CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head>  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"> <meta name="description" content="Access full-text academic articles: J-STAGE is an online platform for Japanese academic journals."> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Meteorological Society of Japan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yasutaka IKUTA" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tadashi FUJITA" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yukinari OTA" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Numerical Prediction Development Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yuki HONDA" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Variational Data Assimilation System for Operational Regional Models at Japan Meteorological Agency" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2021" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2021/12/23" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="99" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1563" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1592" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.2151/jmsj.2021-076" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_pdf" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0026-1165" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2186-9057" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="data assimilation" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="mesoscale" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="numerical weather prediction" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="operational system" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="variational method" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Adams, L. M., and J. M. Ortega, 1982: A multi-color SOR method for parallel computation. Proc. 1982 Int. Conf. Parallel Process., Bellaire, USA, 53-56." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=E. Andersson; citation_author=H. Järvinen; citation_title=Variational quality control; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=125; citation_firstpage=697; citation_lastpage=722" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Aranami; citation_author=T. Hara; citation_author=Y. Ikuta; citation_author=K. Kawano; citation_author=K. Matsubayashi; citation_author=H. Kusabiraki; citation_author=T. Ito; citation_author=T. Egawa; citation_author=K. Yamashita; citation_author=Y. Ota; citation_author=Y. Ishikawa; citation_author=T. Fujita; citation_author=J. Ishida; citation_title=A new operational regional model for convection-permitting numerical weather prediction at JMA; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=45; citation_firstpage=05.05; citation_lastpage=05.06" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=R. N. Bannister; citation_title=A review of forecast error covariance statistics in atmospheric variational data assimilation. I: Characteristics and measurements of forecast error covariances; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=134; citation_firstpage=1951; citation_lastpage=1970" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=A. C. M. Beljaars; citation_author=A. A. M. Holtslag; citation_title=Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_journal_title=J. Appl. Meteor.; citation_volume=30; citation_firstpage=327; citation_lastpage=341" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Benáček P.; citation_author=Mile M.; citation_title=Satellite bias correction in the regional model ALADIN/CZ: Comparison of different varBC approaches; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=147; citation_firstpage=3223; citation_lastpage=3239" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=G. E. P. Box; citation_author=D. R. Cox; citation_title=An analysis of transformations; citation_publication_date=1964; citation_journal_title=J. Roy. Stat. Soc.; citation_volume=26; citation_firstpage=211; citation_lastpage=252" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=P. Brousseau; citation_author=G. Desroziers; citation_author=F. Bouttier; citation_author=B. Chapnik; citation_title=A posteriori diagnostics of the impact of observations on the AROME-France convective-scale data assimilation system; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=140; citation_firstpage=982; citation_lastpage=994" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Cameron, J., and W. Bell, 2018: The testing and implementation of variational bias correction (VarBC) in the Met Office global NWP system. Weather Science Technical Report No: 631,, Met Office, 21 pp. [Available at https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/libraryand-archive/publications/science/weather-sciencetechnical-reports.]" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=C. Cardinali; citation_author=S. Pezzulli; citation_author=E. Andersson; citation_title=Influencematrix diagnostic of a data assimilation system; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=130; citation_firstpage=2767; citation_lastpage=2786" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=B. Chapnik; citation_author=G. Desroziers; citation_author=F. Rabier; citation_author=O. Talagrand; citation_title=Diagnosis and tuning of observational error in a quasi-operational data assimilation setting; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=132; citation_firstpage=543; citation_lastpage=565" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=P. Courtier; citation_author=J.-N. Thépaut; citation_author=A. Hollingsworth; citation_title=A strategy for operational implementation of 4D-var, using an incremental approach; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=120; citation_firstpage=1367; citation_lastpage=1387" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Dee, D. P., 2004: Variational bias correction of radiance data in the ECMWF system. ECMWF Workshop on Assimilation of high spectral resolution sounders in NWP, Shinfield Park, United Kingdom, 97-112." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=D. P. Dee; citation_author=A. M. da Silva; citation_title=The choice of variable for atmospheric moisture analysis; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=131; citation_firstpage=155; citation_lastpage=171" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=T. Fujita; citation_title=Flow-dependent background error; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_journal_title=Separate vol. ann. rep. NPD; citation_volume=56; citation_firstpage=78; citation_lastpage=83" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=J. Fukuda; citation_author=T. Fujita; citation_author=Y. Ikuta; citation_author=Y. Ishikawa; citation_author=K. Yoshimoto; citation_title=Development of JMA local analysis; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=41; citation_firstpage=01.07; citation_lastpage=01.08" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=P. Gauthier; citation_author=J.-N. Thépaut; citation_title=Impact of the digital filter as a weak constraint in the preoperational 4DVAR assimilation system of Météo-france; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=129; citation_firstpage=2089; citation_lastpage=2102" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=E. Gilleland; citation_author=D. Ahijevych; citation_author=B. G. Brown; citation_author=B. Casati; citation_author=E. E. Ebert; citation_title=Intercomparison of spatial forecast verification methods; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_journal_title=Wea. Forecasting; citation_volume=24; citation_firstpage=1416; citation_lastpage=1430" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Gustafsson, N., 1992: Use of a digital filter as weak constraint in variational data assimilation. Proc. Workshop on Variational Assimilation, with Special Emphasis on Three-Dimensional Aspects, Shinfield Park, United Kingdom, 327-338." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Gustafsson N.; citation_author=Janjić T.; citation_author=Schraff C.; citation_author=Leuenberger D.; citation_author=Weissmann M.; citation_author=Reich H.; citation_author=Brousseau P.; citation_author=Montmerle T.; citation_author=Wattrelot E.; citation_author=Bučánek A.; citation_author=Mile M.; citation_author=Hamdi R.; citation_author=Lindskog M.; citation_author=Barkmeijer J.; citation_author=Dahlbom M.; citation_author=Macpherson B.; citation_author=Ballard S.; citation_author=Inverarity G.; citation_author=Carley J.; citation_author=Alexander C.; citation_author=Dowell D.; citation_author=Liu S.; citation_author=Ikuta Y.; citation_author=Fujita T.; citation_title=Survey of data assimilation methods for convectivescale numerical weather prediction at operational centres; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=144; citation_firstpage=1218; citation_lastpage=1256" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=T. Hara; citation_author=K. Kawano; citation_author=K. Aranami; citation_author=Y. Kitamura; citation_author=M. Sakamoto; citation_author=H. Kusabiraki; citation_author=C. Muroi; citation_author=J. Ishida; citation_title=Development of Physics Library and its application to ASUCA; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=42; citation_firstpage=05.05; citation_lastpage=05.06" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Hirahara; citation_author=H. Owada; citation_author=M. Moriya; citation_title=Assimilation of GNSS RO data into JMA's mesoscale NWP system; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=47; citation_firstpage=01.15; citation_lastpage=01.16" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_author=M. Nishijima; citation_author=K. Koizumi; citation_author=Y. Ohta; citation_author=K. Tamiya; citation_author=T. Kawabata; citation_author=T. Tsuyuki; citation_title=A pre-operational variational data assimilation system for a nonhydrostatic model at the Japan Meteorological Agency: Formulation and preliminary results; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=131; citation_firstpage=3465; citation_lastpage=3475" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_author=K. Sawada; citation_title=Upgrade of the operational mesoscale 4D-Var system at the Japan Meteorological Agency; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=39; citation_firstpage=01.11; citation_lastpage=01.12" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_author=K. Sawada; citation_title=Operational msoscale analysis system; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_journal_title=Separate vol. ann. rep. NPD; citation_volume=56; citation_firstpage=25; citation_lastpage=30" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Ide; citation_author=P. Courtier; citation_author=M. Ghil; citation_author=A. C. Lorenc; citation_title=Unified notation for data assimilation : Operational, sequential and variational; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=75; citation_firstpage=181; citation_lastpage=189" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ikuta, Y., 2017a: Assimilation of satellite soil moisture contents and clear-sky radiance in operational local NWP system at JMA. Proceeding of JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017, 20–24 May, 2017, Makuhari, Japan." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ikuta, Y., 2017b: Meso-scale hybrid data assimilation using adjointmodel including 3-ice cloud microphysics scheme. Proceeding of RIKEN International Symposium on Data Assimilation 2017, 27 February–2 March, 2017, Kobe, Japan. [Available at http://www.data-assimilation.riken.jp/risda2017/program/abstracts/pdf/05_1_Y.Ikuta.pdf.] (accessed on 18 August 2021)." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Ikuta; citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_title=Development of 1D+4DVAR data assimilation of radar reflectivity in JNoVA; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=41; citation_firstpage=05.09; citation_lastpage=05.10" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Ikuta; citation_author=H. Kusabiraki; citation_author=K. Kawano; citation_author=T. Anzai; citation_author=M. Sawada; citation_author=M. Ujiie; citation_author=S. Nishimoto; citation_author=Y. Ota; citation_author=M. Narita; citation_title=A new data assimilation system and upgrading of physical processes in JMA's meso-scale NWP system; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Earth system Modell.; citation_volume=50; citation_firstpage=01.07; citation_lastpage=01.08" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Ikuta; citation_author=K. Okamoto; citation_author=T. Kubota; citation_title=One-dimensional maximum-likelihood estimation for spaceborne precipitation radar data assimilation; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=147; citation_firstpage=858; citation_lastpage=875" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=J. Ishida; citation_author=C. Muroi; citation_author=Y. Aikawa; citation_title=Development of a new dynamical core for the nonhydrostatic model; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=39; citation_firstpage=05.09; citation_lastpage=05.10" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=J. Ishida; citation_author=C. Muroi; citation_author=K. Kawano; citation_author=Y. Kitamura; citation_title=Development of a new nonhydrostatic model “ASUCA” at JMA; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=40; citation_firstpage=05.11; citation_lastpage=05.12" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Ishikawa; citation_title=Data assimilation of GPS precipitable water vapor into the JMA mesoscale numerical weather prediction model; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=34; citation_firstpage=01.13; citation_lastpage=01.14" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Ishikawa; citation_author=K. Koizumi; citation_title=One month cycle experiments of the JMA mesoscale 4-dimensional variational data assimi-lation (4D-Var) system; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=32; citation_firstpage=01.26; citation_lastpage=01.27" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Ishikawa; citation_author=K. Koizumi; citation_title=Doppler radar wind data assimilation with the JMA meso 4D-VAR; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=36; citation_firstpage=01.11; citation_lastpage=01.12" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Ito; citation_author=M. Kunii; citation_author=T. Kawabata; citation_author=K. Saito; citation_author=K. Aonashi; citation_author=L. Duc; citation_title=Mesoscale hybrid data assimilation system based on JMA nonhydrostatic model; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=144; citation_firstpage=3417; citation_lastpage=3439" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, 2019: Outline of the operational numerical weather prediction at the Japan Meteorological Agency. Appendix to WMO Technical Progress Report on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System and Numerical Weather Prediction Research. Japan Meteorological Agency, 229 pp." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=J. S. Kain; citation_author=J. M. Fritsch; citation_title=A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_journal_title=J. Atmos. Sci.; citation_volume=47; citation_firstpage=2784; citation_lastpage=2802" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=T. Kawabata; citation_author=H. Seko; citation_author=K. Saito; citation_author=T. Kuroda; citation_author=K. Tamiya; citation_author=T. Tsuyuki; citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_author=Y. Wakazuki; citation_title=An assimilation and forecasting experiment of the Nerima heavy rainfa11 with a cloud-resolving nonhydrostatic 4-dimensional variational data assimilation system; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=85; citation_firstpage=255; citation_lastpage=276" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=T. Kawabata; citation_author=T. Kuroda; citation_author=H. Seko; citation_author=K. Saito; citation_title=A cloud-resolving 4DVAR assimilation experiment for a local heavy rainfall event in the Tokyo metropolitan area; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=139; citation_firstpage=1911; citation_lastpage=1931" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=T. Kawabata; citation_author=M. Kunii; citation_author=K. Bessho; citation_author=T. Nakazawa; citation_author=N. Kohno; citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_author=K. Sawada; citation_title=Reanalysis and reforecast of Typhoon Vera (1959) using a mesoscale four-dimensional variational assimilation system; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=90; citation_firstpage=467; citation_lastpage=491" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=T. Kawabata; citation_author=K. Ito; citation_author=K. Saito; citation_title=Recent progress of the NHM-4DVAR towards a super-high resolution data assimilation; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_journal_title=SOLA; citation_volume=10; citation_firstpage=145; citation_lastpage=149" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=M. Kazumori; citation_title=Satellite radiance assimilation in the JMA operational mesoscale 4DVAR system; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=142; citation_firstpage=1361; citation_lastpage=1381" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=E. Klinker; citation_author=F. Rabier; citation_author=G. Kelly; citation_author=J.-F. Mahfouf; citation_title=The ECMWF operational implementation of fourdimensional variational assimilation. III: Experimental results and diagnostics with operational configuration; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=126; citation_firstpage=1191; citation_lastpage=1215" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Koizumi; citation_author=Y. Ishikawa; citation_author=T. Tsuyuki; citation_title=Assimilation of precipitation data to the JMA mesoscale model with a four-dimensional variational method and its impact on precipitation forecasts; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_journal_title=SOLA; citation_volume=1; citation_firstpage=45; citation_lastpage=48" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=M. Kunii; citation_author=H. Seko; citation_author=M. Ueno; citation_author=Y. Shoji; citation_author=T. Tsuda; citation_title=Impact of assimilation of GPS radio occultation refractivity on the forecast of Typhoon Usagi in 2007; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=90; citation_firstpage=255; citation_lastpage=273" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=D. C. Liu; citation_author=J. Nocedal; citation_title=On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_journal_title=Math. Program.; citation_volume=45; citation_firstpage=503; citation_lastpage=528" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=P. Lynch; citation_title=The Dolph-Chebyshev window: A simple optimal filter; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=125; citation_firstpage=655; citation_lastpage=660" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=J.-F. Mahfouf; citation_title=Influence of physical processes on the tangent-linear approximation; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_journal_title=Tellus A; citation_volume=51; citation_firstpage=147; citation_lastpage=166" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=J.-F. Mahfouf; citation_author=F. Rabier; citation_title=The ECMWF operational implementation of four-dimensional variational assimilation. II: Experimental results with improved physics; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=126; citation_firstpage=1171; citation_lastpage=1190" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Nagata; citation_title=Quantitative precipitation estimation and quantitative precipitation forecasting by the Japan Meteorological Agency; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_journal_title=Technical Review of RSMC Tokyo; citation_volume=13; citation_firstpage=37; citation_lastpage=50" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=M. Nakanishi; citation_author=H. Niino; citation_title=An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model with condensation physics: Its design and verification; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_journal_title=Bound.-Layer Meteor.; citation_volume=112; citation_firstpage=1; citation_lastpage=31" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=J. Nocedal; citation_title=Updating quasi-Newton matrices with limited storage; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_journal_title=Math. Comput.; citation_volume=35; citation_firstpage=773; citation_lastpage=782" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=D. F. Parrish; citation_author=J. C. Derber; citation_title=The National Meteorological Center's spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=120; citation_firstpage=1747; citation_lastpage=1763" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=S. Polavarapu; citation_author=M. Tanguay; citation_author=L. Fillion; citation_title=Fourdimensional variational data assimilation with digital filter initialization; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=128; citation_firstpage=2491; citation_lastpage=2510" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=R. J. Purser; citation_author=W.-S. Wu; citation_author=D. F. Parrish; citation_author=N. M. Roberts; citation_title=Numerical aspects of the application of recursive filters to variational statistical analysis. Part I: Spatially homogeneous and isotropic Gaussian covariances; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=131; citation_firstpage=1524; citation_lastpage=1535" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=F. Rabier; citation_author=H. Järvinen; citation_author=E. Klinker; citation_author=J.-F. Mahfouf; citation_author=A. Simmons; citation_title=The ECMWF operational implementation of four-dimensional variational assimilation. I: Experimental results with simplified physics; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=126; citation_firstpage=1143; citation_lastpage=1170" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=N. M. Roberts; citation_author=H.W. Lean; citation_title=Scale-selective verification of rainfall accumulations from high-resolution forecasts of convective events; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=136; citation_firstpage=78; citation_lastpage=97" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Radio Occultation Meteorology Satellite Application Facility, 2019: The Radio Occultation Meteorology Satellite Application Facility. [Available at http://www.romsaf.org.]" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Saito; citation_author=T. Fujita; citation_author=Y. Yamada; citation_author=J. Ishida; citation_author=Y. Kumagai; citation_author=K. Aranami; citation_author=S. Ohmori; citation_author=R. Nagasawa; citation_author=S. Kumagai; citation_author=C. Muroi; citation_author=T. Kato; citation_author=H. Eito; citation_author=Y. Yamazaki; citation_title=The operational JMA nonhydrostatic mesoscale model; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=134; citation_firstpage=1266; citation_lastpage=1298" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Saito; citation_author=J. Ishida; citation_author=K. Aranami; citation_author=T. Hara; citation_author=T. Segawa; citation_author=M. Narita; citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_title=Nonhydrostatic atmospheric models and operational development at JMA; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=85B; citation_firstpage=271; citation_lastpage=304" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Sasaki; citation_title=An objective analysis based on the variational method; citation_publication_date=1958; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=36; citation_firstpage=77; citation_lastpage=88" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Sato; citation_title=Introduction of variational bias correction technique into the JMA global data assimilation system; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=37; citation_firstpage=01.19; citation_lastpage=01.20" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=R. Saunders; citation_author=J. Hocking; citation_author=E. Turner; citation_author=P. Rayer; citation_author=D. Rundle; citation_author=P. Brunel; citation_author=J. Vidot; citation_author=P. Roquet; citation_author=M. Matricardi; citation_author=A. Geer; citation_author=N. Bormann; citation_author=C. Lupu; citation_title=An update on the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model (currently at version 12); citation_publication_date=2018; citation_journal_title=Geosci. Model Dev.; citation_volume=11; citation_firstpage=2717; citation_lastpage=2737" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Sawada; citation_author=Y. Honda; citation_title=Initialization; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_journal_title=Separate vol. ann. rep. NPD; citation_volume=54; citation_firstpage=68; citation_lastpage=74" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=H. Seko; citation_author=T. Kawabata; citation_author=T. Tsuyuki; citation_author=H. Nakamura; citation_author=K. Koizumi; citation_author=T. Iwabuchi; citation_title=Impacts of GPS-derived water vapor and radial wind measured by Doppler radar on numerical prediction of precipitation; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=82; citation_firstpage=473; citation_lastpage=489" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Shoji; citation_author=M. Kunii; citation_author=K. Saito; citation_title=Mesoscale data assimilation of Myanmar Cyclone Nargis Part II: Assimilation of GPS-derived precipitable water vapor; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_journal_title=J. Meteor. Soc. Japan; citation_volume=89; citation_firstpage=67; citation_lastpage=88" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=O. Talagrand; citation_author=P. Courtier; citation_title=Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equation. I: Theory; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=113; citation_firstpage=1311; citation_lastpage=1328" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=O. Tetens; citation_title=Über einige meteorologische Begriffe; citation_publication_date=1930; citation_journal_title=Z. Geophys.; citation_volume=6; citation_firstpage=297; citation_lastpage=309" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Trémolet; citation_title=Accounting for an imperfect model in 4D-Var; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_journal_title=Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.; citation_volume=132; citation_firstpage=2483; citation_lastpage=2504" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Y. Trémolet; citation_title=Computation of observation sensitivity and observation impact in incremental variational data assimilation; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_journal_title=Tellus A; citation_volume=60; citation_firstpage=964; citation_lastpage=978" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=Široká M.; citation_author=Fischer C.; citation_author=Cassé V.; citation_author=Brožková R.; citation_author=Geleyn J.-F; citation_title=The definition of mesoscale selective forecast error covariances for a limited area variational analysis; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_journal_title=Meteor. Atmos. Phys.; citation_volume=82; citation_firstpage=227; citation_lastpage=244" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=T.-K. Wee; citation_author=Y.-H. Kuo; citation_title=Impact of a digital filter as a weak constraint in MM5 4DVAR: An observing system simulation experiment; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_journal_title=Mon. Wea. Rev.; citation_volume=132; citation_firstpage=543; citation_lastpage=559" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="World Meteorological Organization, 2017: Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation. WMO-No 8, 681 pp. [Available at http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/CIMO-Guide.html.]" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_author=K. Yoshimoto; citation_title=Improvement of conventional observation data usage in the JMA mesoscale 4D-VAR data assimilation system; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_journal_title=CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell.; citation_volume=40; citation_firstpage=01.45; citation_lastpage=01.46" /> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.2151/jmsj.2021-076" /> <meta name="journal_code" content="jmsj" /> <meta name="journal_title" content="Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II" /> <meta name="publisher" content="Meteorological Society of Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Yasutaka IKUTA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Tadashi FUJITA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Yukinari OTA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Numerical Prediction Development Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan" /> <meta name="authors" content="Yuki HONDA" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan" /> <meta name="title" content="Variational Data Assimilation System for Operational Regional Models at Japan Meteorological Agency" /> <meta name="publication_date" content="2021" /> <meta name="online_date" content="2021/12/23" /> <meta name="volume" content="99" /> <meta name="issue" content="6" /> <meta name="firstpage" content="1563" /> <meta name="lastpage" content="1592" /> <meta name="doi" content="10.2151/jmsj.2021-076" /> <meta name="fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="pdf_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_pdf" /> <meta name="fullhtml_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_html/-char/en" /> <meta name="print_issn" content="0026-1165" /> <meta name="online_issn" content="2186-9057" /> <meta name="issn_l" content="0026-1165" /> <meta name="language" content="en" /> <meta name="keywords" content="data assimilation" /> <meta name="keywords" content="mesoscale" /> <meta name="keywords" content="numerical weather prediction" /> <meta name="keywords" content="operational system" /> <meta name="keywords" content="variational method" /> <meta name="abstract" content="The regional data assimilation system at the Japan Meteorological Agency uses a variational data assimilation system based on the non-hydrostatic model ASUCA (named ASUCA-Var). This paper reviews the configurations and current status of ASUCA-Var. To consider the consistency of analysis and prognostic variables, the control variables of ASUCA-Var include soil variables and basic atmospheric variables. The background-errors based on the control variables are calculated every 3 h for land and sea grid points to better reflect the representative error covariance structure, considering daily variations and differences in structure on land and sea. Although the cost function is designed to be a perfect quadratic form, the basic field update method in the optimization process allows the nonlinearity of the observation operator and numerical weather prediction model to be incorporated into the solution of optimization problem in the incremental four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method. The outer/inner models used in the incremental 4D-Var method are based on ASUCA, with suitable configurations according to each resolution and applied linearization. Observation operators are implemented for various kinds of observations used, with unified interfaces encapsulating external simulators. Variational quality control and variational bias correction are also introduced for advanced observation handling within the variational system. Parallelization is introduced to enhance computational efficiency, including adjoint calculations. To assess the impact of assimilated observations, degrees of freedom for signal are also available. Additionally, as a system for operational use, ASUCA-Var is designed for sustainable development. The meso-scale analysis and local analysis workflows are presented as operational implementations of ASUCA-Var. ASUCA-Var enhances forecasting in a wide range of validation indices. The major future improvements of ASUCA-Var include the introduction of the flow-dependent background-error and extension of the control variable to hydrometeors, which are expected to enhance the prediction accuracy of the operational regional model." /> <meta name="cc_license_type" content="Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)" /> <meta name="cc_license_url" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" /> <meta name="cc_license_description" content="© The Author(s) 2021. This is an open access article published by the Meteorological Society of Japan under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license." /> <meta name="references" content="Adams, L. M., and J. M. Ortega, 1982: A multi-color SOR method for parallel computation. Proc. 1982 Int. Conf. Parallel Process., Bellaire, USA, 53-56." /> <meta name="references" content="Andersson, E., and H. Järvinen, 1999: Variational quality control. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 697-722." /> <meta name="references" content="Aranami, K., T. Hara, Y. Ikuta, K. Kawano, K. Matsubayashi, H. Kusabiraki, T. Ito, T. Egawa, K. Yamashita, Y. Ota, Y. Ishikawa, T. Fujita, and J. Ishida, 2015: A new operational regional model for convection-permitting numerical weather prediction at JMA. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 45, 05.05-05.06. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2015/individual-articles/05_Aranami_Kohei_asuca.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Bannister, R. N., 2008: A review of forecast error covariance statistics in atmospheric variational data assimilation. I: Characteristics and measurements of forecast error covariances. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1951-1970." /> <meta name="references" content="Beljaars, A. C. M., and A. A. M. Holtslag, 1991: Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 327-341." /> <meta name="references" content="Benáček, P., and M. Mile, 2019: Satellite bias correction in the regional model ALADIN/CZ: Comparison of different varBC approaches. Mon. Wea. Rev., 147, 3223-3239." /> <meta name="references" content="Box, G. E. P., and D. R. Cox, 1964: An analysis of transformations. J. Roy. Stat. Soc., 26, 211-252." /> <meta name="references" content="Brousseau, P., G. Desroziers, F. Bouttier, and B. Chapnik, 2014: A posteriori diagnostics of the impact of observations on the AROME-France convective-scale data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 140, 982-994." /> <meta name="references" content="Cameron, J., and W. Bell, 2018: The testing and implementation of variational bias correction (VarBC) in the Met Office global NWP system. Weather Science Technical Report No: 631,, Met Office, 21 pp. [Available at https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/libraryand-archive/publications/science/weather-sciencetechnical-reports.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Cardinali, C., S. Pezzulli, and E. Andersson, 2004: Influencematrix diagnostic of a data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 2767-2786." /> <meta name="references" content="Chapnik, B., G. Desroziers, F. Rabier, and O. Talagrand, 2006: Diagnosis and tuning of observational error in a quasi-operational data assimilation setting. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 543-565." /> <meta name="references" content="Courtier, P., J.-N. Thépaut, and A. Hollingsworth, 1994: A strategy for operational implementation of 4D-var, using an incremental approach. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1367-1387." /> <meta name="references" content="Dee, D. P., 2004: Variational bias correction of radiance data in the ECMWF system. ECMWF Workshop on Assimilation of high spectral resolution sounders in NWP, Shinfield Park, United Kingdom, 97-112." /> <meta name="references" content="Dee, D. P., and A. M. da Silva, 2003: The choice of variable for atmospheric moisture analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 155-171." /> <meta name="references" content="Fujita, T., 2010: Flow-dependent background error. Separate vol. ann. rep. NPD, 56, 78-83 (in Japanese)." /> <meta name="references" content="Fukuda, J., T. Fujita, Y. Ikuta, Y. Ishikawa, and K. Yoshimoto, 2011: Development of JMA local analysis. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 41, 01.07-01.08. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2011/individual-articles/01_Fukuda_Junya_Development_of_JMA_Local_Analysis.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Gauthier, P., and J.-N. Thépaut, 2001: Impact of the digital filter as a weak constraint in the preoperational 4DVAR assimilation system of Météo-france. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2089-2102." /> <meta name="references" content="Gilleland, E., D. Ahijevych, B. G. Brown, B. Casati, and E. E. Ebert, 2009: Intercomparison of spatial forecast verification methods. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 1416-1430." /> <meta name="references" content="Gustafsson, N., 1992: Use of a digital filter as weak constraint in variational data assimilation. Proc. Workshop on Variational Assimilation, with Special Emphasis on Three-Dimensional Aspects, Shinfield Park, United Kingdom, 327-338." /> <meta name="references" content="Gustafsson, N., T. Janjić, C. Schraff, D. Leuenberger, M. Weissmann, H. Reich, P. Brousseau, T. Montmerle, E. Wattrelot, A. Bučánek, M. Mile, R. Hamdi, M. Lindskog, J. Barkmeijer, M. Dahlbom, B. Macpherson, S. Ballard, G. Inverarity, J. Carley, C. Alexander, D. Dowell, S. Liu, Y. Ikuta, and T. Fujita, 2018: Survey of data assimilation methods for convectivescale numerical weather prediction at operational centres. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 1218-1256." /> <meta name="references" content="Hara, T., K. Kawano, K. Aranami, Y. Kitamura, M. Sakamoto, H. Kusabiraki, C. Muroi, and J. Ishida, 2012: Development of Physics Library and its application to ASUCA. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 42, 05.05-05.06. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2012/individual-articles/05_Hara_Tabito_physlib_asuca.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Hirahara, Y., H. Owada, and M. Moriya, 2017: Assimilation of GNSS RO data into JMA's mesoscale NWP system. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 47, 01.15-01.16. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2017/docs/01_Hirahara_Yoichi_GNSS_RO_Assimilation.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Honda, Y., M. Nishijima, K. Koizumi, Y. Ohta, K. Tamiya, T. Kawabata, and T. Tsuyuki, 2005: A pre-operational variational data assimilation system for a nonhydrostatic model at the Japan Meteorological Agency: Formulation and preliminary results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 3465-3475." /> <meta name="references" content="Honda, Y., and K. Sawada, 2009: Upgrade of the operational mesoscale 4D-Var system at the Japan Meteorological Agency. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 39, 01.11-01.12. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2009/individual-articles/01_Honda_Yuki_jnova.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Honda, Y., and K. Sawada, 2010: Operational msoscale analysis system. Separate vol. ann. rep. NPD, 56, 25-30 (in Japanese)." /> <meta name="references" content="Ide, K., P. Courtier, M. Ghil, and A. C. Lorenc, 1997: Unified notation for data assimilation : Operational, sequential and variational. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75, 181-189." /> <meta name="references" content="Ikuta, Y., 2017a: Assimilation of satellite soil moisture contents and clear-sky radiance in operational local NWP system at JMA. Proceeding of JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017, 20–24 May, 2017, Makuhari, Japan." /> <meta name="references" content="Ikuta, Y., 2017b: Meso-scale hybrid data assimilation using adjointmodel including 3-ice cloud microphysics scheme. Proceeding of RIKEN International Symposium on Data Assimilation 2017, 27 February–2 March, 2017, Kobe, Japan. [Available at http://www.data-assimilation.riken.jp/risda2017/program/abstracts/pdf/05_1_Y.Ikuta.pdf.] (accessed on 18 August 2021)." /> <meta name="references" content="Ikuta, Y., and Y. Honda, 2011: Development of 1D+4DVAR data assimilation of radar reflectivity in JNoVA. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 41, 05.09-05.10. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2011/individual-articles/01_Ikuta_Yasutaka_WGNE2011_1D4DVAR.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Ikuta, Y., H. Kusabiraki, K. Kawano, T. Anzai, M. Sawada, M. Ujiie, S. Nishimoto, Y. Ota, and M. Narita, 2020: A new data assimilation system and upgrading of physical processes in JMA's meso-scale NWP system. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Earth system Modell., 50, 01.07-01.08. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2020/docs/01_Ikuta_Yasutaka_MAMSM2003.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Ikuta, Y., K. Okamoto, and T. Kubota, 2021: One-dimensional maximum-likelihood estimation for spaceborne precipitation radar data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 858-875." /> <meta name="references" content="Ishida, J., C. Muroi, and Y. Aikawa, 2009: Development of a new dynamical core for the nonhydrostatic model. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 39, 05.09-05.10. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2009/individual-articles/05_Ishida_Junichi_WGNE_ishida_muroi_aikawa_asuca.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Ishida, J., C. Muroi, K. Kawano, and Y. Kitamura, 2010: Development of a new nonhydrostatic model “ASUCA” at JMA. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 40, 05.11-05.12. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2010/individual-articles/05_Ishida_Junichi_wgne_ishida_muroi_kawano_kitamura_asuca.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Ishikawa, Y., 2010: Data assimilation of GPS precipitable water vapor into the JMA mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 34, 01.13-01.14. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2010/individualarticles/01_Ishikawa_Yoshihiro___12487.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Ishikawa, Y., and K. Koizumi, 2002: One month cycle experiments of the JMA mesoscale 4-dimensional variational data assimi-lation (4D-Var) system. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 32, 01.26-01.27. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2002/individual-articles/01_ishikawa_yoshihiro.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Ishikawa, Y., and K. Koizumi, 2006: Doppler radar wind data assimilation with the JMA meso 4D-VAR. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 36, 01.11-01.12. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2006/individual-articles/01_Ishikawa_Yoshihiro_Doppler_Meso_4D-Var.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Ito, K., M. Kunii, T. Kawabata, K. Saito, K. Aonashi, and L. Duc, 2016: Mesoscale hybrid data assimilation system based on JMA nonhydrostatic model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 3417-3439." /> <meta name="references" content="Japan Meteorological Agency, 2019: Outline of the operational numerical weather prediction at the Japan Meteorological Agency. Appendix to WMO Technical Progress Report on the Global Data-processing and Forecasting System and Numerical Weather Prediction Research. Japan Meteorological Agency, 229 pp." /> <meta name="references" content="Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802." /> <meta name="references" content="Kawabata, T., H. Seko, K. Saito, T. Kuroda, K. Tamiya, T. Tsuyuki, Y. Honda, and Y. Wakazuki, 2007: An assimilation and forecasting experiment of the Nerima heavy rainfa11 with a cloud-resolving nonhydrostatic 4-dimensional variational data assimilation system. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85, 255-276." /> <meta name="references" content="Kawabata, T., T. Kuroda, H. Seko, and K. Saito, 2011: A cloud-resolving 4DVAR assimilation experiment for a local heavy rainfall event in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 1911-1931." /> <meta name="references" content="Kawabata, T., M. Kunii, K. Bessho, T. Nakazawa, N. Kohno, Y. Honda, and K. Sawada, 2012: Reanalysis and reforecast of Typhoon Vera (1959) using a mesoscale four-dimensional variational assimilation system. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 90, 467-491." /> <meta name="references" content="Kawabata, T., K. Ito, and K. Saito, 2014: Recent progress of the NHM-4DVAR towards a super-high resolution data assimilation. SOLA, 10, 145-149." /> <meta name="references" content="Kazumori, M., 2014: Satellite radiance assimilation in the JMA operational mesoscale 4DVAR system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 1361-1381." /> <meta name="references" content="Klinker, E., F. Rabier, G. Kelly, and J.-F. Mahfouf, 2000: The ECMWF operational implementation of fourdimensional variational assimilation. III: Experimental results and diagnostics with operational configuration. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1191-1215." /> <meta name="references" content="Koizumi, K., Y. Ishikawa, and T. Tsuyuki, 2005: Assimilation of precipitation data to the JMA mesoscale model with a four-dimensional variational method and its impact on precipitation forecasts. SOLA, 1, 45-48." /> <meta name="references" content="Kunii, M., H. Seko, M. Ueno, Y. Shoji, and T. Tsuda, 2012: Impact of assimilation of GPS radio occultation refractivity on the forecast of Typhoon Usagi in 2007. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 90, 255-273." /> <meta name="references" content="Liu, D. C., and J. Nocedal, 1989: On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization. Math. Program., 45, 503-528." /> <meta name="references" content="Lynch, P., 1997: The Dolph-Chebyshev window: A simple optimal filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 655-660." /> <meta name="references" content="Mahfouf, J.-F., 1999: Influence of physical processes on the tangent-linear approximation. Tellus A, 51, 147-166." /> <meta name="references" content="Mahfouf, J.-F., and F. Rabier, 2000: The ECMWF operational implementation of four-dimensional variational assimilation. II: Experimental results with improved physics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1171-1190." /> <meta name="references" content="Nagata, K., 2011: Quantitative precipitation estimation and quantitative precipitation forecasting by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Technical Review of RSMC Tokyo, 13, 37-50. [Available at https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/techrev/text13-2.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2004: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model with condensation physics: Its design and verification. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 112, 1-31." /> <meta name="references" content="Nocedal, J., 1980: Updating quasi-Newton matrices with limited storage. Math. Comput., 35, 773-782." /> <meta name="references" content="Parrish, D. F., and J. C. Derber, 1992: The National Meteorological Center's spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1747-1763." /> <meta name="references" content="Polavarapu, S., M. Tanguay, and L. Fillion, 2000: Fourdimensional variational data assimilation with digital filter initialization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2491-2510." /> <meta name="references" content="Purser, R. J., W.-S. Wu, D. F. Parrish, and N. M. Roberts, 2003: Numerical aspects of the application of recursive filters to variational statistical analysis. Part I: Spatially homogeneous and isotropic Gaussian covariances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1524-1535." /> <meta name="references" content="Rabier, F., H. Järvinen, E. Klinker, J.-F. Mahfouf, and A. Simmons, 2000: The ECMWF operational implementation of four-dimensional variational assimilation. I: Experimental results with simplified physics. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1143-1170." /> <meta name="references" content="Roberts, N. M., and H.W. Lean, 2008: Scale-selective verification of rainfall accumulations from high-resolution forecasts of convective events. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 78-97." /> <meta name="references" content="Radio Occultation Meteorology Satellite Application Facility, 2019: The Radio Occultation Meteorology Satellite Application Facility. [Available at http://www.romsaf.org.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Saito, K., T. Fujita, Y. Yamada, J. Ishida, Y. Kumagai, K. Aranami, S. Ohmori, R. Nagasawa, S. Kumagai, C. Muroi, T. Kato, H. Eito, and Y. Yamazaki, 2006: The operational JMA nonhydrostatic mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1266-1298." /> <meta name="references" content="Saito, K., J. Ishida, K. Aranami, T. Hara, T. Segawa, M. Narita, and Y. Honda, 2007: Nonhydrostatic atmospheric models and operational development at JMA. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85B, 271-304." /> <meta name="references" content="Sasaki, Y., 1958: An objective analysis based on the variational method. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 36, 77-88." /> <meta name="references" content="Sato, Y., 2007: Introduction of variational bias correction technique into the JMA global data assimilation system. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 37, 01.19-01.20. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2007/individual-articles/01_Sato_Yoshiaki_sato-varbc.pdf.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Saunders, R., J. Hocking, E. Turner, P. Rayer, D. Rundle, P. Brunel, J. Vidot, P. Roquet, M. Matricardi, A. Geer, N. Bormann, and C. Lupu, 2018: An update on the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model (currently at version 12). Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2717-2737." /> <meta name="references" content="Sawada, K., and Y. Honda, 2008: Initialization. Separate vol. ann. rep. NPD, 54, 68-74 (in Japanese)." /> <meta name="references" content="Seko, H., T. Kawabata, T. Tsuyuki, H. Nakamura, K. Koizumi, and T. Iwabuchi, 2004: Impacts of GPS-derived water vapor and radial wind measured by Doppler radar on numerical prediction of precipitation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 82, 473-489." /> <meta name="references" content="Shoji, Y., M. Kunii, and K. Saito, 2011: Mesoscale data assimilation of Myanmar Cyclone Nargis Part II: Assimilation of GPS-derived precipitable water vapor. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 89, 67-88." /> <meta name="references" content="Talagrand, O., and P. Courtier, 1987: Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equation. I: Theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1311-1328." /> <meta name="references" content="Tetens, O., 1930: Über einige meteorologische Begriffe. Z. Geophys., 6, 297-309." /> <meta name="references" content="Trémolet, Y., 2006: Accounting for an imperfect model in 4D-Var. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2483-2504." /> <meta name="references" content="Trémolet, Y., 2008: Computation of observation sensitivity and observation impact in incremental variational data assimilation. Tellus A, 60, 964-978." /> <meta name="references" content="Široká, M., C. Fischer, V. Cassé, R. Brožková, and J.-F. Geleyn, 2003: The definition of mesoscale selective forecast error covariances for a limited area variational analysis. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 82, 227-244." /> <meta name="references" content="Wee, T.-K., and Y.-H. Kuo, 2004: Impact of a digital filter as a weak constraint in MM5 4DVAR: An observing system simulation experiment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 543-559." /> <meta name="references" content="World Meteorological Organization, 2017: Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation. WMO-No 8, 681 pp. [Available at http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/CIMO-Guide.html.]" /> <meta name="references" content="Yoshimoto, K., 2010: Improvement of conventional observation data usage in the JMA mesoscale 4D-VAR data assimilation system. CAS/JSC WGNE Res. Activ. Atmos. Oceanic Modell., 40, 01.45-01.46. [Available at http://bluebook.meteoinfo.ru/uploads/2010/individualarticles/01_Yoshimoto_Koichi_01_Yoshimoto_Koichi_ConventionalData.pdf.]" /> <meta name="access_control" content="OPEN ACCESS" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@jstage_ej" /> <meta name="og:url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_article" /> <meta name="og:title" content="Variational Data Assimilation System for Operational Regional Models at Japan Meteorological Agency" /> <meta name="og:description" content="The regional data assimilation system at the Japan Meteorological Agency uses a variational data assimilation system based on the non-hydrostatic mode …" /> <meta name="og:site_name" content="J-STAGE" /> <meta name="og:image" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/html/images/common/SNS/J-STAGE_logo_sns.png" /> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <title>Variational Data Assimilation System for Operational Regional Models at Japan Meteorological Agency</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/bootstrap3-wysiwyg5-color.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/bootstrap3-wysiwyg5.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/ranking.css?rn=2.3.6" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/style.css?rn=2.3.6"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/common-elements-style.css?rn=2.3.6" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/jquery.treefilter.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/jplayer.blue.monday.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/main.css?rn=2.3.6" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/css/print.css" />  <style type="text/css">  </style> </head> <body class="body-offcanvas addition-pages">  <span class="noprint"> <header class="clearfix">  <nav class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top ep-nav-shadow " > <div class="container"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle offcanvas-toggle" data-toggle="offcanvas" data-target="#js-bootstrap-offcanvas" style="float:left;"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"> </span> <span class="icon-bar"> </span> <span class="icon-bar"> </span> </button>  <div class="search-nav-block dropdown"> <a href="javascript:;" class="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#Search_nav"><i class="search-nav-icon"></i></a> </div>   <a class="navbar-brand ms-logowrap hm-logo-padding" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/-char/en"> <img src="/web/images/J-STAGE_logo_A3.png" alt="" style="margin-top:6px;" /> </a>   <div class="offcanvas-left-wrap register-offcanvas-left-wrap"> <div class="navbar-offcanvas navbar-offcanvas-touch navbar-offcanvas-fade" role="navigation" id="js-bootstrap-offcanvas"> <div class="offcanvas-left-wrap"> <div class="navbar-header"> <a class="navbar-brand jst-homelink" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/-char/en">J-STAGE home</a> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle offcanvas-toggle pull-right" data-toggle="offcanvas" data-target="#js-bootstrap-offcanvas" style="float:left;"> <img src="/web/images/edit-profile/icon-close-menu.png" alt=""></button> </div> <div class="offcanvas-nav-wrap"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="dropdown reponsive-menu"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Browse<b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="/journal/list/-char/en">All titles</a></li> <li><a href="/journal/fields/-char/en">All subject areas</a></li> <li><a href="/journal/publisher/-char/en">All publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en">Search articles</a></li> <li><a href="https://jstagedata.jst.go.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Search J-STAGE Data <img src="/web/images/information-tab2/bg-arrow-white.png" width="13" height="10" alt=""></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown reponsive-menu"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">About J-STAGE <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/JstageOverview/-char/en">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/JstageServices/TAB1/-char/en">Services and features</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/PublicDataAboutJstage/-char/en">Public data</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/TermsAndPolicies/ForIndividuals/-char/en">Terms and Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown reponsive-menu"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">News and PR <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB1/Current/Page1/-char/en">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB2/Page1/-char/en">Maintenance information</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB6/Page1/-char/en">Special contents </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB7/Page1/-char/en">Media resources </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown reponsive-menu"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Support <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/ForReaders/-char/en">User manuals</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/RecommendedEnvironment/-char/en">Browser compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/FAQs/TAB3/-char/en">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/Contact/-char/en">Contact </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/Sitemap/-char/en">Sitemap </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="reponsive-menu"> <a href="/mylogin/-char/en?sourceurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmsj%2F99%2F6%2F99_2021-076%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen">Sign in</a> </li> <li class="reponsive-menu"> <li class="reponsive-menu"><a href="/cart/list/-char/en?backurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmsj%2F99%2F6%2F99_2021-076%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen" class="" >Cart <img src="/web/images/edit-profile/icon-cart.png" alt=""></a> </li> <li class="dropdown reponsive-menu"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"> EN <img src="/web/images/edit-profile/icon-lang.png" alt=""> <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="javascript:;" onclick="doChangeLang('en')">English</a></li> <li><a href="javascript:;" onclick="doChangeLang('ja')">日本語</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <ul class="nav navbar-nav offcanvas-left-display-none"> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Browse<b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="/journal/list/-char/en">All titles</a></li> <li><a href="/journal/fields/-char/en">All subject areas</a></li> <li><a href="/journal/publisher/-char/en">All publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en">Search articles</a></li> <li><a href="https://jstagedata.jst.go.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Search J-STAGE Data <img src="/web/images/information-tab2/bg-arrow.png" width="13" height="10" alt=""></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">About J-STAGE <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/JstageOverview/-char/en">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/JstageServices/TAB1/-char/en">Services and features</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/PublicDataAboutJstage/-char/en">Public data</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/TermsAndPolicies/ForIndividuals/-char/en">Terms and Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">News and PR <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB1/Current/Page1/-char/en">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB2/Page1/-char/en">Maintenance information</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB6/Page1/-char/en">Special contents </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB7/Page1/-char/en">Media resources </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Support <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""/></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/ForReaders/-char/en">User manuals</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/RecommendedEnvironment/-char/en">Browser compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/FAQs/TAB3/-char/en">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/Contact/-char/en">Contact </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/Sitemap/-char/en">Sitemap </a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="offcanvas-right-wrap register-offcanvas-right-wrap"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class=""> <a href="/mylogin/-char/en?sourceurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmsj%2F99%2F6%2F99_2021-076%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen" class="" >Sign in </a> </li> <li class=""> <li class=""><a href="/cart/list/-char/en?backurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmsj%2F99%2F6%2F99_2021-076%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen" class="" >Cart </a> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"> EN <b class="caret"></b> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu ep-dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 80px;"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"><img src="/web/images/top-nav-dropdown-arrow.png" width="18" height="10" alt=""></span></li> <li><a href="javascript:;" onclick="doChangeLang('en')">English</a></li> <li><a href="javascript:;" onclick="doChangeLang('ja')">日本語</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  <ul class="dropdown-menu collapse ep-dropdown-menu search-dropdown-menu" id="Search_nav" style="max-width: 300px;"> <li style="background:none !important;"><span class="topnav-dropdown-icon"></span></li> <li> <div class="col-md-24 edit-profile-form-control"> <form action="/result/journal/-char/en" method="get"> <div class="input-group"> <input name="globalSearchKey" type="text" class="form-control search-nav-input" placeholder="Search within all titles on J-STAGE"> <span class="input-group-btn search-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><i class="search-nav-icon"></i></button> </span> </div> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en" class="advanced-search-link">Advanced search </a> </form> </div> </li> </ul>  <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </nav>  </header> </span>   <div id="page-content"> <div id="journal-header-compact" class="secondlevel-tabnavigation-detail colorscheme11-normal"> <div class="container"> <div class="flt-left" style="width:100%; position:relative;"> <div class="journal-name">Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II</div> <div id="journal-right-infosection" class="col-sm-6" style="padding-top:15px;"> <div class="fs-12"> Online ISSN : 2186-9057<br> Print ISSN : 0026-1165<br> ISSN-L : 0026-1165 </div> </div> <div class="journal-tags-clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="colorscheme11-normal"> <div class="container"> <div id="second-level-nav-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs"> <li><a href="http://jmsj.metsoc.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="linktab">Publisher's Home<span class="fa fa-external-link"></span></a></li> <li ><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/-char/en">Journal home</a></li> <li ><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/advpub/0/_contents/-char/en">Advance online publication</a></li> <li ><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/list/-char/en">All issues</a></li> <li ><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/_contents/journal-featured-articles/-char/en">Featured articles</a></li> <li ><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/_pubinfo/-char/en">About the journal</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-24">  <ul class="global-breadcrumbs"> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/-char/en">J-STAGE home</a></li> <li>/</li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/-char/en" class="customTooltip" title="Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II">Journal of the Meteorological ...</a></li> <li> / </li> <li><a href='https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/99/6/_contents/-char/en'>Volume 99 (2021) Issue 6</a></li><li> / </li><li>Article overview</li> </ul> <div class="clearfix"></div>  </div> </div> <div class="row">  <div class="col-md-18">  <div class="top-margin-2x bottom-margin-2x"> </div> <div class="global-article-subtitle">Review Article</div> <div class="global-article-title">Variational Data Assimilation System for Operational Regional Models at Japan Meteorological Agency</div> <div class="global-article-inner-title"></div> <div class="global-authors-name-tags"> <a name = "authorNmlist" id="authorNmList"></a><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Yasutaka+IKUTA" class="customTooltip" title="Yasutaka IKUTA, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Yasutaka IKUTA</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Tadashi+FUJITA" class="customTooltip" title="Tadashi FUJITA, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Tadashi FUJITA</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Yukinari+OTA" class="customTooltip" title="Yukinari OTA, Numerical Prediction Development Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan"><span>Yukinari OTA</span></a>, <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Yuki+HONDA" class="customTooltip" title="Yuki HONDA, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan"><span>Yuki HONDA</span></a> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn"name="authInfo" id="authInfo">Author information</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul"> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Yasutaka IKUTA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Tadashi FUJITA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Yukinari OTA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Numerical Prediction Development Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan </p> </li> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Yuki HONDA</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-wrap" id="saPopup" style="display:none"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-overlay" id="saWindow"></div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-inner"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-cont"> <div class="sapopup-title"><h4>Corresponding author</h4></div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthMailContainer" style="display:none"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span> <a id="corrAuthMail" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthOrcidContainer" style="display:none"> <img src="/web/images/id-logo.jpg" class="id-logo" alt="ORCID" /> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id="corrAuthOrcid" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="global-para"> Keywords: <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=data+assimilation" class="bluelink-style">data assimilation</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=mesoscale" class="bluelink-style">mesoscale</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=numerical+weather+prediction" class="bluelink-style">numerical weather prediction</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=operational+system" class="bluelink-style">operational system</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=variational+method" class="bluelink-style">variational method</a> </div> <div class="global-tags"><span class="tags-wrap original-tag-style" title="JOURNAL">JOURNAL</span> <span class="tags-wrap freeaccess-tag-style" title="OPEN ACCESS">OPEN ACCESS</span> <span class="tags-wrap fulltext-tag-style" title="FULL-TEXT HTML">FULL-TEXT HTML</span> <br> </div> <p class="global-para"> 2021 Volume 99 Issue 6 Pages 1563-1592 </p> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap" id="fig-doi"> <span class="doi-icn">DOI</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2021-076" class="bluelink-style" style="word-break:break-all">https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2021-076</a> </div> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap"></div> <div class="top-margin-2x bottom-margin-2x"> <img alt="" class="articlelink-icn" src="/web/images/articlelink-other-icn.png" /> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/advpub/0/advpub_2021-076/_article/-char/en" class="bluelink-style">Browse “Advance online publication” version</a><br> </div> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn">Details</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul accodion_detail"> <li> <span class="accodion_lic">Published: 2021 </span> <span class="accodion_lic">Received: February 23, 2021</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Released on J-STAGE: December 23, 2021</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Final Form: August 19, 2021</span> <span class="accodion_lic"> Advance online publication: September 14, 2021 </span> <span class="accodion_lic">Revised: -</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="col-md-6 print-non-disp"> <div id="third-level-navigation"> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_html/-char/en" class="thirdlevel-active-btn">Full-text HTML</a> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_pdf/-char/en" class="thirdlevel-pdf-btn"> Download PDF <span class="download-file-size">(8648K)</span> </a> <span class="third-level-nav-divider"></span> <div class="third-level-sublinks"> <span class="heading">Download citation</span> <span class="fa fa-file-o"></span><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/AF06S010ShoshJkuDld?sryCd=jmsj&noVol=99&noIssue=6&kijiCd=99_2021-076&kijiLangKrke=en&kijiToolIdHkwtsh=AT0072&request_locale=EN">RIS</a> <p class="notice_mess">(compatible with EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks)</p> <div class="clearfix"> </div> <span class="fa fa-file-o"></span><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/AF06S010ShoshJkuDld?sryCd=jmsj&noVol=99&noIssue=6&kijiCd=99_2021-076&kijiLangKrke=en&kijiToolIdHkwtsh=AT0073&request_locale=EN">BIB TEX</a> <p class="notice_mess">(compatible with BibDesk, LaTeX)</p> <div class="clearfix"> </div> <span class="fa fa-file-o"></span> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="downloadText('https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_article/-char/en'.replace('&amp;','&'))">Text</a> <div class="clearfix"> </div> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/HowToDownload/-char/en" class="download-help-link bluelink-style">How to download citation</a> </div> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/_pubinfo/-char/en#information" class="thirdlevel-links">Contact us</a> <span class="third-level-nav-divider"></span> </div> </div>  <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div>   <div class="clearfix container">  <div id="sticky-sidebar" class="print-non-disp"> <div class="section-title-14">Article overview</div>  <nav id="article-overiew-section-links"> <nav id="article-overiew-section-links"> <ul id="article-overiew-section-list"> <li> <a href="#article-overiew-abstract-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('Abstract')" title="Abstract" class="customTooltip">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="#article-overiew-references-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('References')" title="References" class="customTooltip">References (76)</a></li> <li><a href="#figures-tables-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('Figures')" title="Figures" class="customTooltip ">Figures (143)</a></li> <li id="author-info-navi"><a href="#author-information-wrap" onClick="menueAnime('information')" title="Content from these authors" class="customTooltip ">Content from these authors</a></li> </ul> </nav> </nav>   <div id="sticky-sidebar-shareicons"> <div class="section-title-noborder-14">Share</div> <ul class="global-share-x-icons-list"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2151%2Fjmsj.2021-076" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fa fa-facebook facebook-share-icn"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2151%2Fjmsj.2021-076&text=J-STAGE+Articles+-+Variational+Data+Assimilation+System+for+Operational+Regional+Models+at+Japan+Meteorological+Agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="twitter-share-icn" style="background:#000000;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;"><img src="/web/images/logo-white.png" width="16" height="16" alt="X"></img></span></a></li> <li><a href="mailto:?body=Journal%20of%20the%20Meteorological%20Society%20of%20Japan.%20Ser.%20II%0A%0AVariational%20Data%20Assimilation%20System%20for%20Operational%20Regional%20Models%20at%20Japan%20Meteorological%20Agency%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2151%2Fjmsj.2021-076%0A"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?doi=10.2151/jmsj.2021-076" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="mendeley-share-icn"><img src="/web/images/mendeley-share-icon.png" width="32" height="32" alt=""/> </span></a></li> </ul> </div>  </div>   <div class="non-sticky-content"> <div id="non-sticky-content-leftsection"> <div id="article-overiew-abstract-wrap">  <div class="section-title-18">Abstract</div> <div class="global-para-14"> <p>The regional data assimilation system at the Japan Meteorological Agency uses a variational data assimilation system based on the non-hydrostatic model ASUCA (named ASUCA-Var). This paper reviews the configurations and current status of ASUCA-Var. To consider the consistency of analysis and prognostic variables, the control variables of ASUCA-Var include soil variables and basic atmospheric variables. The background-errors based on the control variables are calculated every 3 h for land and sea grid points to better reflect the representative error covariance structure, considering daily variations and differences in structure on land and sea. Although the cost function is designed to be a perfect quadratic form, the basic field update method in the optimization process allows the nonlinearity of the observation operator and numerical weather prediction model to be incorporated into the solution of optimization problem in the incremental four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method. The outer/inner models used in the incremental 4D-Var method are based on ASUCA, with suitable configurations according to each resolution and applied linearization. Observation operators are implemented for various kinds of observations used, with unified interfaces encapsulating external simulators. Variational quality control and variational bias correction are also introduced for advanced observation handling within the variational system. Parallelization is introduced to enhance computational efficiency, including adjoint calculations. To assess the impact of assimilated observations, degrees of freedom for signal are also available. Additionally, as a system for operational use, ASUCA-Var is designed for sustainable development. The meso-scale analysis and local analysis workflows are presented as operational implementations of ASUCA-Var. ASUCA-Var enhances forecasting in a wide range of validation indices. The major future improvements of ASUCA-Var include the introduction of the flow-dependent background-error and extension of the control variable to hydrometeors, which are expected to enhance the prediction accuracy of the operational regional model.</p> </div> <div style="text-align:center;"> </div> </div>   <div id="datarepo-wrap"></div> <input type="hidden" id="figshareArticleSearchUrl" value="https://api.figshare.com/v2/articles">   <div id="article-overiew-references-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">References (76)</div> </div>   <div id="article-overiew-related-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Related articles (0)</div> </div>   <div id="figures-tables-wrap"> <div class="section-title-noborder-18" style="display:none;">Figures (143)</div> </div>   <div id="author-information-wrap" style=""> <div id="author_info_main"> <div id="author_info_title" class="section-title-18" onClick="getAuthorList(this)"> <img src="/web/images/data-services/J-GLOBAL.jpg" alt="" class="jglobal_img"> <span id="author_info_label">Content from these authors</span></div> <div class="accordion_container"> <div id="author_info_status"></div> <div id="author_info_contents"></div> </div> </div> </div>   <div id="supplimentary-materials-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Supplementary material (0)</div> </div>   <div id="resultsanddiscussion-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Result List ()</div> </div>   <div id="citedby-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Cited by (0)</div> </div>   <div id="jstage-external-links"> </div>   <div class="section-divider"> <div class="grey-txt-color fontsize12 margintop10"> <a target="_blank" class="no-under-line-license" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"> <img src="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/pub/images/by.png" alt="" height="28" width="83"> </a> <br> <span class="licensedescription licensebr">© The Author(s) 2021. This is an open access article published by the Meteorological Society of Japan under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.</span> <br> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="grey-txt-color fontsize12"><span class="licensebr">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</span></a> </div> </div>   <div id="article-navigation-links" class="print-non-disp"> <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-075/_article/-char/en" class="next-icon colorscheme11-lighter">Previous article</a> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </div>  </div> <div id="non-sticky-content-rightsection" class="print-non-disp">  <div class="section-divider"> <div class="section-title-14">Favorites & Alerts</div> <ul class="star-list-style"> <li><a href = "javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "1">Add to favorites</a></li> <li><a href = "javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "4">Additional info alert</a></li> <li><a href =" javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "2">Citation alert</a></li> <li><a href = "javascript:;" class = "add-favorites-articles" value= "3">Authentication alert</a></li> </ul> </div> <form action = "/fav/articles/_insert/-char/en" method = "get" id = "favorites-articles" name = "favorites-articles"></form> <form action = "/fav/title/_insert/-char/en" method = "get" id = "favorites-titles" name = "favorites-titles"></form> <input type="hidden" name="sryCd" value="jmsj"> <input type="hidden" name="noVol" value="99"> <input type="hidden" name="noIssue" value="6"> <input type="hidden" name="kijiCd" value="99_2021-076">   <div id="related_articles_main"> <div id="related_articles_title" class="section-title-14"> <span onclick="getArticleJGID(this)" style="cursor: pointer;"> <img src="/web/images/data-services/J-GLOBAL.jpg" alt="" class="jglobal_img_side"> <div id="related_articles_label"> <span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle;">Related articles</span> <span id="glyphiconmenu" class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-right"style="display:inline; vertical-align:middle;"></span> </div> </span> </div> <div class="accordion_container"> <div id="related_articles_status"></div> <div id="related_articles_contents"></div> </div> </div>  <div class="clearfix"></div> <br>  <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="section-title-14">Recently viewed articles</div> <ul class="common-list-style"> </ul>  <div class="clearfix"></div>   <div class='section-divider'> <div class='section-title-14'>Announcements from publisher</div> <ul class='common-list-style wysiwyg'> <li><span>New issue is published online: <a class="bluelink-style" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/list/-char/en" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">JMJS, Vol.101 No.4</a><br></span></li> <li><a class="bluelink-style" href="http://jmsj.metsoc.jp/most_accessed/2022.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Most Accessed Articles in 2022</a></li> <li>A page of <a class="bluelink-style" href="http://jmsj.metsoc.jp/most_cited/index.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Most Cited Articles</a> is now on our site.<br><br></li> <li>Call for Papers: “Years of the Maritime Continent (YMC)” in the Special Edition/Collection of Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan (JMSJ) and Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere (SOLA).<br> <a class="bluelink-style" href="https://www.metsoc.jp/en/2019/05/10/15415" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://www.metsoc.jp/en/2019/05/10/15415</a><br></li> <li><a class="bluelink-style" href="http://jmsj.metsoc.jp/Notes_and_Correspondence_Guideline.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Guidelines for Notes and Correspondence, JMSJ</a>, are released. (13 Feb. 2019)<br> <br></li> </ul> </div>   <div class='section-divider'> <div class='section-title-14'>Predecessor</div> <p class='right-section-para'><a href='https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj1882/-char/en'>Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. I</a></p> </div>   <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="sticky-sidebar-shareicons-rightsection top-margin-2x"> <div id="socialmedia-share-plugins" class="colorscheme11-lighter"> <div class="sectionheading">Share this page</div> <ul class="share-icons-list"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2151%2Fjmsj.2021-076" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fa fa-facebook facebook-share-icn"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2151%2Fjmsj.2021-076&text=J-STAGE+Articles+-+Variational+Data+Assimilation+System+for+Operational+Regional+Models+at+Japan+Meteorological+Agency" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="twitter-share-icn" style="background:#000000;display:inline-block;font-size:28px;"><img src="/web/images/logo-white.png" width="20" height="20" alt="X"></img></span></a></li> <li><a href="mailto:?body=Journal%20of%20the%20Meteorological%20Society%20of%20Japan.%20Ser.%20II%0A%0AVariational%20Data%20Assimilation%20System%20for%20Operational%20Regional%20Models%20at%20Japan%20Meteorological%20Agency%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2151%2Fjmsj.2021-076%0A"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?doi=10.2151/jmsj.2021-076" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="mendeley-share-icn"><img src="/web/images/mendeley-share-icon.png" width="32" height="32" alt=""/> </span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div>  </div> </div>  <div class="clearfix"></div>    <span class="noprint"> <footer class="footer-style2"> <div id="footer-strip" class="colorscheme11-lighter"> <div class="container"> Edited and published by Meteorological Society of Japan <br> Production services Meteorological Society of Japan </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrap print-non-disp"> <a href="#0" class="take-on-top1">Top</a> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-link-section"> <div class="footer-link-heading">Browse</div> <ul class="footer-link-list"> <li><a href="/journal/list/-char/en">All titles</a></li> <li><a href="/journal/fields/-char/en">All subject areas</a></li> <li><a href="/journal/publisher/-char/en">All publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en">Search articles</a></li> <li><a href="https://jstagedata.jst.go.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Search J-STAGE Data <img src="/web/images/information-tab2/bg-arrow-white.png" width="13" height="10" alt=""></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-link-section"> <div class="footer-link-heading">About J-STAGE</div> <ul class="footer-link-list"> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/JstageOverview/-char/en">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/JstageServices/TAB1/-char/en">Services and features</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/PublicDataAboutJstage/-char/en">Public data</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/TermsAndPolicies/ForIndividuals/-char/en">Terms and Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-link-section"> <div class="footer-link-heading">News and PR</div> <ul class="footer-link-list"> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB1/Current/Page1/-char/en">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB2/Page1/-char/en">Maintenance information</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB6/Page1/-char/en">Special contents </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/News/TAB7/Page1/-char/en">Media resources </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-link-section"> <div class="footer-link-heading">Support</div> <ul class="footer-link-list"> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/ForReaders/-char/en">User manuals</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/RecommendedEnvironment/-char/en">Browser compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/FAQs/TAB3/-char/en">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/Contact/-char/en">Contact </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/static/pages/Sitemap/-char/en">Sitemap </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </footer> </span>   <span class="noprint print-non-disp"> <div id="right-feedback-btn"><a href="https://form2.jst.go.jp/s/jstage-feedback" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">feedback</a></div> </span>   <a href="#0" class="take-on-top" style="z-index:inherit">Top</a>   <div id="sticky-register-to-j-stage" class="sticky-register-to-j-stage print-non-disp" style="display:none;"> <span class="noprint"> <a href="javascript:;" class="sticky-register-to-j-stage-close" onclick="registerStickyClose();"><i class="fa fa-times-circle-o"></i></a> </span> <h3 class="register-for-free"><nobr>Register with J-STAGE for free!</nobr></h3> <a href="/myregister/-char/en" class="sticky-register-btn">Register</a> <p class="register-for-already">Already have an account? Sign in <a href="/mylogin/-char/en?sourceurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmsj%2F99%2F6%2F99_2021-076%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen">here</a></p> </div>  <script src="/web/js/jquery.min.js"></script>  <script src="/web/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/bootstrap.offcanvas.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/bootstrap-tabdrop.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/modernizr.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery.hc-sticky.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery.touchSwipe.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery.advancedSlider.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery-navtoselect.min.js?rn=2.3.6"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery.treefilter.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery.coolfieldset.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/select2.full.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/prettify.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/common.js?rn=2.3.6"></script> <script src="/web/js/tableHeadFixe.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/validation.js?rn=2.3.6"></script> <script src="/web/js/jquery.hc-sticky.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/jglobal_related_article_api.js?rn=2.3.6"></script> <script src="/web/js/jglobal_author_info_api.js?rn=2.3.6"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://widgets.figshare.com/static/figshare.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.6/MathJax.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/new_plugin/slick/slick.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/new_plugin/slick/slick.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/favoriteAlerts.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/downloadText.js"></script> <script src="/web/js/articleHome_getArticleMenu.js?rn=2.3.6"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/css/lity.css" /> <script src="/web/js/lity.js"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function () { if(('localStorage' in window) && (window.localStorage !== null)) { if(localStorage.getItem('C.regsticky') != 'off'){ $('#sticky-register-to-j-stage').show(); } } $('.dropdown-toggle').on('click', function(E) { $(this).find('.glyphicon').toggleClass("glyphicon-chevron-up"); $(this).find('.glyphicon').toggleClass("glyphicon-chevron-down"); }); $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip({}); $('.warningtooltip').tooltip(); var header = 0; if ($('.navbar-fixed-top').length) { header = $('.navbar-fixed-top').eq(0).outerHeight(); } $('#sticky-sidebar').hcSticky({ responsive: true, followScroll: false, top:header + pheader + 5 }); $('#targetLink').click(function(){ var rrkskMlAdrs = $('#targetLink').attr('href'); rrkskMlAdrs = rrkskMlAdrs.replace('(at)','@'); $('#targetLink').attr('href', rrkskMlAdrs); }); $('#corrAuthMail').click(function(){ var rrkskMlAdrs = $('#corrAuthMail').attr('href'); rrkskMlAdrs = rrkskMlAdrs.replace('(at)','@'); $('#corrAuthMail').attr('href', rrkskMlAdrs); }); $('.licensedescription').find('a').each(function() { $(this).attr('target', '_blank'); $(this).attr('rel', 'noopener noreferrer'); }); $('#saWindow').click(function(){ $('#saPopup').attr('style', 'display:none;'); }); window.setTimeout( related_articles_invoke('','10.2151/jmsj.2021-076','true','en'), 100 ); window.setTimeout( author_info_invoke('','10.2151/jmsj.2021-076','true','true','true','false','en'), 100 ); }); $(".journal-volume-dd").select2( {width: 'resolve'}); $(".journal-issue-dd").select2(); $('#facetsearch-header').facetsearch(); $('.facetsearch-subheader').facetsearch(); $(window).load(function(){ $('.collapseall-icon').hide(); $('.vol-link').click(function(e){ e.stopPropagation(); }); $('.expandall-icon').click(function(){ $(this).addClass('expand-inactive'); $('.collapseall-icon').removeClass('collapse-inactive') $('.inner-content').slideDown(); $('.content').each(function(index, element) { $(this).find('.expand').removeClass('collapse1'); }); $('.collapseall-icon').show(); $('.expandall-icon').hide(); $('.show_abstract').hide(); $('.hide_abstract').show(); }); $('.collapseall-icon').addClass('collapse-inactive'); $('.collapseall-icon').click(function(){ $(this).addClass('collapse-inactive'); $('.expandall-icon').removeClass('expand-inactive'); $('.inner-content').slideUp(); $('.content').each(function(index, element) { $(this).find('.expand').addClass('collapse1'); }); $('.expandall-icon').show(); $('.collapseall-icon').hide(); $('.show_abstract').show(); $('.hide_abstract').hide(); }); $('.inner-content').hide(); $(".expand a").click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('collapse1'); $(this).closest('.content').find('.inner-content').slideToggle().toggleClass('datapanel_opend'); if(!$(this).closest('.content').find('.inner-content').hasClass("datapanel_opend")){ $('div.collapseall-icon').removeClass('collapse-inactive'); } else { $('div.collapseall-icon').addClass('collapse-inactive'); } $(this).find('.show_abstract').toggle(); $(this).find('.hide_abstract').toggle(); }); }); $(".journal-volume-dd").select2(); $(".journal-issue-dd").select2(); $(".searchresults-noofpages-dropdown").select2({ minimumResultsForSearch: Infinity }); $(".search-browse-volissue-tabs a").click(function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().addClass("current"); $(this).parent().siblings().removeClass("current"); var tab = $(this).attr("href"); $(".searchbrowse-volissue-tab-content").not(tab).css("display", "none"); $(tab).fadeIn(); }); $('.inner-content .abstract').each(function(){ if ($(this).height() < 120) { $(this).find('.full-abstract').hide(); } }); if ( document.getElementById("selectedVol") != null ) { var pos = $("#selectedVol").position(); $(".faceted-search-scrollwrap").scrollTop((pos.top - 50)); } var ddd = [ ]; $("#selectVol").bind("change", function() { var selectVol = $(":selected").val(); if (selectVol == "") { $("#selectIssue").attr("disabled", "disabled"); } else { var disabledAttr = $("#selectIssue").attr("disabled"); if (typeof disabledAttr !== "undefined") { $("#selectIssue").removeAttr("disabled"); } } $("#selectIssue").children().remove(); $('#selectIssue').append($('<option>').html("").val("")); if (selectVol != "") { for (var idx in ddd) { var noVol = ddd[idx].noVol; if (noVol == selectVol) { var noIssueArry = ddd[idx].noIssue; for (i = 0; i < noIssueArry.length; i++) { $('#selectIssue').append($('<option>').html("" + noIssueArry[i]).val(noIssueArry[i])); } break; } } } $("#selectIssue").select2(); }); $("#mobileSelectVol").bind("change", function() { var selectVol = $("#mobileSelectVol option:selected").val(); if (selectVol == "") { $("#mobileSelectIssue").attr("disabled", "disabled"); } else { var disabledAttr = $("#mobileSelectIssue").attr("disabled"); if (typeof disabledAttr !== "undefined") { $("#mobileSelectIssue").removeAttr("disabled"); } } $("#mobileSelectIssue").children().remove(); $('#mobileSelectIssue').append($('<option>').html("").val("")); if (selectVol != "") { for (var idx in ddd) { var noVol = ddd[idx].noVol; if (noVol == selectVol) { var noIssueArry = ddd[idx].noIssue; for (i = 0; i < noIssueArry.length; i++) { $('#mobileSelectIssue').append($('<option>').html("" + noIssueArry[i]).val(noIssueArry[i])); } break; } } } $("#mobileSelectIssue").select2(); }); $("#goBtn").bind("click", function() { var noVol = $("#selectVol").val(); var noIssue = $("#selectIssue").val(); var pageInput = $('#pageInput').val(); if (pageInput === undefined) { pageInput = null; } return clickGoBtn("1", noVol, noIssue, pageInput); }); $("#mobileGoBtn").bind("click", function() { var noVol = $("#mobileSelectVol").val(); var noIssue = $("#mobileSelectIssue").val(); var pageInput = $('#mobilePageInput').val(); if (pageInput === undefined) { pageInput = null; } return clickGoBtn("2", noVol, noIssue, pageInput); }); $(window).load(function(){ try { var issueList1 = ''; var issueOptions = jQuery('#selectIssue').children(); if (issueOptions.length > 1) { for ( var i=1; i<issueOptions.length; i++ ){ issueList1 = issueList1 + issueOptions.eq(i).val(); } } var selectVol = $("#selectVol").val(); var selectIssue = $("#selectIssue").val(); if (selectVol != "") { for (var idx in ddd) { var noVol = ddd[idx].noVol; if (noVol == selectVol) { var issueList2 = ''; var noIssueArry = ddd[idx].noIssue; for (i = 0; i < noIssueArry.length; i++) { issueList2 = issueList2 + noIssueArry[i]; } if (issueList1 != issueList2) { $("#selectVol").trigger("change"); $("#mobileSelectVol").trigger("change"); } } } } } catch (e) {console.log("Exception : " + e);} }); $(window).unload(function(){}); function pressEnter4GoBtn() { if (window.event.keyCode == 13) { $('#goBtn').trigger("click"); } } function pressEnter4MobileGoBtn() { if (window.event.keyCode == 13) { $('#mobileGoBtn').trigger("click"); } } function clickGoBtn(mode, noVol, noIssue, pageInput) { if (mode == "1") { $("#pageMessage01").css("display", "none"); $("#pageMessage02").css("display", "none"); $("#pageMessage03").css("display", "none"); } else if (mode == "2") { $("#mobilePageMessage01").css("display", "none"); $("#mobilePageMessage02").css("display", "none"); $("#mobilePageMessage03").css("display", "none"); } try { if ((noVol == null || noVol == "") && (noIssue == null || noIssue == "")){ noVol = "103"; noIssue = "2" } if (noIssue == null || noIssue == ""){ noIssue = "0" } if (pageInput == null || pageInput == "") { var url = getUrl(noVol, noIssue); url = url.replace('repXXX', noVol); url = url.replace('repYYY', noIssue); document.location.href = url; return; } if (noVol == null) { if (mode == "1") { $("#pageMessage01").css("display", "block"); } else if (mode == "2") { $("#mobilePageMessage01").css("display", "block"); } return; } var jsonUrl = 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/pageSearch/jmsj/repXXX/repYYY/repZZZ'; jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('repXXX', noVol); jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('repYYY', noIssue); jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('repZZZ', pageInput); $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'json', contentType:'application/json', success: function(json) { var errorCd = json.errorCd; var redirectSryCd = json.redirectSryCd; var redirectNoVol = json.redirectNoVol; var redirectNoIssue = json.redirectNoIssue; var redirectCdArticle = json.redirectCdArticle; if ( "0" == errorCd && redirectSryCd != null && redirectSryCd != '' && redirectNoVol != null && redirectNoVol != '' && redirectNoIssue != null && redirectNoIssue != '' && redirectCdArticle != null && redirectCdArticle != '' ) { var shosiUrl = 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/repXXX/repYYY/repZZZ/_article/-char/en'; var urls = shosiUrl.match('(http.+/article/)([0-9a-z]+)(/repXXX.+)'); if(urls.length == 4){ shosiUrl = urls[1]; shosiUrl += redirectSryCd; shosiUrl += urls[3]; } shosiUrl = shosiUrl.replace('repXXX', redirectNoVol); shosiUrl = shosiUrl.replace('repYYY', redirectNoIssue); shosiUrl = shosiUrl.replace('repZZZ', redirectCdArticle); document.location.href = shosiUrl; return true; } else if ("1" == errorCd) { if (mode == "1") { $("#pageMessage02").css("display", "block"); } else if (mode == "2") { $("#mobilePageMessage02").css("display", "block"); } } else if ("2" == errorCd) { if (mode == "1") { $("#pageMessage03").css("display", "block"); } else if (mode == "2") { $("#mobilePageMessage03").css("display", "block"); } } } }); } catch (e) { } return false; } function getUrl(noVol, noIssue) { return 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jmsj/repXXX/repYYY/_contents/-char/en'; } var pheader = 0; var header = 0; if ($('.navbar-fixed-top').length) { header = $('.navbar-fixed-top').eq(0).outerHeight(); } var adjustHeight = header + pheader - 10; function menueAnime(title) { var position = ''; switch (title){ case 'Abstract': position = $('#article-overiew-abstract-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Datarepo': position = $('#datarepo-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Manuscript': position = $('#manuscript-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'References': position = $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Relations': position = $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Figures': position = $('#figures-tables-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Results': position = $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'information': position = $('#author-information-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Supplementary': position = $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Cited': position = $('#citedby-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'External': position = $('#jstage-external-links').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; } $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: position}, 1100); return false; } function authorContributionAnime(anchor) { var position = ''; switch (anchor) { case 'authorContribution': $('#authInfo').next('.accordion_body').slideDown(300); $('#authInfo').removeClass('plus-icn'); $('#authInfo').addClass('minus-icn'); position = $('#authorContribution').offset().top - adjustHeight - 15; break; case 'authorNmList': position = $('#authorNmList').offset().top - adjustHeight - 15; break; } $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: position}, 1100); return false; } function corrAuthPopupClick(mail,orcid){ if (!mail) { $('#corrAuthMailContainer').attr('style', 'display:none;'); } else { $('#corrAuthMailContainer').attr('style', 'block'); $('#corrAuthMail').text(mail); var mailAt = mail.replace('@','(at)') $('#corrAuthMail').attr('href','mailto:' + mailAt); } if (!orcid) { $('#corrAuthOrcidContainer').attr('style', 'display:none;'); } else { $('#corrAuthOrcidContainer').attr('style', 'block'); $('#corrAuthOrcid').attr('href',orcid) $('#corrAuthOrcid').text(orcid); } $('#saPopup').attr('style', 'block'); } function callAjax(tabId, callback, errorCallback, last) { var jsonUrl = 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/99/6/99_2021-076/_article/_tab/-char/en?cdstat=&amp;nologrec='; var revision = ''; jsonUrl += '&tabId=' + tabId; if(revision != null){ jsonUrl += '&revision=' + revision; } jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('&amp;','&'); if (!last) { $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'html', contentType:'text/html', success: callback, error: errorCallback, complete : function() { $('.loading-view').remove(); } }); } else { $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'html', contentType:'text/html', success: callback, error: errorCallback, complete : function() { $('.loading-view').remove(); } }); } } function createCallBack(idx) { if (idx >= ajaxCall.length) { return null; } var callback = function(data) { if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId === '') { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).append(data); } else { var spritHtml = data.split('@@@'); var str = '#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).append(spritHtml[0]); if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId == 'supplimentary-materials-modal') { $.getScript("/web/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js"); dnsFlkApply(); } } if (ajaxCall[idx].doPreparationForJPlayer === true) { dnsFlkApply(); } replaceLicenseErrorBtn(); addReferenceModeTooltipHandler('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId); idx++; if (idx < ajaxCall.length) { if (idx == ajaxCall.length - 1) { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), true); } else { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), false); } } } return callback; } function createErrorCallback(idx) { var errorCallback = function(data) { var errorMsg = '<div>Data could not be acquired.</div>'; if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId === '') { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).after(errorMsg); } else { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).after(errorMsg); if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId == 'supplimentary-materials-modal') { $.getScript("/web/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js"); dnsFlkApply(); } } if (ajaxCall[idx].doPreparationForJPlayer === true) { dnsFlkApply(); } idx++; if (idx < ajaxCall.length) { if (idx == ajaxCall.length - 1) { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), true); } else { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), false); } } } return errorCallback; } var ajaxFlg = true; var zhyoLbl = '143'; var inYuBnknLbl = '76'; var knrnkjLbl = '0'; var hinYuBnknLbl = '0'; var dnsFrkLbl = '0'; var seikLstLbl = ''; var datarepoLbl = '0'; var searching = '<div class = "loading-view"style="text-align: center;"><img src="/web/images/new_update/ajax-loader.gif" alt=""></div>' var ajaxCall = []; if (zhyoLbl !== null && zhyoLbl !== '' && zhyoLbl !== '0') { $('#figures-tables-wrap').find('.section-title-noborder-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#figures-tables-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'ZHYO', 'innerDivId' : 'figures-tables-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '', 'doPreparationForJPlayer' : true }); } if (inYuBnknLbl !== null && inYuBnknLbl !== '' && inYuBnknLbl !== '0') { $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'INYUBNKN', 'innerDivId' : 'article-overiew-references-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (knrnkjLbl !== null && knrnkjLbl !== '' && knrnkjLbl !== '0') { $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'KNRNKJ', 'innerDivId' : 'article-overiew-related-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (hinYuBnknLbl !== null && hinYuBnknLbl !== '' && hinYuBnknLbl !== '0') { $('#citedby-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); if(hinYuBnknLbl !== 'n/a'){ $('#citedby-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'HINYUBNKN', 'innerDivId' : 'citedby-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } } if (dnsFrkLbl !== null && dnsFrkLbl !== '' && dnsFrkLbl !== '0') { $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'DNSFRK', 'innerDivId' : 'supplimentary-materials-wrap', 'outerDivId' : 'supplimentary-materials-modal' }); } if (seikLstLbl !== null && seikLstLbl !== '' && seikLstLbl !== '0') { $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'SEIKLST', 'innerDivId' : 'resultsanddiscussion-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (datarepoLbl !== null && datarepoLbl !== '' && datarepoLbl != '0') { $('#datarepo-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#datarepo-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'DATAREPO', 'innerDivId' : 'datarepo-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } switch (ajaxCall.length) { case 0: break; case 1: callAjax(ajaxCall[0].tabId, createCallBack(0), createErrorCallback(0), true); break; default: callAjax(ajaxCall[0].tabId, createCallBack(0), createErrorCallback(0), false); break; } function dnsFlkApply(){ $('[id^=jp_container_]').each(function () { var vid= this.id; var result = vid.split( '_' ); var no = result[result.length-1]; var target_player = '#jquery_jplayer_' + no; var container = '#jp_container_' + no; var source = '#jp_source_' + no; if ($(target_player)) { var sourcename = $(source).val(); $(target_player).jPlayer({ ready: function () { $(this).jPlayer('setMedia', { m4v: sourcename }); }, play: function() { // To avoid both jPlayers playing together. $(this).jPlayer('pauseOthers'); }, errorAlerts: false, cssSelectorAncestor: container, swfPath: '/pub/lib/raspberry/jplayer/swf/', supplied: 'm4a,m4v,mp4' }); } }); } $(function () { $('div.altmetric-embed').on('altmetric:show', function () { $('#altmetric-widget').find('a').attr({ 'target': '_blank', 'rel': 'noopener noreferrer' }) }); }); window.setTimeout( set_jglobalApikey_authorinformation('JDEkcmFzbXVzbGUkYmhyak4xSXJxbGVKbDN1YXNXZkdYMQ=='),100); window.setTimeout( set_jglobalApikey_relatedarticle('JDEkcmFzbXVzbGUkYmhyak4xSXJxbGVKbDN1YXNXZkdYMQ=='),100); function registerStickyClose(){ $("#sticky-register-to-j-stage").hide(); if(('localStorage' in window) && (window.localStorage !== null)) { localStorage.setItem('C.regsticky', 'off'); } } function doChangeLang(langKind){ if (typeof changeLang == "function") { changeLang(langKind); return; } else { var encStr = ""; if(langKind == "ja") { encStr = "https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmsj%2F99%2F6%2F99_2021-076%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja"; } else { encStr = "https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmsj%2F99%2F6%2F99_2021-076%2F_article%2F-char%2Fen"; } location.href = decodeURIComponent(encStr); return; } } function hBack(){ var ans; var ref = document.referrer; re = new RegExp(location.hostname,"i"); if(ref.match(re)){ ans = false; }else{ ans = true } if(!ans){ history.back(); } else { location.href = "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/-char/en"; } } </script> </body> </html>