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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe - Pierre Riché - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Carolingians.html?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Carolingians.html?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C"/><meta name="title" content="The Carolingians"/><meta name="description" content="Pierre Riché traces the emergence of Europe from the seventh to the early eleventh century, the period that witnessed the rise, fall, and revival of the Carolinian Empire. It was during this time the first contours of a broad new civilization and the first visible signs of European unity are discernable.Until the seventh century Europe was simply a geographic term; as Isidore of Seville defined it, Europe was "the space that extended from the river Don to Spain and the Atlantic." By the ninth century, however, Europe had gradually acquired a collective being with a shared identity. The political, cultural, and spiritual activity of laymen and churchmen had fostered the creation of a common European fold, which stretched from the Atlantic to the Vistula, and the plains of the middle Danube.The transformation was due in large part to the Carolinians, their relations, and their allies, who together became the masters of Gaul and then much of the West. 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","Pid":"PA125","PgNum":"125","Order":146},{"Title":"The Regionalization of Power ","Pid":"PA132","PgNum":"132","Order":153},{"Title":"THE GOAL ","Pid":"PA145","PgNum":"145","Order":166},{"Title":"The Revolt of 830 ","Pid":"PA152","PgNum":"152","Order":173},{"Title":"THE PARTITION OF 843 ","Pid":"PA160","PgNum":"160","Order":181},{"Title":"THE EMPIRE Disbanded 843869 ","Pid":"PA170","PgNum":"170","Order":191},{"Title":"The Kings in Their Kingdoms ","Pid":"PA178","PgNum":"178","Order":199},{"Title":"CHARLES THE BALD THE LAST GREAT CAROLINGIAN ","Pid":"PA197","PgNum":"197","Order":218},{"Title":"THE END OF THE IMPERIAL IDEAL 877888 ","Pid":"PA211","PgNum":"211","Order":232},{"Title":"The Kingdoms of Middle Gaul ","Pid":"PA226","PgNum":"226","Order":247},{"Title":"The German Kingdom ","Pid":"PA228","PgNum":"228","Order":249},{"Title":"TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION IN THE FIRST HALF ","Pid":"PA239","PgNum":"239","Order":260},{"Title":"The Carolingian Restoration in Western Francia ","Pid":"PA246","PgNum":"246","Order":267},{"Title":"THE CAROLINGIAN RESTORATION 936 TO THE CLOSE ","Pid":"PA255","PgNum":"255","Order":276},{"Title":"The Restoration of the Empire ","Pid":"PA267","PgNum":"267","Order":288},{"Title":"A Crossroads of Ottonians and Carolingians ","Pid":"PA274","PgNum":"274","Order":295},{"Title":"THE CAROLINGIAN CHURCH ","Pid":"PA285","PgNum":"285","Order":306},{"Title":"Difficult Beginnings ","Pid":"PA296","PgNum":"296","Order":317},{"Title":"The Expansion of Christendom ","Pid":"PA298","PgNum":"298","Order":319},{"Title":"THE CAROLINGIANS AND THE RENEWAL OF WESTERN ","Pid":"PA312","PgNum":"312","Order":333},{"Title":"The Successors of the Carolingians ","Pid":"PA322","PgNum":"322","Order":343},{"Title":"Kings and Books ","Pid":"PA335","PgNum":"335","Order":356},{"Title":"9 ","Pid":"PA340","PgNum":"340","Order":361},{"Title":"The Heirs of the Carolingian Kings ","Pid":"PA350","PgNum":"350","Order":371},{"Title":"Map of Merovingian and Carolingian Gaul ","Pid":"PA365","PgNum":"365","Order":386},{"Title":"20 ","Pid":"PA381","PgNum":"381","Order":402},{"Title":"120 ","Pid":"PA383","PgNum":"383","Order":404}]}},"table_of_contents_page_id":"PR7","max_resolution_image_width":1280,"max_resolution_image_height":1994,"num_toc_pages":8,"quality_info":"We know this book has perfect quality.","volume_id":"Tcjy7bCmFL0C","permission_info":"Pages displayed by permission of \u003ca class=link_aux href=\"https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C\u0026pg=PA42\u0026q=http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress\u0026clientid=ca-print-pennpress\u0026linkid=1\u0026usg=AOvVaw3t1ZDJ69nExsMBiR3qSCqX\u0026source=gbs_pub_info_r\"\u003eUniversity of Pennsylvania Press\u003c/a\u003e","is_ebook":false,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":false,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"University of Pennsylvania Press","publication_date":"1993","subject":"History","num_pages":398,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"Pierre Riché traces the emergence of Europe from the seventh to the early eleventh century, the period that witnessed the rise, fall, and revival of the Carolinian Empire. It was during this time the first contours of a broad new civilization and the first visible signs of European unity are discernable.Until the seventh century Europe was simply a geographic term; as Isidore of Seville defined it, Europe was \"the space that extended from the river Don to Spain and the Atlantic.\" By the ninth century, however, Europe had gradually acquired a collective being with a shared identity. The political, cultural, and spiritual activity of laymen and churchmen had fostered the creation of a common European fold, which stretched from the Atlantic to the Vistula, and the plains of the middle Danube.The transformation was due in large part to the Carolinians, their relations, and their allies, who together became the masters of Gaul and then much of the West. Riché traces the destiny of the Carolingians and the parallel history of Europe, stressing the roles of the leaders who imposed themselves by force, diplomacy, and culture.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DTcjy7bCmFL0C%26q%3Dlater%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA42","highlights":[{"X":268,"Y":242,"W":27,"H":14},{"X":272,"Y":437,"W":27,"H":12},{"X":400,"Y":473,"W":26,"H":14},{"X":108,"Y":668,"W":26,"H":13},{"X":444,"Y":757,"W":26,"H":14}],"flags":8,"order":63,"vq":"later"}]},null,{"number_of_results":88,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR19","page_number":"xix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e section , the organization of regional principalities and the rebirth of the empire . I conclude with a general portrait of European civilization emphasizing the varied activities of princes in the domains of politics , re- ligion\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e across the region bounded by the Alps and the Danube , Iller , and Enns rivers — were administered by several noble families , the most eminent of which were the Agilolfings . Yet the prologue of the first Bavarian law code of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e Dagobert I. The so - called \u0026quot; century of Dagobert , ” which in fact lasted 25 years , was a period of comparative stability . By means of intimidation or diplomacy , the kings were able to hold together the disparate patchwork of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e become a model for the whole west . While the bishops of the barbar- ian kingdoms were united behind their kings , they also upheld the pri- macy of the bishop of Rome , the vicar of Christ . Pilgrimages to Rome and the tombs of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... his own properties , which \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e came to be known as Remiremont . Arnulf hoped to join him and relinquish his episcopal responsibilities , but Chlotar II refused permission . Only after the death of 16 I. The Rise of the Carolingians."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e a leading family in Bavaria — had sought to harm the interests of Arnulf and Pippin . The bishop and the mayor com- plained to King Dagobert , who temporized , but finally ordered Chro- doald\u0026#39;s murder . Here we have one example of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e called St. Amand . In 640 , he persuaded the widow of Pippin , Itta , to establish a monastery on her lands at Nivelles , with three small churches , whose remains were excavated between 1941 and 1953. One of these was dedicated\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e Fosses - la - Ville ) , near Namur . This foundation was still known as the \u0026quot; Scots \u0026#39; monastery \u0026quot; ( monasterium scottorum ) in the ninth century , and it served as a base for the missionary monks who traversed northern Gaul\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA25","page_number":"25","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e became mayor of the palace , but his attempts to restore the harsh policies of Ebroin led to discontent in Neus- tria . Certain of the great nobles , among them Bishop Reolus of Reims , hoped to maintain their privileges and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e time would speak of familial alliances between the \u0026quot; senators \u0026quot; of the south and the Arnulfings . By the close of the seventh century , the fierce Gascon mountain war- riors , the Basques , had advanced toward the Garonne River\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA36","page_number":"36","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e call \u0026quot; tyrants . ” These were laymen and ecclesiastics who had set up autonomous princedoms across the north of the Frankish realm . Thus Ragenfred ruled at Angers until his death in 731 , and Bishop Godwin of Lyon governed a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e the weak or needful turned to the mayor of the palace . Hence in the For- mulary of Marculf , compiled between 650 and the early eighth century , we find a model charter of protection granted by the king , but effective by the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e in the Main basin , the abbeys of Tauberbischofsheim , Kitzingen , and Ochsenfurt , the last of which he en- trusted to the Anglo - Saxon nuns Lioba and Thecla . Despite the oppo- sition of the Austrasian bishops , he also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA42","page_number":"42","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e retired to Remiremont and left to Murbach a large part of his landed wealth . Likewise , his sister Odilia is supposed to have withdrawn as abbess to Hohenburg , \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e called Mont- Sainte - Odile ; a tenth - century vita would\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e form the bishopric of Eichstätt . At this point , the laws of the Bavarians were revised and repromulgated in the name of the Merovingian King Theuderic IV . Charles hoped to maintain his influence in Bavaria by means of Boniface\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e made by Carolin- gian propagandists to discredit the Aquitainians and embellish Charles\u0026#39;s exploits . But when the new governor of Muslim Spain invaded and rav- aged Aquitaine by way of Gascony in 732 , Odo sought help from Charles\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA45","page_number":"45","snippet_text":"... on other relatives and friends in the region , such as the Hugobertian Count Theuderic of Autun and Mâcon and Count Adalhard of Chalon , as well as on abbeys like Flavigny , which \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e became a great 4. Charles Martel 45."},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e distinguish other emper- ors in the west . Agreement between east and west was , however , not to last . Between 726 and 729 , Emperor Leo III ( 717–741 ) launched the lengthy and violent Iconoclastic Controversy with a series of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA48","page_number":"48","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e bear on the history of the Carolingians . POPE GREGORY III As papal successor in 731 , Gregory III also sought to pursue the difficult objectives of restoring the exarch of Ravenna and negotiating with the Lombard king . But in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA49","page_number":"49","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e moved on to renown as bishop of Metz . CHARLES MARTEL AND ST . DENIS As a friend of the abbey of St. Denis , Charles confided the education of his son Pippin to its monks , and in doing so , he broke with the Merovin- gian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA58","page_number":"58","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , Boniface received the arch- bishopric of Mainz , but this concession merely underscored the decline of his influence , for his authority was limited to one area of the eastern region of the kingdom . No bishop in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA68","page_number":"68","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e David with holy oil ; he thereby affirmed for all to see that they were filled with divine grace . Gregory the Great , who was much read in the Anglo - Saxon world , wrote in his Commentary on the Book of Kings : \u0026quot; He who is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA70","page_number":"70","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e circumstances had changed on both sides of the Alps . Zacharias\u0026#39;s greatest fears were realized when Aistulf seized Ravenna without the least resistance and thereby brought an end to Byzantine rule in northern Italy . The king now\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e wrote to Pippin . He arrived at St. Maurice - in - Valais before winter , but suffered the disappointment of finding two envoys there rather than Pippin himself . Fulrad of St. Denis and Duke Rothard were to guide the pope to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA78","page_number":"78","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e populate the foundation by Pirmin at Gegenbach in the Black Forest , while Pirmin himself helped Count Cancor to estab- lish the abbey of Lorsch on the right bank of the Rhine across from Worms . Cancor , the son of Duke\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA81","page_number":"81","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e played an active role in advancing administrative skills and methods . Along with the notaries who could draft documents in correct Latin , we should also remember the ju- rists who modeled new documents on examples from\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA86","page_number":"86","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e he renounced this undertaking . At age 21 , the young duke hoped to make a powerful state of his realm , and he enjoyed the especial support of leading clerics like Bishops Virgil of Salzburg and Arbeo of Freising , and the Irish\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA92","page_number":"92","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e transformed into the epic hero of the Song of Roland . The disaster as it actually happened was less dra- matic than the eleventh - century poem , but in 778 , it added to the misfor- tunes of an already difficult year . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA103","page_number":"103","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e chronicles , including that of Widukind . Saxon society was composed of three groups of persons : the nobility , who possessed castles and strongholds ; a mass of free men ; and the lazzi , or semi - free slaves . Although the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA108","page_number":"108","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e reported : Human memory can recall no war against the Franks which so greatly prof- ited and enriched them . Indeed , although up to then they almost seemed to be paupers , they found so much gold and silver in the palace of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA113","page_number":"113","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e forced to flee to Charlemagne\u0026#39;s court in 808. Charlemagne and the pope worked to restore the refugee to his throne in York , but no “ Frankish protectorate \u0026quot; arose in Northumbria as some have contended . Charlemagne did , however\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA115","page_number":"115","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e earn the name by which it is known from the castles that bristled across its landscape . Alfonso II had established his capital at Oviedo amid a newly built complex of grandiose churches and palaces . Like Charlemagne , he\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e took his name as St. Guillaume - du - Désert . The Franks soon regained their foothold south of the Pyrenees and established the Spanish March . In 801 , Louis captured Barcelona while to the north- west Pamplona and Navarre came\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA119","page_number":"119","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLater\u003c/b\u003e , he commissioned a revealing program of mosaics for the triclinium , or audience hall , of his Lateran palace : on one side , Christ was depicted granting keys to Saint Peter and a banner to Constantine ; on the other , St. Peter\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA123","page_number":"123","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e marked the history of medieval Europe . THE GREEK REACTION Byzantium reacted negatively to the events of 800. The leaders of the east rejected the usurpation wrought by the pope and the Franks ; they found scandal in the very\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e be said of the Capetian kings , he had to draw on the resources of his personal possessions and the lands of the royal fisc . These lands were situated in the valleys of the Aisne and the Oise ( for example , at Quierzy , Attigny\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , on the morning of 28 January 814 , Charlemagne died after a week - long illness . He was interred the same day in an ancient sarcophagus beneath the pavement of the royal chapel . The death of Charlemagne brought bewilderment\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA140","page_number":"140","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e the historian Nithard would longingly re- member how the great emperor had \u0026quot; left all Europe filled with every goodness . \u0026quot; In his own lifetime , Charlemagne had ruled a Europe whose diverse lands he had done much to unite . In\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA146","page_number":"146","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e arose con- cerning the unction of Clovis by Archbishop Remigius , the actual history of Reims as a site of French royal coronations began with this event . ) Louis subsequently granted Pope Pascal I ( 817–824 ) a privilege\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA153","page_number":"153","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e wrote more simply : Instead of fortifying the state , as was his duty , Bernard totally destroyed it through his inconsiderate misuse of power . Although Bernard was married , he had relegated his wife , Dhuoda , to Uzès . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e emerged as the Netherlands , Belgium , Switzerland , and Italy . This idea proved so durable that Joseph Calmette could still remark in his generally balanced synthesis L\u0026#39;Effondrement d\u0026#39;un empire et la nais- sance d\u0026#39;une Europe\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA167","page_number":"167","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e chronicler would report , but to keep the lands of powerful episcopal vassals inside his kingdom . Hence , the problems of benefices and fealty weighed heavily in the negotiations that led to the treaty ratified at Verdun . As\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA168","page_number":"168","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e known as Franche - Comté - to the east , while further south one passed once again from the “ kingdom \u0026quot; to the empire by crossing the Rhône . The border of the \u0026quot; kingdom \u0026quot; as fixed at Verdun is still visible today near the Argonne\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA176","page_number":"176","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e librarian at the Lateran Palace , Pope Nicholas affirmed that by the authority of Peter and Paul , the Apostolic See held the highest of all powers : that it had the right to control the life of all churches ; that all synods must\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA179","page_number":"179","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e dispersed among his eight children . After Eberhard\u0026#39;s death ( ca. 864 ) , the March of Friuli passed first to his eldest son , Unruoch , and then to his illustrious second son , Berengar , the future king of Italy and an ally by\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA183","page_number":"183","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e for his imperial reign . For the leaders of the Franks were first called kings and then emperors , those at least who were anointed with holy oil for this purpose by the pope . Thanks to his great piety , my great - grandfather\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA185","page_number":"185","snippet_text":"... , and this enlarged realm \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e earned him the epithet \u0026quot; the German . \u0026quot; His lands extended from the Rhine east to the Elbe and from the Baltic Sea south to the Bavarian Alps . However vast , his 3. The Empire Disbanded 185."},{"page_id":"PA187","page_number":"187","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e known as Charles the Fat , took Richardis , daughter of Count Erchangar of Alemannia . To the north , what would \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e become Franconia was as yet an assemblage of regions ( Gaue ) and counties under the control of several nobles\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA193","page_number":"193","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e displaced by Bernard Hairyfoot . Meanwhile in central Aquitaine , scions of the Carolingian house controlled the county of Poitou . Count Ramnulf I ( d . 866 ) of Poitou was born of the marriage of Hilde- gard , daughter of Louis\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA196","page_number":"196","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e be hailed as the most illustrious ancestor of the Capetian monarchs of France . Because his sons , Odo and Robert , were as yet too young to assume his charge , the Neustrian duchy was entrusted to Hugh the Abbot , a Welf stepson\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA197","page_number":"197","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , the husband and wife of twenty - four years separated and Ermentrude retired to a monastery . LOTHARINGIA Throughout this period Charles the Bald was much taken by the affairs of Lotharingia . He devoted special attention to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA199","page_number":"199","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e came to be celebrated in legend as \u0026quot; Gerard of Roussillon . ” Charles the Bald estab- lished his brother - in - law Boso over the Lyonnais and Viennois , and the new count soon learned to take best advantage of his promotion\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA200","page_number":"200","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e explain , \u0026quot; Charles distinguished himself by his virtue , his struggles in the service of religion , and his care to honor the clergy and foster its edu- cation . God chose him for the honor and exaltation of the holy Roman church\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA203","page_number":"203","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , he would exploit this marital connection to further his own royal ambitions in Francia . Meanwhile , John VIII became ever more insistent , exclaiming in one of his many letters to Charles the Bald : Come , most excellent of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA216","page_number":"216","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , as he hunted with compan- ions in the forest of Bézu , near Les Andelys , the king suffered an accidental leg wound , and a week \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e he died at age seventeen on 12 December 884 . Fate thus hammered away at the Carolingian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA222","page_number":"222","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , others gladly followed suit . Within the kingdoms that emerged , lesser princes also carved out narrower dominions , which they ruled more or less au- tonomously . By the early tenth century , the bulk of political power had\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA228","page_number":"228","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e known as Franconia , several leading families vied for supremacy . The Babenberg clan , so named after a family castle , controlled the valley of the upper Main . About 880 , the family managed for a time to expand its power\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA236","page_number":"236","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e controlled both St. Quentin and Péronne . Baldwin II eliminated oppo- sition from Herbert I by arranging for his assassination in 907. As part of another scheme to stabilize maritime relations with Britain , the count of Flanders\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA240","page_number":"240","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , after two interim pontificates , Marozia arranged for the election of her own son , a child of her prior liaison with Pope Sergius III ( 904-911 ) , as Pope John XI . Marozia now reigned as mistress of the papal palace and 240\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA243","page_number":"243","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e known as Brandenburg . Henry completed this first episode of Saxony\u0026#39;s Drang nach Osten ( push to the east ) by capturing the fortress at Lenzen and building a military outpost farther south on the Elbe at Meissen . Two Saxon\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA248","page_number":"248","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e slain by Count Henry of Babenberg . Finally , Alfred the Great of Wessex had con- sented to the settlement of Vikings in a region known as the Danelaw , north of a line between the Thames estuary and Chester . These precedents no\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA254","page_number":"254","snippet_text":"A Family Who Forged Europe Pierre Riché. A year \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , in 936 , both kings died . Historians have amply demon- strated that Henry fared much better than Ralph in his efforts to shore up royal power against local and regional\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA256","page_number":"256","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e reported that Hugh sought to make amends for the crimes of lèse - majesté suffered by Charles the Simple and that he hoped to restore general concord by reestablishing the legitimate dynasty . Many historians have rejected this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA261","page_number":"261","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e do . During the reign of Lothar IV , royal coinage was still struck at Chinon , Bourges , Clermont , and Bordeaux , hence in regions where the king no longer enjoyed direct authority . Meanwhile , the Caro- lingians of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA265","page_number":"265","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e he met with Count Raymond Pons of Toulouse and other Aquitainian magnates at Nevers . A passage from the historian Richer of Reims offers a revealing account of the king\u0026#39;s activities : The king negotiated with them concerning the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA268","page_number":"268","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e another at Olden- burg , which was made subject to the archbishop of Hamburg . Although the Slavs consistently resisted Saxon Christianity and political domination , Otto crushed and then executed an army of Obodrite warriors\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA270","page_number":"270","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e reluctantly ratified the accord whereby Berengar II became viceroy in ex- change for doing homage to the German ruler . Otto , however , detached the strategic marches of Verona and Aquileia from the kingdom of Italy and conferred\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA273","page_number":"273","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e a bishopric was established at Posnan whose first incumbent was Jordan , a missionary who seems to have come from either Lotharingia or Aquitaine . The arch- bishop of Magdeburg considered this new bishop as his suffragan . But\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA274","page_number":"274","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e marriage by Geza to a Polish princess favored German missionary influence . Although Geza fostered the Christian mission , he does not appear himself to have received Baptism ; for him it sufficed to conclude a durable peace with\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA278","page_number":"278","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , on 2 March 986 , Lothar died . Lothar\u0026#39;s son Louis V , was nineteen years old when he reached the throne in 978. He lacked the political skills of his father , and was en- couraged by his mother , Queen Emma , to effect a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA283","page_number":"283","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , there existed a new network of institutions and economic structures destined to endure for many centuries . Likewise , the kings , nobility , and clergy of this transformed Europe had brought about a remarkable cultural\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA295","page_number":"295","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e dared to arrange his own election as pope without the prior approval of the imperial missi . Above all , Nicholas I vigorously af- firmed the authority of Rome over all the other churchmen and kings in the service of morality and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA299","page_number":"299","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e the Danish king Harald was solemnly baptized at Ingelheim . He departed home with Ansgar , a monk of Corbie , who established the first church in Denmark and \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e advanced into Sweden as far as Birka . In 831 Ansgar became the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA307","page_number":"307","snippet_text":"... ( \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e giving bonshommes , or \u0026quot; upstanding citizens , ” in French ) . As public power progressively fragmented , the vicarii , originally surrogates of the counts , assumed the right to pronounce high justice , and gradually replaced the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA308","page_number":"308","snippet_text":"... . Otherwise , they settled for building camps ( castra ) in the frontier regions . However , when enemies \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e successfully invaded the empire , citadels sprang up everywhere at strategic points , notably in 308 V. The New Europe."},{"page_id":"PA326","page_number":"326","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e settled at the Frankish court , such as Paul the Deacon , Peter of Pisa , and Paulinus , \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e arch- bishop of Aquileia , helped to shape Charlemagne\u0026#39;s policies . But in 871 the king met the Anglo - Saxon scholar Alcuin in Parma\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA327","page_number":"327","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLater\u003c/b\u003e Charlemagne even encouraged the bishops to establish rural schools in villages and ham- lets , thus harking back to a decision of the Synod of Vaison of 529. Little is known of this \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e effort of reform except for what can be\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA328","page_number":"328","snippet_text":"... resolved to establish the needed facili- ties as means became available . Three years \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e the emperor reminded them of their commitment : Do not neglect to organize well - functioning schools for 328 V. The New Europe."},{"page_id":"PA329","page_number":"329","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e Pope Eugenius II followed the king\u0026#39;s example and opened schools in the bishoprics and important towns of the lands of St. Peter , where instruction would be given in the liberal arts and sacred doctrine . After the partition of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA334","page_number":"334","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eLater\u003c/b\u003e , Charles also sought answers from Ratramnus and Lupus of Ferrières con- cerning the notion of predestination espoused by the monk Gottschalk and condemned by Hincmar of Reims , whereby God was said to have foreordained that some\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA336","page_number":"336","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e , Dagulf headed a team of scribes ordered to prepare a psalter subsequently presented to Pope Ha- drian I. About 800 , the workshops at Aachen also produced a set of luxury manuscripts represented by the richly decorated Ada\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA344","page_number":"344","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e he reported his achievements to Charlemagne . He even noted that he had prepared an apartment for the king should he someday visit the region , which he never did . Meanwhile , the bishop of Vienne expanded his own cathedral\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA347","page_number":"347","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e enlarged in 867 , the Westwerk still survives . From its upper gallery , the king participated at liturgical events much as he might have done from the elevated throne of the Royal Chapel at Aachen . The magnificent Carolingian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA351","page_number":"351","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e bequeathed to St. Emmeram in Regensburg . Although Hugh Capet himself knew no Latin , he ensured that his son received the very best education . In 972 , he entrusted the boy to Gerbert of Aurillac , the schoolmaster of Reims . At\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA352","page_number":"352","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e described by Richer of Reims : I believe , said the emperor , that reflection and frequent exchanges advance human knowledge provided that appropriate subjects are chosen and dis- cussed in language mutually agreed upon by all\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA355","page_number":"355","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e Heribert of Cologne ( d . 1021 ) , a former chancellor of Otto III , enlarged the mon- astery of St. Pantaleon originally founded by Bruno . Here as well , Em- press Theophano was buried in 991. The Westwerk of this structure\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA358","page_number":"358","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e received Nonantola . Similarly , Reichenau maintained artistic con- nections with active Italian centers such as Milan , where ivory carvings were produced akin to those executed in the north . The city of Rome also experienced a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA362","page_number":"362","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e medieval cathedrals as well , as the doubled east / west apses still seen on many \u003cb\u003elater\u003c/b\u003e churches in the lands of Lotharingia and the Rhine basin . The heritage of the Carolingian period was institutional as well . The hierarchical\u0026nbsp;..."}],"search_query_escaped":"later"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>