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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Camber adjustment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camber_adjustment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_conventional_sailing_rigs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_conventional_sailing_rigs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison with conventional sailing rigs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_conventional_sailing_rigs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with conventional sailing rigs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_conventional_sailing_rigs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Points_of_sail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_sail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Points of sail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Points_of_sail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wingsail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variable-camber aerodynamic structure</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg/220px-USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg/330px-USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg/440px-USA-17-flying-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption>BMW Oracle Racing <a href="/wiki/USA_17_(yacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="USA 17 (yacht)"><i>USA 17</i></a> from the <a href="/wiki/2010_America%27s_Cup" title="2010 America's Cup">2010 America's Cup</a>, with a rigid <a href="/wiki/Mainsail" title="Mainsail">mainsail</a> wingsail, and a conventional <a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">jib</a> at the fore</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_airfoil_streamlines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Simple_airfoil_streamlines.png/220px-Simple_airfoil_streamlines.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Simple_airfoil_streamlines.png/330px-Simple_airfoil_streamlines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Simple_airfoil_streamlines.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Forces on a wing (green = lift, red = drag).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wingsail</b>, <b>twin-skin sail</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>double skin sail</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a variable-<a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">camber</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamic</a> structure that is fitted to a marine vessel in place of conventional <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sails</a>. Wingsails are analogous to <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">airplane wings</a>, except that they are designed to provide lift on either side to accommodate being on either <a href="/wiki/Tack_(sailing)" title="Tack (sailing)">tack</a>. Whereas wings adjust camber with <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a>, wingsails adjust camber with a flexible or jointed structure (for hard wingsails). Wingsails are typically mounted on an unstayed spar—often made of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer">carbon fiber</a> for lightness and strength. The geometry of wingsails provides more lift, and a better <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a>, than traditional sails. Wingsails are more complex and expensive than conventional sails.<sup id="cite_ref-Sail_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sail-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingsail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oracle_AC45_wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oracle_AC45_wing.jpg/220px-Oracle_AC45_wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oracle_AC45_wing.jpg/330px-Oracle_AC45_wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oracle_AC45_wing.jpg/440px-Oracle_AC45_wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The top of the wing of an Oracle <a href="/wiki/AC45" class="mw-redirect" title="AC45">AC45</a> racing catamaran</figcaption></figure> <p>Wingsails are of two basic constructions that create an airfoil, "soft" and "hard", both mounted on an unstayed rotating mast.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas hard wingsails are rigid structures that are stowed only upon removal from the boat, soft wingsails<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be furled or stowed on board.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/L._Francis_Herreshoff" title="L. Francis Herreshoff">L. Francis Herreshoff</a> pioneered a precursor rig that had <a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">jib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Main_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Main sail">main</a>, each with a two-ply sail with leading edges attached to a rotating spar. The C Class Catamaran class has been experimenting and refining wingsails in a racing context since the 60s. Englishman, John Walker, explored the use of wingsails in cargo ships and developed the first practical application for sailing yachts in the 1990s. Wingsails have been applied to small vessels, like the <a href="/wiki/Optimist_dinghy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimist dinghy">Optimist dinghy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_(dinghy)" title="Laser (dinghy)">Laser</a>, to cruising yachts, and most notably to high-performance <a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">multihull</a> racing sailboats, like <a href="/wiki/USA_17_(yacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="USA 17 (yacht)">USA-17</a>. The smallest craft have a unitary wing that is manually stepped. Cruising rigs have a soft rig that can be lowered, when not in use. High-performance rigs are often assembled of rigid components and must be stepped (installed) and unstepped by shore-side equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sail_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sail-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camber_adjustment">Camber adjustment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingsail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Camber adjustment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chord_length_definition_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chord_length_definition_%28en%29.svg/220px-Chord_length_definition_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chord_length_definition_%28en%29.svg/330px-Chord_length_definition_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chord_length_definition_%28en%29.svg/440px-Chord_length_definition_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of an aerofoil showing camber line.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wingsails change camber (the asymmetry between the top and the bottom surfaces of the <a href="/wiki/Aerofoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerofoil">aerofoil</a>), depending on tack and wind speed.<sup id="cite_ref-houghton&carpenter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houghton&carpenter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A wingsail becomes more efficient with greater curvature on the <a href="/wiki/Downwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Downwind">downwind</a> side. Since the windward side changes with each tack, so must sail curvature change. This happens passively on a conventional sail, as it fills in with wind on each tack. On a wingsail, a change in camber requires a mechanism. Wingsails also change camber to adjust for windspeed. On an aircraft, flaps increase the <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">camber</a> or curvature of the wing, raising the maximum <a href="/wiki/Lift_coefficient" title="Lift coefficient">lift coefficient</a>—the lift a wing can generate—at lower air speeds (speed of the air passing over it). A wingsail has the same need for camber adjustment, as windspeed changes—a straighter camber curvature as windspeed increases, more curved as it decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-Sail_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sail-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanisms for camber adjustment are similar for soft and hard wingsails. Each employs independent leading and trailing airfoil segments that are adjusted independently for camber. More sophisticated rigs allow for variable adjustment of camber with height above the water to account for increased windspeed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sail_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sail-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Widnall_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Widnall-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_conventional_sailing_rigs">Comparison with conventional sailing rigs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingsail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison with conventional sailing rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of rigging, supporting the mast of a <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda sail">conventional fore-and-aft rig</a> limits sail geometry to shapes that are less efficient than the narrow <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)" title="Chord (aeronautics)">chord</a> of the wingsail. However, conventional sails are simple to adjust for windspeed by <a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">reefing</a>. Wingsails typically are a fixed surface area. Conventional sails can be furled easily; some flexible wingsails can be dropped, when not in use; rigid wingsails must be removed when exposure to wind is undesirable.<sup id="cite_ref-Sail_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sail-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Points_of_sail">Points of sail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingsail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Points of sail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nielsen summarised the efficiencies of wingsails, compared with conventional sails, for different <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">points of sail</a>, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Sail_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sail-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close-hauled" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-hauled">Close-hauled</a>: At 30° <a href="/wiki/Apparent_wind" title="Apparent wind">apparent wind</a>, the wingsail has a 10-degree <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> and more <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a>, compared to the conventional sail plan and its angles of attack of 15° for the <a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">jib</a> and 20° for the mainsail.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail#Beam_reach" title="Point of sail"> Beam reach</a>: At 90° apparent wind, the wingsail, positioned across the boat, functions efficiently as a wing, providing forward lift, whereas the jib of the conventional sail plan suffers from being difficult to shape as a wing (the main sail is still relatively efficient).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_reach" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad reach">Broad reach</a>: At 135° apparent wind, the wingsail may be eased in such a manner that it still functions efficiently as a wing, whereas the jib and main sail no longer provide lift—instead they present themselves perpendicular to the wind and provide force from drag only.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingsail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReed2019" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Dave (August 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sailingworld.com/intel-on-ac75s-twin-skin-main/">"Intel on the AC75's Twin-Skin Main"</a>. <i>Sailing World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sailing+World&rft.atitle=Intel+on+the+AC75%27s+Twin-Skin+Main&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sailingworld.com%2Fintel-on-ac75s-twin-skin-main%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingsail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2018" class="citation web cs1">Griffin, Jack (August 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sail-world.com/news/209295/AC75-Double-Luff-Mainsail">"AC75 Double Luff Mainsail"</a>. <i>www.sail-world.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Sailing+Association&rft.atitle=What%27s+In+A+Rig%3F+-+Wingsail&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasa.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F01%2F13%2Fwhats-in-a-rig-wingsail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingsail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-houghton&carpenter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-houghton&carpenter_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton,_E._L.Carpenter,_P._W.2003" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, E. L.; Carpenter, P. W. (2003). Butterworth Heinmann (ed.). <i>Aerodynamics for Engineering Students</i> (5th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5111-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5111-3"><bdi>0-7506-5111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aerodynamics+for+Engineering+Students&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7506-5111-3&rft.au=Houghton%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+P.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingsail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Widnall-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Widnall_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidnallCornwellWilliams2014" class="citation journal cs1">Widnall, Sheila; Cornwell, Hayden; Williams, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/92344">"Effects of Spanwise Flexibility on Lift and Rolling Moment of a Wingsail"</a>. <i>Widnall</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F92344">1721.1/92344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Widnall&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Spanwise+Flexibility+on+Lift+and+Rolling+Moment+of+a+Wingsail&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F92344&rft.aulast=Widnall&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft.au=Cornwell%2C+Hayden&rft.au=Williams%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F92344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWingsail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingsail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wings_(sailing)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wings (sailing)">Wings (sailing)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sails,_spars_and_rigging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sail_types" title="Template:Sail types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sail_types" title="Template talk:Sail types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sail_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sail types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sails,_spars_and_rigging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>including limited use<sup>*</sup>, outdated<sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rigs <br />(<a href="/wiki/Jury_rigging" title="Jury rigging">jury rigging</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26R_rig" title="B&R rig">B&R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_rigged" title="Cat rigged">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flettner_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Flettner ship">Rotorsail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbosail" title="Turbosail">Turbosail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wingsail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sails <br />(<a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_spinnaker" title="Asymmetrical spinnaker">Asymmetrical spinnaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennaker" title="Gennaker">Gennaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_(sail)" title="Genoa (sail)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">Jib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail#Bermuda_rig" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (Bermuda rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffee_sail" title="Raffee sail"> Raffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)#Triangular" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screecher" title="Screecher">Screecher</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">Spinnaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staysail" title="Staysail">Staysail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysail" title="Trysail">Trysail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_(sail)" title="Course (sail)">Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_staysail" title="Fisherman's staysail">Fisherman</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresail" title="Foresail">Foresail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk sail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (square rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonraker_(sail)" title="Moonraker (sail)">Moonraker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_(sail)" title="Royal (sail)">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysail" title="Skysail">Skysail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanker_(sail)" title="Spanker (sail)">Spanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail_(square-rigged)" title="Spritsail (square-rigged)">Spritsail (square-rigged)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Optimist_(dinghy)" title="Optimist (dinghy)">Optimist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studding_sail" title="Studding sail">Studding</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topgallant_sail" title="Topgallant sail">Topgallant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsail" title="Topsail">Topsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watersail" title="Watersail">Watersail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_rope" title="Bolt rope">Bolt rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">Cringle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sail_emblems" title="List of sail emblems">Emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(sail)" title="Draft (sail)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackline" title="Jackline">Jackline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Reefing_points" title="Sail components">Reefing points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Roach" title="Sail components">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailcloth" title="Sailcloth">Sailcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_patch" title="Spreader patch">Spreader patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">Tell-tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">Spars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">bow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">Bowsprit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprit_topmast" title="Sprit topmast">sprit topmast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_striker" title="Dolphin striker">Dolphin striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstaff" title="Jackstaff">Jackstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibboom" title="Jibboom">Jibboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_striker" title="Pelican striker">Pelican striker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(sailing)" title="Boom (sailing)">Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomkin" title="Boomkin">Boomkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_(rigging)" title="Truck (rigging)">Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosstrees" title="Crosstrees">Crosstrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_pole" title="Spinnaker pole">Spinnaker pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_(sailboat)" title="Spreader (sailboat)">Spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Sprit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">Yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_rigging" title="Standing rigging">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobstay" title="Bobstay">Bobstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_jack" title="Lazy jack">Lazy jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_backstay" title="Running backstay">Running backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shroud_(sailing)" title="Shroud (sailing)">Shroud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines" title="Ratlines">ratlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_mouse" title="Stay mouse">Stay mouse</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stays_(nautical)" title="Stays (nautical)">Stays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backstay" title="Backstay">backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestay" title="Forestay">forestay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_rigging" title="Running rigging">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomkicker" title="Boomkicker">Boomkicker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_vang" title="Boom vang">Boom vang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_(sailing)" title="Brace (sailing)">Braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Buntlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_(sailing)" title="Cunningham (sailing)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Clewlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhaul" title="Downhaul">Downhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_(sailing)" title="Guy (sailing)">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">Halyard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_halyard" title="Peak halyard">peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_halyard" title="Throat halyard">throat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhaul" title="Outhaul">Outhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventer" title="Preventer">Preventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_(square_sail)" title="Tack (square sail)">Tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topping_lift" title="Topping lift">Topping lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggywrinkle" title="Baggywrinkle">Baggywrinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying_pin" title="Belaying pin">Belaying pin</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleat_(nautical)" title="Cleat (nautical)">Cleat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitts" title="Bitts">bitts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevis_fastener" title="Clevis fastener">Clevis pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadeye" title="Deadeye">Deadeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earing" title="Earing">Earing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairlead" title="Fairlead">Fairlead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footrope" title="Footrope">Footrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket_(sailing)" title="Gasket (sailing)">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrel_beads" title="Parrel beads">Parrel beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_bolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring bolt">Ring bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_furling" title="Roller furling">Roller furling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">Shackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel" title="Swivel">Swivel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_(sailing)" title="Gooseneck (sailing)">gooseneck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapeze_(sailing)" title="Trapeze (sailing)">Trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical traveller">Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">Turnbuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">Winch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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