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data-sudaclick="media_comment">我有话说</a> </div> <div class="font_change" id="J_Font_Zoomer" data-sudaclick="font_change"> <span font-size="14"> <a class="J_Font_Zoomer_Trigger icon font_down font_down_disable" action-type="fontZoom" action-data="type=down" href="javascript:void(0);" title="减小字号"></a><a class="J_Font_Zoomer_Trigger icon font_up" action-type="fontZoom" action-data="type=up" href="javascript:void(0);" title="加大字号"></a></span> </div> </div>  <style type="text/css"> #HdFigure1_1{margin-left:5px;} </style>  <div class="blkContainerSblkCon BSHARE_POP clearfix" id="artibody"> <p>　　前文中讲到自有生命便有苦，这个生命指的是处于条件局限中的生命，以忧患为本质，与苦不分离。然而要知道，心的本然状态是超越痛苦的，只因为我们错误的见地、错误的行为让生命显现出种种局限性，才感受到忧苦缺憾。</p> <p>　　我们被善业牵引走向暂时和究竟的安乐，恶业则将我们引向痛苦，一再的痛苦。恶业即身口意的错误行为，它们源于对人和事物的错误认识。错误的认识可以纠正过来，因而错误的行为是有可能改变和停止的。既然改变了错误的行为，痛苦就有可能结束，不仅是单个的痛苦，还包括轮回中所有粗大、微细、各式各样的苦。轮回的苦消失了，限制不再，这种状态称为解脱、寂灭或涅槃。</p> <p>　　痛苦由恶业而来，恶业由烦恼来。</p> <p>　　什么是烦恼？人常说“烦恼众生”，可见轮回众生起心动念、言谈举止无不是烦恼。烦恼中有十个叫作根本烦恼，即贪、嗔、痴、慢、疑、身见、边见、邪见、见取见和戒禁取见。</p> <p>　　贪、嗔、痴、慢的意思，大家应该基本了解，这里不多解释。</p> <p>　　疑指对佛陀开示的真理心存猜疑。</p> <p>　　身见指执著这个身体为“我”。</p> <p>　　边见指断见和常见。断见是认为“我”死后归于断灭，人死如灯灭，什么也没有了。常见是认为有一个恒常不变的“我”，有一个不变的灵魂或主宰。</p> <p>　　邪见指拨无因果。</p> <p>　　见取见指坚持认为身见、边见、邪见这几种“见”是绝对正确，不容怀疑的。</p> <p>　　戒禁取见指外道认为违反事物的客观规律，不当做的偏去做，凡事都反着来，这样才能获得解脱。比如认为杀生、自杀、不停地洗澡、极端的苦行等等可以证得涅槃解脱。</p> <p>　　无量无边的烦恼由无明而来。</p> <p>　　无明指对人和事物错误的认识。就人而言，认为有一个独立、固有存在的“我”，继而对这个“我”生起执著，然后对“我的”生起执著。就事物而言，认为有独立、绝对、不依认识而客观存在的事物。</p> <p>　　这样的见地之所以错误，是因为它与人和事物的真实状态相反。无明不是单纯的无知，不知道，无明是指错误的认知。</p> <p>　　比如一个苹果，它若在你看不到的地方，你对它的存在是无知的；它若就在你眼前，你看见了，却以为是一个橘子，则是错误的认知。</p> <p>　　我们对世界的认识正是这样。并没有一个真实的世界在别处，真实就在眼前，只是我们的认识出了问题。“佛法在世间，不离世间觉”，我们的见闻觉知造成假象，当体转过来，就是实相。离此另向他处求实相，犹如离波求水。</p> <p>　　“认识”不仅是智力层面的理解，懂得道理而已，还要把这道理拿到身心上实实在在去验证，真正见到，才算数。</p> <p>　　“你见与不见，我都在那里。”见到了，才知道一直在那里，从未离开；没见到，自是咫尺天涯，相逢不相识。</p> <p>　　佛教中讲“无我”，这个“我”是指独立、固有、恒常的存在，可以是人，也可以是物、事件、现象。“无我”是说人、物等等没有独立、固有、恒常的存在，因为任何现象都是缘起的，随条件的聚合、变化而生成、变化、坏失。</p> <p>　　我们都有一个根深蒂固的“我”的观念。什么是我？你会说这个身体是我。身体由地、火、水、风这“四大”组成。地指肌肉、骨骼、器官、毛发等；火指热量；水指水分、血液、体液等；风指呼吸、气脉等。这其中包括有形的，也包括无形的。单个来看，我们很难说肌肉、骨骼、器官或热量、体液、呼吸是“我”。当切除器官、截肢，或者吐唾沫、理发、呼吸时，我们不会认为自己被切除了，或者被吐到了地上，被呼出去又吸进来。没人会这么想。当然，思想、意识也不是“我”，因为思想意识只是一个个念头，前念已灭，后念未生，我在哪里？</p> <p>　　可见，“我”不存在于各别的四大和念头中，也不存在于四大和念头之外，而是指身心的组合体。既然是组合体，就是相对、依赖其组成部分而存在，没有独立、固有的自体。因为由不同部分组成，各部分又都是变化运动的，所以整体形成的同时自然处于解构的状态，不具恒常性。</p> <p>　　四大和合而成的这个“我”只是一个概念，并没有任何独立自在之物可指认为“我”。然而，人们的常识与之相反，坚信有实存的“我”，并由此生出对“我的”的执著，认为这是我的手，我的头发，我的财产等等，想方设法地呵护保全。</p> <p>　　事物也是一样，没有独立、固有的自体。比如一个苹果，它当体可析分为果皮、果肉、果核、果仁，这些又可各个析分，无限析分下去，苹果消失了，果肉果仁消失了，微粒微尘也消失了。把世界放到显微镜下，随着显微倍数的增加，整体纷纷消失，宏观化成微观，微观到最后，了不可得。</p> <p>　　这个苹果不是生来就这样摆在我们面前的。它最初是一粒种子，种在土里，遇到适当的条件，土壤、温度、阳光、雨水等等都具足了，在适当的时机，它发芽，慢慢长成小树，开花结果，然后由工人摘下来，由司机运到城市，由商贩卖，我们买回来，洗干净，放到桌上，才有了面前这个苹果。而最初的那粒种子也是由另一个苹果那里来，那个苹果也经历了一番奇妙的由种子到果实的旅行。如此不断往前推，即使是一个小小的苹果，来历也可无穷追溯，或远或近地与整个宇宙相关。缺失其中任何一个条件，都不会有此刻面前这个苹果。</p> <p>　　世间万物万象，皆相依相待而存在。任何一法，都或远或近地以一切法为缘而生住；一切法，也或远或近地以任何一法为其生住之缘。</p> 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