 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Treaty of Labiau</a> with Sweden) and 1657 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau-Bromberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg">Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg</a> with Poland-Lithuania), confirmed in 1660 by the signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Oliva" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Oliva">Peace of Oliva</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Bishopric of Minden</a> </td> <td>1648 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Principality of Halberstadt</a> </td> <td>1648 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Cammin</a> </td> <td>1653 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">Treaty of Grimnitz</a> (entitlement); <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (entitlement); <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Treaty of Stettin</a> (incorporation); slightly enlarged by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia)</a> </td> <td>1656 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1656)" title="Treaty of Königsberg (1656)">Treaty of Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a> fief), sovereign since 1656 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Treaty of Labiau</a>), lost in 1657 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau-Bromberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg">Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> </td> <td>1657 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Treaty of Bromberg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Draheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Draheim">Draheim</a> </td> <td>1657 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Treaty of Bromberg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Duchy of Magdeburg</a> </td> <td>1680 </td> <td>Succession based on an entitlement under the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_immigration">Religion and immigration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion and immigration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdiktPotsdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EdiktPotsdam.jpg/220px-EdiktPotsdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EdiktPotsdam.jpg/330px-EdiktPotsdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/EdiktPotsdam.jpg/440px-EdiktPotsdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Potsdam" title="Edict of Potsdam">Edict of Potsdam</a></figcaption></figure> In 1613, <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg">John Sigismund</a> converted from <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, but failed to achieve the conversion of the estates by the rule of <a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla263-60">[60]</a> Thus, on 5 February 1615, he granted the Lutherans religious freedom, while the Elector's court remained largely Calvinist.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla263-60">[60]</a> When Frederick William I rebuilt Brandenburg-Prussia's war-torn economy, he attracted settlers from all Europe, especially by offering religious asylum, most prominently by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Potsdam" title="Edict of Potsdam">Edict of Potsdam</a> which attracted more than 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kotulla264-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navy_and_colonies">Navy and colonies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Navy and colonies">edit</a>]</div> Brandenburg-Prussia established a navy and colonies during the reign of Frederick William. The "Great Elector" had spent part of his childhood at the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomeranian</a> court and port cities of <a href="/wiki/Wolgast" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a> (1631–1633) and <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> (1633–1635), and afterwards studied at the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leyden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leyden">Leyden</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_The_Hague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of The Hague (page does not exist)">The Hague</a> (1635–1638).<a href="#cite_note-Heyden8-66">[66]</a> When Frederick William became elector in 1640, he invited Dutch engineers to Brandenburg, sent Brandenburgian engineers to study in the Netherlands, and in 1646 married educated <a href="/wiki/Countess_Luise_Henriette_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Luise Henriette of Nassau">Luise Henriette</a> of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden8-66">[66]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, Frederick William tried to acquire finances to rebuild the country by participating in oversea trade, and attempted to found a Brandenburg-Prussian East Indies Company.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden9-67">[67]</a> He engaged former Dutch admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aernoult_Gijsels_van_Lier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aernoult Gijsels van Lier (page does not exist)">Aernoult Gijsels van Lier</a> as advisor and tried to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and princes of the empire to participate.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden10-68">[68]</a> The emperor, however, declined the request as he considered it dangerous to disturb the interest of the other European powers.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden11-69">[69]</a> In 1651, Frederick William bought <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dansborg" title="Fort Dansborg">Fort Dansborg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a> for 120,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichstaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstaler">reichstalers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden9-67">[67]</a> As Frederick William was unable to raise this sum, he asked several people and <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic towns</a> to invest in the project, but since none of these were able or willing to give sufficient money, the treaty with Denmark was nullified in 1653.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden9-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Navy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Navy" title="Brandenburg Navy">Brandenburg Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Navy" title="Prussian Navy">Prussian Navy</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Brandenburg-Prussian navy </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Vessel type </th> <th colspan="6">Count </th></tr> <tr> <th>1675 </th> <th>1680 </th> <th>1684 </th> <th>1689 </th> <th>1696 </th> <th>1700 </th></tr> <tr> <td>frigate </td> <td>6 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>fluyt </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>snow </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>galiote </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>yacht </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>other </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 17. Total number of European ships in 1669: 25,000 Total number of Dutch ships in 1669: 16,000 Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 21. </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1675, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin" title="Battle of Fehrbellin">victory at Fehrbellin</a> and the Brandenburg-Prussian advance in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>, Frederick William decided to establish a navy.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden11-69">[69]</a> He engaged Dutch merchant and shipowner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Raule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Raule (page does not exist)">Benjamin Raule</a> as his advisor, who after a first personal meeting with Frederick William in 1675 settled in Brandenburg in 1676<a href="#cite_note-Heyden11-69">[69]</a> and became the major figure of Brandenburg-Prussia's emerging naval and colonial enterprise. The Brandenburg-Prussian navy was established from ten ships which Frederick William leased from Raule, and achieved first successes in the war against Sweden supporting the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1678)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1678)">siege of Stralsund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> and the invasion of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden12-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Pillau</a> (now Baltiysk) on the <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussian</a> coast, Raule established shipyards and enlarged the port facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden11-69">[69]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a>, the navy was used to hijack Swedish ships in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and in 1680, six Brandenburg-Prussian vessels captured the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> vessel Carolus Secundus near <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> to pressure Spain to pay promised subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden12-70">[70]</a> The Spanish ship was renamed Markgraf von Brandenburg ("Margrave of Brandenburg") and became the flagship of an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> fleet that was ordered to capture Spanish vessels carrying silver; it was not successful in this mission.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden12-70">[70]</a> In the following years, the navy was expanded, and the policy of leasing ships was replaced by the policy of building or purchasing them.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden17-71">[71]</a> On 1 October 1684 Frederick William bought all ships that had been leased for 110,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">talers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden17-71">[71]</a> Also in 1684, the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisian</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Pillau</a> as the main Brandenburg-Prussian naval base.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden35-72">[72]</a> From Pillau, part of the shipyard, the admiral's house and the wooden church of the employees was transferred to Emden.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden35-72">[72]</a> While Emden was not part of Brandenburg-Prussia, the elector owned a nearby castle, <a href="/wiki/Greetsiel" title="Greetsiel">Greetsiel</a>, and negotiated an agreement with the town to maintain a garrison and a port.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden35-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_African_Gold_Coast_(Großfriedrichsburg)">West African Gold Coast (Großfriedrichsburg)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: West African Gold Coast (Großfriedrichsburg)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburger Gold Coast</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg/250px-Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg/375px-Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg/500px-Kurbrandenburgi_Navy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Navy" title="Brandenburg Navy">Brandenburg Navy</a> on the Open Sea by <a href="/wiki/Lieve_Pietersz_Verschuier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier">Lieve Pietersz Verschuier</a>, 1684.</figcaption></figure> In 1679, Raule presented Frederick William a plan to establish colonies in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, and the elector approved.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden12-70">[70]</a> In July 1680, Frederick William issued respective orders, and two ships were selected to establish trade contacts with African tribes and explore places where colonies could be established.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden14-73">[73]</a> On 17 September, <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> Wappen von Brandenburg ("Seal of Brandenburg") and Morian (poetic for "Mohr", "Negro") left for Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden14-73">[73]</a> The ships reached Guinea in January 1681.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden14-73">[73]</a> Since the crew of the Wappen von Brandenburg sold a barrel of brandy to Africans in a territory claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch West Indies Company">Dutch West Indies Company</a>, the latter confiscated the ship in March.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden14-73">[73]</a> The crew of the remaining ship Morian managed to have three Guinean chieftains sign a contract on 16 May, before the Dutch expelled the vessel from the coastal waters.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden14-73">[73]</a> This treaty, officially declared as trade agreement, included a clause of subjection of the chiefs to Frederick William's overlordship<a href="#cite_note-Heyden14-73">[73]</a> and an agreement allowing Brandenburg-Prussia to establish a fort,<a href="#cite_note-Heyden15-74">[74]</a> and is thus regarded the beginning of the Brandenburg-Prussian colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden14-73">[73]</a> To facilitate the colonial expeditions, the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_African_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg African Company">Brandenburg African Company</a> was founded on 7 March 1682,<a href="#cite_note-Heyden21-75">[75]</a> initially with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and its shipyards in <a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Pillau</a>, since 1683 in <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden20-76">[76]</a> Throughout its existence, the company was underfunded, and expeditions were financed also by private capital, including payments by Raule and Frederick William.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden21-75">[75]</a> In July 1682, an expedition under East Prussian <a href="/wiki/Otto_Friedrich_von_der_Groeben" title="Otto Friedrich von der Groeben">Otto Friedrich von der Groeben</a> was sent to Guinea to erect the fortress <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Ffriedrichsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Großfriedrichsburg">Großfriedrichsburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden23-77">[77]</a> On 24 February 1684, another treaty with indigenous chiefs was signed that allowed the erection of a second fort in nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accada (page does not exist)">Accada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Akwida" class="mw-redirect" title="Akwida">Akwida</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Heyden31-78">[78]</a> named <a href="/wiki/Dorotheenschanze" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorotheenschanze">Dorotheenschanze</a> after Frederick William's second wife.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden32-79">[79]</a> On 4 February 1685, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taccararay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taccararay (page does not exist)">Taccararay</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Takoradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Takoradi">Takoradi</a>), some 30 kilometers east of Großfriedrichsburg.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden32-79">[79]</a> A fourth fort was built at a spring near the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taccrama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taccrama (page does not exist)">Taccrama</a>, between Großfriedrichsburg and Dorotheenschanze, named Loge or Sophie-Louise-Schanze.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden32-79">[79]</a> Overall, the colony comprised roughly 50 kilometers of coastline, and did not extend into the hinterland.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden34-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguin">Arguin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Arguin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_fo_Arguin_1721.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plan_fo_Arguin_1721.JPG/300px-Plan_fo_Arguin_1721.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plan_fo_Arguin_1721.JPG/450px-Plan_fo_Arguin_1721.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plan_fo_Arguin_1721.JPG/600px-Plan_fo_Arguin_1721.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Fort <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a> (1721)</figcaption></figure> A second colony was established at the <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a> archipelago off the West African coast (now part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>). In contrast to the Guinean colony, Arguin had been a colony before: In 1520, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> had built a fort on the main island, which with all of Portugal came under <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> control in 1580.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden39-81">[81]</a> In 1638 it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and in 1678 by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, who due to high maintenance costs abandoned it and demolished the fort soon after.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden39-81">[81]</a> On 27 July 1685, an expedition was mounted by Frederick William and Raule, who took possession of the vacated colony on 1 October.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden39-81">[81]</a> Subsequently, the fort was rebuilt and contacts to the indigenous population established.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden40-82">[82]</a> France was alarmed and sent a vessel to re-conquer the fort in late 1687,<a href="#cite_note-Heyden40-82">[82]</a> but the attack of a French frigate and a smaller vessel was beaten back by the Brandenburg-Prussian garrison.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden41-83">[83]</a> The victory improved the relations to the indigenous people, many of whom were carried off as slaves by the French before.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden41-83">[83]</a> While Arguin did not reach the economic importance of Großfriedrichsburg, it temporarily advanced to the world's primary staple port for slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Heyden42-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> The African colonies enabled Brandenburg-Prussia to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a>, yet it lacked its own trading post in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. In 1684, Brandenburg-Prussia was denied the purchase of the French islands <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Sainte Croix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras15-85">[85]</a> In November 1685,<a href="#cite_note-Carreras16-86">[86]</a> after a failed attempt to purchase <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Thomas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Carreras15-85">[85]</a> a Brandenburg-Danish agreement was reached that allowed the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_African_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg African Company">Brandenburg African Company</a> to rent part of Saint Thomas as a base for 30 years, while the sovereignty remained with Denmark and administration with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_West_Indies_and_Guinean_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish West Indies and Guinean Company (page does not exist)">Danish West Indies and Guinean Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras16-86">[86]</a> The first Brandenburgian vessel arrived in 1686 with 450 slaves from <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Ffriedrichsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Großfriedrichsburg">Großfriedrichsburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras16-86">[86]</a> Brandenburg-Prussia was allotted an area near the capital city <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands">Charlotte Amalie</a>, called Brandenburgery, and other territories named Krum Bay and Bordeaux Estates further west.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras16-86">[86]</a> In 1688, 300 Europeans and several hundred slaves lived on the Brandenburgian estates.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras17-87">[87]</a> In November 1695, French forces looted the Brandenburgian (not the Danish) colony.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras21-88">[88]</a> In 1731, the Brandenburg-Prussian company on Saint Thomas (BAAC) became insolvent, and abandoned the island in 1735.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras23-89">[89]</a> Their last remains were sold by auction in 1738.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras23-89">[89]</a> Brandenburg-Prussia tried to claim <a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Crab Island</a> in 1687, but the island was also claimed by other European powers beforehand, and when a second expedition in 1692 found the island under Danish control, the plan was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras2122-90">[90]</a> In 1689, Brandenburg-Prussia claimed <a href="/wiki/Peter_Island" title="Peter Island">Peter Island</a>, but the small rock proved unsuitable for trade or settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras22-91">[91]</a> In 1691, Brandenburg-Prussia and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Courland">Duchy of Courland</a> agreed on a partition of <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, but since Courland later abandoned the territory and thus was no longer present on the island, the agreement was nullified, and negotiations with the English government which had interests in Tobago did not result in an agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras22-91">[91]</a> In 1695, Brandenburg-Prussia attempted to acquire <a href="/wiki/Tortola" title="Tortola">Tortola</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> via diplomacy, but the negotiations went nowhere, and were eventually called off.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras22-91">[91]</a> Likewise, England declined an offer to purchase <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-Carreras22-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Brandenburg">List of rulers of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">List of monarchs of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_projects_before_1871" title="German colonial projects before 1871">German colonial projects before 1871</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hammer33-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer33_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer33_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer33_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer33_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer33_1-4">e</a> Hammer (2001), p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Jähnig (2006), pp. 54ff </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaehnig65-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaehnig65_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaehnig65_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaehnig65_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaehnig65_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaehnig65_3-4">e</a> Jähnig (2006), p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaehnig66-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaehnig66_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaehnig66_4-1">b</a> Jähnig (2006), p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer24-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer24_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer24_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer24_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer24_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer24_5-4">e</a> Hammer (2001), p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gotthard86-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gotthard86_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gotthard86_6-1">b</a> Gotthard (2006), p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer136-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer136_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer136_7-1">b</a> Hammer (2001), p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicklas214ff-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicklas214ff_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicklas214ff_8-1">b</a> Nicklas (2002), pp. 214ff </li> <li id="cite_note-Gotthard88-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Gotthard88_9-0">^</a> Gotthard (2006), p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gotthard90-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gotthard90_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gotthard90_10-1">b</a> Gotthard (2006), p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchhardt97-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt97_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt97_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt97_11-2">c</a> Duchhardt (2006), p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchhardt98-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt98_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt98_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt98_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt98_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt98_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt98_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt98_12-6">g</a> Duchhardt (2006), p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchhardt102-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt102_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt102_13-1">b</a> Duchhardt (2006), p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Olesen (2003), p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer19-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer19_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer19_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer19_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer19_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer19_15-4">e</a> Hammer (2001), p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Sturdy (2002), p.59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer25-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer25_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer25_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer25_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer25_17-3">d</a> Hammer (2001), p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Duchhardt (2006), pp. 98, 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer20-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer20_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer20_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer20_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer20_19-3">d</a> Hammer (2001), p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Buchholz (1999), p.263 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Schmidt (2006), p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnavi1992" class="citation book cs1">Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe". The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People. Hutchinson. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-177593-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-177593-0"><bdi>0-09-177593-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Return+to+Western+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-09-177593-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabel468-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabel468_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabel468_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabel468_23-2">c</a> Gabel (1998), p. 468 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Klueting (2003), p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabel469-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabel469_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabel469_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabel469_25-2">c</a> Gabel (1998), p. 469 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Klueting (2003), p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchhardt103-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt103_27-0">^</a> Duchhardt (2006), p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotulla265-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla265_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla265_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla265_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla265_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla265_28-4">e</a> Kotulla (2008), p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotulla266-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla266_29-8">i</a> Kotulla (2008), p. 266 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotulla267-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla267_30-10">k</a> Kotulla (2008), p. 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchhardt101-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt101_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt101_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt101_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt101_31-3">d</a> Duchhardt (2006), p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Frost (2000), pp. 168ff </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Frost (2000), p.171 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Shennan (1995), p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer135-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Hammer135_35-0">^</a> Hammer (2001), p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost178-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost178_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost178_36-1">b</a> Frost (2000), p.178 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Jähnig (2006), p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Buchholz (1999), pp. 273ff </li> <li id="cite_note-Duchhardt105-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt105_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt105_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt105_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duchhardt105_39-3">d</a> Duchhardt (2006), p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost210-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost210_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost210_40-1">b</a> Frost (2000), p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost210213-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost210213_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost210213_41-1">b</a> Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213–214 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost212-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost212_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost212_43-1">b</a> Frost (2000), p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-CModH354-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CModH354_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CModH354_44-1">b</a> Leathes et al. 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id="cite_note-Kotulla264-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Kotulla264_65-0">^</a> Kotulla (2008), p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden8-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden8_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden8_66-1">b</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden9-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden9_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden9_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden9_67-2">c</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden10-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Heyden10_68-0">^</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden11-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden11_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden11_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden11_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden11_69-3">d</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden12-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden12_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden12_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden12_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden12_70-3">d</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden17-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden17_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden17_71-1">b</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden35-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden35_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden35_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden35_72-2">c</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden14-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden14_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden14_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden14_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden14_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden14_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden14_73-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden14_73-6">g</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden15-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Heyden15_74-0">^</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden21-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden21_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden21_75-1">b</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden20-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Heyden20_76-0">^</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden23-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Heyden23_77-0">^</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden31-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Heyden31_78-0">^</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden32-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden32_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden32_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden32_79-2">c</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden34-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Heyden34_80-0">^</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden39-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden39_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden39_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden39_81-2">c</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden40-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden40_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden40_82-1">b</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden41-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden41_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyden41_83-1">b</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyden42-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Heyden42_84-0">^</a> van der Heyden (2001), p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreras15-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras15_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras15_85-1">b</a> Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreras16-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras16_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras16_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras16_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras16_86-3">d</a> Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreras17-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Carreras17_87-0">^</a> Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreras21-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Carreras21_88-0">^</a> Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreras23-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras23_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras23_89-1">b</a> Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreras2122-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Carreras2122_90-0">^</a> Carreras & Maihold (2004), pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreras22-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras22_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras22_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras22_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreras22_91-3">d</a> Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 22 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In English">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitino2005" class="citation book cs1">Citino, Robert Michael (2005). 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Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2004" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert I (2004). After the Deluge. Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54402-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54402-5"><bdi>0-521-54402-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Deluge.+Poland-Lithuania+and+the+Second+Northern+War%2C+1655-1660&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Early+Modern+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-54402-5&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Gieysztor" title="Aleksander Gieysztor">Gieysztor, Aleksander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Kieniewicz" title="Stefan Kieniewicz">Stefan Kieniewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Rostworowski" title="Emanuel Rostworowski">Emanuel Rostworowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Tazbir" title="Janusz Tazbir">Janusz Tazbir</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Wereszycki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Wereszycki (page does not exist)">Henryk Wereszycki</a>. History of Poland. PWN. Warsaw, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-00392-8" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-00392-8">83-01-00392-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeathes,_Stanley_MordauntWard,_Adolphus_WilliamProthero,_George_Walter1964" class="citation book cs1">Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt; Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter, eds. (1964). The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 1. CUP Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gagliardo, John G. Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790 (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54794651">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127054209/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=54794651">Archived</a> 2007-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Holborn, Hajo. A History of Modern Germany. Vol 2: 1648–1840 (1962)</li> <li>Hughes, Michael. Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806 (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheilagh_Ogilvie" title="Sheilagh Ogilvie">Ogilvie, Sheilagh</a>. Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630 (1995) 416pp; Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630–1800 (1996), 448pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShennan1995" class="citation book cs1">Shennan, Margaret (1995). The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12938-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12938-9"><bdi>0-415-12938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Brandenburg-Prussia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-12938-9&rft.aulast=Shennan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturdy2002" class="citation book cs1">Sturdy, David J. (2002). Fractured Europe, 1600-1721. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20513-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20513-6"><bdi>0-631-20513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fractured+Europe%2C+1600-1721&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-631-20513-6&rft.aulast=Sturdy&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In German">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeier2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beier, Brigitte (2007). Die Chronik der Deutschen (in German). wissenmedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-577-14374-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-577-14374-5"><bdi>978-3-577-14374-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Chronik+der+Deutschen&rft.pub=wissenmedia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-577-14374-5&rft.aulast=Beier&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchholz1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buchholz, Werner, ed. (1999). Pommern (in German). Siedler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-780-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-88680-780-0"><bdi>3-88680-780-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pommern&rft.pub=Siedler&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-88680-780-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrerasMaihold,_Günther2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carreras, Sandra; Maihold, Günther (2004). Preußen und Lateinamerika. Im Spannungsfeld von Kommerz, Macht und Kultur. Europa-Übersee (in German). Vol. 12. LIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-6306-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-6306-9"><bdi>3-8258-6306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preu%C3%9Fen+und+Lateinamerika.+Im+Spannungsfeld+von+Kommerz%2C+Macht+und+Kultur&rft.series=Europa-%C3%9Cbersee&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-8258-6306-9&rft.aulast=Carreras&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Maihold%2C+G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchhardt2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duchhardt, Heinz (2006). "Friedrich Wilhelm, der Große Kurfürst (1640–1688)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.). Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II (in German). Beck. pp. 95–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-54129-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-54129-1"><bdi>3-406-54129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Wilhelm%2C+der+Gro%C3%9Fe+Kurf%C3%BCrst+%281640%E2%80%931688%29&rft.btitle=Preu%C3%9Fens+Herrscher.+Von+den+ersten+Hohenzollern+bis+Wilhelm+II&rft.pages=95-112&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-406-54129-1&rft.aulast=Duchhardt&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabel1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabel, Helmut (1998). "Altes Reich und europäische Friedensordnung. Aspekte der Friedenssicherung zwischen 1648 und dem Beginn des Holländischen Krieges". In <a href="/wiki/Horst_Lademacher" title="Horst Lademacher">Lademacher, Horst</a>; Groenveld, Simon (eds.). Krieg und Kultur. Die Rezeption von Krieg und Frieden in der Niederländischen Republik und im Deutschen Reich 1568-1648 (in German). Waxmann. pp. 463–480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89325-575-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-89325-575-3"><bdi>3-89325-575-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Altes+Reich+und+europ%C3%A4ische+Friedensordnung.+Aspekte+der+Friedenssicherung+zwischen+1648+und+dem+Beginn+des+Holl%C3%A4ndischen+Krieges&rft.btitle=Krieg+und+Kultur.+Die+Rezeption+von+Krieg+und+Frieden+in+der+Niederl%C3%A4ndischen+Republik+und+im+Deutschen+Reich+1568-1648&rft.pages=463-480&rft.pub=Waxmann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-89325-575-3&rft.aulast=Gabel&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGotthard2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gotthard, Axel (2006). "Zwischen Luthertum und Calvinismus (1598–1640)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.). Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II (in German). Beck. pp. 74–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-54129-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-54129-1"><bdi>3-406-54129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zwischen+Luthertum+und+Calvinismus+%281598%E2%80%931640%29&rft.btitle=Preu%C3%9Fens+Herrscher.+Von+den+ersten+Hohenzollern+bis+Wilhelm+II&rft.pages=74-94&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-406-54129-1&rft.aulast=Gotthard&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammer, Ulrike (2001). Kurfürstin Luise Henriette. Eine Oranierin als Mittlerin zwischen den Niederlanden und Brandenburg-Preußen. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas (in German). Vol. 4. Waxmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8309-1105-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-8309-1105-X"><bdi>3-8309-1105-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurf%C3%BCrstin+Luise+Henriette.+Eine+Oranierin+als+Mittlerin+zwischen+den+Niederlanden+und+Brandenburg-Preu%C3%9Fen&rft.series=Studien+zur+Geschichte+und+Kultur+Nordwesteuropas&rft.pub=Waxmann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-8309-1105-X&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Heyden2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van der Heyden, Ulrich (2001). Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste. Die brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika (in German) (2 ed.). Selignow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-933889-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-933889-04-9"><bdi>3-933889-04-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rote+Adler+an+Afrikas+K%C3%BCste.+Die+brandenburgisch-preussische+Kolonie+Grossfriedrichsburg+in+Westafrika&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Selignow&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-933889-04-9&rft.aulast=van+der+Heyden&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJähnig2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jähnig, Bernhart (2006). "Die politischen und rechtlichen Außenbeziehungen des Herzogtums Preußen (1525–1660)". In Willoweit, Dietmar; Lemberg, Hans (eds.). Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa. Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation. Völker, Staaten und Kulturen in Ostmitteleuropa (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 51–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-57839-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-57839-1"><bdi>3-486-57839-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+politischen+und+rechtlichen+Au%C3%9Fenbeziehungen+des+Herzogtums+Preu%C3%9Fen+%281525%E2%80%931660%29&rft.btitle=Reiche+und+Territorien+in+Ostmitteleuropa.+Historische+Beziehungen+und+politische+Herrschaftslegitimation&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=V%C3%B6lker%2C+Staaten+und+Kulturen+in+Ostmitteleuropa&rft.pages=51-72&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-486-57839-1&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4hnig&rft.aufirst=Bernhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlueting2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klueting, Harm (2003). Reformatio vitae Johann Jakob Fabricius (1618/20-1673). Ein Beitrag zu Konfessionalisierung und Sozialdisziplinierung im Luthertum des 17. Jahrhunderts. Historia profana et ecclesiastica (in German). Vol. 9. LIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7051-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7051-0"><bdi>3-8258-7051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformatio+vitae+Johann+Jakob+Fabricius+%281618%2F20-1673%29.+Ein+Beitrag+zu+Konfessionalisierung+und+Sozialdisziplinierung+im+Luthertum+des+17.+Jahrhunderts&rft.series=Historia+profana+et+ecclesiastica&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-8258-7051-0&rft.aulast=Klueting&rft.aufirst=Harm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotulla2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kotulla, Michael (2008). Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom alten Reich bis Weimar (1495 bis 1933) (in German). Springer. pp. 261ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48705-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48705-0"><bdi>978-3-540-48705-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+deutsche+Verfassungsgeschichte.+Vom+alten+Reich+bis+Weimar+%281495+bis+1933%29&rft.pages=261ff&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-540-48705-0&rft.aulast=Kotulla&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaternaAdamy1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Materna, Ingo; Adamy, Kurt (1995). Brandenburgische Geschichte (in German). Akademie Verlag. pp. 317ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-05-002508-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-05-002508-5"><bdi>3-05-002508-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brandenburgische+Geschichte&rft.pages=317ff&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-05-002508-5&rft.aulast=Materna&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft.au=Adamy%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2006). "Friedrich III./I. (1688–1713)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.). Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II (in German). Beck. pp. 113–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-54129-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-54129-1"><bdi>3-406-54129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friedrich+III.%2FI.+%281688%E2%80%931713%29&rft.btitle=Preu%C3%9Fens+Herrscher.+Von+den+ersten+Hohenzollern+bis+Wilhelm+II&rft.pages=113-133&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-406-54129-1&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Neugebauer,_Wolfgang2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2009). Das 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens. Handbuch der Preußischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. 1. de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014091-0"><bdi>978-3-11-014091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+17.+und+18.+Jahrhundert+und+Gro%C3%9Fe+Themen+der+Geschichte+Preu%C3%9Fens&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Preu%C3%9Fischen+Geschichte&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014091-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhaus2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neuhaus, Helmut (2003). Das Reich in der frühen Neuzeit. Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte (in German). Vol. 42 (2 ed.). Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56729-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56729-2"><bdi>3-486-56729-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Reich+in+der+fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit&rft.series=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+deutscher+Geschichte&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-486-56729-2&rft.aulast=Neuhaus&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicklas2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicklas, Thomas (2002). Macht oder Recht: frühneuzeitliche Politik im Obersächsischen Reichskreis (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 214ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07939-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07939-4"><bdi>3-515-07939-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macht+oder+Recht%3A+fr%C3%BChneuzeitliche+Politik+im+Obers%C3%A4chsischen+Reichskreis&rft.pages=214ff&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-515-07939-4&rft.aulast=Nicklas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlesen2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olesen, Jens E. (2003). "Christian IV og dansk Pommernpolitik". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Jens E.; Olesen (eds.). Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit (in Danish). LIT Verlag. pp. 383–396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7150-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7150-9"><bdi>3-8258-7150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+IV+og+dansk+Pommernpolitik&rft.btitle=Gemeinsame+Bekannte%3A+Schweden+und+Deutschland+in+der+Fr%C3%BChen+Neuzeit&rft.pages=383-396&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-8258-7150-9&rft.aulast=Olesen&rft.aufirst=Jens+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, Georg (2006). Der Dreissigjährige Krieg (in German) (7 ed.). C.H.Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-49034-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-49034-4"><bdi>3-406-49034-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Dreissigj%C3%A4hrige+Krieg&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-406-49034-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weber, Matthias (2003). Preussen in Ostmitteleuropa. Geschehensgeschichte und Verstehensgeschichte. Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa (in German). Vol. 21. Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56718-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56718-7"><bdi>3-486-56718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preussen+in+Ostmitteleuropa.+Geschehensgeschichte+und+Verstehensgeschichte&rft.series=Schriften+des+Bundesinstituts+f%C3%BCr+Kultur+und+Geschichte+der+Deutschen+im+%C3%B6stlichen+Europa&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-486-56718-7&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> (1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> (1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> (1719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> (1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of Vienna</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> (1814–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>2 (1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> (1824–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.   2 From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Pomerania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pomeranian_history" title="Template:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pomeranian_history" title="Template talk:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pomeranian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Pomerania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania" title="History of Pomerania">History of Pomerania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Pomerania" title="Early history of Pomerania">10,000 BC – 600 AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">600–1100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the High Middle Ages">1100–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages">1300–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Modern Age">1500–1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1806%E2%80%931933)" title="History of Pomerania (1806–1933)">1806–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Pomerania (1933–1945)">1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pomerania (1945–present)">1945–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Administrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_G%C3%BCtzkow" title="County of Gützkow">Gützkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Demmin" title="Pomerania-Demmin">Pomerania-Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin" title="Pomerania-Stettin">Pomerania-Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Schlawe" title="Pomerania-Schlawe">Pomerania-Schlawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast" title="Pomerania-Wolgast">Pomerania-Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Neustettin" title="Pomerania-Neustettin">Pomerania-Neustettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-R%C3%BCgenwalde" title="Pomerania-Rügenwalde">Pomerania-Rügenwalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp" title="Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp">Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Barth" title="Pomerania-Barth">Pomerania-Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_of_Police" title="Enclave of Police">Enclave of Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern#German_Democratic_Republic" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt" title="Bezirk Frankfurt">Bezirk Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Bezirk Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Bezirk Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Schlawe-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow</a> classified as <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kociewie" title="Kociewie">Kociewie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#As_part_of_Poland" title="Pomerelia">Polish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#Danish_conquest_and_independence" title="Pomerelia">Danish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Pomerelia">Duchy of Pomerelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samborides" title="Samborides">Samborides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Duchy of Gdańsk">Duchy of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie_and_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo">Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bia%C5%82ogarda" title="Duchy of Białogarda">Duchy of Białogarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Lubiszewo">Duchy of Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie" title="Duchy of Świecie">Duchy of Świecie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> 1466–1793 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship" title="Chełmno Voivodeship">Chełmno Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig 1920–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1946-1975" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1975–1998" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Toruń Voivodeship">Toruń Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Bia%C5%82y_B%C3%B3r" title="Gmina Biały Bór">Gmina Biały Bór</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecclesiastical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ecclesiastical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Christianization of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Diocese of Wollin/Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Kolberg">Diocese of Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Che%C5%82mno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno">Diocese of Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_See_of_Roskilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient See of Roskilde">Diocese of Roskilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Germany" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany">Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin#Breslau's_Prince-Episcopal_Delegation_for_Brandenburg_and_Pomerania" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig">Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_T%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Tütz">Apostolic Administration of Tütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Schneidem%C3%BChl" title="Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl">Prelature of Schneidemühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Kamie%C5%84,_Lubusz_and_the_Prelature_of_Pi%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła">Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)</a> with see in <a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> 1945–1972</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Archdiocese of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bydgoszcz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz">Diocese of Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Archdiocese of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Koszalin-Ko%C5%82obrzeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg">Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pelplin" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pelplin">Diocese of Pelplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Szczecin-Kamie%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień">Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Toruń">Diocese of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek">Diocese of Włocławek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical State Church in Prussia">Evangelical State Church in Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Pomeranian Evangelical Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany</a> <ul><li>Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Pomerania-Greater_Poland" title="Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland">Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław">Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demography_and_anthropology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pomerania" title="Demographic history of Pomerania">Demography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle-Ellerbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelland_culture" title="Havelland culture">Havelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_culture" title="Pomeranian culture">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustow_group" title="Gustow group">Gustow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture" title="Dębczyn culture">Dębczyn (Denzin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Slavic Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velunzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Velunzani">Velunzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">German Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major demographic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">WWII flight and expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pomeranian dialect">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Pomeranian dialect">West Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treaties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kremmen" title="Treaty of Kremmen">Kremmen</a> (1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Landin" title="Treaty of Landin">Landin</a> (1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno" title="Treaty of Kępno">Kępno</a> (1282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1309)">Soldin (1309)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin" title="Treaty of Templin">Templin</a> (1317)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Ueckermünde (page does not exist)">Ueckermünde</a> (1327)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1343)" title="Treaty of Kalisz (1343)">Kalisz</a> (1343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1354)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1354)">Stralsund (1354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1370)">Stralsund (1370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry" title="Treaty of Pyzdry">Pyzdry</a> (1390)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Raci%C4%85%C5%BCek" title="Peace of Raciążek">Raciążek (1404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)" title="Peace of Thorn (1411)">Thorn, First</a> (1411)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1415)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1415) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, First</a> (1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno" title="Treaty of Melno">Melno</a> (1422)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Perleberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Perleberg (page does not exist)">Perleberg</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1427)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1427) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, Second</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Truce of Łęczyca">Łęczyca (1433)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Peace of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a> (1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1466)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1466)">Soldin (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Thorn, Second (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau" title="Treaty of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> (1448/1468/1472/1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyritz" title="Treaty of Pyritz">Pyritz</a> (1493)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1700</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Thorn" title="Compromise of Thorn">Thorn</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Treaty of Kraków">Kraków</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">Grimnitz</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Lublin</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Stettin (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Franzburg" title="Capitulation of Franzburg">Franzburg</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Stettin (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> (1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Stettin (1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Labiau</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Wehlau and Bromberg</a> (1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Oliva</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lund" title="Peace of Lund">Lund (1679)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Stockholm</a> (1719 / 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frederiksborg" title="Treaty of Frederiksborg">Frederiksborg</a> (1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Polish Partitions Treaties</a> (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Vienna</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1925" title="Concordat of 1925">Polish Concordat</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Concordat" title="Prussian Concordat">Prussian Concordat</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">Molotov–Ribbentrop</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">Moscow (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Warsaw (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania" title="Bay of Pomerania">Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification#German_Reunification_Treaty" title="German reunification">German Reunification Treaty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty" title="German–Polish Border Treaty">German–Polish Border Treaty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship" title="Treaty of Good Neighbourship">Treaty of Good Neighbourship</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1993" title="Concordat of 1993">Polish Concordat</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">Treaty of Accession 2003</a></li></ul> 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