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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Biografia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lehen_urteak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehen_urteak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lehen urteak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehen_urteak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hezkuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hezkuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hezkuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hezkuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaztaroa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaztaroa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gaztaroa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaztaroa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_zinetikoa_eta_kontrolaren_teoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_zinetikoa_eta_kontrolaren_teoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teoria zinetikoa eta kontrolaren teoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_zinetikoa_eta_kontrolaren_teoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektromagnetismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektromagnetismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Elektromagnetismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektromagnetismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helduaroa,_heriotza_eta_ondorengo_urteak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helduaroa,_heriotza_eta_ondorengo_urteak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Helduaroa, heriotza eta ondorengo urteak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Helduaroa,_heriotza_eta_ondorengo_urteak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Helduaroa, heriotza eta ondorengo urteak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Helduaroa,_heriotza_eta_ondorengo_urteak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nortasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nortasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nortasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nortasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argitalpenak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argitalpenak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Argitalpenak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argitalpenak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Clerk Maxwell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 130 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк – adigera" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8D" title="ጄምስ ማክስወል – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ማክስወል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جيمس ماكسويل – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس ماكسويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جيمس ماكسويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس ماكسويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Maksvell" title="Ceyms Maksvell – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Maksvell" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="جئیمز کلرک ماکسول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز کلرک ماکسول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джеймс Максвелл – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джеймс Максвелл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimsos_Klarks_Maksvels" title="Džeimsos Klarks Maksvels – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džeimsos Klarks Maksvels" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Джэймс Максвел – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Максвел" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Джэймз Кларк Максўэл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Кларк Максўэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Джеймс Кларк Максуел – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Кларк Максуел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="জেমস ক্লার্ক ম্যাক্সওয়েল – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস ক্লার্ক ম্যাক্সওয়েল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="جەیمز کلێرک ماکسوێڵ – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمز کلێرک ماکسوێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Τζέιμς Κλερκ Μάξγουελ – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Κλερκ Μάξγουελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="جیمز کلرک ماکسول – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز کلرک ماکسول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="麦斯韦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="麦斯韦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="ג'יימס קלרק מקסוול – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס קלרק מקסוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स क्लर्क मैक्सवेल – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स क्लर्क मैक्सवेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ջեյմս Մաքսվել – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Մաքսվել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB" title="ジェームズ・クラーク・マクスウェル – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・クラーク・マクスウェル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ კლარკ მაქსველი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ კლარკ მაქსველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayms_Klerk_Makswell" title="Jayms Klerk Makswell – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Jayms Klerk Makswell" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джеймс Клерк Максвелл – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Клерк Максвелл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್‌ ಕ್ಲರ್ಕ್‌ ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ವೆಲ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್‌ ಕ್ಲರ್ಕ್‌ ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ವೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0" title="제임스 클러크 맥스웰 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 클러크 맥스웰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Жеймс Клерк Максвелл – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жеймс Клерк Максвелл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Clerk_Maxwell" title="Iacobus Clerk Maxwell – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Maksvels" title="Džeimss Maksvels – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Maksvels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Џејмс Кларк Максвел – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Кларк Максвел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="ജെയിംസ് ക്ലാർക്ക് മാക്സ്‌വെൽ – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് ക്ലാർക്ക് മാക്സ്‌വെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Жеймс Клерк Максвелл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жеймс Клерк Максвелл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स क्लार्क मॅक्सवेल – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स क्लार्क मॅक्सवेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2" title="ဂျိမ်းစ် မက်စ်ဝဲ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းစ် မက်စ်ဝဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स क्लर्क माक्सवेल – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेम्स क्लर्क माक्सवेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स् क्लर्क म्याक्सवेल – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जेम्स् क्लर्क म्याक्सवेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ଜେମ୍‌ସ୍ କ୍ଲର୍କ୍ ମାକ୍ସୱେଲ୍‌ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜେମ୍‌ସ୍ କ୍ଲର୍କ୍ ମାକ୍ସୱେଲ୍‌" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਕਲਰਕ ਮੈਕਸਵੈੱਲ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਕਲਰਕ ਮੈਕਸਵੈੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جیمز کلارک میکسویل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز کلارک میکسویل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Τζέιμς Κλερκ Μάξγουελ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τζέιμς Κλερκ Μάξγουελ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جيمز کلارک ميکسويل – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جيمز کلارک ميکسويل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джеймс Клерк Максвелл – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джеймс Клерк Максвелл" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स क्लर्क माक्सवेल – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेम्स क्लर्क माक्सवेल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Максвелл Джеймс Клерк" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱠᱞᱚᱨᱠ ᱢᱟᱠᱥᱣᱮᱞ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱠᱞᱚᱨᱠ ᱢᱟᱠᱥᱣᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhames_Klerk_Maxwell" title="Xhames Klerk Maxwell – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhames Klerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Џејмс Клерк Максвел – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Клерк Максвел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canmuse.kelake.makesewiy" title="Canmuse.kelake.makesewiy – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Canmuse.kelake.makesewiy" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் கிளார்க் மேக்ஸ்வெல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் கிளார்க் மேக்ஸ்வெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="జేమ్స్ క్లర్క్ మాక్స్‌వెల్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జేమ్స్ క్లర్క్ మాక్స్‌వెల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="เจมส์ เคลิร์ก แมกซ์เวลล์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ เคลิร์ก แมกซ์เวลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Klerk_Makswell" title="Ceyms Klerk Makswell – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ceyms Klerk Makswell" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джеймс Клерк Максвелл – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Клерк Максвелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جیمز کلیرک ماکسویل – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز کلیرک ماکسویل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksvell_D%C5%BEeims_Klerk" title="Maksvell Džeims Klerk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Maksvell Džeims Klerk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ კლერკ მაქსველი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ კლერკ მაქსველი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="דזשיימס קלארק מאקסוועל – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשיימס קלארק מאקסוועל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Clerk Maxwell" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%A3%AB%E9%BA%A5%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%AD" title="占士麥士維 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="占士麥士維" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="hd" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: lightsteelblue">James Clerk Maxwell</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg/260px-James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg/390px-James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg/520px-James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><br /><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="c:Category:James Clerk Maxwell"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Clerk_Maxwell" class="extiw" title="c:Category:James Clerk Maxwell">Irudi gehiago</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Bizitza</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jaiotza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgo" title="Edinburgo">Edinburgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_13" title="Ekainaren 13">ekainaren 13a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Herrialdea</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britainia_Handia_eta_Irlandako_Erresuma_Batua" title="Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batua">Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lehen hizkuntza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heriotza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_5" title="Azaroaren 5">azaroaren 5a</a> (48 urte)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hobiratze lekua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_abadia" title="Westminster abadia">Westminster abadia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heriotza modua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berezko_heriotza" title="Berezko heriotza">berezko heriotza</a>: <a href="/wiki/Urdaileko_minbizi" title="Urdaileko minbizi">urdaileko minbizia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Familia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aita</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clerk-Maxwell_of_Middlebie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clerk-Maxwell of Middlebie (sortu gabe)">John Clerk-Maxwell of Middlebie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ama</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Cay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Cay (sortu gabe)">Frances Cay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ezkontidea(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Clerk Maxwell (sortu gabe)">Katherine Clerk Maxwell</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27654900?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <small> (<a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_2" title="Ekainaren 2">ekainaren 2a</a> -  ezezaguna)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Familia</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemima_Blackburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemima Blackburn (sortu gabe)">Jemima Blackburn</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969521?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> (<small><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12051531" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q12051531">lehengusina propio</a></small>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Hezkuntza</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heziketa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgheko_Unibertsitatea" title="Edinburgheko Unibertsitatea">Edinburgheko Unibertsitatea</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332342" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q332342">Trinity College</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3047595" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3047595">Edinburgoko Akademia</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q650068" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q650068">Peterhouse</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea">Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Tesi zuzendaria</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hopkins" title="William Hopkins">William Hopkins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Doktorego ikaslea(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Lamb (sortu gabe)">Horace Lamb</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1627897?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Chrystal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Chrystal (sortu gabe)">George Chrystal</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200454?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hizkuntzak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ikaslea(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Schuster (sortu gabe)">Arthur Schuster</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711452?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ambrose_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ambrose Fleming (sortu gabe)">John Ambrose Fleming</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">John Henry Poynting</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Glazebrook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Glazebrook (sortu gabe)">Richard Glazebrook</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149592?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Jarduerak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jarduerak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fisikari" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisikari">fisikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matematikari" title="Matematikari">matematikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asmatzaile" title="Asmatzaile">asmatzailea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argazkilari" class="mw-redirect" title="Argazkilari">argazkilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unibertsitateko_irakasle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibertsitateko irakasle">unibertsitateko irakaslea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisikari_teoriko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisikari teoriko (sortu gabe)">fisikari teorikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irakasle" title="Irakasle">irakaslea</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodynamicist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodynamicist (sortu gabe)">thermodynamicist</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7783170?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lantokia(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Enplegatzailea(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Londresko_King%27s_College" title="Londresko King's College">Londresko King's College</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q270532" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q270532">Aberdeengo Unibertsitatea</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea">Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lan nabarmenak</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field (sortu gabe)">A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074013?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">Maxwellen ekuazioak</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics (sortu gabe)">Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1206235?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwellen_deabrua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwellen deabrua (sortu gabe)">Maxwellen deabrua</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jasotako sariak</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Societyko_kidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Societyko kidea">Royal Societyko kidea</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861eko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_6" title="Ekainaren 6">ekainaren 6a</a>)</small> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumford_Domina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumford Domina (sortu gabe)">Rumford Domina</a> <small> (1860)</small> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakeriar_Lezioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakeriar Lezioa (sortu gabe)">Bakeriar Lezioa</a> <small> (1866)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Domina" title="Keith Domina">Keith Domina</a> <small> (1869)</small> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adams_Saria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adams Saria (sortu gabe)">Adams Saria</a> <small> (1857)</small> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgoko_Errege-elkarteko_kidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edinburgoko Errege-elkarteko kidea (sortu gabe)">Edinburgoko Errege-elkarteko kidea</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Engineering_Hall_of_Fame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame (sortu gabe)">Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame</a> <small> (2012)</small> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith%27s_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith's Prize (sortu gabe)">Smith's Prize</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Influentziak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Kidetza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arteen_eta_Zientzien_Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Akademia" title="Arteen eta Zientzien Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Akademia">Arteen eta Zientzien Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Akademia</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgoko_Errege-elkartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edinburgoko Errege-elkartea (sortu gabe)">Edinburgoko Errege-elkartea</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteen_eta_Zientzien_Herbehereetako_Errege_Akademia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arteen eta Zientzien Herbehereetako Errege Akademia (sortu gabe)">Arteen eta Zientzien Herbehereetako Errege Akademia</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity College (sortu gabe)">Trinity College</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Sinesmenak eta ideologia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Erlijioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kristau-sozialismo" title="Kristau-sozialismo">kristau-sozialismoa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/16871396" title="Find a Grave: 16871396" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 16871396" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9095?uselang=eu#identifiers" title="Edit the value on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit the value on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:James_Clerk_Maxwell_sig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Clerk_Maxwell_sig.svg/200px-James_Clerk_Maxwell_sig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Clerk_Maxwell_sig.svg/300px-James_Clerk_Maxwell_sig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James_Clerk_Maxwell_sig.svg/400px-James_Clerk_Maxwell_sig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Clerk Maxwell</b> (<a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_13" title="Ekainaren 13">ekainaren 13a</a> – <a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_5" title="Azaroaren 5">azaroaren 5a</a>) Eskoziako <a href="/wiki/Matematikari" title="Matematikari">matematikari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fisika_teoriko" title="Fisika teoriko">fisikari teoriko</a> bat izan zen. Bere aurkikuntzarik garrantzitsuena izan zen ekuazio <a href="/wiki/Eponimo" title="Eponimo">eponimo</a> multzo bat formulatzea —<a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">Maxwellen ekuazioak</a>, alegia—, lehen aldiz <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">elektrizitatearen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo">magnetismoaren</a> oinarrizko arauak modu bateratuan adierazi zituena. Baita ere, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell-Boltzmann_banaketa" title="Maxwell-Boltzmann banaketa">Maxwellen banaketa</a> garatu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasen</a> <a href="/wiki/Teoria_zinetiko" title="Teoria zinetiko">teoria zinetikoaren</a> alderdiak deskribatu nahi zituen estatistika. Bi aurkikuntza horiek lagundu zuten <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> modernoari bidea zabaltzen, etorkizuneko lanen oinarriak finkatzen, besteak beste <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitatearen_teoria" title="Erlatibitatearen teoria">erlatibitate bereziaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">mekanika kuantikoaren</a> eremuetan. Maxwell ezaguna da, halaber, 1861ean kolore konbinatuko lehen <a href="/wiki/Argazki-kamera" title="Argazki-kamera">argazki</a> <a href="/wiki/Argazki-kamera" title="Argazki-kamera">kamera</a> sortu zuelako, <a href="/wiki/RGB_kolore-eredua" title="RGB kolore-eredua">RGB kolore ereduaren</a> bidez. </p><p>Maxwellek <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea">Cambridgeko Unibertsitatean</a> egin zuen bere ibilbide zientifikoa, gehienetan bere gaitasuna matematikoan oinarrituta, <a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometriako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aljebra" title="Aljebra">aljebrako</a> elementuen bitartez. Gaitasun horiek baliatuta, Maxwell gai izan zen frogatzeko <a href="/wiki/Eremu_elektriko" title="Eremu elektriko">eremu elektriko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">magnetikoak</a> espazioan zehar <a href="/wiki/Uhin" title="Uhin">uhin</a> gisa eta <a href="/wiki/Argiaren_abiadura" title="Argiaren abiadura">argiaren abiadura</a> konstantean bidaiatzen dutela. Azkenik, 1861. urtean, Maxwellek lau zatitan banatutako argitalpen bat kaleratu zuen <i>Philosophical Magazine</i> aldizkarian <i>On physical lines of force</i> («Indarraren lerro fisikoez») izenburuaz;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bertan proposatu zuen, lehen aldiz, <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">argia</a> berez uhinak direla, hoti baita fenomeno elektriko eta magnetikoaren <a href="/wiki/Kausa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausa">kausa</a>. </p><p>Fisikaren esparruan lan egiten duten askoren iritziz, Maxwell izan zen XX. mendeko fisikak eragin handiena eragindako XIX. mendeko zientzialaria. Askoren ustez, Maxwellek fisikari egindako ekarpenak Isaac <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newtonen</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einsteinen</a> parekoak izan daitezke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198212._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198212.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historiako 100 fisikari garrantzitsuenen zerrenda egin nahi zuen inkesta batean, Maxwell inoiz izan den hirugarren fisikaririk handiena izan zen, Newtonen eta Einsteinen atzetik.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maxwellen jaiotzaren mendeurrenean, Einsteinek berak honela deskribatu zuen Maxwellen lana: «Newtonen garaitik fisikak izan duen lanik sakonena eta emankorrena».<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einsteinek bere estudioan Maxwellen argazki bat zeukan, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faradayren</a> eta Newtonen argazkiekin batera.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="background-color:#e0e0e0;border-collapse:collapse;border-radius: 6px;border-style:none;margin: .5em 2.75em; padding: 20px;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">« </td> <td align="left" style="padding:10px; padding-bottom:0; font-size: 90%;">Maxwellen lana (...) fisikak izan duen sakon eta baliagarriena izan zen <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newtonen</a> garaietatik. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 10px; padding-top:0; font-size: 85%;"><p style="line-height:1em;text-align: right"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—<a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <i>The Sunday Post</i>, 2006-04-23<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehen_urteak">Lehen urteak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehen urteak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Lehen urteak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Clerk Maxwell <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_13" title="Ekainaren 13">ekainaren 13an</a> jaio zen <a href="/wiki/Edinburgo" title="Edinburgo">Edinburgon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskozia" title="Eskozia">Eskozian</a>; John Clerk eta Frances Maxwellen (Cay, ezkongabeko abizena) semea zen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India Streeteko 14. zenbakian jaio zen; orain ICMS (Matematika Zientzietarako Nazioarteko Zentroa) zentroa dago leku horretan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garai hartan, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> fisikaria <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">indukzio magnetikoari</a> buruzko lana osatzear zegoen, eta kontzeptu horren gainean oinarrituko zen Maxwell geroago. Faradayk bezala, Maxwellek egoera elektroteknikoa aztertu zuen. </p><p>Maxwellen aita baliabide ekonomikoak zituen gizon bat zen; Penicuikeko Clerk familiarekin zerikusia zuen, <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a> konderrian (<a href="/wiki/Eskozia" title="Eskozia">Eskozia</a>), Penicuikeko Clerk direlakoen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baronet (sortu gabe)">baronet</a> titularrak; haren anaia, Sir George Clerk, seigarren baroneta izan zen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Clerk izenarekin jaio zen, baina «Maxwell »leinua gehitu zion bere abizenari, landetxe bat oinordekotzan jaso zuenean <a href="/wiki/Middlebie" title="Middlebie">Middlebien</a> (Kirkcudbrigshire), Eskoziako hego-mendebaldean, nobleziako kide Maxwell familiarekin loturak zituena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maxwellen gurasoak hogeita hamar urte ongi beteak zituztela ezkondu ziren, garai hartan oso ohikoa ez zen gauza, eta Frances Maxwellek ia 40 urte zituen James jaio zenean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198211._9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198211.-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lehenago alaba bat izan zuten, Elizabeth, haurtzaroan hil zena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell18821_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell18821-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James izendatu zuten bizirik geratu zen seme bakarra, familiaren tradizioari jarraitzen zion izena, ez bakarrik aitonarengatik, baita aurreko beste arbaso batzuengatik ere. </p><p>Familia Glenlairera joan zen, James gazte zela, gurasoek eraikitako etxe batera, 1.500 <a href="/wiki/Akre_(neurria)" title="Akre (neurria)">akreko</a> (6,1 km²) lursail batean, <a href="/wiki/Middlebie" title="Middlebie">Middlebien</a>, Eskoziako landa eremuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon2004186-187._11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon2004186-187.-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itxura guztien arabera, Maxwellek jakin min izugarria izan zuen oso gaztetatik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198213._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198213.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiru urte zituela, beraren arreta pizten zuen mugitzen, dirdira egiten edo zarata egiten zuen orok.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon20043._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon20043.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1834an, Jane Cay ezkon-arrebari idatzitako gutun batean, aitak Jamesen jakin minaren berezko zentzu hori deskribatu zuen, horrela: </p> <table style="background-color:#e0e0e0;border-collapse:collapse;border-radius: 6px;border-style:none;margin: .5em 2.75em; padding: 20px;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">« </td> <td align="left" style="padding:10px; padding-bottom:10px; font-size: 90%;">Mutiko alaia da, aurrerapen handiak egin ditu pixka bat lasaitu denez geroztik; ateak, sarrailak, giltzak begipean ditu beti, beti eskatzen du «esadazu nola egiten diren». Baita ere, ikertzen aritzen da argindarraren ibilbidea edo txirrinen kableak, nola pasatzen ote den urtegiko ura horman barrena...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell188212._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell188212.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">» </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hezkuntza">Hezkuntza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hezkuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Hezkuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxwell gaztearen potentzialaz ohartuta, ama Frances arduratu zen haurraren hezkuntzaz, <a href="/wiki/Viktoriar_Aroa" title="Viktoriar Aroa">viktoriar aroan</a> etxean lan egiten zuten emakumeen lana izaten baitzen gehienetan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alabaina, ama gaixotu egin zen, ziurrenik sabeleko <a href="/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi">minbizi</a> batez, eta <a href="/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia">ebakuntza</a> arrakastarik gabeko baten ondoren, 1839an hil zen, James txikiak 8 urte besterik ez zituela. Orduan, aita John Clerk Maxwell arduratu zen semearen heziketaz, Jane Cay ezkon-arrebaren laguntzarekin; biak funtsezkoak izan ziren Jamesen bizitzan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16._15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontratatutako <a href="/wiki/Irakasle" title="Irakasle">irakasle</a> baten zuzendaritzapean hasi zen haren <a href="/wiki/Hezkuntza" title="Hezkuntza">heziketa</a> formala, arrakastarik gabe, baina. Dirudienez, mutikoa zorrotz hartzen zuen irakasleak, haren jakin minari arretarik ipini gabe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16._15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porrota begien bistakoa zenez, John Maxwellek kaleratu egin zuen, 1841eko azaroan. Irtenbideak ongi azterturik eta gauzak luzaroan pentsatuta, Edinburgoko Akademiara bidali zuen James aitak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell188219-21._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell188219-21.-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Edinburgh_Academy_frontage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edinburgh_Academy_frontage.jpg/220px-Edinburgh_Academy_frontage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edinburgh_Academy_frontage.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_Academy_frontage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edinburgh_Academy_frontage.jpg/440px-Edinburgh_Academy_frontage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Edinburgoko Akademia, Maxwellen ikastetxea</figcaption></figure> <p>Izeba Isabellaren etxean hartu zuen ostatu luzaroan. Garai hartan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemima_Blackburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemima Blackburn (sortu gabe)">Jemima Blackburn</a> (Wedderburn, ezkondu aurretik) lehengusu zaharrenak <a href="/wiki/Marrazki" title="Marrazki">marrazkigintzara</a> murgilarazi zuen. Jemima talentu handiko artista zen, <a href="/wiki/Glasgowko_Unibertsitatea" title="Glasgowko Unibertsitatea">Glasgowko Unibertsitateko</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Blackburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Blackburn (sortu gabe)">Hugh Blackburn</a> matematikako katedradunaren emaztea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon200412-14._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon200412-14.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamar urte zituelarik, eta ordura arte aitaren landetxean bakarturik hazi ondoren, ez zen eroso sentitzen eskolan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon200410._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon200410.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lehen mailako gela osaturik zegoenez, bigarren mailan sartu behar izan zuen, bera baino urte bat zaharragoko ikaskideekin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon200410._18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon200410.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keinuengatik eta <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Gallowayko</a> hizkera markatuagatik, ikaskideak txundituta uzten zituen. Gainera, eskolako lehen egunean etxean egindako oinetakoez eta tunika batez jantzirik iritsi zelarik, ikaskideek «dafty» («zoroa» edo «ergela») <a href="/wiki/Ezizen" title="Ezizen">goitizen</a> krudela jarri zioten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon20044._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon20044.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maxwell, baina, ez zen askorik arduratu ezizenaz, urte askoan kexatu gabe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell188223-24._20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell188223-24.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akademian bakartuta bizitzea guztiz amaitu zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Campbell (sortu gabe)">Lewis Campbell</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Guthrie_Tait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Guthrie Tait (sortu gabe)">Peter Guthrie Tait</a> ezagutu zituenean, adin bereko bi mutiko, etorkizunean ikerlari handiak izango zirenak. Betiko lagunak izaten jarraitu zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506._21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506.-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maxwell liluratu egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometriak</a> gaztetxo bat zelarik: <a href="/wiki/Poliedro_erregular" title="Poliedro erregular">poliedro erregularrak</a> aurkitu zituen edozein irakaskuntza formala jaso aurretik. Haren talentua, baina oharkabean pasatu zen eta lan akademikoa nabaritu gabe geratu zen 1845ean, 13 urte zituela, eskolako matematikako domina eta ingelesezko hizkuntza eta poema kategorien lehen sariak irabazi zituen arte. Lan berritzailearen lehen sorkuntza gisa, 14 urte zituela, Maxwellek saiakera bat idatzi zuen, teknika mekanikoak deskribatuz kordel zati batekin kurba matematikoak marrazteko, eta <a href="/wiki/Elipse" title="Elipse">elipseen</a> eta kurben propietateak bi <a href="/wiki/Foku_(geometria)" title="Foku (geometria)">foku</a> baino gehiagorekin. Lan hori (<i>On the description of oval curves and those having a plurality of foci</i>), Edinburgoko Royal Society elkarteak argitaratu zuen, eta Maxwellen jakin-mina oso gaztetan erakusten zuen arren, lana bera ez zen matematikoki sakona. Beste adimen berezi batzuk ez bezala, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauß</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, Maxwell ez zen <a href="/wiki/Haur_prodijio" title="Haur prodijio">haur prodijio</a> bat izan. Bere berezko talentua pixkanaka helduko zitzaion. Aitak bultzatu egin zuen bere interes zientifiko eta matematikoak jarraitzeko. 16 urte zituela sartu zen unibertsitatean, eta, denborarekin, ohoreekin graduatu zen matematikan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaztaroa">Gaztaroa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gaztaroa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gaztaroa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:YoungJamesClerkMaxwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YoungJamesClerkMaxwell.jpg/220px-YoungJamesClerkMaxwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YoungJamesClerkMaxwell.jpg/330px-YoungJamesClerkMaxwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/YoungJamesClerkMaxwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Maxwell gaztea unibertsitatean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maxwellek Akademiako ikasketak amaitu eta <a href="/wiki/Edinburgheko_Unibertsitatea" title="Edinburgheko Unibertsitatea">Edinburgoko Unibertsitatera</a> joaten hasi zen. Lehen hiruhilekoaren ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea">Cambridgen</a> sartzeko aukera izan bazuen ere, Maxwellek erabaki zuen unibertsitate ikasketen hiru hiruhilekoak osatzea Edinburgon. Arrazoi nagusia izan zen Cambridge etxetik urrunegi zegoela eta urtean bitan bakarrik ikusi ahal izango zuela aita. Gainera, Maxwellek bere etorkizunaz kezka handia zuen: zientzialari izan nahi zuen, baina lan zientifikoak urriak ziren garai hartan, eta askoz zailagoa izango zen Cambridge bezalako unibertsitate entzutetsu batean irakasle izateko tokia lortzea. Ondorioz, Maxwellek Edinburgon amaitu zituen bere ikasketak <a href="/wiki/Naturphilosophie" title="Naturphilosophie">filosofia naturalean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">filosofia moralean</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Adimenaren_filosofia" title="Adimenaren filosofia">adimenaren filosofian</a>, Sir William Hamiltonekin. Hamazortzi urte bete zituen urtean, bi artikulu argitaratu zituen <i>Transactions of the</i> <i>Royal Society of Edinburgh</i> aldizkarian —horietako batek, <i>On the Equilibrium of Elastic Solids</i>, oinarriak ezarri zituen gerora bere bizitzan egingo zuen aurkikuntza garrantzitsu baterako: <a href="/wiki/Likido" title="Likido">likido</a> <a href="/wiki/Biskositate" title="Biskositate">likatsuetan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentsio_ebakitzaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentsio ebakitzaile (sortu gabe)">tentsio ebakitzaileak</a> eragindako aldi baterako <a href="/wiki/Birrefringentzia" title="Birrefringentzia">errefrakzio bikoitza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarwick200384-85._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwick200384-85.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1854an, Maxwell <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematikan</a> graduatu zen, <i>second wrangler</i> gisa hau da, <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematikako</a> azken azterketan bigarren puntuaziorik onena lortu zuen. Graduatu titulua jaso eta berehala, Cambridgeko Elkarte Filosofikoan txosten bat irakurri zuen<i>, On the Transformation of Surfaces by Bending</i> («Gainazalen eraldaketa flexio bidez». Hura izan zen matematikaz argitaratu zuen dokumentu bakanetako bat, non erakutsi baitzien adituei bere jenialtasun osoa. Garai berean, beste lan mardul bat argitaratu zuen, <i>On Faraday's lines of force</i> («Faradayren indar lerroak»), elektrizitateari buruzko ikerketa batzuen lehen zantzua ematen zuena, eta bere bizitzako lanik ikusgarriena ekarriko zuena.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1855etik 1872ra, ikerketa baliotsu batzuk argitaratu zituen, aldika, <a href="/wiki/Kolorearen_teoria" title="Kolorearen teoria">kolorearen</a> pertzepzioaz (<i>On the Theory of Colour Vision</i>) eta <a href="/wiki/Daltonismo" title="Daltonismo">daltonismoaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikerketa horiek Royal Society elkartearen Rumford domina jaso zuen, 1860an. Ikerketa horietarako diseinatu zituen tresnak erabilerrazak eta erosoak ziren. Adibidez, «Maxwellen diskoak» erabili zituen hiru kolore primarioen nahasketa aldakor bat lagin kolore batekin konparatzeko, azkar biratzen zirenean agertzen zen kolore bakarrari erreparatuta. 1856an, <a href="/wiki/Naturphilosophie" title="Naturphilosophie">filosofia naturaleko</a> katedrarako izendatu zuten Marischal College ikastetxean (<a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>), 1860an Aberdeeneko bi unibertsitateak bat egin zuten arte. </p><p>1859an, Adams saria irabazi zuen <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridgen</a>, saiakera berritzaile batengatik, <i>On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings</i> («Saturnoren eraztunen higiduraren egonkortasunari buruz»).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saiakera hartan ondorioztatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Saturnoren_eraztunak" title="Saturnoren eraztunak">Saturnoren eraztunak</a> ezin zirela guztiz <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solidoak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Fluido" title="Fluido">jariakinak</a> izan. Maxwellek frogatu zuen egonkortasuna soilik ager zitekeela eraztunen osagaia partikula solido txiki asko balira ―berak «<a href="/wiki/Legar" title="Legar">legar</a>» esaten zuen. Halaber, matematikoki gezurtatu zuen hipotesi nebularra (<a href="/wiki/Eguzki-sistema" title="Eguzki-sistema">eguzki sistema</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebulosa" title="Nebulosa">nebulosa</a> lauso baten <a href="/wiki/Kondentsazio" title="Kondentsazio">kondentsazio</a> progresiboaren bidez eratu zela, alegia), behartu baitzuen teoria azalpenak ematera partikula solido txikien zati gehigarriei buruz. </p><p>1860an, <a href="/wiki/Londresko_King%27s_College" title="Londresko King's College">Londresko King's College</a> erakundeko irakasle izendatu zuten. 1861ean, Maxwell <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> erakunde zientifikoko kide izateko hautatu zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denbora horretan, ikerketa sendoak egin zituen <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">solidoen</a> <a href="/wiki/Elastikotasun_(fisika)" title="Elastikotasun (fisika)">elastikotasunaz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometriaz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teoria_zinetikoa_eta_kontrolaren_teoria">Teoria zinetikoa eta kontrolaren teoria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teoria zinetikoa eta kontrolaren teoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Teoria zinetikoa eta kontrolaren teoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gasen <a href="/wiki/Teoria_zinetiko" title="Teoria zinetiko">teoria zinetikoari</a> buruzko ikerketa izan zen Maxwellek garatutako garrantzitsuenetako bat. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoullirekin</a> batera hasia, teoria horrek aurrera egin zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Herapath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Herapath (sortu gabe)">John Herapath</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_James_Waterston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John James Waterston (sortu gabe)">John James Waterston</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Joule</a> eta, bereziki, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausiusen</a> ekarpenekin, teoriaren doitasuna edozein zalantzatatik kanpo jartzeraino. Garapenik sakonean, dena dela, Maxwellek berak egin zuen, esparru horretan nabarmendu baitzen ez bakarrik matematikari gisa, baizik esperimentatzaile gisa, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gasen</a> <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">marruskadura indarraz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1865ean, Eskoziara itzuli zen Maxwell, Glenlairera (Kirkcudbrightshire), aitaren etxera. 1868an, uko egin zion Fisika eta Astronomia katedrari <a href="/wiki/Londresko_King%27s_College" title="Londresko King's College">King's Collegen</a>, Londresen. </p><p>1866an, gas partikulen lastertasun banaketaren teoria formulatu zuen estatistikoki, gerora <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> austriar fisikariak hedatuko zuena. «Maxwellen banaketa» izeneko formulak tenperatura jakin batean abiadura zehatz batean mugitzen diren gas molekulen frakzioa ematen du. Teoria <a href="/wiki/Energia_zinetiko" title="Energia zinetiko">zinetikoan</a>, tenperaturak eta beroak mugimendua baino ez dute adierazten. Ikuspegi horrek aurrez ezarritako <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamikaren</a> legea orokortu zuen, eta lehendik zeuden behaketa edo esperimentuak hobeto azaldu zituen, ordura arte baino hobeki. Maxwellek <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamikari</a> buruz egindako azterketek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwellen_paradoxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwellen paradoxa (sortu gabe)">Maxwellen paradoxa</a> edo deabrua izenez ezagutzen den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperimentu_mental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esperimentu mental (sortu gabe)">esperimentu mentala</a> asmatzera eraman zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maxwellek artikulu ospetsu bat argitaratu zuen, <i>On Governors</i> («Erregulatzaileei buruz»), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> erakundearen aldizkarian.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artikulu hori kontrol teoriaren dokumentu aitzindari klasikotzat hartzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektromagnetismoa">Elektromagnetismoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elektromagnetismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Elektromagnetismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg/220px-Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg/330px-Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Postcard-from-Maxwell-to-Tait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Maxwellek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Guthrie_Tait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Guthrie Tait (sortu gabe)">Peter Guthrie Tait</a> adiskideari bidalitako postal bat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maxwellek bere bizitzako lanik sakonean elektrizitateari eskaini zion. Haren ekarpenik garrantzitsuena izan zen <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faradayk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampèrek</a> eta beste batzuek <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">elektrizitateari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo">magnetismoari</a> buruz aldez aurretik egindako lanak matematikoki zabaltzea eta formulatzea, <a href="/wiki/Ekuazio_diferentzial" title="Ekuazio diferentzial">ekuazio diferentzialen</a> multzo erlazionatu batean (hasiera batean, 20 aldagaiko 20 ekuazio, ondoren <a href="/wiki/Koaternioi" title="Koaternioi">koaternioi</a> batean eta <a href="/wiki/Bektore_(matematika)" title="Bektore (matematika)">bektoreetan</a> oinarritutako notazioetan birformulatuak). Ekuazio horiek, orain <a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">Maxwellen ekuazio</a> gisa ezagutzen direnak, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> erakundeari aurkeztu zizkion lehen aldiz 1865ean, <a href="/wiki/Eremu_elektromagnetiko" title="Eremu elektromagnetiko">eremu elektriko eta magnetikoen</a> portaera deskribatzearren, baita materiarekin dituzten elkarreraginak ere.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maxwellek erakutsi zuen <a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">ekuazioek</a> eremu elektriko eta magnetiko oszilakorretako <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_elektromagnetikoa" title="Erradiazio elektromagnetikoa">uhinak</a> daudela iragartzen dutela; uhin horiek hutsean zehar bidaiatzen dute, esperimentu errazen bidez jakin daitekeen <a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">abiaduran</a>. orduan eskuragarri zeuden datuak erabiliz, Maxwellek, 310.740.000 <a href="/wiki/M/s" class="mw-redirect" title="M/s">m/s</a>-ko abiadura lortu zuen. <i>A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field</i> («Eremu elektromagnetikoaren teoria bat», 1865) saiakuntzan, Maxwellek honela idatzi zuen:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="background-color:#e0e0e0;border-collapse:collapse;border-radius: 6px;border-style:none;margin: .5em 2.75em; padding: 20px;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">« </td> <td align="left" style="padding:10px; padding-bottom:10px; font-size: 90%;">Emaitzen konkordantziak erakusten du argia eta magnetismoa substantzia berari lotuta daudela, eta argia lege elektromagnetikoen arabera eremuan hedatzen den perturbazio elektromagnetikoa dela. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">» </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Maxwellen teoria zuzena zela frogatu zen, eta argiaren eta elektromagnetismoaren arteko lotura kuantitatiboa XIX. mendeko fisikaren garaipen handienetakotzat jotzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garai hartan, Maxwellek uste zuen argiaren hedapenak uhinentzako bitarteko bat behar zuela, <a href="/wiki/Eter_(fisika)" title="Eter (fisika)">argi eterra</a> izenekoa. Pixkanaka, tresna mekanikoek antzematen ez zuten baliabide hori, nahiz eta espazio osoa bete, gero eta zailagoa zen bateratzea zenbait esperimenturekin, batik bat <a href="/wiki/Michelson-Morley_esperimentua" title="Michelson-Morley esperimentua">Michelson-Morley esperimentuarekin</a>. Are gehiago, <a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">erreferentzia sistema</a> absolutu bat behar zuen, non ekuazioak baliozkoak baitziren, baina emaitza argigarri bat zegoen, ekuazioak formaz aldatzen baitziren mugimenduan zegoen behatzaile batentzat. Oztopo haiek pizgarri bat izan ziren <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einsteinek</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_berezia" title="Erlatibitate berezia">erlatibitate bereziaren</a> teoria enuntziatu zezan; prozesu hartan, Einsteinek ez zuen argi eter baten beharrik izan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Helduaroa,_heriotza_eta_ondorengo_urteak"><span id="Helduaroa.2C_heriotza_eta_ondorengo_urteak"></span>Helduaroa, heriotza eta ondorengo urteak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Helduaroa, heriotza eta ondorengo urteak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Helduaroa, heriotza eta ondorengo urteak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tartan_Ribbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tartan_Ribbon.jpg/220px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tartan_Ribbon.jpg/330px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tartan_Ribbon.jpg/440px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Kolore iraunkorreko lehen argazki iraunkorra, James Clerk Maxwellek egina 1861ean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maxwellek ekarpenak egin zituen <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optikaren</a> eta koloretako ikusmenaren arloan, besteak beste, aurkitu zuen koloretako <a href="/wiki/Argazkigintza" title="Argazkigintza">argazkiak</a> eratu zitezkeela iragazki <a href="/wiki/Gorri" title="Gorri">gorri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berde" title="Berde">berde</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Urdin" title="Urdin">urdinak</a> erabiliz. Thomas Sutton argazkilariari <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> xingola baten argazkia hiru bider eginarazi zion, txanda bakoitzean lentearen gainean kolore iragazki bat zuela, hurrenez hurren. Hiru irudiak errebelatu egin ziren, eta, ondoren, pantaila batean proiektatu, hiru proiektagailu desberdinekin, bakoitzak bere irudia hartzeko erabilitako kolore iragazki berarekin. Fokatzen zirenean, hiru irudiek koloretako irudi bat osatzen zuten. Lehen argazki haren hiru plaka fotografikoak India Streeteko 14. zenbakian<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dagoen museo txiki batean daude, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgo" title="Edinburgo">Edinburgon</a>, Maxwell jaio zen etxean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1982103_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1982103-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maxwellek <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Londresko Royal Society</a> erakundeak emandako Rumford domina irabazi zuen, <a href="/wiki/Daltonismo" title="Daltonismo">daltonismoari</a> buruz egindako lanengatik.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Theory of Heat</i> («Beroaren teoria», 1871) testuliburu miresgarri bat eta <i>Matter and Motion</i> («Materia eta higidura», 1876) oinarrizko eskuliburu bat argitaratu zituen. Gainera, Maxwell izan zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisi_dimentsional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisi dimentsional (sortu gabe)">analisi dimentsionala</a> esplizituki erabiltzen lehena, 1871n.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:JamesClerkMaxwell-KatherineMaxwell-1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JamesClerkMaxwell-KatherineMaxwell-1869.jpg/220px-JamesClerkMaxwell-KatherineMaxwell-1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JamesClerkMaxwell-KatherineMaxwell-1869.jpg/330px-JamesClerkMaxwell-KatherineMaxwell-1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JamesClerkMaxwell-KatherineMaxwell-1869.jpg/440px-JamesClerkMaxwell-KatherineMaxwell-1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>James eta Katherine Maxwell, 1869an.</figcaption></figure> <p>1871n <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea">Cambridgeko</a> Fisikako Cavendish lehen irakaslea izan zen. Maxwell izan zen <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_laborategia" title="Cavendish laborategia">Cavendish laborategiaren</a> garapenaren arduraduna. William Cavendish Devonshireko 7. dukeak (unibertsitateko errektore izana eta ikasle ospetsuenetako bat) finantzatutako aparatu bilduma baliotsu baten fabrikazio eta erosketa prozesuaren urrats bakoitza gainbegiratu zuen. Maxwellek zientziari egindako azken ekarpen garrantzitsuetako bat izan zen <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendishen</a> elektrizitateari buruzko ikerlanaren edizioa, jatorrizko ohar ugarirekin. Bertan argi dago Cavendishek ikerketa sakonak egin zituela <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> batez besteko <a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">dentsitateaz</a> eta uraren osaeraz, besteak beste.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Mary_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Mary Clerk Maxwell (sortu gabe)">Katherine Mary Dewarekin</a> ezkondu zen 27 urte zituela; hark senarrari lagundu zion bere ikerketetan, baina haren lana ilun geratu zen, eta ez dago haren ekarpenen idatzizko dokumenturik.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ez zuten seme-alabarik izan. Katherine 48 urte zituela hil zen Cambridgen, sabeleko minbiziaz. Kristaua izan zen bizitza osoan. Maxwell <a href="/wiki/Parton_(Dumfries_eta_Galloway)" title="Parton (Dumfries eta Galloway)">Partongo</a> elizan dago lurperatuta, <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Gallowayn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eskozia" title="Eskozia">Eskozia</a>). </p><p>1882an, Lewis Campbell irakasleak <i>The Life of James Clerk Maxwell</i> biografia zabala argitaratu zuen; haren eskolako kide izan zen eta bizitza osoko lagun (ikus beherago, bibliografia). 1890ean, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> erakundeak bi liburukitan argitaratu zuen Maxwellen lanen bilduma, materiaren propietateei buruzko artikulu sorta barne (ikus beherago, Maxwellen idazlanak). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nortasuna">Nortasuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nortasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Nortasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Txiki-txikitatik, erlijioak Maxwellen bizitzako alderdi guztiak hartu zituen. Aita eta ama eliztarrak ziren (<a href="/wiki/Anglikanismo" title="Anglikanismo">anglikano</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbiterianismo" title="Presbiterianismo">presbiteriarrak</a>), eta fede sakona errotu zuten semearengan. Datu guztiaren arabera, Maxwellek ez zituen inoiz ukatu bere kristau fedearen funtsezko printzipioak, ez nerabezaroan ez ondorengo urteetan. Maxwellen biografietako baten egilea den Ivan Tolstoyk (ikus beherago, bibliografia) nabarmendu zuen Maxwellen biografia laburrak idazten dituzten zientzialariek haren erlijioaren gaia maiz bazterturik lagatzen dutela. Izan ere, ezinezkoa da James Clerk Maxwell zen gizona ulertzea haren fedea kontuan hartu gabe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bere herrialdeko poesiaren maitale gisa, Maxwellek poemak buruz ikasi eta bere poesiak idatzi zituen. Ezagunena <i>Rigid Body Sings</i> («Gorputz zurruna kantari») da, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burnsen</a> <i>Comin' Through the Rye</i> poeman oinarritua. Dirudienez, gitarrarekin batera kantatzen zuen; honela hasten da:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:450; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <table> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Gin a body meet a body <p>Flyin’ through the air.<br /> Gin a body hit a body,<br /> Will it fly? And where? </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>Gorputz batek beste bat aurkitzen badu,</i> <p><i>Airean hegan.</i><br /> <i>Gorputz batek beste bat ukitzen badu,</i><br /> <i>Hegan egingo du? Eta nora?</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Campbell (sortu gabe)">Lewis Campbell</a> lagunak bere poemen bilduma bat argitaratu zuen 1882an.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argitalpenak">Argitalpenak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Argitalpenak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Argitalpenak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1873">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricandmagne01maxwrich"><i>A treatise on electricity and magnetism (vol. 1). </i></a> Oxford: Clarendon Press</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1873">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricandmag02maxwrich"><i>A treatise on electricity and magnetism (vol. 2). </i></a> Oxford: Clarendon Press</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1876">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=3jMKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Matter and Motion. </i></a> London: Society for Promotion Christian Knowledge</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1881">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementarytreati00maxwrich/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>An elementary treatise on electricity. </i></a> Oxford: Clarendon Press</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1890">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers01maxw"><i>The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (vol. 1). </i></a> New York: Dover Publications</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1890">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers02maxwuoft"><i>The scientific papers of James Clerk Maxwell (vol. 2). </i></a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1902">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofheat00maxwrich"><i>Theory of heat. </i></a> London: Longmans, Green and Co,</span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> obran Maxwellen ekarpenak honela agertu ziren: hiru 9. edizioan (1878): <i>Atom,</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Attraction,</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eta <i>Ether</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; eta beste hiru 11. edizioan (1911): <i>Capillary Action</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Diagram</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Faraday, Michael.</i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBritish_Academy2004">British Academy.  (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/56568095"><i>Oxford dictionary of national biography. </i></a> Oxford: Oxford University Press  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F5624">10.1093/ref:odnb/5624</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0198614128" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0198614128">978-0198614128</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/56568095">.56568095</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCampbell1882">Campbell, Lewis.  (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227051634/http://www.sonnetusa.com/bio/maxbio.pdf"><i>The Life of James Clerk Maxwell. </i></a> London: Macmillan and Co. (www.archive.org) <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2472869">.2472869</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlazebrook2020">Glazebrook, Richard.  (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/1155611080"><i>James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics. </i></a> Norderstedt: Hansebooks GmbH <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3337932701" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3337932701">978-3337932701</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1155611080">.1155611080</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMahon2004">Mahon, Basil.  (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/760241629"><i>The man who changed everything: the life of James Clerk Maxwell. </i></a> Chichester: Wiley <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0470861714" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0470861714">978-0470861714</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/760241629">.760241629</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTolstoy1982">Tolstoy, Ivan.  (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/8688302"><i>James Clerk Maxwell: a biography. </i></a> Chicago: University of Chicago Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0226807850" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0226807850">978-0226807850</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/8688302">.8688302</a></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWarwick2003">Warwick, Andrew.  (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=s6hp46JOk_EC&printsec=copyright&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics. </i></a> University of Chicago Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0226873749" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0226873749">978-0226873749</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/721195550">.721195550</a></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist4" style="height: 250px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell2010-02">Maxwell, J.C..  (2010-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786431003659180">«On physical lines of force»</a> <i>Philosophical Magazine</i> 90 (sup1): 11–23.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786431003659180">10.1080/14786431003659180</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1478-6435">1478-6435</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198212.-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198212._2-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1982">Tolstoy 1982</a>, 12. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204012512/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/541840.stm">«Einstein the greatest»</a> <i>BBC News | SCI/TECH</i> (web.archive.org) 2024-02-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMcFall2006">McFall, Patrick.  (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520020029/https://maxwellyear2006.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/press_coverage.html">«Brainy young James wasn't so daft after all»</a> <i>Maxwell Year 2006 Press Coverage</i> (web.archive.org) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFArianrhod2006">Arianrhod, Robyn.  (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/Einstein_s_Heroes.html?id=kMJYH4qo3kkC&redir_esc=y"><i>Einstein's Heroes: Imagining the World Through the Language of Mathematics. </i></a> OUP USA <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-530890-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-530890-7">978-0-19-530890-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1287886502">.1287886502</a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506_6-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506_6-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritish_Academy2004">British Academy 2004</a>, 506 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/2859102884">«14, India Street, Silvermills, New Town/Broughton, Edinburgo, Eskozia, EH3 6EZ, Erresuma Batua»</a> <i>OpenStreetMap</i> 2017-07-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211120829/http://www.thepeerage.com/p22717.htm#i227165">«James Clerk»</a> <i>The Peerage</i> (web.archive.org) 2023-12-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198211.-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198211._9-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1982">Tolstoy 1982</a>, 11. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell18821-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell18821_10-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1882">Campbell 1882</a>, 1 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon2004186-187.-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon2004186-187._11-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahon2004">Mahon 2004</a>, 186-187. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198213.-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198213._12-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1982">Tolstoy 1982</a>, 13. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon20043.-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon20043._13-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahon2004">Mahon 2004</a>, 3. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell188212.-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell188212._14-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1882">Campbell 1882</a>, 12. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16.-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16._15-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16._15-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy198215-16._15-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1982">Tolstoy 1982</a>, 15-16. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell188219-21.-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell188219-21._16-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1882">Campbell 1882</a>, 19-21. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon200412-14.-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon200412-14._17-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahon2004">Mahon 2004</a>, 12-14. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon200410.-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon200410._18-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon200410._18-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahon2004">Mahon 2004</a>, 10. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon20044.-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon20044._19-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahon2004">Mahon 2004</a>, 4. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell188223-24.-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell188223-24._20-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1882">Campbell 1882</a>, 23-24. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506.-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2004506._21-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritish_Academy2004">British Academy 2004</a>, 506. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarwick200384-85.-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarwick200384-85._22-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarwick2003">Warwick 2003</a>, 84-85. orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1855">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/39568221/Maxwell-On-Faraday-s-Lines-of-Force">«On Faraday's Lines of Force»</a> <i>Scribd (Digitally enhanced and compiled from the repository of digital old books of SICD Universities of Canada)</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-09)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson, Kevin.  (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111044045/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Projects/Johnson/Chapters/Ch4_2.html"><i>Colour Vision. </i></a> web.archive.org <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1859">Maxwell, James Clerk.  (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/onstabilityofmot00maxw"><i>On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings. </i></a> Cambridge, London, Macmillan and Co. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFReidWangThompson2008-05-28">Reid, John S; Wang, Charles H.-T; Thompson, J. Michael T.  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On governors»</a> <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i> 16: 270–283. 1868-12-31  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1867.0055">10.1098/rspl.1867.0055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0370-1662">0370-1662</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1865.0008">«A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field»</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i> 155: 459–512. 1865-12-31  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1865.0008">10.1098/rstl.1865.0008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1865.0008">«A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field»</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i> 155: 459–512. 1865-12-31  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1865.0008">10.1098/rstl.1865.0008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSenguptaSarkar2003-04">Sengupta, D.L.; Sarkar, T.K..  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(1920-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131120133544/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Extras/Einstein_ether.html"><i>Ether and Relativity. </i></a> London: Methuen & Co. Ltd (web.archive.org) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolstoy1982103-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolstoy1982103_34-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolstoy1982">Tolstoy 1982</a>, 103 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFYakun_SunLoveStewartBaum">Yakun Sun; Love, R.; Stewart, K.; Baum, K.; Classon, B.; Nangia, V.; Sartori, P.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.2005.1559036">«Cellular SFN broadcast network modelling and performance analysis»</a> <i>VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005.</i> (IEEE)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2Fvetecf.2005.1559036">10.1109/vetecf.2005.1559036</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell1861">Maxwell, J. 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/creativepowerofc0000lest"><i>The creative power of chance. </i></a> Urbana: University of Illinois Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-252-02386-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-252-02386-6">978-0-252-02386-6</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFalconer2017">Falconer, Isobel.  (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/11531"><i>Editing Cavendish : Maxwell and The Electrical Researches of Henry Cavendish. </i></a> Living Edition/STARNA <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-901585-35-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-901585-35-7">978-3-901585-35-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602110408/https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/2079/James%20Clerk%20Maxwell">«James Clerk Maxwell»</a> <i>BuscaBiografías</i> (web.archive.org) 2023-06-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHutchinson1998">Hutchinson, Ian.  (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323120454/http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/Maxwell/">«James Clerk Maxwell and the Christian Proposition»</a> <i>MIT IAP Seminar: The Faith of Great Scientists</i> (web.archive.org) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell2011-12-09">Maxwell, J. Clerk.  (2011-12-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603055706/https://www.newscientist.com/article/1966902-rigid-body-sings/">«Rigid Body Sings»</a> <i>New Scientist</i> (web.archive.org) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-10)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507035146/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/html/1807/4350/poet400.html">«Selected Poetry of James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)»</a> <i>Representative Poetry Online</i> (University of Toronto English Library (web.archive.org)) 2016-05-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Atom">«Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Atom»</a> <i>Wikisource, the free online library</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Attraction">«Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Attraction»</a> <i>Wikisource, the free online library</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Ether_(2.)">«Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ether (2.)»</a> <i>Wikisource, the free online library</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Capillary_Action">«1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Capillary Action»</a> <i>Wikisource, the free online library</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Diagram">«1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Diagram»</a> <i>Wikisource, the free online library</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Faraday,_Michael">«1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Faraday, Michael»</a> <i>Wikisource, the free online library</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-03-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">Elektromagnetismoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate" title="Elektrizitate">Elektrizitatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrizitatearen_historia" title="Elektrizitatearen historia">Elektrizitatearen historia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">Maxwellen ekuazioak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sen-Ben R. Liao, Peter Andrew Dourmashkin, John Winston Belcher (2011) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/Introduction_to_Electricity_and_Magnetis.html?hl=es&id=0O38AQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y">Introduction to Electricity and Magnetism</a></i> London: Pearson Custom Pub.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120110521/https://www.glenlair.org.uk/">The Maxwell at Glenlair Trust</a>. Glenlair Today.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622045520/https://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Maxwell.html">Maxwell, James (1831-1879)</a>. Wolfram Research.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308081846/https://clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/">James Clerk Maxwell Foundation</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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