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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_expeditions_in_Mesopotamia_and_the_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_expeditions_in_Mesopotamia_and_the_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early expeditions in Mesopotamia and the Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_expeditions_in_Mesopotamia_and_the_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_to_the_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_to_the_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wars to the east</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_to_the_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_expansions_to_the_west,_and_contact_with_the_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_expansions_to_the_west,_and_contact_with_the_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further expansions to the west, and contact with the Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_expansions_to_the_west,_and_contact_with_the_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_activity_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_activity_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diplomatic activity with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_activity_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rock relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_ideology_and_Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_ideology_and_Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Imperial ideology and Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_ideology_and_Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Ancient works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Modern works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mithridates II of Parthia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridates_II_van_Parti%C3%AB" title="Mitridates II van Partië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mitridates II van Partië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ميثريداتس الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميثريداتس الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Mitridat" title="II Mitridat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Mitridat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایکینجی مهرداد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی مهرداد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_II_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Мітрыдат II Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мітрыдат II Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_II_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Митридат II (Партия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Митридат II (Партия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridates_II_de_P%C3%A0rtia" title="Mitridates II de Pàrtia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mitridates II de Pàrtia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithradat%C3%A9s_II." title="Mithradatés II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mithradatés II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_II._(Parthien)" title="Mithridates II. (Parthien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mithridates II. (Parthien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μιθριδάτης Β΄ της Παρθίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιθριδάτης Β΄ της Παρθίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitr%C3%ADdates_II_de_Partia" title="Mitrídates II de Partia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mitrídates II de Partia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridato_la_2-a_de_Partujo" title="Mitridato la 2-a de Partujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mitridato la 2-a de Partujo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridates_II.a_Partiakoa" title="Mitridates II.a Partiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mitridates II.a Partiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="مهرداد دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهرداد دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridate_II_de_Parthie" title="Mithridate II de Parthie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mithridate II de Parthie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D4%B2_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D6%87" title="Միհրդատ Բ Պարթև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միհրդատ Բ Պարթև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrdat_II" title="Mihrdat II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mihrdat II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridate_II_di_Partia" title="Mitridate II di Partia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mitridate II di Partia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%98%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיתרידטס השני, מלך פרתיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיתרידטס השני, מלך פרתיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_II_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="მითრიდატე II (პართია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მითრიდატე II (პართია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mithridat%C3%A9sz_p%C3%A1rtus_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Mithridatész pártus király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Mithridatész pártus király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ميثريدس التانى من بارثيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميثريدس التانى من بارثيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="مهرداد دوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مهرداد دوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_II_de_Grote" title="Mithridates II de Grote – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mithridates II de Grote" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%80%E3%83%86%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="ミトラダテス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミトラダテス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridates_II_av_Partia" title="Mitridates II av Partia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mitridates II av Partia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridates_II_(rei_part)" title="Mitridates II (rei part) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mitridates II (rei part)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrydates_II_Arsacyda" title="Mitrydates II Arsacyda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mitrydates II Arsacyda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitr%C3%ADdates_II_da_P%C3%A1rtia" title="Mitrídates II da Pártia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mitrídates II da Pártia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_al_II-lea" title="Mithridates al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mithridates al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_II_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Митридат II (царь Парфии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Митридат II (царь Парфии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridat_II._Partski" title="Mitridat II. Partski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mitridat II. Partski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_II_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Митридат II од Партије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Митридат II од Партије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridat_II_od_Partije" title="Mitridat II od Partije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mitridat II od Partije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_II_(Parthia)" title="Mithridates II (Parthia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mithridates II (Parthia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_II_av_Partien" title="Mithridates II av Partien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mithridates II av Partien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิมิทริเดทีสที่ 2 แห่งพาร์เธีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิมิทริเดทีสที่ 2 แห่งพาร์เธีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mithridatis_(Part_kral%C4%B1)" title="II. Mithridatis (Part kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Mithridatis (Part kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridat_II" title="Mitridat II – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mitridat II" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_II_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Мітрідат II (цар Парфії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мітрідат II (цар Парфії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Kings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Mithridates II<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Parthian-language text"><span lang="xpr" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia,_Ray_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_Ray_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_Ray_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_Ray_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="710" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachm</a> of Mithridates II wearing a bejeweled <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Median</a> heritage. Minted at <a href="/wiki/Rhages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhages">Rhages</a> between 96-92 BC</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">124 – 91 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">91 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Priapatius" title="Priapatius">Priapatius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mithridates II</b> (also spelled <b>Mithradates II</b> or <b>Mihrdad II</b>; <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <span lang="xpr" dir="rtl">𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕</span> <i>Mihrdāt</i>) was king of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> from 124 to 91 BC. Considered one of the greatest of his dynasty to ever rule, he was known as <b>Mithridates the Great</b> in antiquity. </p><p>Mithridates II was crowned king after the abrupt death of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a>. Inheriting a declining empire that was reeling from military pressure in both the east and west, Mithridates II quickly stabilized the situation in Mesopotamia by gaining the allegiance of <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a>, and subduing the insurgent <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Kingdom of Elymais</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, who had continuously raided <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>. Mithridates II was the first Parthian king to extend Parthian rule into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, where the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a> became Parthian vassal states. To the east, he defeated and conquered the nomadic tribes in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> who had killed both of his predecessors. <a href="/wiki/Sakastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakastan">Sakastan</a> was also reconquered, which was given as a fiefdom to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Suren" title="House of Suren">House of Suren</a>. In 114/113 BC, he seized <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>, and by 95 BC, the northern Mesopotamian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osrhoene" class="mw-redirect" title="Osrhoene">Osrhoene</a> had acknowledged his authority. Under Mithridates II, the Parthian Empire at its zenith extended from Syria and the Caucasus to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>. It was under Mithridates II that the Parthian Empire for the first time established diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han China</a>. </p><p>A champion of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> traditions, Mithridates II was determined to emphasize the association of the ruling Arsacid dynasty with the Iranian Achaemenid Empire. He was the first Parthian monarch to regularly use the title <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>, and portray himself with an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a> on the obverse of his <a href="/wiki/Parthian_coinage" title="Parthian coinage">coins</a>, contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> used by his earlier predecessors. He also replaced the <i><a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">omphalos</a></i> on the reverse of his coins with a highbacked throne of Achaemenid origin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Mithridates" is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> attestation of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian language">Iranian</a> name <i>Mihrdāt</i>, meaning "given by <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>", the name of the ancient Iranian sun god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor20091_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor20091-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name itself is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <i>Miθra-dāta-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mithra is a prominent figure in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> sources, where he plays the role of the patron of <i><a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">khvarenah</a></i>, i.e. kingly glory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201697,_99–100_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201697,_99–100-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mithra played an important under the late Iranian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and continued to grow throughout the Greek <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> period, where he was associated with the Greek gods <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a> god <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2016100_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2016100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of Mithra peaked under the Parthians, which according to the modern historian Marek Jan Olbrycht, "seems to have been due to Zoroastrian struggles against the spread of foreign faiths in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2016100_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2016100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parentage">Parentage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parentage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The identity of Mithridates II's father is uncertain. According to 2nd-century Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a>, Mithridates II was a son of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201927-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablet from 119 BC, however, cites Mithridates II; "of the Gutians who killed my brother Artabanus, and I set up (troops) opposite them and fought it with them; a great killing I performed among them; except two men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201927-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Son of <a href="/wiki/Priapatius" title="Priapatius">Priapatius</a>: According to Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis (2019), Mithridates II was referring to Artabanus I as his brother in the cuneiform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201927-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that Mithridates II was a son of Priapatius (also spelled Friapatak), which is also supported by an <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostracon</a> created in 91/90 BC in <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a>. On the ostracon, a Parthian king, most likely Mithridates II's son <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a>, is mentioned as "Arsaces King, grandson of Friapatak [who is] the son of the nephew of Arsaces [I]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201927-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Son of Artabanus I: Olbrycht (2010), however, suggests that Mithridates II was not Artabanus I's brother, but a son of his. He states that Mithridates II would have been a middle aged man the time of his accession, due to Priapatius dying in 176 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Olbrycht, "While not impossible, it is historically unlikely since Mithradates II's natural contestants for the throne would have been the sons of <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> and Mithridates I."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Mithridates I and Artabanus I (who were the sons of Priapatius), Mithridates II did not use the title of <i>Theopatoros</i> ("whose father is a god").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201269_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201269-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brother named Artabanus is not referred to as king in cuneiform, and was most likely a high-ranking officer who died in war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_expeditions_in_Mesopotamia_and_the_Caucasus">Early expeditions in Mesopotamia and the Caucasus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early expeditions in Mesopotamia and the Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenner,_Rest._Persis,_Parthia,_Armenia._1835_(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg/220px-Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg/330px-Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg/440px-Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic era">Hellenistic era</a>, by Joseph Thomas (1835)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of his succession, the Parthian Empire was reeling from military pressures in the West and East. Several humiliating defeats at the hands of eastern nomads had sapped the strength and prestige of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984212–213_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984212–213-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mithridates II quickly gained the allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characenean</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a>, who had originally fought the Parthians, and briefly seized <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in 127 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011111,_150–151_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011111,_150–151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyspaosines returned the wooden throne of <a href="/wiki/Arsaces" title="Arsaces">Arsaces</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to Mithridates II as a gift to the god <a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mithridates II now turned his eyes on <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a>, which had been originally under direct Parthian rule, but had been seized by the independent <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> king Pittit after Artabanus I's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117–118_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117–118-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mithridates II invaded Elymais and captured <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011115–116_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011115–116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he confronted Pittit in a final battle, where he defeated him and conquered Elymais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011116–118_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011116–118-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, Hyspaosines died, and the Parthian commander Sindates was appointed as the governor of Characene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011168_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011168-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was first under Mithridates II that Parthian rule extended into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noticed the strategic position of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the Caucasus, and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 BC</span>, Mithridates II invaded Armenia and made its king <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_I_of_Armenia" title="Artavasdes I of Armenia">Artavasdes I</a> acknowledge Parthian suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artavasdes I was forced to give the Parthians <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes</a> as a hostage, who was either his son or nephew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoian2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoian2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control over Armenia would remain one of the most essential objectives in Parthian policy till the end of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Caucasian kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a> most likely also became a Parthian vassal state, and possibly also <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009170–171_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009170–171-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massive circulation of Parthian coins into Iberia, along with Armenia and Caucasian Albania, indicates that these kingdoms had been swayed by the influence of the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009171_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009171-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Babylonian documents, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> was constantly suffering from raids by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, which had agitated Mithridates II considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009148_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009148-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 119 BC, a Parthian force inflicted a defeat on the Arabs, which was heavy enough to make them stop their raids for a period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the force was led by Mithridates II or a Parthian commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parthian force most likely left for <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> afterwards, seemingly in order to join the upcoming expedition against the nomads in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parthian interests were also directed towards <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, which had first been demanded by the Parthians after <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 132–127 BC</span>) defeated the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> king (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–129 BC</span>) in 129 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 114/113 BC, Mithridates II captured the important Seleucid city of <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>, which was situated on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seleucid realm was at this time frail and entangled in ceaseless internal strifes and struggles for power against the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, various local kings, Jews, and Greek cities in Syria and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars_to_the_east">Wars to the east</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wars to the east"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Justin, Mithridates II avenged the death of his "parents or ancestors" (<i>ultor iniuriae parentum</i>), which indicates that he fought and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>, who had killed Artabanus I and Phraates II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015334_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015334-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mithridates II also reconquered western <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_coinage" title="Parthian coinage">Parthian coinage</a> and scattered reports imply that Mithridates II ruled <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Bactra</a>, Kampyrtepa, and <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>, which means that he had reconquered the very lands that been conquered by his namesake <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 171 – 132 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151–152_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151–152-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control over the middle <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> including <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Amul</a> was vital for the Parthians, in order to thwart incursions by nomads from <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parthian coins continued to be minted in western Bactria and in the middle Amu Darya until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 40–51 AD</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nomadic invasions had also reached the eastern Parthian province of <a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a>, where strong <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> dominions had been established,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152–153_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152–153-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus giving the rise to the name <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sakastan</a> ("land of the Saka").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984193_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984193-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1997681–685_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1997681–685-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nomads had probably migrated to the area due to the pressure that Artabanus I and Mithridates II had been putting against them in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010153_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010153-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime between 124 and 115 BC, Mithridates II sent an army led by a general of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Suren" title="House of Suren">House of Suren</a> to recapture to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGazerani201514_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazerani201514-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Sakastan was incorporated back into the Parthian realm, Mithridates II rewarded the region to the Surenid general as his fiefdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGazerani201514_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazerani201514-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern extent of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010153_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010153-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_expansions_to_the_west,_and_contact_with_the_Romans"><span id="Further_expansions_to_the_west.2C_and_contact_with_the_Romans"></span>Further expansions to the west, and contact with the Romans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further expansions to the west, and contact with the Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigranes remained a hostage at the Parthian court until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 96/95 BC</span>, when Mithridates II released him and appointed as the king of Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009168_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009168-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201878_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201878-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigranes ceded an area called "seventy valleys" in the <a href="/wiki/Caspiane" title="Caspiane">Caspiane</a> to Mithridates II, either as a pledge or because Mithridates II demanded it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165,_182_(see_note_57)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165,_182_(see_note_57)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigranes' daughter <a href="/wiki/Ariazate" title="Ariazate">Ariazate</a> had also married a son of Mithridates II, which has been suggested by the modern historian Edward Dąbrowa to have taken place shortly before he ascended the Armenian throne as a guarantee of his loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201878_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201878-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tigranes would remain a Parthian vassal until the end of the 80s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009169_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009169-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Mithridates II attacked <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osrhoene" class="mw-redirect" title="Osrhoene">Osrhoene</a> and conquered these <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city states</a>, shifting the western border of the Parthian realm to the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia201655,_186_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia201655,_186-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There the Parthians encountered the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> for the first time. In 96 BC Mithridates II sent one of his officials, <a href="/wiki/Orobazus" title="Orobazus">Orobazus</a>, as an envoy to <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>. As the Romans were increasing in power and influence, the Parthians sought friendly relations with the Romans and thus wanted to reach an agreement that assured mutual respect between the two powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200712_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200712-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations followed in which Sulla apparently gained the upper hand, which made Orobazus and the Parthians look like supplicants. Orobazus would later be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200712_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200712-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_activity_with_China">Diplomatic activity with China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diplomatic activity with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg/220px-Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg/330px-Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg/440px-Silk_from_Mawangdui_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han-dynasty</a> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a>, 2nd century BC, silk from <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a> was perhaps the most lucrative luxury item the Parthians traded at the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarthwaite200578_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthwaite200578-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 121 BC the Chinese under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> had defeated the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in the east and were expanding westwards in force. In <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> the Chinese encountered the sphere of influence of the Parthians. A Chinese delegation to the Parthian court is attested for the year 120 BC. In the following year the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> was opened up to trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986525–536_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986525–536-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strength and welfare of the empire under Mithridates II has been described by one Chinese traveler as the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:750px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Anxi [Parthia] is situated several thousand <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a></i> west of the region of the Great Yuezhi. The people are settled on the land, cultivating the fields and growing rices and wheat. They also make wine out of grapes. They have walled cities like the people of Dayuan [Farghana], the region containing several hundred cities of various sizes. The kingdom, which borders the Gui [Oxus River], is very large, measuring several thousand <i>li</i> square. Some of the inhabitants are merchants who travel by cart or boats to neighbouring countries, sometimes journeying several thousand <i>li</i>. The coins of the country are made of silver and bear the face of the king. When the king dies, the currency is immediately changed and new coins issued with the face of his successor. The people keep records by writing horizontally on strips of leather. To the west lies Tiaozhi [Mesopotamia] and to the north Yancai and Lixuan [Hyrcania]. Tiaozhi [Mesopotamia] is situated several thousand <i>li</i> west of Anxi [Parthia] and borders the western sea [the Persian Gulf]. It is hot and damp, and the people live by cultivating the fields and planting rice. In this region live great birds which lay eggs as large as pots. The people are very numerous and are ruled by many petty chiefs. The ruler of Anxi [Parthia] gives orders to these chiefs and regards them as his vassals. The people are very skillful at performing tricks that amaze the eye." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Sima Qian: 234–235<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016186–187_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016186–187-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mithridates II's last years of rule took place in a period coined in scholarship as the "<a href="/wiki/Parthian_Dark_Age" title="Parthian Dark Age">Parthian Dark Age</a>", which refers to a period of three decades in the history of Parthian Empire starting from the death (or last years) of Mithridates II. It is referred to as a "Dark Age" due to the lack of clear information on the events of this period in the empire, except a series of, apparently overlapping, reigns.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only with the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 57 BC</span>, that the line of Parthian rulers can again be reliably traced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellwood19762_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellwood19762-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins, reliefs and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomical_diaries" title="Babylonian astronomical diaries">Babylonian astronomical diaries</a> label <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> as the son and heir of Mithridates II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013770_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013770-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a heavily damaged relief at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Behistun" title="Mount Behistun">Behistun</a>, Gotarzes had served as "satrap of satraps" under his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013770_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013770-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Mithridates II in 91 BC, Gotarzes was proclaimed king at <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssar200662_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssar200662-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rock_relief">Rock relief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rock relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_I_by_Grelot_(3947923635).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Behistun_I_by_Grelot_%283947923635%29.jpg/220px-Behistun_I_by_Grelot_%283947923635%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Behistun_I_by_Grelot_%283947923635%29.jpg/330px-Behistun_I_by_Grelot_%283947923635%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Behistun_I_by_Grelot_%283947923635%29.jpg/440px-Behistun_I_by_Grelot_%283947923635%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the rock relief portraying Mithridates II and four grandees at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Behistun" title="Mount Behistun">Mount Behistun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Mount_Behistun" title="Mount Behistun">Mount Behistun</a> in western Iran, there is a <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock relief</a> which depicts four figures paying respect to a fifth figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relief, along with its Greek inscription, heavily damaged, was partly reconstructed by the German archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Herzfeld" title="Ernst Herzfeld">Ernst Herzfeld</a> (d. 1948), and reads the following:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197–198_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197–198-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Kophasates, Mithrates, [...] Gotarzes the satrap of satraps, and the great king Mithradates."</p></blockquote> <p>Rahim M. Shayegan (2011), has suggested, contrary to other scholars, that the rock relief was not constructed during the reign of Mithridates II, but during that of his son and successor Gotarzes, perhaps as an attempt to stress the legitimacy of his sovereignty by portraying the prestigious status of himself and his officers during Mithridates II's kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011226_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011226-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies the first figure with the Parthian satrap Kofzad;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second figure with the Parthian commander Mitratu, who first rose to a distinguished position under Gotarzes;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198–200,_226_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198–200,_226-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the third figure with Gotarzes' son and heir <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Orodes I">Orodes</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011226_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011226-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fourth with Gotarzes himself, who served as "satrap of satraps" under his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198,_225_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198,_225-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_ideology_and_Coinage">Imperial ideology and Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imperial ideology and Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetradrachm_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia,_minted_at_Seleucia_between_120_and_109_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tetradrachm_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_minted_at_Seleucia_between_120_and_109_BC.jpg/220px-Tetradrachm_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_minted_at_Seleucia_between_120_and_109_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tetradrachm_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_minted_at_Seleucia_between_120_and_109_BC.jpg/330px-Tetradrachm_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_minted_at_Seleucia_between_120_and_109_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tetradrachm_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_minted_at_Seleucia_between_120_and_109_BC.jpg/440px-Tetradrachm_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia%2C_minted_at_Seleucia_between_120_and_109_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">Tetradrachm</a> of Mithridates II, <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> mint</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 2nd-century BC, the Arsacids had begun adding obvious signals in their dynastic ideology, which emphasized their association with the heritage of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Examples of these signs included a fictitious claim that the first Arsacid king, <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces I of Parthia">Arsaces I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 247 – 217 BC</span>) was a descendant of the Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 404 – 358 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achaemenid titles were also assumed by the Arsacids, including the title of "King of Kings" by <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 171 – 132 BC</span>). However, the title was only infrequently used by Mithridates I, and it was first under Mithridates II, from c. 109/8 BC onwards, that the use of the title became a regular feature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986525–536_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986525–536-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new title was used both on coins and engravings (attested in Greek as BAΣIΛEΥΣ BAΣIΛEΩN), and also Babylonian accounts, where it is attested as <i>šar šarrāni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mithridates II was more determined than his predecessors as heir and guardian of Achaemenid heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_(obverse_and_reverse,_wearing_a_diadem),_Ray_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%2C_wearing_a_diadem%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%2C_wearing_a_diadem%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%2C_wearing_a_diadem%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%2C_wearing_a_diadem%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%2C_wearing_a_diadem%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%2C_wearing_a_diadem%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Drachm</a> of Mithridates II wearing a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_(obverse_and_reverse),_Ray_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia_%28obverse_and_reverse%29%2C_Ray_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Drachm of Mithridates II wearing a <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a>, minted at <a href="/wiki/Rhages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhages">Rhages</a> between 96-92 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of his reign, Mithridates II briefly used the Greek title <i>Soter</i> ("Saviour"), which was used on his coin mints in <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhages">Rhages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201929_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201929-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason behind his use of the title is uncertain. Olbrycht (2010) has proposed that he adopted the title due to his victory over the nomads, while Grenet (2006) has proposed that <i>Soter</i> could be seen as a Mithraic title from an Iranian point of view, in connection to Mithra's role as a saviour in Zoroastrianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201929_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201929-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I,_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I%2C_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Drachm of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 242–242 AD</span>) wearing the same type of tiara used by Mithridates II</figcaption></figure> <p>The early Arsacid monarchs are depicted on the obverse of their coins with a soft cap, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">bashlyk</a></i>, which had also been worn by Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Mithridates I, the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> was used by the Arsacid kings. The diadem was also used during the early reign of Mithridates II, until he later started using a tall bejewelled <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a> or <i>kolah</i> (tall hat).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tiara was of <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Median</a> origin; in the Achaemenid era, high ranking Median officers wore a tall, domed headdress, which was part of the Median national dress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199740_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199740-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media, a region in central Iran which neighboured Parthia, was an important part of the Parthian realm under Mithridates II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Justin, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian language</a> shared many features with <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parthians admired Median customs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199740_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199740-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seemingly got familiar with Achaemenid heritage through Media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tiara would be used by many Parthian kings, particularly in the late Parthian period.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of tiara was also later used by the vassal kings of the Parthians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellwood1983304_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellwood1983304-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 242–242 AD</span>), also used this tiara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Artabanus I, Mithridates II is depicted on the obverse of his coins wearing an Iranian rider garb—the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_dress" title="Parthian dress">Parthian trouser-suit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201927-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reverse of Mithridates II's coin mints also see a major chance during his reign. Since the start of the Arsacid dynasty, the reverse of the coins had depicted a seated bowman wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Bashlyk" title="Bashlyk">bashlyk</a></i>, which greatly resembled the coins of the Achaemenid satrap <a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a> (d. 362 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bowman was originally depicted seated on a <i><a href="/wiki/Diphros" title="Diphros">diphros</a></i>, however, under Mithridates I this was changed to an <i><a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">omphalos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268–69_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268–69-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">Tetradrachms</a> minted at Seleucia and Susa under Mithridates II, including his early coin mints from central Iran and <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Marw</a> in Margiana, maintained the same style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on the coins minted in Ecbatana and Rhages, a tail-like piece of fabric has been added on the back of the bowman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 117–111 BC, the <i>omphalos</i> was replaced by a highbacked throne, which was originally used in the Achaemenid era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long piece of fabric has also been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During military assemblies and campaigns, a horse or <a href="/wiki/Gorytos" title="Gorytos">gorytos</a> was depicted on the reverse of his coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009151_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009151-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Parthian_Empire_under_Mithridates_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Parthian_Empire_under_Mithridates_II.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Parthian_Empire_under_Mithridates_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Parthian_Empire_under_Mithridates_II.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Parthian_Empire_under_Mithridates_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Parthian_Empire_under_Mithridates_II.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Parthian_Empire_under_Mithridates_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates II</figcaption></figure> <p>Mithridates II is viewed favourably by both ancient and modern historians, who consider him one of the greatest and successful Parthian monarchs to ever rule.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justin says the following about him; </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"He was succeeded by his son Mithridates, to whom his achievements procured the surname of Great; for, being fired with a desire to emulate the merit of his ancestors, he was enabled by the vast powers of his mind to surpass their renown. He carried on many wars, with great bravery, against his neighbours, and added many provinces to the Parthian kingdom. He fought successfully, too, several times, against the Scythians, and avenged the injuries received from them by his forefathers."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Justin, XLI, 2, <sup id="cite_ref-JUS_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JUS-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor20091-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor20091_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayor2009">Mayor 2009</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2005">Schmitt 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201697,_99–100-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht201697,_99–100_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, pp. 97, 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2016100-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2016100_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2016100_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2016">Olbrycht 2016</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201927-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201927_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2019">Curtis 2019</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201269-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201269_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984212–213-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984212–213_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1984">Frye 1984</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011111,_150–151-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011111,_150–151_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 111, 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117–118-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011117–118_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011115–116-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011115–116_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011116–118-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011116–118_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011168-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011168_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoian2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoian2005_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoian2005">Garsoian 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009170–171-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009170–171_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009171-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009171_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009148-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009148_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009149_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015334-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2015334_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2015">Olbrycht 2015</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151–152-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010151–152_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152–153-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010152–153_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye1984193-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye1984193_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrye1984">Frye 1984</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1997681–685-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1997681–685_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1997">Bosworth 1997</a>, pp. 681–685.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010153-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010153_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2010153_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazerani201514-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGazerani201514_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGazerani201514_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGazerani2015">Gazerani 2015</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009168-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009168_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201878-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201878_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa201878_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2018">Dąbrowa 2018</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165,_182_(see_note_57)-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009165,_182_(see_note_57)_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, pp. 165, 182 (see note 57).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009169-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009169_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia201655,_186-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia201655,_186_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, pp. 55, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200712-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200712_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDignasWinter200712_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDignasWinter2007">Dignas & Winter 2007</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sulla*.html#5.4.">Plutarch, <i>Life of Sulla</i> 5.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthwaite200578-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarthwaite200578_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarthwaite2005">Garthwaite 2005</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986525–536-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986525–536_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchippmann1986525–536_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchippmann1986">Schippmann 1986</a>, pp. 525–536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016186–187-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016186–187_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 188–189; <a href="#CITEREFSellwood1976">Sellwood 1976</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFMørkholm1980">Mørkholm 1980</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellwood19762-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellwood19762_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellwood1976">Sellwood 1976</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011225_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013770-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013770_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2013770_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2013">Rezakhani 2013</a>, p. 770.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssar200662-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssar200662_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssar2006">Assar 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197–198-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011197–198_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011226-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011226_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011226_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198–200,_226-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198–200,_226_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 198–200, 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198,_225-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2011198,_225_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2011">Shayegan 2011</a>, pp. 198, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDąbrowa2012179_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201929-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201929_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201929_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2019">Curtis 2019</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDąbrowa2012">Dąbrowa 2012</a>, p. 179; <a href="#CITEREFFrye1984">Frye 1984</a>, p. 217; <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2019">Curtis 2019</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199740-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199740_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht199740_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht1997">Olbrycht 1997</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009155_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrosius2006">Brosius 2006</a>, pp. 101–102; <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2007">Curtis 2007</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellwood1983304-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellwood1983304_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellwood1983">Sellwood 1983</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201928-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201928_57-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2019">Curtis 2019</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis201268–69-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis201268–69_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2012">Curtis 2012</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009151-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2009151_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2009">Olbrycht 2009</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, p. 152; <a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JUS-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JUS_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530143413/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans41.html">XLI.2</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_works">Ancient works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancient works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a>, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_works">Modern works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAssar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Assar, Gholamreza F. 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Kraków.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrum&rft.atitle=Artabanus+of+Trogus+Pompeius%27+41st+Prologue&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Assar&rft.aufirst=Gholamreza+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerman1983" class="citation book cs1">Bickerman, Elias J. (1983). "The Seleucid Period". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods</i></a>. 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Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-645-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Sasanian+Empire%3A+The+Sasanian-Parthian+Confederacy+and+the+Arab+Conquest+of+Iran&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-645-3&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-xtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khodadad_Rezakhani" title="Khodadad Rezakhani">Rezakhani, Khodadad</a> (2013). 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(ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199733309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199733309"><bdi>978-0199733309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacid%2C+Elymaean%2C+and+Persid+Coinage&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199733309&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity". <i>ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474400305" title="Special:BookSources/9781474400305"><bdi>9781474400305</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8">10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=1-256&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctt1g04zr8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781474400305&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schippmann, K. (1986). "Arsacids ii. The Arsacid dynasty". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arsacids-ii"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5</i></a>. pp. 525–536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arsacids+ii.+The+Arsacid+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=525-536&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farsacids-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/personal-names-iranian-iv-parthian">"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Names%2C+Iranian+iv.+Parthian+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersonal-names-iranian-iv-parthian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellwood1976" class="citation journal cs1">Sellwood, David (1976). "The Drachms of the Parthian "Dark Age"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 2–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00132988">10.1017/S0035869X00132988</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203669">25203669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161619682">161619682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Drachms+of+the+Parthian+%22Dark+Age%22&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-25&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161619682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00132988&rft.aulast=Sellwood&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellwood1983" class="citation book cs1">Sellwood, David (1983). "Minor States in Southern Iran". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 299–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X"><bdi>0-521-20092-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minor+States+in+Southern+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=299-322&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-20092-X&rft.aulast=Sellwood&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2011" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&q=false"><i>Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766418" title="Special:BookSources/9780521766418"><bdi>9780521766418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsacids+and+Sasanians%3A+Political+Ideology+in+Post-Hellenistic+and+Late+Antique+Persia&rft.pages=1-539&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521766418&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_gcyC8l80MC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinisi2012" class="citation book cs1">Sinisi, Fabrizio (2012). "The Coinage of the Parthians". In Metcalf, William E. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195305746" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195305746"><bdi>978-0195305746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coinage+of+the+Parthians&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0195305746&rft.aulast=Sinisi&rft.aufirst=Fabrizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMithridates+II+of+Parthia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithridates_II_of_Parthia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo. (2019). A Reconsideration of Mithridates II's Early Reign : A Savior Restores the Eastern Frontier of the Parthian Empire. 43-55 p. In [Parthica : incontri di culture nel mondo antico : 21, 2019][Pisa : Fabrizio Serra, 2019.] - Permalink: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digital.casalini.it/10.19272/201903501003">http://digital.casalini.it/10.19272/201903501003</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Mithridates II of Parthia </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 91 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parthian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parthian monarchs">King of the Parthian Empire</a> </b><br />124–91 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parthian_kings" title="Template:Parthian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parthian_kings" title="Template talk:Parthian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parthian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parthian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Parthian_Empire_(247_BC_–_224_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parthian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parthian monarchs">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> <small>(247 BC – 224 AD)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces I of Parthia">Arsaces I</a> <small>(247–217 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_II_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces II of Parthia">Arsaces II</a> <small>(217–191 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapatius" title="Priapatius">Priapatius</a> <small>(191–170 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_I" title="Phraates I">Phraates I</a> <small>(170/168–165/164 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <small>(165/4–132 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> <small>(132–127 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a> <small>(127–124 BC)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mithridates II</a> <small>(124–91 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a> <small>(91–87/80 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(87–80 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <small>(80–75 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <small>(75–69 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <small>(69–57 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <small>(57–54 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <small>(57–37 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I" title="Pacorus I">Pacorus I</a> <small>(39 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <small>(37–2 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(32 BC)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <small>(2 BC–4 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <small>(2 BC–4 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <small>(4–6 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <small>(6–12 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <small>(12–35 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <small>(35–36 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <small>(36–38/41 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <small>(40–46 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> <small>(40–51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(49–51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <small>(51 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <small>(51–78 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(55–58 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <small>(78–110 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(78–80 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(79–81 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(109–129 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <small>(110–147 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(116–117 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(116 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(129–140 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <small>(147–191 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a><sup>§</sup> <small>(191 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <small>(191–208 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <small>(208–228 AD)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> <small>(213–224 AD)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> usurpers or rival claimants</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/462161332345952420007">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76151776772318010947">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1227006365">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810644755405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52254">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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