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syntax</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: verb syntax"> <meta name="keywords" content="verb syntax"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="verb syntax"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 242</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: verb syntax</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">242</span> A Theoretical and Corpus-Based Analysis of English and Spanish Syntax Derived from Método de Los Relojes Verb Types According to Systemic-Functional Grammar as a Foundation for Methodological Adaption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Timothy%20William%20Lawrence">Timothy William Lawrence</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this paper is to research and categorize the four basic verb types found in the Spanish descriptive grammar book Método de los Relojes using verb clauses as representation as found in M.A.K. Halliday's Systemic-Functional Grammar with the purpose of establishing theoretical along with syntactical parallels and deviations between English and Spanish. Results confirm theoretical correlations exist therefore leading to an analysis of English grammar syntax resulting in delineating commonalities and differences from Spanish. Corpora searches were carried out on different patterns of syntactical structures confirming divergences in verb syntax, making it possible to establish parameters to adapt English verbs to the criteria of the four basic Método de los Relojes verb types. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20studies" title="corpus studies">corpus studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%C3%A9todo%20de%20los%20Relojes" title=" Método de los Relojes"> Método de los Relojes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural-functional%20grammar" title=" structural-functional grammar"> structural-functional grammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20syntax" title=" verb syntax"> verb syntax</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145197/a-theoretical-and-corpus-based-analysis-of-english-and-spanish-syntax-derived-from-metodo-de-los-relojes-verb-types-according-to-systemic-functional-grammar-as-a-foundation-for-methodological-adaption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145197.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">241</span> The Decline of Verb-Second in the History of English: Combining Historical and Theoretical Explanations for Change</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophie%20Whittle">Sophie Whittle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prior to present day, English syntax historically exhibited an inconsistent verb-second (V2) rule, which saw the verb move to the second position in the sentence following the fronting of a type of phrase. There was a high amount of variation throughout the history of English with regard to the ordering of subject and verb, and many explanations attempting to account for this variation have been documented in previous literature. However, these attempts have been contradictory, with many accounts positing the effect of previous syntactic changes as the main motivations behind the decline of V2. For instance, morphosyntactic changes, such as the loss of clitics and the loss of empty expletives, have been loosely connected to changes in frequency for the loss of V2. The questions surrounding the development of non-V2 in English have, therefore, yet to be answered. The current paper aims to bring together a number of explanations from different linguistic fields to determine the factors driving the changes in English V2. Using historical corpus-based methods, the study analyses both quantitatively and qualitatively the changes in frequency for the history of V2 in the Old, Middle, and Modern English periods to account for the variation in a range of sentential environments. These methods delve into the study of information structure, prosody and language contact to explain variation within different contexts. The analysis concludes that these factors, in addition to changes within the syntax, are responsible for the position of verb movement. The loss of V2 serves as an exemplar study within the field of historical linguistics, which combines a number of factors in explaining language change in general. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpora" title="corpora">corpora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English" title=" English"> English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20change" title=" language change"> language change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-methods" title=" mixed-methods"> mixed-methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntax" title=" syntax"> syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb-second" title=" verb-second"> verb-second</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130050/the-decline-of-verb-second-in-the-history-of-english-combining-historical-and-theoretical-explanations-for-change" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">240</span> A Pragmatic Reading of the Verb "Kana" and Its Meanings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manal%20M.%20H.%20Said%20Najjar">Manal M. H. Said Najjar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arab Grammarians stood at variance with regard to the definition of kana (which might equal was, were, the past form of “be” in English). Kana was considered as a verb, a particle, or a quasi-verb by different scholars; others saw it as an auxiliary verb; while some other scholars categorized kana as one of the incomplete verbs or (Afa’al naqisa) based on two different claims: first, a considerable group of grammarians saw kana as fie’l naqis or an incomplete verb since it indicates time, but not the event or action itself. Second, kana requires a predicate (xabar) to complete the meaning, i.e., it does not suffice itself with a noun in the nominal sentence. This study argues that categorizing the verb kana as fie’l naqis or an incomplete verb is inaccurate and confusing since the term “incomplete” does not agree with its characteristics, meanings, and temporal indications. Moreover, interpreting kana as a past verb is also inaccurate. kana كان (derived from the absolute action of being كون) is considered unique and the most comprehensive verb, encompassing all tenses of the past, present, and future within the dimensions of continuity and eternity of all possible actions under “being”. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pragmatics" title="pragmatics">pragmatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kana" title=" kana"> kana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=context" title=" context"> context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arab%20grammarians" title=" Arab grammarians"> Arab grammarians</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meaning" title=" meaning"> meaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fie%E2%80%99l%20naqis" title=" fie’l naqis"> fie’l naqis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153560/a-pragmatic-reading-of-the-verb-kana-and-its-meanings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">239</span> A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of the Metaphorical Extensions of Come out and Take Over</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raquel%20Rossini">Raquel Rossini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edelvais%20Caldeira"> Edelvais Caldeira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this work is to investigate the motivation for the metaphorical uses of two verb combinations: come out and take over. Drawing from cognitive semantics theories, image schemas and metaphors, it was attempted to demonstrate that: a) the metaphorical senses of both 'come out' and 'take over' extend from both the verbs and the particles central (spatial) senses in such verb combinations; and b) the particles 'out' and 'over' also contribute to the whole meaning of the verb combinations. In order to do so, a random selection of 579 concordance lines for come out and 1,412 for take over was obtained from the Corpus of Contemporary American English – COCA. One of the main procedures adopted in the present work was the establishment of verb and particle central senses. As per the research questions addressed in this study, they are as follows: a) how does the identification of trajector and landmark help reveal patterns that contribute for the identification of the semantic network of these two verb combinations?; b) what is the relationship between the schematic structures attributed to the particles and the metaphorical uses found in empirical data?; and c) what conceptual metaphors underlie the mappings from the source to the target domains? The results demonstrated that not only the lexical verbs come and take, but also the particles out and over play an important whole in the different meanings of come out and take over. Besides, image schemas and conceptual metaphors were found to be helpful in order to establish the motivations for the metaphorical uses of these linguistic structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20linguistics" title="cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20syntax" title=" English syntax"> English syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-word%20verbs" title=" multi-word verbs"> multi-word verbs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prepositions" title=" prepositions"> prepositions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88432/a-cognitive-semantic-analysis-of-the-metaphorical-extensions-of-come-out-and-take-over" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">238</span> An ERP Study of Chinese Pseudo-Object Structures </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyin%20Zhou">Changyin Zhou </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Verb-argument relation is a very important aspect of syntax-semantics interaction in sentence processing. Previous ERP (event related potentials) studies in this field mainly concentrated on the relation between the verb and its core arguments. The present study aims to reveal the ERP pattern of Chinese pseudo-object structures (SOSs), in which a peripheral argument is promoted to occupy the position of the patient object, as compared with the patient object structures (POSs). The ERP data were collected when participants were asked to perform acceptability judgments about Chinese phrases. Our result shows that, similar to the previous studies of number-of-argument violations, Chinese SOSs show a bilaterally distributed N400 effect. But different from all the previous studies of verb-argument relations, Chinese SOSs demonstrate a sustained anterior positivity (SAP). This SAP, which is the first report related to complexity of argument structure operation, reflects the integration difficulty of the newly promoted arguments and the progressive nature of well-formedness checking in the processing of Chinese SOSs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20pseudo-object%20structures" title="Chinese pseudo-object structures">Chinese pseudo-object structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERP" title=" ERP"> ERP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustained%20anterior%20positivity" title=" sustained anterior positivity"> sustained anterior positivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb-argument%20relation" title=" verb-argument relation "> verb-argument relation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35410/an-erp-study-of-chinese-pseudo-object-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35410.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">237</span> Corpus Linguistic Methods in a Theoretical Study of Quran Verb Tense and Aspect in Translations from Arabic to English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawharah%20Alasmari">Jawharah Alasmari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In inflectional morphology of verb, tense and aspect indicate action’s time either past/present or future and their period whether completed or not. The usage and meaning of tense and aspect differ in Arabic and English, therefore is no simple one -to- one mapping from an Arabic verb inflected form an appropriate English translation depends on a range of features, including immediate and wider context of use. The Quranic Arabic Corpus includes seven alternative expertly crafted English translations of each Arabic verses, which provides a test dataset for the study of appropriate Arabic to English translations of verb tense and aspect. We applied Corpus Linguistics Methods in a theoretical study of exemplary verbs, to elicit candidate verbal contexts which influence the choice of English inflection for each verse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corpus%20linguistics%20methods" title="Corpus linguistics methods">Corpus linguistics methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20verb" title=" Arabic verb"> Arabic verb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tense%20and%20aspect" title=" tense and aspect"> tense and aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20translations" title=" English translations"> English translations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69201/corpus-linguistic-methods-in-a-theoretical-study-of-quran-verb-tense-and-aspect-in-translations-from-arabic-to-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">236</span> Phrases, Agreement and Reference in Students' Writing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maya%20Lisa%20Aryanti">Maya Lisa Aryanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20M.%20Hum"> S. S. M. Hum </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Students usually make a lot of mistakes when they write their composition. The common mistake occurs when they write their own sentences. They perhaps can use certain verb and verb phrases properly, but on another occasion, they may choose wrong verb phrases. This paper illustrates ill-formed phrases, improper agreement between subject and verb and referent and reference in the students’ writings. The objectives of this research are to show possible variety of ill-formed phrases, to show frequent mistakes in S-V Agreement, and to show wrong reference in students’ writing. The methodology of this research is descriptive qualitative research. Some general linguistic theories and semantics are used in this paper. The results of this research concern to the number and the forms of possible ill-formed phrases, the types of Subject-Verb Agreement which are often applied incorrectly in a sentence and types of reference which are often used incorrectly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agreement" title="agreement">agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meaning" title=" meaning"> meaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phrases" title=" phrases"> phrases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reference" title=" reference"> reference</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79187/phrases-agreement-and-reference-in-students-writing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">235</span> Preschool Story Retelling: Actions and Verb Use</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Nwokah">Eva Nwokah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Casey%20Taliancich-Klinger"> Casey Taliancich-Klinger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lauren%20Luna"> Lauren Luna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Rodriguez"> Sarah Rodriguez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Story-retelling is a technique frequently used to assess children’s language skills and support their development of narratives. Fourteen preschool children listened to one of two stories from the wordless, illustrated Frog book series and then retold the story using the pictures. A comparison of three verb types (action, mental and other) in the original story model, and children's verb use in their retold stories revealed the salience of action events. The children's stories contained a similar proportion of verb types to the original story. However, the action verbs they used were rarely those they had heard in the original. The implications for the process of lexical encoding and narrative recall are discussed, as well as suggestions for the use of wordless picture books and the language teaching of new verbs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=story%20re-telling" title="story re-telling">story re-telling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20use" title=" verb use"> verb use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preschool%20language" title=" preschool language"> preschool language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wordless%20picture%20books" title=" wordless picture books"> wordless picture books</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74836/preschool-story-retelling-actions-and-verb-use" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">234</span> Trade-Offs between Verb Frequency and Syntactic Complexity in Children with Developmental Language Disorder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pui%20I.%20Chao">Pui I. Chao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanju%20Lin"> Shanju Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have persistent language difficulties and often face great challenges when demands are high. The aim of this study was to investigate whether verb frequency would trade-off with syntactic complexity when they talk. Method: Forty-five children with DLD, 45 chronological age matches with TD (AGE), and 45 MLU-matches with TD (MLU) who were Mandarin speakers were selected from the previous study. Language samples were collected under three contexts: conversation about children’s family and school, story retelling, and free play. MLU, verb density, utterance length difference, verb density difference, and average verb frequency were calculated and further analyzed by ANOVAs. Results: Children with DLD and their MLU matches produced shorter utterances and used fewer verbs in expressions than the AGE matches. Compared to their AGE matches, the DLD group used more verbs and verbs with lower frequency in shorter utterances but used fewer verbs and verbs with higher frequency in longer utterances. Conclusion: Mandarin-speaking children with DLD showed difficulties in verb usage and were more vulnerable to trade-offs than their age-matched peers in utterances with high demand. As a result, task demand should be taken into account as speech-language pathologists assess whether children with DLD have adequate abilities in verb usage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developmental%20language%20disorder" title="developmental language disorder">developmental language disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20complexity" title=" syntactic complexity"> syntactic complexity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade-offs" title=" trade-offs"> trade-offs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20frequency" title=" verb frequency"> verb frequency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142917/trade-offs-between-verb-frequency-and-syntactic-complexity-in-children-with-developmental-language-disorder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">233</span> From Shallow Semantic Representation to Deeper One: Verb Decomposition Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliaksandr%20Huminski">Aliaksandr Huminski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) as shallow semantic parsing approach includes recognition and labeling arguments of a verb in a sentence. Verb participants are linked with specific semantic roles (Agent, Patient, Instrument, Location, etc.). Thus, SRL can answer on key questions such as ‘Who’, ‘When’, ‘What’, ‘Where’ in a text and it is widely applied in dialog systems, question-answering, named entity recognition, information retrieval, and other fields of NLP. However, SRL has the following flaw: Two sentences with identical (or almost identical) meaning can have different semantic role structures. Let consider 2 sentences: (1) John put butter on the bread. (2) John buttered the bread. SRL for (1) and (2) will be significantly different. For the verb put in (1) it is [Agent + Patient + Goal], but for the verb butter in (2) it is [Agent + Goal]. It happens because of one of the most interesting and intriguing features of a verb: Its ability to capture participants as in the case of the verb butter, or their features as, say, in the case of the verb drink where the participant’s feature being liquid is shared with the verb. This capture looks like a total fusion of meaning and cannot be decomposed in direct way (in comparison with compound verbs like babysit or breastfeed). From this perspective, SRL looks really shallow to represent semantic structure. If the key point in semantic representation is an opportunity to use it for making inferences and finding hidden reasons, it assumes by default that two different but semantically identical sentences must have the same semantic structure. Otherwise we will have different inferences from the same meaning. To overcome the above-mentioned flaw, the following approach is suggested. Assume that: P is a participant of relation; F is a feature of a participant; Vcp is a verb that captures a participant; Vcf is a verb that captures a feature of a participant; Vpr is a primitive verb or a verb that does not capture any participant and represents only a relation. In another word, a primitive verb is a verb whose meaning does not include meanings from its surroundings. Then Vcp and Vcf can be decomposed as: Vcp = Vpr +P; Vcf = Vpr +F. If all Vcp and Vcf will be represented this way, then primitive verbs Vpr can be considered as a canonical form for SRL. As a result of that, there will be no hidden participants caught by a verb since all participants will be explicitly unfolded. An obvious example of Vpr is the verb go, which represents pure movement. In this case the verb drink can be represented as man-made movement of liquid into specific direction. Extraction and using primitive verbs for SRL create a canonical representation unique for semantically identical sentences. It leads to the unification of semantic representation. In this case, the critical flaw related to SRL will be resolved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decomposition" title="decomposition">decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labeling" title=" labeling"> labeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primitive%20verbs" title=" primitive verbs"> primitive verbs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20roles" title=" semantic roles"> semantic roles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62190/from-shallow-semantic-representation-to-deeper-one-verb-decomposition-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">232</span> Verb Bias in Mandarin: The Corpus Based Study of Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jou-An%20Chung">Jou-An Chung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to investigate the verb bias of the Mandarin verbs in children’s reading materials and provide the criteria for categorization. Verb bias varies cross-linguistically. As Mandarin and English are typological different, this study hopes to shed light on Mandarin verb bias with the use of corpus and provide thorough and detailed criteria for analysis. Moreover, this study focuses on children’s reading materials since it is a significant issue in understanding children’s sentence processing. Therefore, investigating verb bias of Mandarin verbs in children’s reading materials is also an important issue and can provide further insights into children’s sentence processing. The small corpus is built up for this study. The corpus consists of the collection of school textbooks and Mandarin Daily News for children. The files are then segmented and POS tagged by JiebaR (Chinese segmentation with R). For the ease of analysis, the one-word character verbs and intransitive verbs are excluded beforehand. The total of 20 high frequency verbs are hand-coded and are further categorized into one of the three types, namely DO type, SC type and other category. If the frequency of taking Other Type exceeds the threshold of 25%, the verb is excluded from the study. The results show that 10 verbs are direct object bias verbs, and six verbs are sentential complement bias verbs. The paired T-test was done to assure the statistical significance (p = 0.0001062 for DO bias verb, p=0.001149 for SC bias verb). The result has shown that in children’s reading materials, the DO biased verbs are used more than the SC bias verbs since the simplest structure of sentences is easier for children’s sentence comprehension or processing. In sum, this study not only discussed verb bias in child's reading materials but also provided basic coding criteria for verb bias analysis in Mandarin and underscored the role of context. Sentences are easier for children’s sentence comprehension or processing. In sum, this study not only discussed verb bias in child corpus, but also provided basic coding criteria for verb bias analysis in Mandarin and underscored the role of context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20linguistics" title="corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20bias" title=" verb bias"> verb bias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20language" title=" child language"> child language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psycholinguistics" title=" psycholinguistics"> psycholinguistics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66403/verb-bias-in-mandarin-the-corpus-based-study-of-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66403.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">231</span> Exploring Polar Syntactic Effects of Verbal Extensions in Basà Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imoh%20Philip">Imoh Philip</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work investigates four verbal extensions; two in each set resulting in two opposite effects of the valency of verbs in Basà language. Basà language is an indigenous language spoken in Kogi, Nasarawa, Benue, Niger states and all the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) councils. Crozier & Blench (1992) and Blench & Williamson (1988) classify Basà as belonging to Proto–Kru, under the sub-phylum Western –Kru. It studies the effects of such morphosyntactic operations in Basà language with special focus on ‘reflexives’ ‘reciprocals’ versus ‘causativization’ and ‘applicativization’ both sets are characterized by polar syntactic processes of either decreasing or increasing the verb’s valency by one argument vis-à-vis the basic number of arguments, but by the similar morphological processes. In addition to my native intuitions as a native speaker of Basà language, data elicited for this work include discourse observation, staged and elicited spoken data from fluent native speakers. The paper argues that affixes attached to the verb root, result in either deriving an intransitive verb from a transitive one or a transitive verb from a bi/ditransitive verb and equally increase the verb’s valence deriving either a bitransitive verb from a transitive verb or a transitive verb from a intransitive one. Where the operation increases the verb’s valency, it triggers a transformation of arguments in the derived structure. In this case, the applied arguments displace the inherent ones. This investigation can stimulate further study on other transformations that are either syntactic or morphosyntactic in Basà and can also be replicated in other African and non-African languages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verbal%20extension" title="verbal extension">verbal extension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valency" title=" valency"> valency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflexive" title=" reflexive"> reflexive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reciprocal" title=" reciprocal"> reciprocal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=causativization" title=" causativization"> causativization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applicativization" title=" applicativization"> applicativization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bas%C3%A0" title=" Basà "> Basà </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20936/exploring-polar-syntactic-effects-of-verbal-extensions-in-basa-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20936.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">230</span> Using Mining Methods of WEKA to Predict Quran Verb Tense and Aspect in Translations from Arabic to English: Experimental Results and Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawharah%20Alasmari">Jawharah Alasmari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In verb inflection, tense marks past/present/future action, and aspect marks progressive/continues perfect/completed actions. This usage and meaning of tense and aspect differ in Arabic and English. In this research, we applied data mining methods to test the predictive function of candidate features by using our dataset of Arabic verbs in-context, and their 7 translations. Weka machine learning classifiers is used in this experiment in order to examine the key features that can be used to provide guidance to enable a translator’s appropriate English translation of the Arabic verb tense and aspect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20verb" title="Arabic verb">Arabic verb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20translations" title=" English translations"> English translations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mining%20methods" title=" mining methods"> mining methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weka%20software" title=" Weka software"> Weka software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69055/using-mining-methods-of-weka-to-predict-quran-verb-tense-and-aspect-in-translations-from-arabic-to-english-experimental-results-and-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69055.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">229</span> An Analysis of Interactional Metadiscourse Devices in Communication Arts Research Articles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woravit%20Kitjaroenpaiboon">Woravit Kitjaroenpaiboon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanyarat%20Getkham"> Kanyarat Getkham</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This corpus analysis is a quantitative study which intended to investigate the uses of four main interactional metadiscourse devices including fourteen sub-devices in the introduction and the discussion sections of the twenty communication arts research articles taken from Online Journal of Communication and Media technologies by applying ‘AntConc’ software and PASW 18.0. The findings reveal that the three most frequently used devices in the introduction parts are attitudinal marker (adjective), booster (verb), and hedge (modal verb) while the three most frequently found devices in the discussion sections are attitudinal marker (adjective), hedge (modal verb) and booster (verb). There are nine sub-interactional metadiscourse devices among each of which significant difference exist in both introduction and discussion sections. They are attitudinal marker (adverb), attitudinal marker (adjective), booster (verb), booster (adverb), booster (adjective), hedge (modal verb), hedge (lexical verb), hedge (adverb), and hedge (adjective), while another five sub-interactional metadiscourse devices; self-mention, attitudinal marker (verb), attitudinal marker (noun), hedge (noun), and Hedge (phraseology) are found to have has no significant difference between the uses of each device in the introduction and discussion sections. The results also revealed that low and positive relationships exist among thirteen devices. One device which has no relationship with others is attitudinal marker (verb). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20analysis" title="corpus analysis">corpus analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interactional%20metadiscourse%20devices" title=" interactional metadiscourse devices"> interactional metadiscourse devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20arts%20research%20articles" title=" communication arts research articles"> communication arts research articles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media%20technologies" title=" media technologies"> media technologies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31598/an-analysis-of-interactional-metadiscourse-devices-in-communication-arts-research-articles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31598.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> On Early Verb Acquisition in Chinese-Speaking Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yating%20Mu">Yating Mu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Young children acquire native language with amazing rapidity. After noticing this interesting phenomenon, lots of linguistics, as well as psychologists, devote themselves to exploring the best explanations. Thus researches on first language acquisition emerged. Early lexical development is an important branch of children’s FLA (first language acquisition). Verb, the most significant class of lexicon, the most grammatically complex syntactic category or word type, is not only the core of exploring syntactic structures of language but also plays a key role in analyzing semantic features. Obviously, early verb development must have great impacts on children’s early lexical acquisition. Most scholars conclude that verbs, in general, are very difficult to learn because the problem in verb learning might be more about mapping a specific verb onto an action or event than about learning the underlying relational concepts that the verb or relational term encodes. However, the previous researches on early verb development mainly focus on the argument about whether there is a noun-bias or verb-bias in children’s early productive vocabulary. There are few researches on general characteristics of children’s early verbs concerning both semantic and syntactic aspects, not mentioning a general survey on Chinese-speaking children’s verb acquisition. Therefore, the author attempts to examine the general conditions and characteristics of Chinese-speaking children’s early productive verbs, based on data from a longitudinal study on three Chinese-speaking children. In order to present an overall picture of Chinese verb development, both semantic and syntactic aspects will be focused in the present study. As for semantic analysis, a classification method is adopted first. Verb category is a sophisticated class in Mandarin, so it is quite necessary to divide it into small sub-types, thus making the research much easier. By making a reasonable classification of eight verb classes on basis of semantic features, the research aims at finding out whether there exist any universal rules in Chinese-speaking children’s verb development. With regard to the syntactic aspect of verb category, a debate between nativist account and usage-based approach has lasted for quite a long time. By analyzing the longitudinal Mandarin data, the author attempts to find out whether the usage-based theory can fully explain characteristics in Chinese verb development. To sum up, this thesis attempts to apply the descriptive research method to investigate the acquisition and the usage of Chinese-speaking children’s early verbs, on purpose of providing a new perspective in investigating semantic and syntactic features of early verb acquisition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese-speaking%20children" title="Chinese-speaking children">Chinese-speaking children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20verb%20acquisition" title=" early verb acquisition"> early verb acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20classes" title=" verb classes"> verb classes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20grammatical%20structures" title=" verb grammatical structures"> verb grammatical structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86927/on-early-verb-acquisition-in-chinese-speaking-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> Sentence Structure for Free Word Order Languages in Context with Anaphora Resolution: A Case Study of Hindi </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pardeep%20Singh">Pardeep Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamlesh%20Dutta"> Kamlesh Dutta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many languages have fixed sentence structure and others are free word order. The accuracy of anaphora resolution of syntax based algorithm depends on structure of the sentence. So, it is important to analyze the structure of any language before implementing these algorithms. In this study, we analyzed the sentence structure exploiting the case marker in Hindi as well as some special tag for subject and object. We also investigated the word order for Hindi. Word order typology refers to the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language. We analyzed 165 news items of Ranchi Express from EMILEE corpus of plain text. It consisted of 1745 sentences. Eight file of dialogue based from the same corpus has been analyzed which will have 1521 sentences. The percentages of subject object verb structure (SOV) and object subject verb (OSV) are 66.90 and 33.10, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaphora%20resolution" title="anaphora resolution">anaphora resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20word%20order%20languages" title=" free word order languages"> free word order languages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SOV" title=" SOV"> SOV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSV" title=" OSV"> OSV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9937/sentence-structure-for-free-word-order-languages-in-context-with-anaphora-resolution-a-case-study-of-hindi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Agents and Causers in the Experiencer-Verb Lexicon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margaret%20Ryan">Margaret Ryan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20Cupples"> Linda Cupples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyndsey%20Nickels"> Lyndsey Nickels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Sowman"> Paul Sowman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current investigation explored the thematic roles of the nouns specified in the lexical entries of experiencer verbs. While prior experimental research assumes experiencer and theme roles for both subject-experiencer (SE) and object-experiencer (OE) verbs, syntactic theorists have posited additional agent and causer roles. Experiment 1 provided evidence for an agent as participants assigned a high degree of intentionality to the logical subject of a subset of SE and OE actives and passives. Experiment 2 provided evidence for a causer as participants assigned high levels of causality to the logical subjects of experiencer sentences generally. However, the presence of an agent, but not a causer, coincided with processing ease. Causality may be an aspect rather than a thematic role. The varying thematic roles amongst experiencer-verb sentences have important implications for stimulus selection because we cannot presume processing is similar across differing sentence subtypes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20comprehension" title="sentence comprehension">sentence comprehension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexicon" title=" lexicon"> lexicon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canonicity" title=" canonicity"> canonicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=processing" title=" processing"> processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thematic%20roles" title=" thematic roles"> thematic roles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntax" title=" syntax"> syntax</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156499/agents-and-causers-in-the-experiencer-verb-lexicon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156499.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">124</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> Comparison of Verb Complementation Patterns in Selected Pakistani and British English Newspaper Social Columns: A Corpus-Based Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zafar%20Iqbal%20Bhatti">Zafar Iqbal Bhatti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present research aims to examine and evaluate the frequencies and practices of verb complementation patterns in English newspaper social columns published in Pakistan and Britain. The research will demonstrate that Pakistani English is a non-native variety of English having its own unique usual and logical characteristics, affected by way of the native languages and the culture, upon syntactic levels, making the variety users aware that any differences from British or American English that are systematic and regular, or another English language, are not even if they are unique, erroneous forms and typical characteristics of several kinds. The objectives are to examine the verb complementation patterns that British and Pakistani social columnists use in relation to their syntactic categories. Secondly, to compare the verb complementation patterns used in Pakistani and British English newspapers social columns. This study will figure out various verb complementation patterns in Pakistani and British English newspaper social columns and their occurrence and distribution. The word classes express different functions of words, such as action, event, or state of being. This research aims to evaluate whether there are any appreciable differences in the verb complementation patterns used in Pakistani and British English newspaper social columns. The results will show the number of varieties of verb complementation patterns in selected English newspapers social columns. This study will fill the gap of previous studies conducted in this field as they only explore a little about the differences between Pakistani and British English newspapers. It will also figure out a variety of languages used in Pakistani and British English journals, as well as regional and cultural values and variations. The researcher will use AntConc software in this study to extract the data for analysis. The researcher will use a concordance tool to identify verb complementation patterns in selected data. Then the researcher will manually categorize them because the same type of adverb can sometimes be used for various purposes. From 1st June 2022 to 30th Sep. 2022, a four-month written corpus of the social columns of PE and BE newspapers will be collected and analyzed. For the analysis of the research questions, 50 social columns will be selected from Pakistani newspapers and 50 from British newspapers. The researcher will collect a representative sample of data from Pakistani and British English newspaper social columns. The researcher will manually analyze the complementation patterns of each verb in each sentence, and then the researcher will determine how frequently each pattern occurs. The researcher will use syntactic characteristics of the verb complementation elements according to the description by Downing and Locke (2006). The researcher will examine all of the verb complementation patterns in the data, and the frequency and distribution of each verb complementation pattern will be evaluated using the software. The researcher will explore every possible verb complementation pattern in Pakistani and British English before calculating the occurrence and abundance of each verb pattern. The researcher will explore every possible verb complementation pattern in Pakistani English before calculating the frequency and distribution of each pattern. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20complementation" title="verb complementation">verb complementation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20categories" title=" syntactic categories"> syntactic categories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=newspaper%20social%20columns" title=" newspaper social columns"> newspaper social columns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus" title=" corpus"> corpus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183243/comparison-of-verb-complementation-patterns-in-selected-pakistani-and-british-english-newspaper-social-columns-a-corpus-based-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183243.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Input and Interaction as Training for Cognitive Learning: Variation Sets Influence the Sudden Acquisition of Periphrastic estar 'to be' + verb + -ndo* </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Rosa%20Espinosa-Ochoa">Mary Rosa Espinosa-Ochoa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Some constructions appear suddenly in children’s speech and are productive from the beginning. These constructions are supported by others, previously acquired, with which they share semantic and pragmatic features. Thus, for example, the acquisition of the passive voice in German is supported by other constructions with which it shares the lexical verb sein (“to be”). This also occurs in Spanish, in the acquisition of the progressive aspectual periphrasis estar (“to be”) + verb root + -ndo (present participle), supported by locative constructions acquired earlier with the same verb. The periphrasis shares with the locative constructions not only the lexical verb estar, but also pragmatic relations. Both constructions can be used to answer the question ¿Dónde está? (“Where is he/she/it?”), whose answer could be either Está aquí (“He/she/it is here”) or Se está bañando (“He/she/it is taking a bath”).This study is a corpus-based analysis of two children (1;08-2;08) and the input directed to them: it proposes that the pragmatic and semantic support from previously-acquired constructions comes from the input, during interaction with others. This hypothesis is based on analysis of constructions with estar, whose use to express temporal change (which differentiates it from its counterpart ser [“to be”]), is given in variation sets, similar to those described by Küntay and Slobin (2002), that allow the child to perceive the change of place experienced by nouns that function as its grammatical subject. For example, at different points during a bath, the mother says: El jabón está aquí “The soap is here” (beginning of bath); five minutes later, the soap has moved, and the mother says el jabón está ahí “the soap is there”; the soap moves again later on and she says: el jabón está abajo de ti “the soap is under you”. “The soap” is the grammatical subject of all of these utterances. The Spanish verb + -ndo is a progressive phase aspect encoder of a dynamic state that generates a token. The verb + -ndo is also combined with verb estar to encode. It is proposed here that the phases experienced in interaction with the adult, in events related to the verb estar, allow a child to generate this dynamicity and token reading of the verb + -ndo. In this way, children begin to produce the periphrasis suddenly and productively, even though neither the periphrasis nor the verb + -ndo itself are frequent in adult speech. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20language%20acquisition" title="child language acquisition">child language acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=input" title=" input"> input</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation%20sets" title=" variation sets"> variation sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spanish%20language" title=" Spanish language"> Spanish language</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122420/input-and-interaction-as-training-for-cognitive-learning-variation-sets-influence-the-sudden-acquisition-of-periphrastic-estar-to-be-verb-ndo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Probing Syntax Information in Word Representations with Deep Metric Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bowen%20Ding">Bowen Ding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yihao%20Kuang"> Yihao Kuang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, with the development of large-scale pre-trained lan-guage models, building vector representations of text through deep neural network models has become a standard practice for natural language processing tasks. From the performance on downstream tasks, we can know that the text representation constructed by these models contains linguistic information, but its encoding mode and extent are unclear. In this work, a structural probe is proposed to detect whether the vector representation produced by a deep neural network is embedded with a syntax tree. The probe is trained with the deep metric learning method, so that the distance between word vectors in the metric space it defines encodes the distance of words on the syntax tree, and the norm of word vectors encodes the depth of words on the syntax tree. The experiment results on ELMo and BERT show that the syntax tree is encoded in their parameters and the word representations they produce. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20metric%20learning" title="deep metric learning">deep metric learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntax%20tree%20probing" title=" syntax tree probing"> syntax tree probing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=word%20representations" title=" word representations"> word representations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173855/probing-syntax-information-in-word-representations-with-deep-metric-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173855.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> Research on Spatial Morphology and Protection of Traditional Rural Settlements Based on Space Syntax: Taking Xiazhuang Village and Shijia Village in Huzhou as Example</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shenpu%20Liu">Shenpu Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Space syntax, a paradigm of the urban research, which manifests people’s intuitive and abstract perception of a material space with a solid mathematical way, explores how space represents its social characteristics. Taking Xiazhuang village and Shijia Village in Huzhou as an example and focusing on inward structure and street space, this article recognizes the connotative significance of the settlement with the aid of space syntax theory and quantitative analysis method from the perspective of spatial configuration to present relevant suggestions for its future planning and provides references for traditional rural settlement protection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shijia%20village" title="Shijia village">Shijia village</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20configuration" title=" space configuration"> space configuration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20syntax" title=" space syntax"> space syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20rural%20settlement" title=" traditional rural settlement"> traditional rural settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiazhuang%20village" title=" Xiazhuang village"> Xiazhuang village</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84606/research-on-spatial-morphology-and-protection-of-traditional-rural-settlements-based-on-space-syntax-taking-xiazhuang-village-and-shijia-village-in-huzhou-as-example" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> Floating Quantifiers in Hijazi Arabic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tagreed%20Alzahrani">Tagreed Alzahrani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The syntax of quantifiers has received much attention by linguists, philosophers and logicians within different frameworks and in various languages. However, the syntax of Arabic quantifiers has received limited attention in the literature, especially in relation to floating quantifiers. There have been a few discussions of floating quantifiers in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth, MSA), although the analysis and the properties of their counterparts in other Saudi dialects are rare. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to provide a clear description of floating quantifiers (FQs) in Hijazi dialect (henceforth, HA) by utilising the following approaches: the adverbial approach, and the derivational (stranding) analysis. For a long time, Linguists have tried to explain the floating quantifiers’ phenomenon, as exemplified in the following sentences: 1. All the friends have watched the movie. 2. The friends have all watched the movie. The adverbial approach assumes that the floating quantifier is a type of adverb, because it occupies the adverbial position next to the verb. Thus, the subject in the first example is all the friends and the subject in the second example is the friends with all becoming an adverb, as it is located in an adverbial position. However, in stranding analysis, it is argued that the floating quantifier becomes stranded when its complement has moved to a higher position in the sentence [SPEC, TP]. Therefore, both sentences have the same subject all the friends, although in second example the friends has moved to a higher position and has stranded the quantifier all. The paper will investigate the floating quantifiers in HA using both approaches. The analysis will show that neither view is entirely successful in providing a unified account for FQs in HA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floating%20quantifier" title="floating quantifier">floating quantifier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adverbial%20analysis" title=" adverbial analysis"> adverbial analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stranding%20approach" title=" stranding approach"> stranding approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20quantifier" title=" universal quantifier"> universal quantifier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50459/floating-quantifiers-in-hijazi-arabic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50459.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> Syntax-Related Problems of Translation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Kesoyan">Anna Kesoyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper deals with the syntax-related problems of translation from English into Armenian. Although Syntax is a part of grammar, syntax-related problems of translation are studied separately during the process of translation. Translation from one language to another is widely accepted as a challenging problem. This becomes even more challenging when the source and target languages are widely different in structure and style, as is the case with English and Armenian. Syntax-related problems of translation from English into Armenian are mainly connected with the syntactical structures of these languages, and particularly, with the word order of the sentence. The word order of the sentence of the Armenian language, which is a synthetic language, is usually characterized as “rather free”, and the word order of the English language, which is an analytical language, is characterized “fixed”. The following research examines the main translation means, particularly, syntactical transformations as the translator has to take real steps while trying to solve certain syntax-related problems. Most of the means of translation are based on the transformation of grammatical components of the sentence, without changing the main information of the text. There are several transformations that occur during translation such as word order of the sentence, transformations of certain grammatical constructions like Infinitive participial construction, Nominative with the Infinitive and Elliptical constructions which have been covered in the following research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elliptical%20%20constructions" title="elliptical constructions">elliptical constructions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nominative%20with%20%20the%20%20infinitive%20constructions" title=" nominative with the infinitive constructions"> nominative with the infinitive constructions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20and%20free%20word%20order" title=" fixed and free word order"> fixed and free word order</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20structures" title=" syntactic structures"> syntactic structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66963/syntax-related-problems-of-translation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Competition between Verb-Based Implicit Causality and Theme Structure's Influence on Anaphora Bias in Mandarin Chinese Sentences: Evidence from Corpus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linnan%20Zhang">Linnan Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Linguists, as well as psychologists, have shown great interests in implicit causality in reference processing. However, most frequently-used approaches to this issue are psychological experiments (such as eye tracking or self-paced reading, etc.). This research is a corpus-based one and is assisted with statistical tool – software R. The main focus of the present study is about the competition between verb-based implicit causality and theme structure’s influence on anaphora bias in Mandarin Chinese sentences. In Accessibility Theory, it is believed that salience, which is also known as accessibility, and relevance are two important factors in reference processing. Theme structure, which is a special syntactic structure in Chinese, determines the salience of an antecedent on the syntactic level while verb-based implicit causality is a key factor to the relevance between antecedent and anaphora. Therefore, it is a study about anaphora, combining psychology with linguistics. With analysis of the sentences from corpus as well as the statistical analysis of Multinomial Logistic Regression, major findings of the present study are as follows: 1. When the sentence is stated in a ‘cause-effect’ structure, the theme structure will always be the antecedent no matter forward biased verbs or backward biased verbs co-occur; in non-theme structure, the anaphora bias will tend to be the opposite of the verb bias; 2. When the sentence is stated in a ‘effect-cause’ structure, theme structure will not always be the antecedent and the influence of verb-based implicit causality will outweigh that of theme structure; moreover, the anaphora bias will be the same with the bias of verbs. All the results indicate that implicit causality functions conditionally and the noun in theme structure will not be the high-salience antecedent under any circumstances. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accessibility%20theory" title="accessibility theory">accessibility theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaphora" title=" anaphora"> anaphora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theme%20strcture" title=" theme strcture"> theme strcture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb-based%20implicit%20causality" title=" verb-based implicit causality"> verb-based implicit causality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96011/competition-between-verb-based-implicit-causality-and-theme-structures-influence-on-anaphora-bias-in-mandarin-chinese-sentences-evidence-from-corpus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> Phonological and Syntactic Evidence from Arabic in Favor of Biolinguistics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marwan%20Jarrah">Marwan Jarrah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper provides two pieces of phonological and syntactic evidence from Arabic for biolinguistics perspective of language processing. The first piece of evidence concerns the instances where a singular noun is converted to a plural noun in Arabic. Based on the findings of several research papers, this study shows that a singular word does not lose any of its moras when it is pluralized either regularly or irregularly. This mora conservation principle complies with the general physical law of the conservation of mass which states that mass is neither created nor destroyed but changed from one form into another. The second piece of evidence concerns the observation that when the object in some Arabic dialects including Jordanian Arabic and Najdi Arabic is a topic and positioned in situ (i.e. after the verb), the verb agrees with it, something that generates an agreeing inflection marker of the verb that agrees in Number, Person, and Gender with the in-situ topicalized object. This interaction between the verb and the object in such cases is invoked because of the extra feature the object bears, i.e. TOPIC feature. We suggest that such an interaction complies with the general natural law that elements become active when they, e.g., get an additional electron, when the mass number is not equal to the atomic number. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biolinguistics" title="biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title=" Arabic"> Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physics" title=" physics"> physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction" title=" interaction"> interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94202/phonological-and-syntactic-evidence-from-arabic-in-favor-of-biolinguistics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> Transfer of Constraints or Constraints on Transfer? Syntactic Islands in Danish L2 English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Mette%20Nyvad">Anne Mette Nyvad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ken%20Ramsh%C3%B8j%20Christensen"> Ken Ramshøj Christensen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the syntax literature, it has standardly been assumed that relative clauses and complement wh-clauses are islands for extraction in English, and that constraints on extraction from syntactic islands are universal. However, the Mainland Scandinavian languages has been known to provide counterexamples. Previous research on Danish has shown that neither relative clauses nor embedded questions are strong islands in Danish. Instead, extraction from this type of syntactic environment is degraded due to structural complexity and it interacts with nonstructural factors such as the frequency of occurrence of the matrix verb, the possibility of temporary misanalysis leading to semantic incongruity and exposure over time. We argue that these facts can be accounted for with parametric variation in the availability of CP-recursion, resulting in the patterns observed, as Danish would then “suspend” the ban on movement out of relative clauses and embedded questions. Given that Danish does not seem to adhere to allegedly universal syntactic constraints, such as the Complex NP Constraint and the Wh-Island Constraint, what happens in L2 English? We present results from a study investigating how native Danish speakers judge extractions from island structures in L2 English. Our findings suggest that Danes transfer their native language parameter setting when asked to judge island constructions in English. This is compatible with the Full Transfer Full Access Hypothesis, as the latter predicts that Danish would have difficulties resetting their [+/- CP-recursion] parameter in English because they are not exposed to negative evidence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntax" title="syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=islands" title=" islands"> islands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20language%20acquisition" title=" second language acquisition"> second language acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=danish" title=" danish"> danish</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146793/transfer-of-constraints-or-constraints-on-transfer-syntactic-islands-in-danish-l2-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> A Comparison between Bèi Passives and Yóu Passives in Mandarin Chinese</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui-heng%20Ray%20Huang">Rui-heng Ray Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study compares the syntax and semantics of two kinds of passives in Mandarin Chinese: bèi passives and yóu passives. To express a Chinese equivalent for ‘The thief was taken away by the police,’ either bèi or yóu can be used, as in Xiǎotōu bèi/yóu jǐngchá dàizǒu le. It is shown in this study that bèi passives and yóu passives differ semantically and syntactically. The semantic observations are based on the theta theory, dealing with thematic roles. On the other hand, the syntactic analysis draws heavily upon the generative grammar, looking into thematic structures. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the core semantics of bèi passives is centered on the Patient NP in the subject position. This Patient NP is essentially an Affectee, undergoing the outcome or consequence brought up by the action represented by the predicate. This may explain why in the sentence Wǒde huà bèi/*yóu tā niǔqū le ‘My words have been twisted by him/her,’ only bèi is allowed. This is because the subject NP wǒde huà ‘my words’ suffers a negative consequence. Yóu passives, in contrast, place the semantic focus on the post-yóu NP, which is not an Affectee though. Instead, it plays a role which has to take certain responsibility without being affected in a way like an Affectee. For example, in the sentence Zhèbù diànyǐng yóu/*bèi tā dānrèn dǎoyǎn ‘This film is directed by him/her,’ only the use of yóu is possible because the post-yóu NP tā ‘s/he’ refers to someone in charge, who is not an Affectee, nor is the sentence-initial NP zhèbù diànyǐng ‘this film’. When it comes to the second finding, the syntactic structures of bèi passives and yóu passives differ in that the former involve a two-place predicate while the latter a three-place predicate. The passive morpheme bèi in a case like Xiǎotōu bèi jǐngchá dàizǒu le ‘The thief was taken away by the police’ has been argued by some Chinese syntacticians to be a two-place predicate which selects an Experiencer subject and an Event complement. Under this analysis, the initial NP xiǎotōu ‘the thief’ in the above example is a base-generated subject. This study, however, proposes that yóu passives fall into a three-place unergative structure. In the sentence Xiǎotōu yóu jǐngchá dàizǒu le ‘The thief was taken away by the police,’ the initial NP xiǎotōu ‘the thief’ is a topic which serves as a Patient taken by the verb dàizǒu ‘take away.’ The subject of the sentence is assumed to be an Agent, which is in a null form and may find its reference from the discourse or world knowledge. Regarding the post-yóu NP jǐngchá ‘the police,’ its status is dual. On the one hand, it is a Patient introduced by the light verb yóu; on the other, it is an Agent assigned by the verb dàizǒu ‘take away.’ It is concluded that the findings in this study contribute to better understanding of what makes the distinction between the two kinds of Chinese passives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=affectee" title="affectee">affectee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passive" title=" passive"> passive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient" title=" patient"> patient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unergative" title=" unergative"> unergative</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74948/a-comparison-between-bei-passives-and-you-passives-in-mandarin-chinese" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74948.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> The Importance of the Historical Approach in the Linguistic Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoran%20Spasovski">Zoran Spasovski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper shortly discusses the significance and the benefits of the historical approach in the research of languages by presenting examples of it in the fields of phonetics and phonology, lexicology, morphology, syntax, and even in the onomastics (toponomy and anthroponomy). The examples from the field of phonetics/phonology include insights into animal speech and its evolution into human speech, the evolution of the sounds of human speech from vocals to glides and consonants and from velar consonants to palatal, etc., on well-known examples of former researchers. Those from the field of lexicology show shortly the formation of the lexemes and their evolution; the morphology and syntax are explained by examples of the development of grammar and syntax forms, and the importance of the historical approach in the research of place-names and personal names is briefly outlined through examples of place-names and personal names and surnames, and the conclusions that come from it, in different languages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20speech" title="animal speech">animal speech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glotogenesis" title=" glotogenesis"> glotogenesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammar%20forms" title=" grammar forms"> grammar forms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexicology" title=" lexicology"> lexicology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=place-names" title=" place-names"> place-names</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20names" title=" personal names"> personal names</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surnames" title=" surnames"> surnames</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntax%20categories" title=" syntax categories"> syntax categories</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177999/the-importance-of-the-historical-approach-in-the-linguistic-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> A Study on Spatial Morphological Cognitive Features of Lidukou Village Based on Space Syntax</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Guo">Man Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenyong%20Tan"> Wenyong Tan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> By combining spatial syntax with data obtained from field visits, this paper interprets the internal relationship between spatial morphology and spatial cognition in Lidukou Village. By comparing the obtained data, it is recognized that the spatial integration degree of Lidukou Village is positively correlated with the spatial cognitive intention of local villagers. The part with a higher spatial cognitive degree within the village is distributed along the axis mainly composed of Shuxiang Road. And the accessibility of historical relics is weak, and there is no systematic relationship between them. Aiming at the morphological problem of Lidukou Village, optimization strategies have been proposed from multiple perspectives, such as optimizing spatial mechanisms and shaping spatial nodes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20villages" title="traditional villages">traditional villages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20syntax" title=" spatial syntax"> spatial syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20integration%20degree" title=" spatial integration degree"> spatial integration degree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological%20problem" title=" morphological problem"> morphological problem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184637/a-study-on-spatial-morphological-cognitive-features-of-lidukou-village-based-on-space-syntax" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184637.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">52</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> Definition of a Computing Independent Model and Rules for Transformation Focused on the Model-View-Controller Architecture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vanessa%20Matias%20Leite">Vanessa Matias Leite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jandira%20Guenka%20Palma"> Jandira Guenka Palma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fl%C3%A1vio%20Henrique%20de%20Oliveira"> Flávio Henrique de Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a model-oriented development approach to software development in the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural standard. This approach aims to expose a process of extractions of information from the models, in which through rules and syntax defined in this work, assists in the design of the initial model and its future conversions. The proposed paper presents a syntax based on the natural language, according to the rules agreed in the classic grammar of the Portuguese language, added to the rules of conversions generating models that follow the norms of the Object Management Group (OMG) and the Meta-Object Facility MOF. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BNF%20Syntax" title="BNF Syntax">BNF Syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20driven%20architecture" title=" model driven architecture"> model driven architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model-view-controller" title=" model-view-controller"> model-view-controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformation" title=" transformation"> transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UML" title=" UML"> UML</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65752/definition-of-a-computing-independent-model-and-rules-for-transformation-focused-on-the-model-view-controller-architecture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20syntax&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verb%20syntax&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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