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id="toc-Strange_phenomenon_in_Cavite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_20,_Tuesday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_20,_Tuesday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>July 20, Tuesday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_20,_Tuesday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_20_evening_quake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_20_evening_quake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>July 20 evening quake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_20_evening_quake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_22,_Thursday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_22,_Thursday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>July 22, Thursday</span> </div> 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:none"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_relief_location_map_(Luzon_mainland).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes is located in Luzon"><img alt="1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes is located in Luzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg/260px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg/390px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg/520px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="529" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.456%;left:30.832%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Taal Volcano"><img alt="Taal Volcano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/40px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/60px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/80px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:21px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a></div></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Luzon</span></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:none"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_relief_location_map_(square).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes is located in Philippines"><img alt="1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes is located in Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg/260px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg/390px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg/520px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.538%;left:40.68%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes"><img alt="1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/40px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/60px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/80px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610" /></span></span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Philippines</span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local date</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">July 18, 1880</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">July 20, 1880</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local time</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">12:40</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">15:40</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">22:50</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">70 seconds<br />45 seconds<br />35 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Magnitude</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">7.0 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000006-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">7.6 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">7.2 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depth</th><td class="infobox-data">2 km (1 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Epicenter</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&params=14_0_40_N_120_59_50_E_region:PH_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°0′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°59′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.01111°N 120.99722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.01111; 120.99722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fault</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Fault">Philippine Fault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip">Strike-slip</a><sup id="cite_ref-Phivolcs_fore_aftershocks_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phivolcs_fore_aftershocks-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quezon Province">Quezon Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total damage</th><td class="infobox-data">Building collapsed, casualties</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Maximum">Max.</abbr> intensity</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color:rgba(200, 0, 0); padding:4px; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Rossi%E2%80%93Forel_scale#rfs-10" title="Rossi–Forel scale"><span style="color:white;">RFS X (<i>Extremely high intensity tremor</i>)</span></a></span><br /><span style="background-color:rgba(164, 0, 0); padding:4px; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#mmi-11" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale"><span style="color:white;">MMI XI (<i>Extreme</i>)</span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tsunami</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landslides</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreshocks</th><td class="infobox-data">5.0 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mww" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Mw mag. from W-phase">M<sub>ww</sub></span></a>, 4.9 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mww" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Mw mag. from W-phase">M<sub>ww</sub></span></a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Aftershocks</th><td class="infobox-data">1,900 (833 felt) including 6.2 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mww" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Mw mag. from W-phase">M<sub>ww</sub></span></a> Aftershock </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Casualties</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes</b>, were one of the most destructive tremors on record in the history of the country. The shocks continued, with greater or less interruption, from July 14–25, 1880; highlighted by three violent quakes measuring <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a> 7.0, M<sub>w</sub>  7.6, and M<sub>w</sub>  7.2 respectively. The sequence destroyed churches and other buildings, producing loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-AJS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coinciding with the tectonic activity was an increase in volcanic activity in the <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a> of southwestern Luzon. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Manila</a>, together with the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a> were the chief victims from the convulsions, with Manila and Laguna receiving the full brunt of the quakes. In many places, buildings were converted into shapeless heaps of ruins, and the materials of their prosperity buried beneath the rubbish.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_94_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG_94-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_events">Chronology of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chronology of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_vibrations">Initial vibrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial vibrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vibrations began during the months of April and May, in the northern provinces of Luzon. The center of oscillation, as indicated by the directions registered at Manila, appears to coincide with a volcano, which has been long extinct, situated between Lepanto (now part of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a> provinces, in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Cordillera_of_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Cordillera of Luzon">Central Cordillera of Luzon</a>, in latitude 16° 22' N and longitude 127° E, according to the Spanish Observatory of San Fernando. At first the movements were weak and little frequent, but in the month of June they became quite intense, and extended from north to south over a large zone. This direction never changed; and the few discordances recorded appear to have been a result of haste or want of care in the method of taking the observations, exactness being hardly attainable without special instruments for the purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-AJS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a> was observed to start showing increase in activity from June 8 and sometimes at night the crater is covered with glare.<sup id="cite_ref-Saderra_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saderra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in July some vibrations were felt, but from the 5th to the 14th none were recorded at Manila or any point on the island. On the July 14 at 12:53 p.m., as a storm from the northeast of Luzon was threatening as indicated by an extraordinary fall of the barometer, the first shock occurred. After this first tremor, there were two more shocks at the end of an hour and a half. On the 15th and 16th no perceptible shocks occurred; and on the 17th, only two small shocks.<sup id="cite_ref-AJS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_18,_Sunday"><span id="July_18.2C_Sunday"></span>July 18, Sunday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: July 18, Sunday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the 18th at 12:40 p.m., occurred the first great shock described as one of oscillation, also of "trepidation," and spoken of commonly at the time as one of rotation. Its duration was 70 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-AJS_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people immediately ran for places of security, and those in the streets were filled with confusion, Some ran without a fixed direction; others fell on their knees, giving forth fearful cries. The sight presented by the city was frightful in the extreme; for seventy mortal seconds the city was in oscillation, and the inclinations threatened to raze to the ground the creaking edifices; the noise of the falling buildings increased the general panic.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_58_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG_58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first shocks were slight, which gave time for people to run out of the houses to places of security accounting for lesser loss of life. The quake also happened on a Sunday, the public and private establishments being closed, permitted the families to be collected. Had the earthquake happened at night with the majority using lamp with kerosene oil, nothing could have stopped a fallen lamp from spreading fire to a fallen building.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_58_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG_58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Manila, among the buildings which sustained damage on the 18th, was the Mint House, which suffered considerably in the first story. Orders were given to pull down the buildings which threatened any danger to the pedestrians, and engineers were going around surveying the buildings, examining the interior of the dwellings, ordering out the inhabitants where danger existed. The pillars supporting some of the wooden houses were found forced into the earth by one-fourth of their length. </p><p>From then on, small tremors continued throughout the day. The frightened, terrified look of the people going through the streets, the slightest noise being sufficient to startle and set every soul running out of the houses to the middle of the streets, and to the squares, every slight shock of the earth strikes terror into the soul of every one, each and every one expecting unheard-of calamity. Whole families were emigrating from the city to the country on a large scale. </p><p>The view during the earthquake from the vessels in the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>, was, as described by an eyewitness, something to be seen to be appreciated. The rocking to and fro of the buildings was something terrific, the vessels moving about and bumping each other as though in a heavy seaway; the water of the river, bubbling up and mixed with the black mud of the river, was all the colour of ink; hundreds of people rushed off to the ships and remained all night. In <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, the same bubbling appearance was observable on the water, and the shock was distinctly felt on board the ships; the water's depth close in shore had been shallowed by some four feet in some places. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lingayen,_Pangasinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayen, Pangasinan">Lingayen, Pangasinan</a>, some 200 kilometers (120 mi) north of Manila, the earthquake occurred at 12:42 p.m., reported as violent, oscillating NE to SE, with a duration of 1 minute 50 seconds accompanied by deep subterranean noise. In <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Laguna" title="Santa Cruz, Laguna">Santa Cruz</a>, Laguna province, 60 kilometers (37 mi) SE of Manila, the shock was also felt at 12:42 p.m. and continued for more than a minute. The Government House, the Convent, the Telegraphic Office and the rest of the province formed a single mass of ruins. In <a href="/wiki/Tayabas" title="Tayabas">Tayabas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Tayabas</a> province, the oscillation continued for 2 minutes and 30 seconds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strange_phenomenon_in_Cavite">Strange phenomenon in Cavite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strange phenomenon in Cavite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the occasion of the earthquake, the people in <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite</a> across the bay saw Manila enveloped in a dense cloud of dust, and thought that Manila was completely destroyed. A very interesting phenomenon was also observed in Cavite. During the intensity of the earthquake, in the anchorage of Cavite, columns of black mud were seen to burst up, with a strong smell of sulphur. The very interesting phenomenon was also observed in Manila a few days previous to the destructive earthquake of 1863, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Puente_Colgante_(Manila)" title="Puente Colgante (Manila)">Colgante suspension bridge</a> on Pasig River. A column of blackish water was seen to burst up, which attracted the attention of the people. In 1869, the same phenomenon occurred in Manila, then also previous to an earthquake. </p><p>In Cañacao, Cavite and a few other places crevices were opened, and from them fine sand and dirty water were ejected. In one of these crevices that opened in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, the crack was so wide and deep it was reported that an old man and a boy disappeared in it. </p><p>The day after, July 19 in the afternoon, <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a> started issuing large mass of smoke, according to a telegraphic news from <a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_20,_Tuesday"><span id="July_20.2C_Tuesday"></span>July 20, Tuesday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: July 20, Tuesday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From that first shock on July 18, there was an uninterrupted series of small shocks which continued until July 20 at 3:40 p.m., when then occurred a repetition of extraordinary violence, with movements of oscillation and trembling ("trepidation") lasting 45 seconds. The earth shook again reducing to complete ruins the buildings partially destroyed and damaged buildings being secured, startling many workmen who were engaged in the reconstructing the city. Clouds of dust covered the whole town in a few seconds afterwards and obscuring the view of everything.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_94_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG_94-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as the earthquake ceased, the authorities turned out into the streets, amongst whom the first were the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a>, the Archbishop and General Director of the Civil Administration, the Civil Governor, and the Colonial Secretary, giving to every one who saluted them a consoling word. </p><p>Crevices were opened in several places, and among them the Plaza de Palacio. Numerous buildings have sustained damage, some of them completely razed to the ground. The highest buildings suffered most, such as churches, palaces, and towers. The <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">belfry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> that survived the great 1863 earthquake fell in. A detailed description of list of damage would be considered too long and almost unnecessary. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cathedral_before_the_1880_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The newly reconstructed Manila Cathedral, destroyed by the 1863 earthquake, with the surviving belfry from the previous cathedral."><img alt="The newly reconstructed Manila Cathedral, destroyed by the 1863 earthquake, with the surviving belfry from the previous cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Manila_Cathedral_before_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/200px-Manila_Cathedral_before_the_1880_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Manila_Cathedral_before_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/300px-Manila_Cathedral_before_the_1880_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Manila_Cathedral_before_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/400px-Manila_Cathedral_before_the_1880_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The newly reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a>, destroyed by the 1863 earthquake, with the surviving belfry from the previous cathedral.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cathedral_belfry_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The belfry destroyed in the afternoon of July 20, 1880."><img alt="The belfry destroyed in the afternoon of July 20, 1880." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manila_Cathedral_belfry_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/200px-Manila_Cathedral_belfry_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manila_Cathedral_belfry_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/300px-Manila_Cathedral_belfry_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manila_Cathedral_belfry_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/400px-Manila_Cathedral_belfry_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The belfry destroyed in the afternoon of July 20, 1880.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Telegraphic news from the provinces was received, giving the time and strength of the shock felt at each place. In <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%B1an" title="Biñan">Biñan</a>, Laguna province, the church, court house, and all the brick houses were destroyed. </p><p>One circumstance as a precursor of tranquility was the eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a>, which was ignited the day before, sending forth a large quantity of smoke, a fact which may be regarded as a favorable change in the geological state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_20_evening_quake">July 20 evening quake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: July 20 evening quake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With those ever-present movements of trepidation at short intervals, the pendulum continued oscillating during all the evening in a NE and SW direction. At 10:40 p.m. occurred the third violent repetition, which lasted 55 seconds; the violence of earthquake was even greater than that afternoon of the 20th. It was also greater than that of the 18th. </p><p>The state of the city and the whole provinces of Luzon, where all the brick buildings, together with some of the wooden houses with metallic roofs, have sustained damage of more or less consideration, and with especially those of Manila which are in a complete ruin. </p><p>The Governor-General sent by <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> the details of the earthquake of the 18th on the afternoon of the 20th to Spain, but as soon as that was forwarded, the terrific earthquake of the 20th was felt at 3:40 p.m., owing to which he began to telegraph anew, after going through the streets to infuse peace into the minds of the inhabitants with his presence. </p><p>With the shocks of the night of the 20th, the part of the bell tower of the old Cathedral that was still standing, came almost completely to the ground, the debris falling upon two adjoining houses which had been rendered uninhabitable for the last two days. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila" title="Santa Ana, Manila">Santa Ana, Manila</a>, all the brick houses came to the ground, some of them built at great expense, and with iron roofs. The church was rendered useless, and a mass was said the day before in the middle of the field by all the residents. </p><p>From the port city of <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite</a>, large numbers of inhabitants have abandoned their houses to go to the neighboring village of San Roque in view of the security offered by houses of light construction. The panic is great, and terror is painted in all faces. Those who could not leave this place contented themselves by living in lower houses, fearing a repetition of the earthquake. In Cañacao, the public buildings have sustained more or less damage, and in some places boiling water was poured forth from crevices in the earth opened by the shocks. In a place called Sapa, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Pandacan" title="Pandacan">Pandacan</a> in Manila, several crevices were opened, some of two palms wide, from which a kind of clay was thrown out; the day before these crevices were somewhat reduced in width. </p><p>According to the opinion of persons from the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Observatory" title="Manila Observatory">Observatory in Manila</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, the center of the great geological commotion of the last few days was described as covering Manila and Laguna especially. In the rest of the provinces the effect was believed to be of smaller consideration. </p><p>The greatest portion of the private establishments, both inside and outside the walls of Manila were closed and the sight was a mournful one to contemplate; very few pedestrians were to be seen, and the carriage traffic was considerably reduced. Many local families passed the night of the 20th in the fields and public grounds, some of them being exposed to the rain which fell at daylight. </p><p>A pastoral letter was published by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Manila">Archbishop of Manila</a> of that time, Fray Pedro Payo, infusing consolation and devotion into the people asking them to practice <a href="/wiki/Penitence" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitence">penitence</a> in order to decrease the anger of God. According to this pastoral, a mass was to be celebrated in the camp of <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Bagumbayan</a> on the 22nd, to which the army and navy, public officers, would have to be present by order of the Governor General. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_22,_Thursday"><span id="July_22.2C_Thursday"></span>July 22, Thursday</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: July 22, Thursday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vibrations continued, but there was a marked diminution in frequency and intensity. A reassuring wire from the Jesuit Fathers regarding the earthquake reported that the commotions continue, but it is observed in them a sensible decrease in the shortness of the intervals as well as in the intensity of the shocks. The pendulum of the seismometer, which had not been quiet since the 18th up to 3 p.m. of the 21st, that morning and evening had been several times in complete quietness. From the 21st in the morning, the state of Taal volcano has improved and presumed returning to its normal condition, as reported from Lipa. </p><p>The mass in Bagumbayan camp took place this day. The ceremony was imposing in the extreme, after which the <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">Benediction</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> followed. The congregation dispersed in processional form. </p><p>A petition was sent to the Secretary of State for the Colonies by wire, requesting an increase in the public works staff to give a greater impulse to the works of reconstruction. </p><p>An immense number of residents sought refuge afloat on board the steamers in the bay and in the port, and also in every insignificant vessel in the harbor during the shakings. In the <i>Cadiz</i> alone there are no less than twenty families, with some forty or more children; some forty people were in the <i>Churruca</i>, and as many in the <i>Elcano</i>; eighty in the <i>Salvadora</i>. Even in the dredging vessel five or six families found refuge shortly after the violent trepidation of the 20th and several more in the <a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">lorcha</a> and boats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_23_thereafter">July 23 thereafter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: July 23 thereafter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seismometer pendulum at the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Observatory" title="Manila Observatory">Manila Observatory</a>, which had not been quiet since the 18th until 3 p.m. of the 21st, was motionless for long intervals in the three following days. On the 25th, at 4:02 a.m., another shock was felt. It was of feeble intensity, yet of interest since the record bears evidence as to the gradual change in the center of seismic radiation which had been in progress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taal_Volcano">Taal Volcano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taal Volcano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning June 8, <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a> was observed to be more active than normal, and sometimes at night the crater was covered with a glare. From July 17 to 21, subterranean noises were heard, and many witnesses in <a href="/wiki/Talisay,_Batangas" title="Talisay, Batangas">Talisay</a>, a town located along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a> some 6 miles (9.7 km) distant from <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Volcano Island</a>, reported small balls of fire (apparently about 2.5 feet (0.76 m) in diameter) appeared periodically above the crater. These balls after reaching a considerable height burst into small fragments, some of which fell back into the crater and the remainder upon the exterior slope.<sup id="cite_ref-Saderra_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saderra-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased in activity and eruption of July 20 though is not accounted as an eruption of Taal Volcano based on the eruption history of Taal.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Agustin_Church,_Manila_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Agustin Church in Manila, which survived the great earthquakes of 1645 and 1863, was severely damaged by the tremors of 1880."><img alt="San Agustin Church in Manila, which survived the great earthquakes of 1645 and 1863, was severely damaged by the tremors of 1880." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/San_Agustin_Church%2C_Manila_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/200px-San_Agustin_Church%2C_Manila_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/San_Agustin_Church%2C_Manila_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/300px-San_Agustin_Church%2C_Manila_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/San_Agustin_Church%2C_Manila_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg/400px-San_Agustin_Church%2C_Manila_after_the_1880_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="San Agustin Church, Manila">San Agustin Church</a> in Manila, which survived the great earthquakes of 1645 and 1863, was severely damaged by the tremors of 1880.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Agustin_Church_and_its_remaining_standing_bell_tower_(the_on_the_left_was_destroyed_by_an_earthquake)_(17106345010).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The earthquake changed San Agustin into a single-belfry church."><img alt="The earthquake changed San Agustin into a single-belfry church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/San_Agustin_Church_and_its_remaining_standing_bell_tower_%28the_on_the_left_was_destroyed_by_an_earthquake%29_%2817106345010%29.jpg/200px-San_Agustin_Church_and_its_remaining_standing_bell_tower_%28the_on_the_left_was_destroyed_by_an_earthquake%29_%2817106345010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/San_Agustin_Church_and_its_remaining_standing_bell_tower_%28the_on_the_left_was_destroyed_by_an_earthquake%29_%2817106345010%29.jpg/300px-San_Agustin_Church_and_its_remaining_standing_bell_tower_%28the_on_the_left_was_destroyed_by_an_earthquake%29_%2817106345010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/San_Agustin_Church_and_its_remaining_standing_bell_tower_%28the_on_the_left_was_destroyed_by_an_earthquake%29_%2817106345010%29.jpg/400px-San_Agustin_Church_and_its_remaining_standing_bell_tower_%28the_on_the_left_was_destroyed_by_an_earthquake%29_%2817106345010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5479" data-file-height="3653" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The earthquake changed San Agustin into a single-belfry church.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_observations">Other observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The severest shocks seem to have been felt over the whole island of Luzon about 400 miles (640 km) North to South, and 200 miles (320 km) East to West. From observations taken it seems that the difference in the time between the extreme points was not more than ten minutes. </p><p>It appears that at the time of the great shock on the 18th, it was ebb tide; and the water in the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> suddenly rose 3.5 feet (1.1 m), and almost as suddenly fell again. Thousands of fish were found lying on the surface of the water in the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_121_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG_121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was calculated that the top of a building thirty feet from the ground was thrown 5 feet (1.5 m) out of its perpendicular; and one of the towers of the cathedral oscillated over 20 feet (6.1 m). </p><p>In one of the provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Nipa_hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa hut">local houses</a>, which are built of bamboo and thatch, were sent flying; that canoes were thrown out of the water; and the growing rice torn out of the ground. The earth sunk in many places, the bed of one river had sunk 6 feet (1.8 m). Great chasms, 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 m) wide and of immense depth, were ripped in the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_121_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG_121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic churches of <a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Gracia_Church" title="Nuestra Señora de Gracia Church">Guadalupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paco_Church" title="Paco Church">Paco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandacan_Church" title="Pandacan Church">Pandacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Church_(Manila)" title="Santa Ana Church (Manila)">Santa Ana</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_Church_(Manila)" title="San Sebastian Church (Manila)">San Sebastian</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Church_(Manila)" title="San Miguel Church (Manila)">San Miguel</a> were in ruins. Within the walls of Manila the <a href="/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)" title="San Agustin Church (Manila)">San Augustin Church</a>, San Francisco Church and Santo Domingo Church were very seriously damaged. The Landnay barracks were down and the soldiers took refuge in one of the cigar factories. The barracks near the Luneta went down and the men built <a href="/wiki/Nipa_hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa hut">nipa huts</a> there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the earthquakes of 1880 a commission composed of engineers of public works was appointed to study the ruins caused by these earthquakes, to point out the defects in the structure of the buildings that had been damaged, and to formulate rules which would be more practical than the ones previously drawn up for the rebuilding and repairing of the city. Jose Centeno, engineer of mines, was entrusted with this task. His memoir, <i>Temblores de tierra occuridos en Julio de 1880 en la Isla de Luzon</i>, is one of the best that has been published from a descriptive point of view. He personally covered the whole territory in which these earthquakes had been most violent, and hence was able to determine, with the precision possible in such cases, the meizoseismic areas of the three destructive earthquakes that took place from July 14 to 21.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reconstruction of the city was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineers</a> who adopted the traditional combination formula, while adapting this to the adverse seismic conditions. It was recommended that the ground floor of buildings should be constructed using a timber framework with multiple ties and that the external walls should be brick-built.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy roofing made from tiles was discouraged in favor of the new lighter <a href="/wiki/Galvanized_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized iron">galvanized iron</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Santiago_1880_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The front structure of Fort Santiago in Manila with tiled roof before it was destroyed by the earthquake of 1880."><img alt="The front structure of Fort Santiago in Manila with tiled roof before it was destroyed by the earthquake of 1880." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fort_Santiago_1880_gate.jpg/280px-Fort_Santiago_1880_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fort_Santiago_1880_gate.jpg/420px-Fort_Santiago_1880_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fort_Santiago_1880_gate.jpg/560px-Fort_Santiago_1880_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The front structure of Fort Santiago in Manila with tiled roof before it was destroyed by the earthquake of 1880.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Santiago_gate_and_moat_in_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The reconstructed structure with galvanized iron roof in 1903."><img alt="The reconstructed structure with galvanized iron roof in 1903." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fort_Santiago_gate_and_moat_in_1903.jpg/280px-Fort_Santiago_gate_and_moat_in_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fort_Santiago_gate_and_moat_in_1903.jpg/420px-Fort_Santiago_gate_and_moat_in_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fort_Santiago_gate_and_moat_in_1903.jpg/560px-Fort_Santiago_gate_and_moat_in_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The reconstructed structure with galvanized iron roof in 1903.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">List of earthquakes in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_earthquakes" title="List of historical earthquakes">List of historical earthquakes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Phivolcs_fore_aftershocks-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phivolcs_fore_aftershocks_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/10465-foreshock-mainshock-aftershock-sequece-of-the-18-august-2020-mw-6-6-masbate-earthquake">"Foreshock-Mainshock-Aftershock Sequence of the 18 August 2020 Mw 6.6 Masbate Earthquake"</a>. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. August 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreshock-Mainshock-Aftershock+Sequence+of+the+18+August+2020+Mw+6.6+Masbate+Earthquake&rft.pub=Philippine+Institute+of+Volcanology+and+Seismology&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2F10465-foreshock-mainshock-aftershock-sequece-of-the-18-august-2020-mw-6-6-masbate-earthquake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1880+Southern+Luzon+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJS_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJS_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPcQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA52">"American Journal of Science – Art.V. The earthquake of the Philippine Islands, July 1880"</a>, pp. 52–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JG_94-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JG_94_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JG_94_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSopAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA94">"The Earthquakes of Manila and the Provinces"</a>, pp. 94–95. <i>Japan Gazette</i>, Vol. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saderra-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saderra_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saderra_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maso, Saderra (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SbPK_T9cljYC&pg=PA17">"Seismic and Volcanic Centers of the Philippine Archipelago"</a>. p.17. Bureau of Public Printing, Manila.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JG_58-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JG_58_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JG_58_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSopAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58">"Terrible Earthquake at Manila, at noon of July 18th, 1880"</a>, pp.58–63. Japan Gazette, Vol. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/images/IEC/taal%20flyer.pdf">"Taal Volcano Flyer – Chronology of Historical Eruptions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930002945/http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/images/IEC/taal%20flyer.pdf">Archived</a> September 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Retrieved on November 27, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JG_121-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JG_121_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JG_121_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSopAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121">"The Earthquake in Manila"</a>, pp.121–122. The Japan Gazette, Vol.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maso, Saderra and Smith, Warren (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DojzAAAAMAAJ">"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America"</a>, pp. 154–155. Stanford University, California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zialcita, Fernando. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aenet.org/manila-expo/page18.htm">"Bahai-na-cubo, Bahai-na-bato: Houses of Nipa Palm, Wood and Stone"</a>. Discovering Philippines. Retrieved on January 12, 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1628_Camarines_earthquake" title="1628 Camarines earthquake">1628 Camarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1645_Luzon_earthquake" title="1645 Luzon earthquake">1645 Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Manila_earthquake" title="1863 Manila earthquake">1863 Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Surigao_earthquake" title="1879 Surigao earthquake">1879 Surigao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1880 Southern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Mindanao_earthquakes" title="1897 Mindanao earthquakes">1897 Mindanao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Sulawesi%E2%80%93Mindanao_earthquake" title="1913 Sulawesi–Mindanao earthquake">1913 Sulawesi–Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Celebes_Sea_earthquake" title="1918 Celebes Sea earthquake">1918 Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Lady_Caycay_earthquake" title="1948 Lady Caycay earthquake">1948 Lady Caycay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Lanao_earthquake" title="1955 Lanao earthquake">1955 Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Casiguran_earthquake" title="1968 Casiguran earthquake">1968 Casiguran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Ragay_Gulf_earthquake" title="1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake">1973 Ragay Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Moro_Gulf_earthquake" title="1976 Moro Gulf earthquake">1976 Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Luzon_earthquake" title="1983 Luzon earthquake">1983 Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Mindoro_earthquake" title="1988 Mindoro earthquake">1988 Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Bohol_Sea_earthquake" title="1990 Bohol Sea earthquake">1990 Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Panay_earthquake" title="1990 Panay earthquake">1990 Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake" title="1990 Luzon earthquake">1990 Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Mindoro_earthquake" title="1994 Mindoro earthquake">1994 Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Luzon_earthquake" title="1999 Luzon earthquake">1999 Luzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Mindanao_earthquake" title="2002 Mindanao earthquake">2002 Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Mindanao_earthquakes" title="2010 Mindanao earthquakes">2010 Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Negros_earthquake" title="2012 Negros earthquake">2012 Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Samar_earthquake" title="2012 Samar earthquake">2012 Samar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bohol_earthquake" title="2013 Bohol earthquake">2013 Bohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Surigao_earthquake" title="2017 Surigao earthquake">2017 Surigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Batangas_earthquakes" title="2017 Batangas earthquakes">2017 Batangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Leyte_earthquake" title="2017 Leyte earthquake">2017 Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Luzon_earthquake" title="2019 Luzon earthquake">2019 Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Eastern_Samar_earthquake" title="2019 Eastern Samar earthquake">2019 Eastern Samar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2019_Cotabato_earthquake" title="July 2019 Cotabato earthquake">July 2019 Cotabato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Batanes_earthquake" title="2019 Batanes earthquake">2019 Batanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Cotabato_earthquakes" title="2019 Cotabato earthquakes">October 2019 Cotabato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Davao_del_Sur_earthquake" title="2019 Davao del Sur earthquake">2019 Davao del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Masbate_earthquake" title="2020 Masbate earthquake">2020 Masbate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Davao_del_Sur_earthquake" title="2021 Davao del Sur earthquake">2021 Davao del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Davao_Oriental_earthquake" title="2021 Davao Oriental earthquake">2021 Davao Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Luzon_earthquake" title="2022 Luzon earthquake">2022 Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2023_Mindanao_earthquake" title="November 2023 Mindanao earthquake">November 2023 Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2023_Mindanao_earthquake" title="December 2023 Mindanao earthquake">December 2023 Mindanao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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