CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pickling - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e6bf3889-65fd-450b-bad5-6a78778588ec","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pickling","wgTitle":"Pickling","wgCurRevisionId":1258077073,"wgRevisionId":1258077073,"wgArticleId":2259607,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Articles needing additional references from October 2024","All articles needing additional references","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from April 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Food preparation","Pickles","Food preservation","Cooking techniques","World cuisine","Culinary terminology","Thanksgiving food"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pickling","wgRelevantArticleId":2259607,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1503967","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG/1200px-Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG/800px-Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG/640px-Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pickling - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pickling rootpage-Pickling skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pickling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pickling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pickling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pickling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_world_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_world_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In world cuisines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_world_cuisines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In world cuisines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_world_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Central and Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Southern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thanksgiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thanksgiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Thanksgiving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thanksgiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico,_Central_America,_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico,_Central_America,_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mexico, Central America, and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico,_Central_America,_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_health_hazards_of_pickled_vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_health_hazards_of_pickled_vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Possible health hazards of pickled vegetables</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_health_hazards_of_pickled_vegetables-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible health hazards of pickled vegetables subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_health_hazards_of_pickled_vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Risk reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pickling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piekel-inmaak" title="Piekel-inmaak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Piekel-inmaak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تخليل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخليل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confitat" title="Confitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picl" title="Picl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Picl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickles" title="Pickles – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pickles" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einlegen" title="Einlegen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einlegen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapendamine" title="Hapendamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hapendamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Τουρσί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρσί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encurtido" title="Encurtido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encurtido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peklado" title="Peklado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peklado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozpinetako" title="Ozpinetako – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozpinetako" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ترشی انداختن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترشی انداختن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickles" title="Pickles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pickles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="초절이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초절이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="अचार बनाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अचार बनाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengacaran" title="Pengacaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengacaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sottaceto" title="Sottaceto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sottaceto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94" title="כבישה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כבישה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaseman" title="Pangaseman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pangaseman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%81b%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Skābēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skābēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉപ്പിലിട്ടത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപ്പിലിട്ടത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjerukan" title="Penjerukan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penjerukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A9ng" title="Siéng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siéng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="သနပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သနပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inleggen" title="Inleggen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inleggen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ピクルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピクルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylting" title="Sylting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sylting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylting" title="Sylting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sylting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/valeng" title="valeng – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="valeng" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiszenie" title="Kiszenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kiszenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picles" title="Picles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Picles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murare" title="Murare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Murare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Квашение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квашение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turshija" title="Turshija – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turshija" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pickling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etikkas%C3%A4il%C3%B6nt%C3%A4" title="Etikkasäilöntä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etikkasäilöntä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inl%C3%A4ggning_(mat)" title="Inläggning (mat) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inläggning (mat)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/tmami%E2%80%99" title="tmami’ – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="tmami’" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C5%9Fulama" title="Turşulama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Turşulama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Квашення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квашення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اچار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اچار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%BB%91i_chua" title="Muối chua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muối chua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%8C" title="腌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%83%E8%A3%BD" title="醃製 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="醃製" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%83" title="醃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="醃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1503967#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pickling" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pickling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pickling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pickling" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pickling" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&oldid=1258077073" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pickling&id=1258077073&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPickling"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPickling"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pickling&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pickling" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1503967" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pickling" title="Special:EditPage/Pickling">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pickling%22">"Pickling"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pickling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pickling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pickling%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pickling%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pickling%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the food preparation method. For the food created using this method commonly called "pickles", see <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">pickled cucumber</a>. For the treatment of metallic surfaces, see <a href="/wiki/Pickling_(metal)" title="Pickling (metal)">Pickling (metal)</a>. For the object-storing method in programming sometimes referred to as "pickling", see <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Procedure of preserving food in brine or vinegar</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG/220px-Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG/330px-Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG/440px-Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A jar of <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">pickled cucumbers</a> (front) and a jar of <a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">pickled onions</a> (back)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pickling</b> is the process of <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">preserving</a> or extending the shelf life of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> by either <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> or immersion in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. The pickling procedure typically affects the food's texture and flavor. The resulting food is called a <i>pickle</i>, or, if named, the name is prefaced with the word "pickled". Foods that are pickled include vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, meats, fish, dairy and eggs. </p><p>Pickling solutions are typically highly acidic, with a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 4.6 or lower,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high in salt, preventing <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> from working and micro-organisms from multiplying.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pickling can preserve <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">perishable</a> foods for months, or in some cases years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobial</a> herbs and spices, such as <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard seed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, are often added.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the food contains sufficient moisture, a pickling brine may be produced simply by adding dry salt. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a> are produced by salting the <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> to draw out excess water. Natural fermentation at room temperature, by <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a>, produces the required acidity. Other pickles are made by placing vegetables in vinegar. Like the <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> process, pickling (which includes fermentation) does not require that the food be completely <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterile</a> before it is sealed. The acidity or salinity of the solution, the temperature of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>, and the exclusion of oxygen determine which microorganisms dominate, and determine the flavor of the end product.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When both salt concentration and temperature are low, <i><a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_mesenteroides" title="Leuconostoc mesenteroides">Leuconostoc mesenteroides</a></i> dominates, producing a mix of acids, alcohol, and aroma compounds. At higher temperatures <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_plantarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus plantarum">Lactobacillus plantarum</a></i> dominates, which produces primarily <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. Many pickles start with <i>Leuconostoc</i>, and change to <i>Lactobacillus</i> with higher acidity.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pickling with vinegar likely originated in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> around 2400 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is archaeological evidence of <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a> being pickled in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris Valley">Tigris Valley</a> in 2030 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pickling vegetables in vinegar continued to develop in the Middle East region before spreading to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. From Spain it spread to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, fermented salt pickling reportedly has its origins in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pickling was used as a way to preserve food for out-of-season use and for long journeys, especially by sea. <a href="/wiki/Salt_pork" title="Salt pork">Salt pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_beef" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt beef">salt beef</a> were common <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staples</a> for sailors before the days of steam engines. Although the process was invented to preserve foods, pickles are also made and eaten because people enjoy the resulting flavors. Pickling may also improve the nutritional value of food by introducing <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> produced by bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English term "pickle" first appears around 1400 CE. It is from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pikel (page does not exist)">pikel</a>, a spicy sauce served with meat or fish, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pekel#Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:pekel">pekel</a> ("brine") but later referred to preserving in brine or vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_world_cuisines">In world cuisines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In world cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_pickles" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian pickles">South Asian pickles</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/300px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/450px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/600px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption> Historic <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> cultural influence zone of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> for transmission of elements of Indian culture including food, e.g. pickle / atchaar / atchara / acar,</figcaption></figure><p>South Asia has a large variety of pickles (known as <i>achar</i> (अचार, اچار) in Nepali, Assamese, Bengali, Hindi (अचार), Punjabi, Gujarati, Urdu (اچار) <i>uppinakaayi</i> in Kannada, <i>lonacha</i> (लोणचं) in Marathi, <i>uppilittathu</i> or <i>achar</i> in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <i>oorukai</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, pacchadi(పచ్చడి) or <i>ooragaya(ఊరగాయ)</i> in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, which are mainly made from varieties of mango, <a href="/wiki/Preserved_lemon" title="Preserved lemon">lemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_lime" title="Pickled lime">lime</a>, gongura (a sour leafy shrub), <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, Indian gooseberry (amla), and chilli. Vegetables such as eggplant, carrots, cauliflower, tomato, bitter gourd, green tamarind, ginger, garlic, onion, and citron are also occasionally used. These fruits and vegetables are mixed with ingredients such as salt, spices, and vegetable oils. The pickling process is completed by placing filled jars in the sun where they mature in the sun. The sun's heat destroys moulds and microbes which could spoil the pickles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, pickles are known locally as <i>achaar</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> اچار) and come in a variety of flavours. A popular item is the traditional mixed <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_pickle" title="Hyderabadi pickle">Hyderabadi pickle</a>, a common delicacy prepared from an assortment of fruits (most notably mangoes) and vegetables blended with selected spices. Although the origin of the word is ambiguous, the word āchār is widely considered to be of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> origin. Āchār in Persian is defined as 'powdered or salted meats, pickles, or fruits, preserved in salt, vinegar, honey, sugar or syrup.'<sup id="cite_ref-:99_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:99-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian-pickle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Indian-pickle.jpg/220px-Indian-pickle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Indian-pickle.jpg/330px-Indian-pickle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Indian-pickle.jpg/440px-Indian-pickle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Indian mixed pickle, containing lotus root, lemon, carrot, green mango, green chilis, and other ingredients</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, a date and shallot pickle <i>achcharu</i> is traditionally prepared from carrots, chilli powder, shallots and ground dates mixed with garlic, crushed fresh ginger, green chilis, mustard seeds and vinegar, and left to sit in a clay pot.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian pickles are mostly prepared in three ways: salt/<a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>, oil, and vinegar, with mango pickle being most popular among all.<sup id="cite_ref-achardesi1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achardesi1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prabha1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prabha1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Acar" title="Acar">acar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pickling" title="Special:EditPage/Pickling">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> pickles, called <i>acar</i> are typically made out of cucumber, carrot, bird's eye chilies, and shallots, these items being seasoned with vinegar, sugar and salt. Fruits, such as papaya and pineapple, are also sometimes pickled. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <i>pickling</i> is a common method of preserving food, with many commonly eaten foods pickled, traditionally done using large earthen jars. The process is known as <i>buro</i> or <i>binuro</i>. Pickling was a common method of preserving a large variety of foods such as fish throughout the archipelago before the advent of refrigeration, but its popularity is now confined to vegetables and fruits. <i><a href="/wiki/Atchara" title="Atchara">Atchara</a></i> is primarily made out of julienned green papaya, carrots, and shallots, seasoned with cloves of garlic and vinegar; but could include ginger, bell peppers, <a href="/wiki/Daikon" title="Daikon">white radishes</a>, cucumbers or bamboo shoots. Pickled unripe mangoes or <i>burong mangga</i>, unripe tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Psidium_guajava" title="Psidium guajava">guavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jicama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicama">jicama</a>, bitter gourd and other fruit and vegetables still retain their appeal. <a href="/wiki/Siling_labuyo" title="Siling labuyo">Siling labuyo</a>, sometimes with garlic and red onions, is also pickled in bottled vinegar and is a staple <a href="/wiki/Philippine_condiments" title="Philippine condiments">condiment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a> cuisine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C6%B0a_c%E1%BA%A3i_mu%E1%BB%91i.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/D%C6%B0a_c%E1%BA%A3i_mu%E1%BB%91i.JPG/220px-D%C6%B0a_c%E1%BA%A3i_mu%E1%BB%91i.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/D%C6%B0a_c%E1%BA%A3i_mu%E1%BB%91i.JPG/330px-D%C6%B0a_c%E1%BA%A3i_mu%E1%BB%91i.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/D%C6%B0a_c%E1%BA%A3i_mu%E1%BB%91i.JPG/440px-D%C6%B0a_c%E1%BA%A3i_mu%E1%BB%91i.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Dưa cải muối</i></span> made from <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">cải bẹ xanh</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a>, vegetable pickles are called <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">dưa muối</i></span> ("salted vegetables") or <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">dưa chua</i></span> ("sour vegetables"). <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Dưa chua</i></span> or <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">dưa góp</i></span> is made from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Solanum_macrocarpon" title="Solanum macrocarpon">cà pháo</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">Napa cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">kohlrabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, radishes, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>, and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Ficus_racemosa" title="Ficus racemosa">sung</a></i></span>. <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Dưa chua</i></span> made from carrots and radishes are commonly added to <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_m%C3%AC" title="Bánh mì">bánh mì</a></i></span> sandwiches. <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Dưa cải muối</i></span> is made by pressing and sun-drying vegetables such as <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">cải xậy</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Gai_choy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gai choy">gai choy</a>. <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nhút mít</i></span> is a specialty of <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An Province">Nghệ An</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Tĩnh Province">Hã Tĩnh</a> provinces made from <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, tea leaves are pickled to produce <a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">lahpet</a>, which has strong social and cultural importance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gimchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gimchi.jpg/175px-Gimchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gimchi.jpg/263px-Gimchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gimchi.jpg/350px-Gimchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a> is a very common side dish in Korea.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pickles" title="Chinese pickles">Chinese pickles</a></div> <p>A wide variety of foods are pickled throughout East Asia. The pickles are often sweet, salty, and/or spicy and preserved in sweetened solutions or oil.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is home to a huge variety of pickled vegetables, including <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">baicai</a></i> (Chinese cabbage, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Suan_cai" title="Suan cai">suan cai</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pao_cai" title="Pao cai">pao cai</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin_preserved_vegetable" title="Tianjin preserved vegetable">Tianjin preserved vegetable</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Zha_cai" title="Zha cai">zha cai</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duo_jiao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duo jiao (page does not exist)">duo jiao</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">cucumbers</a>, among many others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">tsukemono</a></i> (pickled foods) include <i><a href="/wiki/Takuan" title="Takuan">takuan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Daikon" title="Daikon">daikon</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">umeboshi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ume" class="mw-redirect" title="Ume">ume</a> plum), <i><a href="/wiki/Tataki_gobo" title="Tataki gobo">tataki gobo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Burdock_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdock root">burdock root</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Gari_(ginger)" title="Gari (ginger)">gari</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Beni_sh%C5%8Dga" title="Beni shōga">beni shōga</a></i> (ginger), <a href="/wiki/Turnip_(brassica_rapa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnip (brassica rapa)">turnip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">Chinese cabbage</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> staple <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a> is usually made from pickled <a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">napa cabbage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, but is also made from green onions, garlic stems, chives and a host of other vegetables. <a href="/wiki/Jangajji" title="Jangajji">Jangajji</a> is another <a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a> consisting of pickled vegetables.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tursu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tursu">Tursu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tursucu_Sahne_sokak_beyoglu_Istanbul_0644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tursucu_Sahne_sokak_beyoglu_Istanbul_0644.jpg/220px-Tursucu_Sahne_sokak_beyoglu_Istanbul_0644.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tursucu_Sahne_sokak_beyoglu_Istanbul_0644.jpg/330px-Tursucu_Sahne_sokak_beyoglu_Istanbul_0644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tursucu_Sahne_sokak_beyoglu_Istanbul_0644.jpg/440px-Tursucu_Sahne_sokak_beyoglu_Istanbul_0644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torshi" title="Torshi">Torshi</a>, traditional pickles in <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Southeast Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian cuisine">South Caucasus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_39626_Cities_in_Israel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PikiWiki_Israel_39626_Cities_in_Israel.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_39626_Cities_in_Israel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PikiWiki_Israel_39626_Cities_in_Israel.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_39626_Cities_in_Israel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PikiWiki_Israel_39626_Cities_in_Israel.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_39626_Cities_in_Israel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher</a> sauerkraut in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab countries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkans</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian cuisine">South Caucasus</a>, pickles (called <a href="/wiki/Torshi" title="Torshi">torshi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <i>turşu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a> and <i>mekhallel</i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) are commonly made from <a href="/wiki/Turnips" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnips">turnips</a>, peppers, carrots, green <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, cucumbers, eggplants, cabbage, green tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Preserved_lemon" title="Preserved lemon">lemons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">Sauerkraut</a>, as well as cabbage pickled in vinegar, with carrot and other vegetables is commonly consumed as a <a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">kosher</a> dish in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israel</a> and is considered <a href="/wiki/Pareve" title="Pareve">pareve</a>, meaning that it contains no meat or <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> so it can be consumed with either.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_and_Eastern_Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coriander_Seed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coriander_Seed.jpg/220px-Coriander_Seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coriander_Seed.jpg/330px-Coriander_Seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coriander_Seed.jpg/440px-Coriander_Seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander</a> seeds are one of the spices popularly added to pickled vegetables in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungary</a>, the main meal <i>(lunch)</i> usually includes some kind of pickles <i>(savanyúság)</i>, but pickles are also commonly consumed at other times of the day. The most commonly consumed pickles are <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> <i>(savanyú káposzta)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber#Hungarian" title="Pickled cucumber">pickled cucumbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_pepper" title="Pickled pepper">peppers</a>, and <i>csalamádé</i>, but tomatoes, carrots, beetroot, baby corn, onions, garlic, certain squashes and melons, and a few fruits such as plums and apples are used to make pickles too. Stuffed pickles are specialties, usually made of peppers or melons pickled after being stuffed with a cabbage filling. Pickled plum stuffed with garlic is a unique Hungarian type of pickle just like <i>csalamádé</i> and leavened cucumber <i>(kovászos uborka)</i>. <i>Csalamádé</i> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_pickle" title="Mixed pickle">mixed pickle</a> made of cabbage, cucumber, paprika, onion, carrot, tomatoes, and bay leaf mixed up with vinegar as the fermenting agent. Leavened cucumber, unlike other types of pickled cucumbers that are around all year long, is rather a <a href="/wiki/Silly_season" title="Silly season">seasonal</a> pickle produced in the summer. Cucumbers, spices, herbs, and slices of bread are put in a glass jar with salt water and kept in direct sunlight for a few days. The yeast from the bread, along with other pickling agents and spices fermented under the hot sun, give the cucumbers a unique flavor, texture, and slight carbonation. Its juice can be used instead of carbonated water to make a special type of <a href="/wiki/Spritzer" title="Spritzer">spritzer</a> <i>('Újházy fröccs')</i>. It is common for Hungarian households to produce their own pickles. Different regions or towns have their special recipes unique to them. Among them all, the Vecsési sauerkraut <i>(Vecsési savanyú káposzta)</i> is the most famous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonjoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jonjoli.jpg/220px-Jonjoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jonjoli.jpg/330px-Jonjoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jonjoli.jpg/440px-Jonjoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Jonjoli <a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a> pickled flowers of <a href="/wiki/Staphylea" title="Staphylea">bladdernut</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomidor_turshusu_e-citizen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pomidor_turshusu_e-citizen.jpg/170px-Pomidor_turshusu_e-citizen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pomidor_turshusu_e-citizen.jpg/255px-Pomidor_turshusu_e-citizen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pomidor_turshusu_e-citizen.jpg/340px-Pomidor_turshusu_e-citizen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Pickled tomatoes are common in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a> pickles (<a href="/wiki/Mur%C4%83turi" title="Murături">murături</a>) are made out of <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">cucumbers</a>, green tomatoes (<i>gogonele</i>), <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_pepper" title="Pickled pepper">bell peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>. Meat, like <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, can also be preserved in salt and <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a> traditional pickles are cucumbers, sauerkraut, peppers, beetroot, tomatoes, but other <a href="/wiki/Pickled_fruit" title="Pickled fruit">pickled fruits</a> and vegetables, including plums, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a> and mushrooms are also common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian cuisine">North Caucasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a> pickled items include beets, mushrooms, tomatoes, sauerkraut, cucumbers, <a href="/wiki/Ramsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsons">ramsons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, eggplant (which is typically stuffed with julienned carrots), custard <a href="/wiki/Squash_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (fruit)">squash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>. Garden produce is commonly pickled using salt, <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrant leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">bay leaves</a> and garlic and is stored in a cool, dark place. The leftover brine (called <i>rassol</i> (рассол) in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>) has a number of culinary uses in these countries, especially for cooking traditional soups, such as <a href="/wiki/Shchi" title="Shchi">shchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rassolnik" title="Rassolnik">rassolnik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solyanka" title="Solyanka">solyanka</a>. <i>Rassol</i>, especially cucumber or <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> rassol, is also a favorite traditional remedy against morning <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pickling" title="Special:EditPage/Pickling">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> pickled vegetable dish is <a href="/wiki/Giardiniera" title="Giardiniera">giardiniera</a>, which includes onions, carrots, celery and cauliflower. Many places in southern Italy, particularly in Sicily, pickle eggplants and hot peppers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, mixed pickles, known as <i>turshi</i>, <i>tursija</i> or <i>turshu</i> form popular appetizers, which are typically eaten with <i><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">rakia</a></i>. Pickled green tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, bell peppers, peppers, eggplants, and <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> are also popular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> pickles, called <i>turşu</i>, are made out of vegetables, roots, and fruits such as peppers, cucumber, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cucumber" title="Armenian cucumber">Armenian cucumber</a>, cabbage, tomato, eggplant (aubergine), carrot, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a>, beetroot, green <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>, baby watermelon, baby cantaloupe, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">bean</a> and green <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>. A mixture of spices flavor the pickles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, pickles, called <i>τουρσί(α)</i>, are made out of carrots, celery, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplants</a> stuffed with diced carrots, cauliflower, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, pickles, known as "encurtidos", are mainly made with olives, cucumbers, onions and green peppers ("guindillas" or "piparras"). "Banderillas" are small pieces of pickled cucumber and green pepper, along with olives and anchovies, mounted into toothpicks, and are very popular as <a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">pickled onions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">pickled eggs</a> are often sold in <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">pubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chip shops</a>. Pickled <a href="/wiki/Beetroot" title="Beetroot">beetroot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_Walnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled Walnuts">walnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gherkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gherkin">gherkins</a>, and condiments such as <a href="/wiki/Branston_(brand)" title="Branston (brand)">Branston Pickle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">piccalilli</a> are typically eaten as an accompaniment to <a href="/wiki/Pork_pie" title="Pork pie">pork pies</a> and cold meats, sandwiches or a <a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">ploughman's lunch</a>. Other popular pickles in the UK are pickled <a href="/wiki/Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_cabbage" title="Red cabbage">red cabbage</a>, mango <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rollmops" title="Rollmops">Rollmops</a> are also quite widely available under a range of names from various producers both within and out of the UK.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rollmops" title="Rollmops">rollmops</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">salmon</a> are popular in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. Pickled cucumbers and red garden beets are important as <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiments</a> for several traditional dishes. Pickled capers are also common in Scandinavian cuisine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pickling" title="Special:EditPage/Pickling">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GiardinieraSpicy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GiardinieraSpicy.JPG/220px-GiardinieraSpicy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GiardinieraSpicy.JPG/330px-GiardinieraSpicy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GiardinieraSpicy.JPG/440px-GiardinieraSpicy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>A dish of <a href="/wiki/Giardiniera" title="Giardiniera">giardiniera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">pickled cucumbers</a> (most often referred to simply as "pickles"), olives, and <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> are most commonly seen, although pickles common in other nations are also very widely available. In Canada and the US, there may be a distinction made between gherkins (usually smaller), and pickles (larger pickled cucumbers). </p><p>Sweet pickles made with fruit are more common in the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the American South">cuisine of the American South</a>. The pickling "syrup" is made with vinegar, brown sugar, and whole spices such as cinnamon sticks, allspice and cloves. Fruit pickles can be made with an assortment of fruits including watermelon, cantaloupe, <a href="/wiki/Concord_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Concord grapes">Concord grapes</a> and peaches.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian pickling is similar to that of Britain. Through the winter, pickling is an important method of food preservation. Pickled cucumbers, onions, and eggs are common. Pickled egg and pickled sausage make popular pub snacks in much of English Canada. <a href="/wiki/Chow-chow_(food)" title="Chow-chow (food)">Chow-chow</a> is a tart vegetable mix popular in the Maritime Provinces and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">piccalilli</a>. Pickled fish is commonly seen, as in Scotland, and <a href="/wiki/Kippers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kippers">kippers</a> may be seen for breakfast, as well as plentiful smoked salmon. Meat is often also pickled or preserved in different brines throughout the winter, most prominently in the harsh climate of Newfoundland. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pickled_egg" title="Pickled egg">Pickled eggs</a> are common in many regions of the United States. <a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a> is available in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Giardiniera" title="Giardiniera">Giardiniera</a>, a mixture of pickled peppers, celery and olives, is a popular condiment in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and other Midwestern cities with large Italian-American populations, and is often consumed with <a href="/wiki/Italian_beef" title="Italian beef">Italian beef</a> sandwiches. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Pennsylvania Dutch Country</a> has a strong tradition of pickled foods, including chow-chow and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_beet_egg" title="Pickled beet egg">red beet eggs</a>. In the Southern United States, pickled <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon rind</a> are popular, as are deep-fried pickles and <a href="/wiki/Pickled_pigs%27_feet" title="Pickled pigs' feet">pickled pig's feet</a>, pickled chicken eggs, pickled quail eggs, pickled garden vegetables and pickled sausage.<sup id="cite_ref-fried_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fried-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various pickled vegetables, fish, or eggs may make a side dish to a Canadian lunch or dinner. Popular pickles in the Pacific Northwest include pickled asparagus and green beans. Pickled fruits like blueberries and early green strawberries are paired with meat dishes in restaurants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thanksgiving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pickles were part of <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> dinner traditions as early as 1827. The first mention of pickles at Thanksgiving comes from <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale" title="Sarah Josepha Hale">Sarah Josepha Hale</a>'s novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwood_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwood (book) (page does not exist)">Northwood</a></i>. (Hale is best known for her successful campaign to have Thanksgiving recognized as a national holiday in the United States.) Pickled peaches, coleslaw and other mixed pickles continue to be served alongside cranberry sauce at Thanksgiving dinner in present times.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico,_Central_America,_and_South_America"><span id="Mexico.2C_Central_America.2C_and_South_America"></span>Mexico, Central America, and South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mexico, Central America, and South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serrano_pepper" title="Serrano pepper">serrano</a> varieties, pickled with onions, carrots and herbs form common condiments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_region" title="Mesoamerican region">Mesoamerican region</a>, pickling is known as <a href="/wiki/Encurtido" title="Encurtido">encurtido</a> or "curtido" for short. The pickles or "curtidos" as known in Latin America are served cold, as an appetizer, as a side dish or as a tapas dish in Spain. In several Central American countries it is prepared with cabbage, onions, carrots, lemon, vinegar, oregano, and salt. In Mexico, "curtido" consists of carrots, onions, and jalapeño peppers and used to accompany meals common in <a href="/wiki/Taquer%C3%ADas" class="mw-redirect" title="Taquerías">taquerías</a> and restaurants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another example of a type of pickling which involves the pickling of meats or seafood is the "escabeche" or "ceviches" popular in Peru, Ecuador, and throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. These dishes include the pickling of pig's feet, pig's ears, and gizzards prepared as an "escabeche" with spices and seasonings to flavor it. The ceviches consist of shrimp, octopus, and various fishes seasoned and served cold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pickling" title="Special:EditPage/Pickling">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_by_Bat_Trang_ceramic_for_pickling_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vase_by_Bat_Trang_ceramic_for_pickling_2.JPG/220px-Vase_by_Bat_Trang_ceramic_for_pickling_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vase_by_Bat_Trang_ceramic_for_pickling_2.JPG/330px-Vase_by_Bat_Trang_ceramic_for_pickling_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vase_by_Bat_Trang_ceramic_for_pickling_2.JPG/440px-Vase_by_Bat_Trang_ceramic_for_pickling_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1t_Tr%C3%A0ng_porcelain" title="Bát Tràng porcelain">Bát Tràng porcelain</a> vessel for pickling</figcaption></figure> <p>In traditional pickling, fruit or vegetables are submerged in brine (20–40 grams/L of salt (3.2–6.4 oz/imp gal or 2.7–5.3 oz/US gal)), or shredded and salted as in <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> preparation, and held underwater by flat stones layered on top.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, a lid with an airtrap or a tight lid may be used if the lid is able to release pressure which may result from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> buildup.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mold or (white) kahm <a href="/wiki/Yeast#Nutrition_and_growth" title="Yeast">yeast</a> may form on the surface; kahm yeast is mostly harmless but can impart an off taste and may be removed without affecting the pickling process.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chemical pickling, the fruits or vegetables to be pickled are placed in a sterilized jar along with brine, vinegar, or both, as well as spices, and are then allowed to mature until the desired taste is obtained. </p><p>The food can be pre-soaked in brine before transferring to vinegar. This reduces the water content of the food, which would otherwise dilute the vinegar. This method is particularly useful for fruit and vegetables with a high natural water content. </p><p>In commercial pickling, a preservative such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">sodium benzoate</a> or <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a> may also be added to enhance shelf life. In fermentation pickling, the food itself produces the preservation agent, typically by a process involving <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i> bacteria that produce lactic acid as the preservative agent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">Alum</a>, short for aluminum sulfate, is used in pickling to promote crisp texture and is approved, though not recommended, as a food additive by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fabricant1993_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fabricant1993-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDAsubst_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAsubst-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common crisping agent is <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>, which evolved from the practice of using <a href="/wiki/Pickling_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickling lime">pickling lime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSE_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSE-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Firming_agent" title="Firming agent">firming agent</a>. </p><p>"Refrigerator pickles" are unfermented pickles made by <a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">marinating</a> fruit or vegetables in a seasoned vinegar solution. They must be stored under <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> or undergo canning to achieve long-term storage.<sup id="cite_ref-then_AllP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-then_AllP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tsukemono#Making_tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">Tsukemono</a> use a variety of pickling ingredients depending on their <a href="/wiki/Tsukemono#Making_tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">type</a>, and are produced by combining these ingredients with the vegetables to be preserved and putting the mixture under pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_health_hazards_of_pickled_vegetables">Possible health hazards of pickled vegetables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Possible health hazards of pickled vegetables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> listed traditional Asian pickled vegetables as <a href="/wiki/IARC_group_2B" title="IARC group 2B">possible</a> <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Cancer" title="British Journal of Cancer">British Journal of Cancer</a></i> released an online 2009 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of research on pickles as increasing the risks of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>. The report, citing limited data in a statistical meta analysis, indicates a potential two-fold increased risk of esophageal cancer associated with Asian pickled vegetable consumption. Results from the research are described as having "high heterogeneity" and the study said that further well-designed prospective studies were warranted.<sup id="cite_ref-metaanalysis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaanalysis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their results stated "The majority of subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant association between consuming pickled vegetables and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma".<sup id="cite_ref-metaanalysis_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaanalysis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consuming pickled vegetables is also associated with a 28% increase in the risk of <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2009 meta-analysis reported heavy infestation of pickled vegetables with <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. Some common fungi can facilitate the formation of <a href="/wiki/Nitroso" title="Nitroso">N-nitroso compounds</a>, which are strong esophageal carcinogens in several animal models.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roussin%27s_red_salt" title="Roussin's red salt">Roussin red</a> methyl ester,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a non-alkylating nitroso compound with tumour-promoting effect in vitro, was identified in pickles from <a href="/wiki/Linzhou,_Henan" title="Linzhou, Henan">Linzhou, Henan</a> (formerly Linxian) in much higher concentrations than in samples from low-incidence areas. <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin" title="Fumonisin">Fumonisin</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a> have been shown to cause liver and kidney <a href="/wiki/Tumours" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumours">tumours</a> in rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-metaanalysis_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaanalysis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 study in <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Journal_of_Cancer" title="Chinese Journal of Cancer">Chinese Journal of Cancer</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has linked salted vegetables (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickled_mustard_green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pickled mustard green (page does not exist)">pickled mustard green</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E8%8F%9C_(%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%95)" class="extiw" title="zh:咸菜 (潮汕)">zh</a>]</span> common in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>) to a fourfold increase in <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx cancer">nasopharynx cancer</a>. The researchers believe possible mechanisms include production of <a href="/wiki/Nitrosamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosamines">nitrosamines</a> (a type of N-nitroso compound) by fermentation and activation of <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a> by fermentation products.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, pickling caused health concerns for reasons associated with copper salts, as explained in the mid-19th century <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_and_Australian_Cookery_Book" title="The English and Australian Cookery Book">The English and Australian Cookery Book</a></i>: "The evidence of the Lancet commissioner (Dr. Hassall) and Mr. Blackwell (of the eminent firm of Crosse and Blackwell) went to prove that the pickles sold in the shops are nearly always artificially coloured, and are thus rendered highly unwholesome, if not actually poisonous." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_reduction">Risk reduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Risk reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reduction of suspected carcinogens from pickled products is a subject of active research. </p> <ul><li>Fungi are of interest both for spoilage prevention and reduction of mycotoxins. Some pickle cultures are said to contain bacteria producing natural <a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">antifungals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">Nitrites</a>, responsible for the creation of N-nitroso compounds, are reduced by low pH and/or high temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/Porcini" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcini">porcini</a> enzyme (or the whole mushroom) also reduces nitrite content.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Og%C3%B3rki_w_trakcie_kiszenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pickled cucumbers"><img alt="Pickled cucumbers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Og%C3%B3rki_w_trakcie_kiszenia.jpg/214px-Og%C3%B3rki_w_trakcie_kiszenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Og%C3%B3rki_w_trakcie_kiszenia.jpg/320px-Og%C3%B3rki_w_trakcie_kiszenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Og%C3%B3rki_w_trakcie_kiszenia.jpg/427px-Og%C3%B3rki_w_trakcie_kiszenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pickled_cucumber" title="Pickled cucumber">Pickled cucumbers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aringa-marinato.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pickled herring"><img alt="Pickled herring" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aringa-marinato.jpg/240px-Aringa-marinato.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aringa-marinato.jpg/360px-Aringa-marinato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aringa-marinato.jpg/480px-Aringa-marinato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickled_mushrooms....jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pickled mushrooms"><img alt="Pickled mushrooms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pickled_mushrooms....jpg/187px-Pickled_mushrooms....jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pickled_mushrooms....jpg/281px-Pickled_mushrooms....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pickled_mushrooms....jpg/374px-Pickled_mushrooms....jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pickled_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled mushrooms">Pickled mushrooms</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aceitunas_en_plato.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pickled olives"><img alt="Pickled olives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aceitunas_en_plato.jpg/247px-Aceitunas_en_plato.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aceitunas_en_plato.jpg/370px-Aceitunas_en_plato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aceitunas_en_plato.jpg/493px-Aceitunas_en_plato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pickled <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickled_Vegetables.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pickled vegetables"><img alt="Pickled vegetables" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pickled_Vegetables.JPG/320px-Pickled_Vegetables.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pickled_Vegetables.JPG/480px-Pickled_Vegetables.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pickled_Vegetables.JPG/640px-Pickled_Vegetables.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pickled vegetables</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickled_fruits_and_veggies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fermented homemade pickled cucumber, chili pepper, garlic, and apple in the hot climate of Indonesia"><img alt="Fermented homemade pickled cucumber, chili pepper, garlic, and apple in the hot climate of Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pickled_fruits_and_veggies.jpg/320px-Pickled_fruits_and_veggies.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pickled_fruits_and_veggies.jpg/480px-Pickled_fruits_and_veggies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pickled_fruits_and_veggies.jpg/640px-Pickled_fruits_and_veggies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fermented homemade pickled cucumber, chili pepper, garlic, and apple in the hot climate of Indonesia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a> – Food processing by treating with brine or salt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation in food processing</a> – Converting carbohydrates to alcohol or acids using anaerobic microorganisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_canning" title="Home canning">Home canning</a> – Process for preserving foods for storage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pickled_foods" title="List of pickled foods">List of pickled foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a> – Process of soaking foods in a seasoned, often acidic, liquid before cooking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_pickle" title="Mixed pickle">Mixed pickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling_salt" title="Pickling salt">Pickling salt</a> – Fine-grained salt used for manufacturing pickles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking (cooking)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313102803/http://www.mda.state.mn.us/food/business/factsheets/picklebill.htm">"Pickle Bill Fact Sheet"</a>. 13 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mda.state.mn.us/food/business/factsheets/picklebill.htm">the original</a> on 13 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pickle+Bill+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mda.state.mn.us%2Ffood%2Fbusiness%2Ffactsheets%2Fpicklebill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890807357"><i>The Oxford companion to food</i></a>. Tom Jaine, Soun Vannithone (3rd ed.). New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890807357">890807357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+food&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890807357&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F890807357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkus2023" class="citation web cs1">Elkus, Grace (3 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epicurious.com/expert-advice/do-pickles-go-bad">"How Do You Know When It's Time to Throw Out Pickles?"</a>. <i>Epicurious</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epicurious&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Know+When+It%27s+Time+to+Throw+Out+Pickles%3F&rft.date=2023-01-03&rft.aulast=Elkus&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Fexpert-advice%2Fdo-pickles-go-bad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRheeLeeDoughertyKang2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rhee, MS; Lee, SY; Dougherty, RH; Kang, DH (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154497">"Antimicrobial effects of mustard flour and acetic acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium"</a>. <i>Appl Environ Microbiol</i>. <b>69</b> (5): 2959–63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApEnM..69.2959R">2003ApEnM..69.2959R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.69.5.2959-2963.2003">10.1128/aem.69.5.2959-2963.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154497">154497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12732572">12732572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl+Environ+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+effects+of+mustard+flour+and+acetic+acid+against+Escherichia+coli+O157%3AH7%2C+Listeria+monocytogenes%2C+and+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhimurium&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2959-63&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC154497%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12732572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Faem.69.5.2959-2963.2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApEnM..69.2959R&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Lee%2C+SY&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+RH&rft.au=Kang%2C+DH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC154497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGee1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGee1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGee, Harold (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/On_Food_and_Cooking" title="On Food and Cooking">On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen</a></i>. New York: Scribner, pp. 291–296. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80001-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80001-2">0-684-80001-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrivedi-Grenier2019" class="citation news cs1">Trivedi-Grenier, Leena (2019-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/cooking/article/A-world-tour-of-pickles-With-recipes-14187446.php">"A world tour of pickles in the Bay Area and how to make them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+world+tour+of+pickles+in+the+Bay+Area+and+how+to+make+them&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.aulast=Trivedi-Grenier&rft.aufirst=Leena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fcooking%2Farticle%2FA-world-tour-of-pickles-With-recipes-14187446.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2019" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt, Sarah (August 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/pickles-history-timeline">"The Juicy 4,000-Year History of Pickles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">HISTORY</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=The+Juicy+4%2C000-Year+History+of+Pickles&rft.date=2019-08-07&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fpickles-history-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvey2014" class="citation web cs1">Avey, Tori (3 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-pickles/">"History in a Jar: The Story of Pickles"</a>. <i>pbs.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=History+in+a+Jar%3A+The+Story+of+Pickles&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.aulast=Avey&rft.aufirst=Tori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffood%2Fthe-history-kitchen%2Fhistory-pickles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2018" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Jan (May 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x15tDwAAQBAJ"><i>Pickles : A Global History</i></a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-959-0"><bdi>978-1-78023-959-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048925666">1048925666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickles+%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048925666&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-959-0&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx15tDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/pickles/history.html">"Science of Pickles: Fascinating Pickle Facts – Exploratorium"</a>. <i>Exploratorium: the museum of science, art and human perception</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exploratorium%3A+the+museum+of+science%2C+art+and+human+perception&rft.atitle=Science+of+Pickles%3A+Fascinating+Pickle+Facts+%E2%80%93+Exploratorium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploratorium.edu%2Fcooking%2Fpickles%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/pickle">"pickle | Etymology, origin and meaning of pickle by etymonline"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=pickle+%7C+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+pickle+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fpickle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:99-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:99_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle//">"A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle"</a>. <i>Culture Trip</i>. 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+Of+The+Humble+Indian+Pickle&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fasia%2Findia%2Farticles%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivanathan2017" class="citation book cs1">Sivanathan, Prakash K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988577642"><i>Sri Lanka : the cookbook</i></a>. Niranjala M. Ellawala, Kim Lightbody (First Francis Lincoln ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78101-213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78101-213-0"><bdi>978-1-78101-213-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988577642">988577642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+%3A+the+cookbook&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First+Francis+Lincoln&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988577642&rft.isbn=978-1-78101-213-0&rft.aulast=Sivanathan&rft.aufirst=Prakash+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F988577642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-achardesi1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-achardesi1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/">"A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle"</a>. theculturetrip.com. 20 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+Of+The+Humble+Indian+Pickle&rft.pub=theculturetrip.com&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fasia%2Findia%2Farticles%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prabha1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prabha1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctor2019" class="citation news cs1">Doctor, Vikram (4 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012181750/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-usha-prabakaran-the-reclusive-creator-of-the-smash-hit-ushas-pickle-digest/articleshow/70515948.cms">"Usha Pickles digest | From spiced mango to drumstick pith: How Usha Prabakaran's book changed the way we tasted pickles"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/meet-usha-prabakaran-the-reclusive-creator-of-the-smash-hit-ushas-pickle-digest/articleshow/70515948.cms">the original</a> on 12 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Usha+Pickles+digest+%26%23124%3B+From+spiced+mango+to+drumstick+pith%3A+How+Usha+Prabakaran%27s+book+changed+the+way+we+tasted+pickles&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Vikram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fmeet-usha-prabakaran-the-reclusive-creator-of-the-smash-hit-ushas-pickle-digest%2Farticleshow%2F70515948.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChou" class="citation web cs1">Chou, Lillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313160355/http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=426">"Chinese and other Asian Pickles"</a>. <i>Flavor and Fortune (Fall 2003 Volume)</i>. Institute for the Advancement of the Science And Art Of Chinese Cuisine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flavorandfortune.com/dataaccess/article.php?ID=426">the original</a> on 13 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flavor+and+Fortune+%28Fall+2003+Volume%29&rft.atitle=Chinese+and+other+Asian+Pickles&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flavorandfortune.com%2Fdataaccess%2Farticle.php%3FID%3D426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/recipes/recipe_cdo/aid/4052300/jewish/Sweet-Spicy-Pickled-Vegetables.htm">"Sweet & Spicy Pickled Vegetables"</a>. chabad.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweet+%26+Spicy+Pickled+Vegetables&rft.pub=chabad.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Frecipes%2Frecipe_cdo%2Faid%2F4052300%2Fjewish%2FSweet-Spicy-Pickled-Vegetables.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmorodinskayaEvans-RomaineGoscilo2007" class="citation book cs1">Smorodinskaya, Tatiana; Evans-Romaine, Karen; Goscilo, Helena, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf6tJnMjbi4C&pg=PA514"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 514–515. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32094-8"><bdi>978-0-415-32094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Russian+Culture&rft.pages=514-515&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32094-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZf6tJnMjbi4C%26pg%3DPA514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Good Housekeeping, July 1907</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fried-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fried_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeldes2009" class="citation web cs1">Zeldes, Leah A. (2009-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106125013/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2009/12/02/eat-this-southern-fried-dill-pickles-a-rising-trend/">"Eat this! Southern-fried dill pickles, a rising trend"</a>. <i>Dining Chicago</i>. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2009/12/02/eat-this-southern-fried-dill-pickles-a-rising-trend/">the original</a> on 2020-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dining+Chicago&rft.atitle=Eat+this%21+Southern-fried+dill+pickles%2C+a+rising+trend&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.aulast=Zeldes&rft.aufirst=Leah+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diningchicago.com%2Fblog%2F2009%2F12%2F02%2Feat-this-southern-fried-dill-pickles-a-rising-trend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soulfoodandsoutherncooking.com/pickled-pigs-feet-recipe.html">"Pickled Pigs Feet Recipe – Real Authentic Pigs Feet Recipes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pickled+Pigs+Feet+Recipe+%E2%80%93+Real+Authentic+Pigs+Feet+Recipes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soulfoodandsoutherncooking.com%2Fpickled-pigs-feet-recipe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Jan. <i>Pickles: A Global History</i>. Reaktion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickles%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2018" class="citation web cs1">Howe, Holly (8 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makesauerkraut.com/fermentation-weights/">"3 Key Items for Keeping Your Ferments Safe"</a>. <i>MakeSauerkraut.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MakeSauerkraut.com&rft.atitle=3+Key+Items+for+Keeping+Your+Ferments+Safe&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makesauerkraut.com%2Ffermentation-weights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2012" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Sandor (8 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildfermentation.com/aerobic-vs-anaerobic-fermentation-controversy/">"Aerobic vs Anaerobic Fermentation Controversy"</a>. <i>Wild Fermentation</i>. (blog)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wild+Fermentation&rft.atitle=Aerobic+vs+Anaerobic+Fermentation+Controversy&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Sandor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildfermentation.com%2Faerobic-vs-anaerobic-fermentation-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828151103/http://www.culturesforhealth.com/learn/natural-fermentation/fermentation-equipment-choosing-the-right-supplies">"Fermenting Jars | How To Choose The Right Fermentation Containers?"</a>. <i>Cultures For Health</i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culturesforhealth.com/blogs/learn/natural-fermentation-fermentation-equipment-choosing-the-right-supplies">the original</a> on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cultures+For+Health&rft.atitle=Fermenting+Jars+%26%23124%3B+How+To+Choose+The+Right+Fermentation+Containers%3F&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculturesforhealth.com%2Fblogs%2Flearn%2Fnatural-fermentation-fermentation-equipment-choosing-the-right-supplies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fabricant1993-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fabricant1993_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabricant1993" class="citation news cs1">Fabricant, Florence (5 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/05/garden/where-the-humble-pickle-finally-earns-a-place-of-honor.html">"Where the Humble Pickle Finally Earns a Place of Honor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Where+the+Humble+Pickle+Finally+Earns+a+Place+of+Honor&rft.date=1993-05-05&rft.aulast=Fabricant&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F05%2F05%2Fgarden%2Fwhere-the-humble-pickle-finally-earns-a-place-of-honor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDAsubst-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDAsubst_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/food-additive-status-list">"Food Additive Status List"</a>. <i>US Food and Drug Administration</i>. 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=Food+Additive+Status+List&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Ffood-additives-petitions%2Ffood-additive-status-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSE-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSE_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.psu.edu/crispy-pickles">"Crispy Pickles"</a>. <i>Penn State Extension</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+State+Extension&rft.atitle=Crispy+Pickles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.psu.edu%2Fcrispy-pickles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-then_AllP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-then_AllP_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/condiments/pickles/pickle-glossary5.asp">"All Pickle Types"</a>. <i>thenibble.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenibble.com&rft.atitle=All+Pickle+Types&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenibble.com%2Freviews%2Fmain%2Fcondiments%2Fpickles%2Fpickle-glossary5.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications">"List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans"</a>. <i>monographs.iarc.who.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monographs.iarc.who.int&rft.atitle=List+of+Classifications+%E2%80%93+IARC+Monographs+on+the+Identification+of+Carcinogenic+Hazards+to+Humans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.who.int%2Flist-of-classifications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metaanalysis-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metaanalysis_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metaanalysis_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metaanalysis_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslami2009" class="citation journal cs1">Islami, F (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778505">"Pickled vegetables and the risk of oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis"</a>. <i>British Journal of Cancer</i>. <b>101</b> (9): 1641–1647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6605372">10.1038/sj.bjc.6605372</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778505">2778505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19862003">19862003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Pickled+vegetables+and+the+risk+of+oesophageal+cancer%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1641-1647&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2778505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19862003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6605372&rft.aulast=Islami&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2778505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoorolajalMoradiMohammadiCheraghi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Poorolajal, Jalal; Moradi, Leila; Mohammadi, Younes; Cheraghi, Zahra; Gohari-Ensaf, Fatemeh (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7056944">"Risk factors for stomach cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Epidemiology and Health</i>. <b>42</b>: e2020004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4178%2Fepih.e2020004">10.4178/epih.e2020004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2092-7193">2092-7193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7056944">7056944</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32023777">32023777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiology+and+Health&rft.atitle=Risk+factors+for+stomach+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=e2020004&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7056944%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2092-7193&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32023777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4178%2Fepih.e2020004&rft.aulast=Poorolajal&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rft.au=Moradi%2C+Leila&rft.au=Mohammadi%2C+Younes&rft.au=Cheraghi%2C+Zahra&rft.au=Gohari-Ensaf%2C+Fatemeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7056944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiJiCheng1986" class="citation journal cs1">Li, MH; Ji, C; Cheng, SJ (1986). "Occurrence of nitroso compounds in fungi-contaminated foods: A review". <i>Nutrition and Cancer</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 63–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01635588609513877">10.1080/01635588609513877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3520493">3520493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+and+Cancer&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+nitroso+compounds+in+fungi-contaminated+foods%3A+A+review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-69&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01635588609513877&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3520493&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Ji%2C+C&rft.au=Cheng%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLi1989" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, J. G.; Li, M. H. (1989). "Roussin red methyl ester, a tumor promoter isolated from pickled vegetables". <i>Carcinogenesis</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 617–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2F10.3.617">10.1093/carcin/10.3.617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2494003">2494003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carcinogenesis&rft.atitle=Roussin+red+methyl+ester%2C+a+tumor+promoter+isolated+from+pickled+vegetables&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=617-620&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcarcin%2F10.3.617&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2494003&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Li%2C+M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongHaYeoGaborieau2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yong, SK; Ha, TC; Yeo, MC; Gaborieau, V; McKay, JD; Wee, J (7 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5219694">"Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case-control study"</a>. <i>Chinese Journal of Cancer</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40880-016-0174-3">10.1186/s40880-016-0174-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5219694">5219694</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063457">28063457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Associations+of+lifestyle+and+diet+with+the+risk+of+nasopharyngeal+carcinoma+in+Singapore%3A+a+case-control+study.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2017-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5219694%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28063457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40880-016-0174-3&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Ha%2C+TC&rft.au=Yeo%2C+MC&rft.au=Gaborieau%2C+V&rft.au=McKay%2C+JD&rft.au=Wee%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5219694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tnp.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/health/eating-salted-veggies-linked-cancer">"Study: Salted vegetables increase risk of nose cancer"</a>. 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study%3A+Salted+vegetables+increase+risk+of+nose+cancer&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftnp.straitstimes.com%2Flifestyle%2Fhealth%2Feating-salted-veggies-linked-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423022036/http://health.asiaone.com/health/health-news/eating-salted-veggies-linked-cancer">"Health"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.asiaone.com/health/health-news/eating-salted-veggies-linked-cancer">the original</a> on 23 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.asiaone.com%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-news%2Feating-salted-veggies-linked-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyva_SalasMounierValenceCoton2017" class="citation journal cs1">Leyva Salas, M; Mounier, J; Valence, F; Coton, M; Thierry, A; Coton, E (8 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5620628">"Antifungal Microbial Agents for Food Biopreservation-A Review"</a>. <i>Microorganisms</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms5030037">10.3390/microorganisms5030037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5620628">5620628</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28698479">28698479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microorganisms&rft.atitle=Antifungal+Microbial+Agents+for+Food+Biopreservation-A+Review.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2017-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5620628%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28698479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms5030037&rft.aulast=Leyva+Salas&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Mounier%2C+J&rft.au=Valence%2C+F&rft.au=Coton%2C+M&rft.au=Thierry%2C+A&rft.au=Coton%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5620628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingJohanningsmeierPriceReynolds2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ding, Zhansheng; Johanningsmeier, Suzanne D.; Price, Robert; Reynolds, Rong; Truong, Van-Den; Payton, Summer Conley; Breidt, Fred (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2018.03.005">"Evaluation of nitrate and nitrite contents in pickled fruit and vegetable products"</a>. <i>Food Control</i>. <b>90</b>: 304–311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2018.03.005">10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90307358">90307358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Control&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+nitrate+and+nitrite+contents+in+pickled+fruit+and+vegetable+products&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=304-311&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2018.03.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90307358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Zhansheng&rft.au=Johanningsmeier%2C+Suzanne+D.&rft.au=Price%2C+Robert&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Rong&rft.au=Truong%2C+Van-Den&rft.au=Payton%2C+Summer+Conley&rft.au=Breidt%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.foodcont.2018.03.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangTianFengWong2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Weiwei; Tian, Guoting; Feng, Shanshan; Wong, Jack Ho; Zhao, Yongchang; Chen, Xiao; Wang, Hexiang; Ng, Tzi Bun (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597360">"Boletus edulis Nitrite Reductase Reduces Nitrite Content of Pickles and Mitigates Intoxication in Nitrite-intoxicated Mice"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 14907. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...514907Z">2015NatSR...514907Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep14907">10.1038/srep14907</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597360">4597360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26446494">26446494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Boletus+edulis+Nitrite+Reductase+Reduces+Nitrite+Content+of+Pickles+and+Mitigates+Intoxication+in+Nitrite-intoxicated+Mice&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14907&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4597360%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26446494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep14907&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...514907Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Weiwei&rft.au=Tian%2C+Guoting&rft.au=Feng%2C+Shanshan&rft.au=Wong%2C+Jack+Ho&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yongchang&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hexiang&rft.au=Ng%2C+Tzi+Bun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4597360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pickling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pickling">Pickling</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Pickling" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Pickling"> Pickling</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0560e/x0560e00.htm">Fermented Fruits and Vegetables: A Global Perspective</a>—<a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/nchfp/how/can6b_pickle.html">National Center for Home Food Preservation: How do I...Pickle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3100168">Pickles</a> at <a href="/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cooking_techniques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cooking_techniques" title="Template talk:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooking_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_roasting" title="Dry roasting">Dry roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_salt_frying" title="Hot salt frying">Hot salt frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">Searing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Convection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbroiler" title="Charbroiler">Charbroiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling (charbroiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (traditional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling#In_cooking" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocking_(cooking)" title="Shocking (cooking)">Shocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coddling" title="Coddling">Coddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaming_(cooking)" title="Creaming (cooking)">Creaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow cooking">Slow cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothering_(cooking)" title="Smothering (cooking)">Smothering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">Stewing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Indirect heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain-marie" title="Bain-marie">Bain-marie (Double boiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">Basting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackening_(cooking)" title="Blackening (cooking)">Blackening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_(cooking)" title="Browning (cooking)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">Pan frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">Shallow frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_frying" title="Gentle frying">Gentle frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_(cooking)" title="Sweating (cooking)">Sweating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carryover_cooking" title="Carryover cooking">Carryover cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">Caramelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)" title="Deglazing (cooking)">Deglazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">Flambé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricassee" title="Fricassee">Fricassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_grilling" title="Indirect grilling">Indirect grilling/Plank cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying#Chao_technique" title="Stir frying">Stir frying (chao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_frying" title="Pressure frying">Pressure frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_cooking" title="Thermal cooking">Thermal cooking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">Purée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">Souring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances" title="List of cooking appliances">List of cooking appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_vessels" title="List of cooking vessels">List of cooking vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_preservation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_preservation" title="Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_preservation" title="Template talk:Food preservation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_preservation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food preservation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopreservation" title="Biopreservation">Biopreservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">Cold chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">Freeze-drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdle_technology" title="Hurdle technology">Hurdle technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspic" title="Aspic">Jellying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascalization" title="Pascalization">Pascalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potjevleesch" title="Potjevleesch">Potjevleesch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndallization" title="Tyndallization">Tyndallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_preservation" title="Category:Food preservation">Category: Food preservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_preparation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_preparation" title="Template:Food preparation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_preparation" title="Template talk:Food preparation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_preparation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food preparation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_preparation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Food preparation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creaming_(cooking)" title="Creaming (cooking)">Creaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneading" title="Kneading">Kneading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(food)" title="Paste (food)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">Purée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_knife_cuts" title="List of culinary knife cuts">Cutting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion_cut" title="Accordion cut">Accordion cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunoise" title="Brunoise">Brunoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterflying" title="Butterflying">Butterflying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffonade" title="Chiffonade">Chiffonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crinkle-cutting" title="Crinkle-cutting">Crinkle-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicing" title="Dicing">Dicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julienning" title="Julienning">Julienning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mincing" title="Mincing">Mincing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical/biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinating</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">Souring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">Sprouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thermal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">Confiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_freezing" title="Flash freezing">Flash freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockerel_as_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockerel as food (page does not exist)">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_meat" title="Ostrich meat">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503967#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nakládání potravin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph919702&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pickling&oldid=1258077073">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pickling&oldid=1258077073</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_preparation" title="Category:Food preparation">Food preparation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pickles" title="Category:Pickles">Pickles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_preservation" title="Category:Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cooking_techniques" title="Category:Cooking techniques">Cooking techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_cuisine" title="Category:World cuisine">World cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culinary_terminology" title="Category:Culinary terminology">Culinary terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_food" title="Category:Thanksgiving food">Thanksgiving food</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2024">Articles needing additional references from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2021">Articles needing additional references from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 01:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pickling&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55db797859-4tdzp","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.023","walltime":"1.317","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8992,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":240847,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13818,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":199950,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1103.079 1 -total"," 25.74% 283.936 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.31% 135.816 21 Template:Cite_web"," 10.68% 117.759 20 Template:Fix"," 9.86% 108.724 13 Template:Lang"," 8.92% 98.395 8 Template:Navbox"," 8.62% 95.075 11 Template:Cn"," 7.67% 84.577 1 Template:Needs_more_sources"," 7.43% 81.978 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.20% 79.451 1 Template:Cooking_techniques"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.620","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23068892,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-55db797859-l844q","timestamp":"20241218031334","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pickling","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pickling","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1503967","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1503967","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-18T18:24:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T01:07:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9c\/Gherkins_and_Onions.JPG","headline":"process of preserving, by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar"}</script> </body> </html>