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href="#Religious_syncretism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religious syncretism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_syncretism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultures_and_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultures_and_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultures and societies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultures_and_societies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultures and societies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultures_and_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Din-i_Ilahi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Din-i_Ilahi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Din-i Ilahi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Din-i_Ilahi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syncretism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretisme" title="Sinkretisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinkretisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Асинкретизм – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асинкретизм" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توفيق بين الأديان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توفيق بين الأديان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretismu" title="Sincretismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sincretismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretizm" title="Sinkretizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinkretizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সমন্বয়বাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমন্বয়বাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сінкрэтызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінкрэтызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Синкретизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синкретизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretisme" title="Sincretisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sincretisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretismus" title="Synkretismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Synkretismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretisme" title="Synkretisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synkretisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretismus" title="Synkretismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synkretismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnkretism" title="Sünkretism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sünkretism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Συγκρητισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συγκρητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretismo" title="Sincretismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sincretismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretismo" title="Sinkretismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinkretismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretismo" title="Sinkretismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinkretismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تلفیق‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلفیق‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncr%C3%A9tisme" title="Syncrétisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syncrétisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretisme" title="Synkretisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Synkretisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretismo" title="Sincretismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sincretismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%ED%95%A9%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="혼합주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼합주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սինկրետիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինկրետիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretizam" title="Sinkretizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sinkretizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretismo" title="Sinkretismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sinkretismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretisme" title="Sinkretisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinkretisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretismo" title="Syncretismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Syncretismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretismo" title="Sincretismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sincretismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="סינקרטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינקרטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სინკრეტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინკრეტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синкретизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синкретизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretisimo" title="Sinkretisimo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sinkretisimo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синкретизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синкретизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretismus" title="Syncretismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syncretismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkr%C4%93tisms" title="Sinkrētisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sinkrētisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretizmas" title="Sinkretizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinkretizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szinkretizmus" title="Szinkretizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szinkretizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretisma" title="Sinkretisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sinkretisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വിശ്വാസ സമന്വയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിശ്വാസ സമന്വയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რელიგიური სინკრეტიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რელიგიური სინკრეტიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توفيق بين الاديان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توفيق بين الاديان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretisme" title="Sinkretisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sinkretisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretisme" title="Syncretisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syncretisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="シンクレティズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンクレティズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretisme" title="Synkretisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Synkretisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretisme" title="Synkretisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Synkretisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretisme" title="Sincretisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sincretisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretizm" title="Sinkretizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sinkretizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretyzm" title="Synkretyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synkretyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretismo" title="Sincretismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sincretismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincretism" title="Sincretism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sincretism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Синкретизм (философия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синкретизм (философия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syncretism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretizmus" title="Synkretizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Synkretizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretizem" title="Sinkretizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sinkretizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Синкретизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синкретизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretizam" title="Sinkretizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sinkretizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretismi" title="Synkretismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synkretismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkretism" title="Synkretism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synkretism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretismo" title="Sinkretismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinkretismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="การผสานความเชื่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การผสานความเชื่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkretizm" title="Senkretizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Senkretizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Синкретизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синкретизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%B6%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="امتزاج ضدین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امتزاج ضدین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADnh_nguy%C3%AAn_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Tính nguyên hợp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính nguyên hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkretismo" title="Sinkretismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinkretismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%BC%E6%91%84" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the general term. For the linguistic term, see <a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">Syncretism (linguistics)</a>. For the political term, see <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a>. For the religious term, see <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Syncretism" title="Special:EditPage/Syncretism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Syncretism%22">"Syncretism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Syncretism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Syncretism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Syncretism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Syncretism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Syncretism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_Serapis_and_Persephone_Isis_Heraklion_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pluto_Serapis_and_Persephone_Isis_Heraklion_museum.jpg/285px-Pluto_Serapis_and_Persephone_Isis_Heraklion_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pluto_Serapis_and_Persephone_Isis_Heraklion_museum.jpg/428px-Pluto_Serapis_and_Persephone_Isis_Heraklion_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pluto_Serapis_and_Persephone_Isis_Heraklion_museum.jpg/570px-Pluto_Serapis_and_Persephone_Isis_Heraklion_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>The gods <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>-<a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hades_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hades (mythology)">Hades</a>-<a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> syncretism</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Syncretism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the practice of combining different beliefs and various <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">schools of thought</a>. Syncretism involves the merging or <a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">assimilation</a> of several originally discrete <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, thus asserting an underlying unity and allowing for an <a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">inclusive</a> approach to other faiths. While syncretism in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> is sometimes likened to <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclecticism</a>, in the realm of religion, it specifically denotes a more integrated merging of beliefs into a unified system, distinct from eclecticism, which implies a selective adoption of elements from different traditions without necessarily blending them into a new, cohesive belief system. </p><p>The English word is first attested in the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Modern Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">syncretismus</i></span>, drawing on the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">συγκρητισμός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">synkretismos</i></span>), supposedly meaning "Cretan federation." However, this is a spurious etymology derived from the naive idea in <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s 1st-century AD essay on "Fraternal Love (Peri Philadelphias)" in his collection <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i>. He cites the example of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete" title="History of Crete">Cretans</a>, who compromised and reconciled their differences and came together in alliance when faced with external dangers. "And that is their so-called <i>Syncretism</i> [Union of Cretans]." A more likely etymology is from <i>sun-</i> ("with") plus <i>kerannumi</i> ("mix") and its related noun, <i>krasis</i> ("mixture"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_roles">Social and political roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Social and political roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg/170px-Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg/255px-Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg/340px-Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>The use of elephant-shaped column brackets in buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> reflects <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu influences</a> on Mughal Architecture during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> even though Islam generally forbids <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">representation of living figures</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Overt syncretism in folk belief may show cultural acceptance of an alien or previous tradition, but the "other" cult may survive or infiltrate without authorized <i>syncresis</i>. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a> developed a sort of <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> for martyr-victims of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, thus incorporating elements of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> while resisting it. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kushite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushite">Kushite</a> kings who ruled Upper Egypt for approximately a century and the whole of Egypt for approximately 57 years, from 721 to 664 BCE, constituting the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manetho#Aegyptiaca" title="Manetho">Manetho's <i>Aegyptiaca</i></a>, developed a syncretic worship identifying their own god <a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a> with the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>. They maintained that worship even after they had been driven out of Egypt. A temple dedicated to this syncretic god, built by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kushite ruler</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanersa" title="Atlanersa">Atlanersa</a>, was unearthed at <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syncretism was common during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period, with rulers regularly identifying local deities in various parts of their domains with the relevant god or goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Pantheon">Greek Pantheon</a> as a means of increasing the cohesion of their kingdom. This practice was accepted in most locations but vehemently rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, who considered the identification of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Yahweh</a> with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> as the worst of blasphemy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> continued the practice, first by the identification of traditional Roman deities with Greek ones, producing a single <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Greco-Roman pantheon</a>, and then identifying members of that pantheon with the local deities of various Roman provinces. </p><p>Some religious movements have embraced overt syncretism, such as the case of <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">melding Shintō beliefs into Buddhism</a> or the amalgamation of Germanic and Celtic <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Paganism#Pagan_influences_on_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and Paganism">pagan views</a> into <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity#Spread_of_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christianity</a> during its spread into Gaul, Ireland, Britain, Germany and Scandinavia. In later times, Christian missionaries in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>, the spiritual and fundamental life force in the traditional beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian people">Algonquian groups</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/God_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="God of Christianity">God of Christianity</a>. Similar identifications were made by missionaries at other locations in the Americas and Africa who encountered a local belief in a Supreme God or Supreme Spirit of some kind. </p><p>Indian influences are seen in the practice of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27i_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'i Islam">Shi'i Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. Others have strongly rejected it as devaluing and compromising precious and genuine distinctions; examples include post-<a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian captivity of Judah">Exile</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christianity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (June 2017)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Syncretism tends to facilitate coexistence and unity between otherwise different cultures and world views (<a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">intercultural competence</a>), a factor that has recommended it to rulers of multiethnic <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">realms</a>. Conversely, the rejection of syncretism, usually in the name of "<a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>", may help to generate, bolster or authenticate a sense of uncompromised <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural unity</a> in a well-defined minority or majority. </p><p>All major religious conversions of populations have had elements from prior religious traditions incorporated into legends or doctrine that endure with the newly converted <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_syncretism">Religious syncretism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious syncretism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian influences in Islam">Christian influences in Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions#Medieval_period" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions § Medieval period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">New religious movements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg/250px-Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg/330px-Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg/500px-Statue_of_the_god_Anubis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="3089" /></a><figcaption>The god <a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> syncretism</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/130px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/195px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/260px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>The god <a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Romano</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> syncretism</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious syncretism is the blending of two or more religious <a href="/wiki/Belief#Collective_belief" title="Belief">belief systems</a> into a new system, or the incorporation into a religious tradition of beliefs from unrelated traditions. This can occur for many reasons, and the latter scenario happens quite commonly in areas where multiple religious traditions exist in proximity and function actively in a culture, or when a culture is conquered, and the conquerors bring their religious beliefs with them, but do not succeed in entirely eradicating the old beliefs or (especially) practices. </p><p>Religions may have syncretic elements to their beliefs or history, but adherents of so-labeled systems often frown on applying the label, especially adherents who belong to "revealed" religious systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, or any system that exhibits an <a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">exclusivist</a> approach. Such adherents sometimes see syncretism as a betrayal of their pure truth. By this reasoning, adding an incompatible belief corrupts the original religion, rendering it no longer true. Indeed, critics of a syncretistic trend may use the word or its variants as a disparaging epithet, as a charge implying that those who seek to incorporate a new view, belief, or practice into a religious system pervert the original faith. Non-exclusivist systems of belief, on the other hand, may feel quite free to incorporate other traditions into their own. Keith Ferdinando notes that the term "syncretism" is an elusive one,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can refer to substitution or modification of the central elements of a religion by beliefs or practices introduced from elsewhere. The consequence under such a definition, according to Ferdinando, can lead to a fatal "compromise" of the original religion's "integrity".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> society, religious innovators sometimes construct new faiths or key tenets syncretically, with the added benefit or aim of reducing inter-religious discord. Such chapters often have a side-effect of arousing jealousy and suspicion among authorities and ardent adherents of the pre-existing religion. Such religions tend to inherently appeal to an inclusive, diverse audience. Sometimes the state itself sponsored such new movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Living_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Church">Living Church</a> founded in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church" title="German Evangelical Church">German Evangelical Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, chiefly to stem all outside influences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultures_and_societies">Cultures and societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultures and societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moral_syncretism" title="Moral syncretism">Moral syncretism</a></div> <p>According to some authors, "Syncretism is often used to describe the product of the large-scale imposition of one alien culture, religion, or body of practices over another that is already present."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others such as <a href="/wiki/Jerry_H._Bentley" title="Jerry H. Bentley">Jerry H. Bentley</a>, however, have argued that syncretism has also helped to create cultural compromise. It provides an opportunity to bring beliefs, values, and customs from one cultural tradition into contact with, and to engage different cultural traditions. Such a migration of ideas is generally successful only when there is a resonance between both traditions. While, as Bentley has argued, there are numerous cases where expansive traditions have won popular support in foreign lands, this is not always so.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Din-i_Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Din-i Ilahi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/170px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/255px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/340px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption>Akbar the Great holding a court discussing theology</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> proposed a new religion called the <a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi" title="Din-i Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</a> ("Divine Faith"). Sources disagree with respect to whether it was one of many Sufi orders or merged some of the elements of the various religions of his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Din-i Ilahi drew elements primarily from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> but also from <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. More resembling a <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> than a religion, it had no sacred scriptures, no priestly hierarchy, and fewer than 20 disciples, all hand-picked by Akbar himself. It is also accepted that the policy of <i>sulh-i-kul</i>, which formed the essence of the Dīn-i Ilāhī, was adopted by Akbar as a part of general imperial administrative policy. <i>Sulh-i-kul</i> means "universal peace".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The syncretic <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Matthew Tindal</a> undermined Christianity's claim to uniqueness.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_1995_p._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding_1995_p.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern, rational, non-pejorative connotations of syncretism arguably date from <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>'s <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i></span> articles <i>Eclecticisme</i> and <i>Syncrétistes, Hénotiques, ou Conciliateurs</i>. Diderot portrayed syncretism as the concordance of eclectic sources. Scientific or legalistic approaches of subjecting all claims to <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> prompted at this time much literature in Europe and the Americas studying non-European religions such as Edward Moor's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu_Pantheon" title="The Hindu Pantheon">The Hindu Pantheon</a></i> of 1810, much of which was almost evangelistically appreciative by embracing spirituality and creating the space and tolerance in particular <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">disestablishment of religion</a> (or its stronger form, official secularisation as in France) whereby believers of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> and in many cases more innovative or pre-Abrahimic based religions could promote and spread their belief system, whether in the family or beyond.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/120px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflation" title="Conflation">Conflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_religious_belonging" title="Multiple religious belonging">Multiple religious belonging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/syncretism">"syncretism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=syncretism&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsyncretism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> first attests the word <i>syncretism</i> in English in 1618.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKendallAhmed_Mohamed2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kendall, Timothy; Ahmed Mohamed, El-Hassan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jebelbarkal.org/frames/VisGuide.pdf">"A Visitor's Guide to The Jebel Barkal Temples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The NCAM Jebel Barkal Mission</i>. Khartoum: Sudan. Nubian Archeological Development Organization (Qatar-Sudan): 34 & 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+NCAM+Jebel+Barkal+Mission&rft.atitle=A+Visitor%27s+Guide+to+The+Jebel+Barkal+Temples&rft.pages=34+%26+94&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Ahmed+Mohamed%2C+El-Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjebelbarkal.org%2Fframes%2FVisGuide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTörök2002" class="citation book cs1">Török, László (2002). <i>The Image of the Ordered World in Ancient Nubian Art: The Construction of the Kushite Mind, 800 BC–300 AD</i>. Probleme der Ägyptologie. Vol. 18. Leiden: Brill. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004123069" title="Special:BookSources/9789004123069"><bdi>9789004123069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+the+Ordered+World+in+Ancient+Nubian+Art%3A+The+Construction+of+the+Kushite+Mind%2C+800+BC%E2%80%93300+AD&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Probleme+der+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789004123069&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlupona2014" class="citation book cs1">Olupona, Jacob K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781"><i>African Religions: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979058-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979058-6"><bdi>978-0-19-979058-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781">839396781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Religions%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F839396781&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979058-6&rft.aulast=Olupona&rft.aufirst=Jacob+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F839396781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerdinando,_K.1995" class="citation book cs1">Ferdinando, K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missiology.org.uk/pdf/cotterell-fs/15_ferdinando.pdf">"Sickness and Syncretism in the African Context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Antony Billington; Tony Lane; Max Turner (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BlqxOQAACAAJ"><i>Mission and Meaning: Essays Presented to Peter Cotterell</i></a>. Paternoster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853646761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853646761"><bdi>978-0853646761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sickness+and+Syncretism+in+the+African+Context&rft.btitle=Mission+and+Meaning%3A+Essays+Presented+to+Peter+Cotterell&rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0853646761&rft.au=Ferdinando%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missiology.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fcotterell-fs%2F15_ferdinando.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerdinando1995" class="citation book cs1">Ferdinando, Keith (1995). "Sickness and Syncretism in the African Context". In Billington, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Max_Turner_(theologian)" title="Max Turner (theologian)">Turner, Max</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missiology.org.uk/pdf/cotterell-fs/15_ferdinando.pdf"><i>Mission and Meaning: Essays Presented to Peter Cotterell</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paternoster Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853646761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853646761"><bdi>978-0853646761</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-30</span></span>. <q>The Christian faith is inevitably assimilated in terms of the existing structures of thought of its adherents, whatever their culture. Nevertheless, there are points at which the worldview of any people will be found to be incompatible with central elements of the gospel; if conversion to Christianity is to be more than purely nominal, it will necessarily entail the substantial modification of the traditional worldview at such points. Where this does not occur it is the Christian faith which is modified and thus relativised by the worldview, and the consequence is syncretism. [...] The term 'syncretism' [...] is employed here of the substitution or modification of central elements of Christianity by beliefs of practices introduced from elsewhere. The consequence of such a process is fatally to compromise its integrity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sickness+and+Syncretism+in+the+African+Context&rft.btitle=Mission+and+Meaning%3A+Essays+Presented+to+Peter+Cotterell&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0853646761&rft.aulast=Ferdinando&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmissiology.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fcotterell-fs%2F15_ferdinando.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Claus and Margaret A. Mills, <i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i>: (Garland Publishing, Inc., 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Din-i-Ilahi">"Dīn-i Ilāhī | Indian religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=D%C4%ABn-i+Il%C4%81h%C4%AB+%7C+Indian+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDin-i-Ilahi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoychoudhury1941" class="citation book cs1">Roychoudhury, Makhanlal (1941). <i>The Din-i-Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar</i>. University of Calcutta. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3312929">3312929</a>. <q>Din-i-Ilahi ... was not a new religion; it was a Sufi order ... in which all the principles enunciated are to be found in the Quran and in the practices in the contemporary Sufi orders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Din-i-Ilahi%2C+or%2C+The+Religion+of+Akbar&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3312929&rft.aulast=Roychoudhury&rft.aufirst=Makhanlal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/804548/why-putting-less-mughal-history-in-school-textbooks-might-not-be-a-bad-idea">"Why putting less Mughal history in school textbooks may be a good idea"</a>. 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+putting+less+Mughal+history+in+school+textbooks+may+be+a+good+idea&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F804548%2Fwhy-putting-less-mughal-history-in-school-textbooks-might-not-be-a-bad-idea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/912757835 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/911397953 cite #12 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/finding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746">"Finding Tolerance in Akbar, the Philosopher-King"</a>. 10 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+Tolerance+in+Akbar%2C+the+Philosopher-King&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.in%2Fentry%2Ffinding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/912757835 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/911397953 cite #13 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding_1995_p.-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harding_1995_p._14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarding1995" class="citation book cs1">Harding, A.J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ie1ZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22matthew+tindal%22+%22syncretism%22+%22deism%22"><i>The Reception of Myth in English Romanticism</i></a>. Tall Buildings and Urban Environment. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1007-4"><bdi>978-0-8262-1007-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reception+of+Myth+in+English+Romanticism&rft.series=Tall+Buildings+and+Urban+Environment&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1007-4&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Die1ZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522matthew%2Btindal%2522%2B%2522syncretism%2522%2B%2522deism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Syncretism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Syncretism">"Syncretism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syncretism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssmann1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a> (1997). <i>Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-58738-0"><bdi>978-0-674-58738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+the+Egyptian%3A+The+Memory+of+Egypt+in+Western+Monotheism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-674-58738-0&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a> (2008). "Translating Gods: Religion as a Factor of Cultural (Un)Translatability". In de Vries, Hent (ed.). <i>Religion: Beyond a Concept</i>. Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823227242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823227242"><bdi>978-0823227242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translating+Gods%3A+Religion+as+a+Factor+of+Cultural+%28Un%29Translatability&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+Beyond+a+Concept&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0823227242&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>HadžiMuhamedović, Safet (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/HadziMuhamedovicWaiting"><i>Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape</i></a>. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.</li> <li>HadžiMuhamedović, Safet (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/ethnoscripts/article/view/1233/1121">"Syncretic Debris: From Shared Bosnian Saints to the ICTY Courtroom"</a>. In: A. Wand (ed.) <i>Tradition, Performance and Identity Politics in European Festivals</i> (special issue of <i>Ethnoscripts</i> 20:1).</li> <li>Cotter, John (1990). <i>The New Age and Syncretism, in the World and in the Church</i>. Long Prairie, Minn.: Neumann Press. 38 p. <i>N.B</i>.: The approach to the issue is from a conservative Roman Catholic position. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911845-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-911845-20-8">0-911845-20-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPakkanen1996" class="citation book cs1">Pakkanen, Petra (1996). <i>Interpreting Early Hellenistic Religion: A Study Based on the Mystery Cult of Demeter and the Cult of Isis</i>. Foundation of the Finnish Institute at Athens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-95295-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-95295-4-7"><bdi>978-951-95295-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Early+Hellenistic+Religion%3A+A+Study+Based+on+the+Mystery+Cult+of+Demeter+and+the+Cult+of+Isis&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Finnish+Institute+at+Athens&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-951-95295-4-7&rft.aulast=Pakkanen&rft.aufirst=Petra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2010) [2008]. <i>God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6433-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6433-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-6433-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+Translation%3A+Deities+in+Cross-Cultural+Discourse+in+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6433-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyncretism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syncretism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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