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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical ancient unit of measurement</div> <p> The <b>megalithic yard</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical">hypothetical</a> ancient <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">unit of length</a> equal to about 2.72 feet (0.83 m).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Information1964_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Information1964-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kipfer2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipfer2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers believe it was used in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> structures. The proposal was made by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Thom" title="Alexander Thom">Alexander Thom</a> as a result of his surveys of 600 megalithic sites in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thom1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thom1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thom also proposed the <b>megalithic rod</b> of 2.5 megalithic yards, or on average across sites 6.77625 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As subunits of these, he further proposed the <b>megalithic inch</b> of 2.073 centimetres (0.816 in), one hundred of which are included in a megalithic rod, and forty of which composed a megalithic yard. Thom applied the statistical <i>lumped variance test</i> of J.R. Broadbent<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on this quantum and found the results significant,<sup id="cite_ref-KelleyMilone2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KelleyMilone2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have challenged his statistical analysis and suggested that Thom's evidence can be explained in other ways, for instance that the supposed megalithic yard is in fact the average length of a <a href="/wiki/Pace_(unit)" title="Pace (unit)">pace</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_units">Other units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalithic_yard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Other units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thom suggested that "There must have been a headquarters from which standard rods were sent out but whether this was in these islands or on the Continent the present investigation cannot determine."<sup id="cite_ref-Thom1976_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thom1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret Ponting has suggested that artefacts such as a marked bone found during excavations at <a href="/wiki/Dail_M%C3%B2r" title="Dail Mòr">Dail Mòr</a> near <a href="/wiki/Callanish" title="Callanish">Callanish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patrickholme_bone_bead" title="Patrickholme bone bead">Patrickholme bone bead</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire" title="Lanarkshire">Lanarkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalgety_bone_bead" title="Dalgety bone bead">Dalgety bone bead</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> have shown some evidence of being <a href="/wiki/Measuring_rod" title="Measuring rod">measuring rods</a> based on the megalithic yard in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruggles2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruggles2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> rod from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> fortified settlement at <a href="/wiki/Borre_Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Borre Fen">Borre Fen</a> measured 53.15 inches (135.0 cm) with marks dividing it up into eight parts of 6.64 inches (16.9 cm). Euan Mackie referred to five-eighths of this rod 33.2 inches (84 cm) as "<i>very close to a megalithic yard</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-North1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a> measuring rod recovered from a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> burial mound in Borum Eshøj, East Jutland by P. V. Glob in 1875 measured 30.9 inches (78 cm). Keith Critchlow suggested this may have shrunk 0.63 inches (1.6 cm) from its original length of one megalithic yard over a period of 3000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Critchlow1979_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Critchlow1979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thom made a comparison of his megalithic yard with the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units#Vara_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">vara</a>, the pre-metric measurement of Iberia, whose length was 2.7425 feet (0.8359 m). Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Euan_Mackie" class="mw-redirect" title="Euan Mackie">Euan Mackie</a> noticed similarities between the megalithic yard and a unit of measurement extrapolated from a long, marked shell from <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo Daro</a> and ancient measuring rods used in mining in the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrol (region)">Tyrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKie1977_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKie1977-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian <i>gaz</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Sumerian šu-du3-a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKie1977_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKie1977-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/John_Michell_(writer)" title="John Michell (writer)">John Michell</a>, Mackie also noted that it is the diagonal of a rectangle measuring 2 by 1 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian remens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michell1978_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michell1978-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacKie1977a_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKie1977a-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2011)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Kappraff" title="Jay Kappraff">Jay Kappraff</a> has noted similarity between the megalithic yard and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> <i>short yard</i> of 33 inches (0.84 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Kappraff2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kappraff2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Macaulay" title="Anne Macaulay">Anne Macaulay</a><sup id="cite_ref-MacaulayBatchelor2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacaulayBatchelor2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that the megalithic rod is equal in length to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> fathom</i> of (2.072 metres (6.80 ft))<sup id="cite_ref-Kappraff2002_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kappraff2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from studies by Eric Fernie of the <a href="/wiki/Metrological_Relief" title="Metrological Relief">Metrological Relief</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-London1981_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London1981-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalithic_yard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thom's proposals were initially ignored or regarded as unbelievable by mainstream archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-KendallHodson1974a_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KendallHodson1974a-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clive Ruggles, citing astronomer Douglas C. Heggie, has said that both classical and Bayesian statistical reassessments of Thom's data "reached the conclusion that the evidence in favour of the megalithic yard was at best marginal, and that even if it does exist the uncertainty in our knowledge of its value is of the order of centimetres, far greater than the 1mm precision claimed by Thom. In other words, the evidence presented by Thom could be adequately explained by, say, monuments being set out by pacing, with the 'unit' reflecting an average length of pace."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_George_Kendall" title="David George Kendall">David George Kendall</a> makes the same argument,<sup id="cite_ref-KelleyMilone2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KelleyMilone2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and says that pacing would have created a greater difference in measurements between sites, and that a statistical analysis of sites would reveal whether they were measured by pacing or not. In an investigation for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> Kendall concluded that there was evidence of a uniform unit in Scottish circles but not in English circles, and that further research was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-KendallHodson1974b_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KendallHodson1974b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistician P. R. Freeman reached similar conclusions and found that two other units fit the data as well as the yard.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas Heggie casts doubt on Thom's suggestion as well, stating that his careful analysis uncovered "little evidence for a highly accurate unit" and "little justification for the claim that a highly accurate unit was in use".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Rings of Stone: The Prehistoric Stone Circles of Britain and Ireland.</i> <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Burl" title="Aubrey Burl">Aubrey Burl</a> calls the megalithic yard "a chimera, a grotesque statistical misconception."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most researchers have concluded that there is marginal evidence for a standardized measuring unit, but that it was not as uniform as Thom believed.<sup id="cite_ref-KelleyMilone2011_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KelleyMilone2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_a_geometric_derivation">Arguments for a geometric derivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalithic_yard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arguments for a geometric derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derivation_of_Megalithic_Yard_from_Remen_and_Royal_Cubit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Derivation_of_Megalithic_Yard_from_Remen_and_Royal_Cubit.png/220px-Derivation_of_Megalithic_Yard_from_Remen_and_Royal_Cubit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Derivation_of_Megalithic_Yard_from_Remen_and_Royal_Cubit.png/330px-Derivation_of_Megalithic_Yard_from_Remen_and_Royal_Cubit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Derivation_of_Megalithic_Yard_from_Remen_and_Royal_Cubit.png/440px-Derivation_of_Megalithic_Yard_from_Remen_and_Royal_Cubit.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Explanation of how some have derived Thom's Megalithic Yard unit of measure from metrological land measure relationships established historically in Egypt's Dynastic periods</figcaption></figure> <p>Some commentators upon Thom's megalithic yard (John Ivimy and then Euan Mackie<sup id="cite_ref-Macke_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macke-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) have noted how such a measure could relate to geometrical ideas found historically in two Egyptian metrological units; the remen of about 1.2 feet and royal cubit of about 1.72 feet. The remen and royal cubit were used to define land areas in Egypt: "On documentary and other evidence Griffith came to the conclusion that the square on the royal cubit was intended to be twice that on the remen; and Petri identified the remen as a length of 20 digits".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A square with side length equal to the diagonal of a square with side length equal to one remen has an area of one square royal cubit, ten thousand (a myriad) of which defined an Egyptian land measure, the setat.<sup id="cite_ref-Macke_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macke-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Ivimy noted that "The ratio MY : Rc is SQRT(5) : SQRT(2) to the nearest millimeter, which makes the MY equal to SQRT(5) remens, or the length of a 2 × 1 remen rectangle."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see figure at right. </p><p>The main weakness in this argument is probably that, in order to derive their yard, the builders of the megalithic monuments would have needed the remen and royal cubit, upon which this geometrical relationship relies. However, since the megalithic constructs of the British Isles and northern France predate the pyramids by millennia, this supposed counter-argument is anachronistic. </p><p>Recent work by John Michell (<i>Ancient Metrology</i>, <i>The Lost Science of Measuring the Earth</i>), John Neal (<i>All Done with Mirrors</i>), Richard and Robin Heath (various works on British megalithic circles and on Carnac) make a case for the connection of the megalithic yard with a systemic relation of geodetics and the lunation cycle. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euclid_13-4_metrology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Euclid_13-4_metrology.png/220px-Euclid_13-4_metrology.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Euclid_13-4_metrology.png/330px-Euclid_13-4_metrology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Euclid_13-4_metrology.png/440px-Euclid_13-4_metrology.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>An explanation of how Euclid 13:4, as a precursor to the construction of the dodecahedron, natively unifies the royal cubit, remen, megalithic yard and foot.</figcaption></figure> <p>A fresh proposal demonstrating a correlation between four units of measure (the royal cubit, the remen, the megalithic yard and the foot) examines the text of Euclid<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Megalithic_yard#Dubious" title="Talk:Megalithic yard">discuss</a></i>]</sup>in light of the ancient cosmological implications of the dodecahedron's construction atop a cube. The approach demonstrates that the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>, as an encircled pentagram, is a shorthand glyph for the Platonic <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">quintessence</a> (dodecahedron) and that they both represented the fabric of the celestial canopy covering the earth (cube). In this example, given side AB equals 10 <a href="/wiki/Royal_cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal cubits">royal cubits</a> (5.236067 meters), then side DB equals 20 remen and line GB equals 1 megalithic yard. The difference between the royal cubit and the megalithic yard is 1 foot.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalithic_yard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalithic_yard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thom, Alexander. The megalithic unit of length, <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Statistical Society">Journal of the Royal Statistical Society</a>, A 125, 243–251, 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Information1964-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Information1964_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Thom1964" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Thom (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2iCzjpnd4EC&pg=PA690"><i>New Scientist</i></a>. Reed Business Information. pp. 690–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Scientist&rft.pages=690-&rft.pub=Reed+Business+Information&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft.au=Alexander+Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2iCzjpnd4EC%26pg%3DPA690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipfer2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kipfer2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Ann_Kipfer2000" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Ann Kipfer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA344"><i>Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology</i></a>. Springer. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3"><bdi>978-0-306-46158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+dictionary+of+archaeology&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46158-3&rft.au=Barbara+Ann+Kipfer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXneTstDbcC0C%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thom1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thom1995_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald_Stevenson_Thom1995" class="citation book cs1">Archibald Stevenson Thom (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o0HbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Walking in all of the squares: a biography of Alexander Thom : engineer, archaeoastronomer, discoverer of a prehistoric calendar, the geometry of stone rings and megalithic measurement</i></a>. Argyll Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874640-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874640-66-0"><bdi>978-1-874640-66-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+in+all+of+the+squares%3A+a+biography+of+Alexander+Thom+%3A+engineer%2C+archaeoastronomer%2C+discoverer+of+a+prehistoric+calendar%2C+the+geometry+of+stone+rings+and+megalithic+measurement&rft.pub=Argyll+Pub.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-874640-66-0&rft.au=Archibald+Stevenson+Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do0HbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thom, Alexander., The larger units of length of megalithic man, Journal for the Royal Statistical Society, A 127, 527-533, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broadbent S.R., Quantum hypothesis, Biometrika, 42, 45–57 (1955)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KelleyMilone2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KelleyMilone2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KelleyMilone2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KelleyMilone2011_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_H._KelleyEugene_F._MiloneAnthony_F._(FRW)_Aveni2011" class="citation book cs1">David H. Kelley; Eugene F. Milone; Anthony F. (FRW) Aveni (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILBuYcGASxcC&pg=PA163"><i>Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy</i></a>. Springer. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7623-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7623-9"><bdi>978-1-4419-7623-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Skies%3A+A+Survey+of+Ancient+and+Cultural+Astronomy&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7623-9&rft.au=David+H.+Kelley&rft.au=Eugene+F.+Milone&rft.au=Anthony+F.+%28FRW%29+Aveni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILBuYcGASxcC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thom1976-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thom1976_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Thom1976" class="citation book cs1">A. Thom (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6p-DwEACAAJ"><i>Megalithic sites in Britain, p. 43</i></a>. Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megalithic+sites+in+Britain%2C+p.+43&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1976&rft.au=A.+Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6p-DwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruggles2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruggles2003_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Ponting2003" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Ponting (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ3JGYd1kJoC&pg=PA431">"Megalithic Callanish"</a>. In Clive Ruggles (ed.). <i>Records in Stone: Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53130-6"><bdi>978-0-521-53130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Megalithic+Callanish&rft.btitle=Records+in+Stone%3A+Papers+in+Memory+of+Alexander+Thom&rft.pages=423-441&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53130-6&rft.au=Margaret+Ponting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZ3JGYd1kJoC%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-North1996_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_David_North1996" class="citation book cs1">John David North (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnFnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Stonehenge: Neolithic man and the cosmos, p. 302</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255773-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255773-3"><bdi>978-0-00-255773-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonehenge%3A+Neolithic+man+and+the+cosmos%2C+p.+302&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255773-3&rft.au=John+David+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnFnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Critchlow1979-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Critchlow1979_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Critchlow1979" class="citation book cs1">Keith Critchlow (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jK3aAAAAMAAJ"><i>Time stands still: new light on megalithic science, p. 37</i></a>. Gordon Fraser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860920397" title="Special:BookSources/9780860920397"><bdi>9780860920397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+stands+still%3A+new+light+on+megalithic+science%2C+p.+37&rft.pub=Gordon+Fraser&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780860920397&rft.au=Keith+Critchlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjK3aAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKie1977-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKie1977_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKie1977_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuan_Wallace_MacKie1977" class="citation book cs1">Euan Wallace MacKie (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gOBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The megalith builders, p. 192</i></a>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714817194" title="Special:BookSources/9780714817194"><bdi>9780714817194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+megalith+builders%2C+p.+192&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780714817194&rft.au=Euan+Wallace+MacKie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gOBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michell1978-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michell1978_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Michell1978" class="citation book cs1">John Michell (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHfubwAACAAJ"><i>City of Revelation: On the Proportion and Symbolic Numbers of the Cosmic Temple</i></a>. Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-12321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-12321-9"><bdi>978-0-349-12321-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Revelation%3A+On+the+Proportion+and+Symbolic+Numbers+of+the+Cosmic+Temple&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-349-12321-9&rft.au=John+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHfubwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKie1977a-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacKie1977a_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuan_Wallace_MacKie1977" class="citation book cs1">Euan Wallace MacKie (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3O-QgAACAAJ"><i>Science and society in prehistoric Britain</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-70245-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-70245-8"><bdi>978-0-312-70245-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+society+in+prehistoric+Britain&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-312-70245-8&rft.au=Euan+Wallace+MacKie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3O-QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kappraff2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kappraff2002_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kappraff2002_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Kappraff2002" class="citation book cs1">Jay Kappraff (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vAfBrK678_kC&pg=PA237"><i>Beyond measure: a guided tour through nature, myth, and number</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4702-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4702-7"><bdi>978-981-02-4702-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+measure%3A+a+guided+tour+through+nature%2C+myth%2C+and+number&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4702-7&rft.au=Jay+Kappraff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvAfBrK678_kC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacaulayBatchelor2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacaulayBatchelor2006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_MacaulayRichard_A._Batchelor2006" class="citation book cs1">Anne Macaulay; Richard A. Batchelor (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqkVAgAACAAJ"><i>Megalithic measures and rhythms: sacred knowledge of the ancient Britons, p. 38 (megalithic yardsticks)</i></a>. Floris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86315-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86315-554-3"><bdi>978-0-86315-554-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megalithic+measures+and+rhythms%3A+sacred+knowledge+of+the+ancient+Britons%2C+p.+38+%28megalithic+yardsticks%29&rft.pub=Floris&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=978-0-86315-554-3&rft.au=Anne+Macaulay&rft.au=Richard+A.+Batchelor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqkVAgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London1981-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-London1981_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Antiquaries_of_London1981" class="citation book cs1">Society of Antiquaries of London (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAgpAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Antiquaries journal: being the journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London, The Greek Metrological Relief in Oxford by Eric J. Fernie, p. 255</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquaries+journal%3A+being+the+journal+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+London%2C+The+Greek+Metrological+Relief+in+Oxford+by+Eric+J.+Fernie%2C+p.+255&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAgpAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KendallHodson1974a-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KendallHodson1974a_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_George_KendallF._R._HodsonRoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)British_Academy1974" class="citation book cs1">David George Kendall; F. R. Hodson; Royal Society (Great Britain); British Academy (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHLvAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Place of astronomy in the ancient world: a joint symposium of the Royal Society and the British Academy</i></a>. Oxford University Press for the British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725944-3"><bdi>978-0-19-725944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+astronomy+in+the+ancient+world%3A+a+joint+symposium+of+the+Royal+Society+and+the+British+Academy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+British+Academy&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-725944-3&rft.au=David+George+Kendall&rft.au=F.+R.+Hodson&rft.au=Royal+Society+%28Great+Britain%29&rft.au=British+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHLvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggles1999" class="citation book cs1">Ruggles, Clive (1999). <i>Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland</i>. Yale University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07814-5"><bdi>978-0-300-07814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+Prehistoric+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07814-5&rft.aulast=Ruggles&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KendallHodson1974b-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KendallHodson1974b_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_George_KendallF._R._HodsonRoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)British_Academy1974" class="citation book cs1">David George Kendall; F. R. Hodson; Royal Society (Great Britain); British Academy (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHLvAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Place of astronomy in the ancient world: a joint symposium of the Royal Society and the British Academy, Hunting Quanta, p. 249 & 258</i></a>. Oxford University Press for the British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725944-3"><bdi>978-0-19-725944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+astronomy+in+the+ancient+world%3A+a+joint+symposium+of+the+Royal+Society+and+the+British+Academy%2C+Hunting+Quanta%2C+p.+249+%26+258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+British+Academy&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-725944-3&rft.au=David+George+Kendall&rft.au=F.+R.+Hodson&rft.au=Royal+Society+%28Great+Britain%29&rft.au=British+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHLvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall,_D._G.1974" class="citation cs2">Kendall, D. G. (1974), "Hunting quanta", <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences</i>, <b>276</b> (276): 231–266, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/74285">74285</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A%2C+Mathematical+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Hunting+quanta&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=276&rft.pages=231-266&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F74285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kendall%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1976" class="citation cs2">Freeman, P. R. (1976), "A Bayesian Analysis of the Megalithic Yard", <i>Journal of the Royal Statistical Society</i>, <b>139</b> (1): 20–55, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2344382">10.2307/2344382</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2344382">2344382</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society&rft.atitle=A+Bayesian+Analysis+of+the+Megalithic+Yard&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-55&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2344382&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2344382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggie1981" class="citation book cs1">Heggie, Douglas C. (1981). <i>Megalithic Science: Ancient Mathematics and Astronomy in North-west Europe</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05036-1"><bdi>978-0-500-05036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megalithic+Science%3A+Ancient+Mathematics+and+Astronomy+in+North-west+Europe&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05036-1&rft.aulast=Heggie&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfourO_Gingerich1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Balfour, M; O Gingerich (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/JHAS./0011//0000104.000.html">"Book-Review – Stonehenge and its Mysteries"</a>. <i>Journal of Historical Astronomy</i>. SUPP. VOL.11, P.S104<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Book-Review+%E2%80%93+Stonehenge+and+its+Mysteries&rft.volume=SUPP.+VOL.11%2C+P.S104&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=O+Gingerich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FJHAS.%2F0011%2F%2F0000104.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macke-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macke_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macke_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuan_Mackie1977" class="citation book cs1">Euan Mackie (1977). <i>Science and Society in Prehistoric Briain, p. 53-57</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Euclidean+Metrology+and+the+Egyptian+Duat%3A+The+Dodecahedron+as+the+Basis+of+Ancient+Cosmology+and+Large+Scale+Metrology+%28LSM%29.&rft.date=2024-04-05&rft.aulast=Balowski&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F117120359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalithic+yard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 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