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</a> <ul id="toc-基本哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究對象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究對象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>研究對象</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究對象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究範疇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究範疇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>研究範疇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究範疇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物質基礎概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物質基礎概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>物質基礎概念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-物質基礎概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去物質基礎概念細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-物質基礎概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-原子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>原子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-發現原子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發現原子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>發現原子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發現原子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>元素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元素概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元素概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>元素概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元素概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-週期表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#週期表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>週期表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-週期表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他重要概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他重要概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>其他重要概念</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他重要概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去其他重要概念細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他重要概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-化學反應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學反應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>化學反應</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學反應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-方程式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方程式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>方程式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方程式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反應率" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反應率"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>反應率</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反應率-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化學鍵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學鍵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>化學鍵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學鍵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>化合物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-混合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#混合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>混合物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-混合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鍵嘅類型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鍵嘅類型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>鍵嘅類型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鍵嘅類型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-子領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>子領域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>應用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去應用細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中心科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中心科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>中心科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中心科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化學工程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學工程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>化學工程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學工程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去史細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-公元前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公元前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>公元前</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公元前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公元後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公元後"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>公元後</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公元後-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>相關領域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去文獻細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大眾讀物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大眾讀物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>大眾讀物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大眾讀物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-本科教科書" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#本科教科書"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>本科教科書</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-本科教科書-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進階教科書" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進階教科書"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>進階教科書</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進階教科書-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">化學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有235種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-235" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">235種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የጥንተ ንጥር ጥናት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጥንተ ንጥር ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica" title="Quimica – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Quimica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كيمياء – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܟܝܡܝܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܝܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="شيمي – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كيميا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيميا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razopa" title="Razopa – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Razopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemii" title="Kemii – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kemii" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Kemėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistri" title="Kemistri – 比斯拉馬文" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉馬文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="রসায়ন – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྫས་འགྱུར་རིག་པ། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྫས་འགྱུར་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiezh" title="Kimiezh – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kimiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica" title="Quimica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Quimica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk" title="Huá-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%91%E1%8F%B0%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8E%B2%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%98" title="ᎠᏑᏰᏗᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓᏅᏬᏘ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏑᏰᏗᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓᏅᏬᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiya" title="Himiya – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Himiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemij%C3%B4" title="Chemijô – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Chemijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeg" title="Cemeg – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cemeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6c%C3%ABk%C3%A4ti%C9%94%C9%94p" title="Piöcëkätiɔɔp – 丁卡文" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcëkätiɔɔp" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ކީމިއާއީ އިލްމު – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކީމިއާއީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χημεία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9mmica" title="Chémmica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Chémmica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemio" title="Kemio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemia" title="Keemia – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیمی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia" title="Kemia – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemi%C3%A4" title="Keemiä – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keemiä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisitiri" title="Kemisitiri – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kemisitiri" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Evnafrøði – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evnafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C2%B7imie" title="Ch·imie – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ch·imie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemii" title="Chemii – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chemii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimiche" title="Chimiche – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Chimiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiekunde" title="Skiekunde – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiekunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceimic" title="Ceimic – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi" title="Chimi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chimi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceimigeachd" title="Ceimigeachd – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceimigeachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 科隆達羅文" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="科隆達羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="રસાયણ શાસ્ત્ર – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રસાયણ શાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achajaya" title="Achajaya – 瓦尤文" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Achajaya" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="瓦尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmig" title="Kemmig – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kemmig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyya" title="Kimiyya – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kimiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Fa-ho̍k – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fa-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemika" title="Kemika – 夏威夷文" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kemika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="כימיה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रसायन विज्ञान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रसायन विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasayan_vigyan" title="Rasayan vigyan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rasayan vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi" title="Chimi – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chimi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mia" title="Kémia – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Քիմիա – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տարրաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տարրաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimia" title="Chimia – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemio" title="Kemio – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Efnafræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="化学 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimischri" title="Kimischri – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimischri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xumske" title="xumske – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xumske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximiya" title="Ximiya – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ximiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takrura" title="Takrura – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takrura" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siimii_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Siimii lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siimii lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemu" title="Kemu – 吉庫尤文" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kemu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉庫尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គីមីវិទ្យា – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គីមីវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="화학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%86" title="رسایٚن – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رسایٚن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEmya" title="Kîmya – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kîmya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymystry" title="Kymystry – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kymystry" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia" title="Chemia – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemika" title="Kemika – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kemika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimica" title="Cimica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cimica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuziba" title="Ebyobuziba – 干達文" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuziba" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="干達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADmica" title="Chímica – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chímica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mi" title="Kémi – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kémi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ເຄມີສາດ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຄມີສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemija" title="Chemija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmija" title="Ķīmija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Химиясь – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Химиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simia" title="Simia – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Simia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Химий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Химий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81tauranga_mat%C5%AB" title="Mātauranga matū – 毛利文" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mātauranga matū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രസതന്ത്രം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemie" title="Kemie – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kemie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khemistri" title="Khemistri – 北索托文" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Khemistri" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistirii" title="Kemistirii – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kemistirii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mie" title="Kémie – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kémie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistrii" title="Kemistrii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kemistrii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia" title="Chemia – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمسٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="کيميا – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيميا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqllisinchi" title="Chaqllisinchi – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaqllisinchi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хемія – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хемія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रसतन्त्रम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रसतन्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistrie" title="Chemistrie – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemistrie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="علم ڪيميا – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علم ڪيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takimit" title="Takimit – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takimit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රසායන විද්‍යාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9mia" title="Chémia – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمسٹری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisi" title="Kemisi – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kemisi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemishonga" title="Chemishonga – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chemishonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimisteri" title="Kimisteri – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kimisteri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhemisi" title="Ikhemisi – 斯瓦特文" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ikhemisi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推薦文章"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia" title="Kemia – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymij%C5%8F" title="Chymijŏ – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chymijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதியியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭೂ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రసాయన శాస్త్రం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – 泰頓文" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="泰頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Кимиё – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кимиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="เคมี – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himi%C3%BDa" title="Himiýa – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimj%C9%99" title="Kimjə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kimjə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – 東加文" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="東加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistri" title="Kemistri – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Mirhi" title="Ntivo-Mirhi – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Mirhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximi%C3%A4" title="Ximiä – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ximiä" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistre" title="Kemistre – 圖姆布卡文" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kemistre" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="圖姆布卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyo" title="Kimyo – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmega" title="Chìmega – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chìmega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himii" title="Himii – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hóa học – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiemav" title="Kiemav – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kiemav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchimeye" title="Tchimeye – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhemistri" title="IKhemistri – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IKhemistri" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="כעמיע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%ADstr%C3%AC" title="Kẹ́místrì – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kẹ́místrì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayoz" title="Vayoz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vayoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ – 標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hòa-ha̍k – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazatho" title="Umchazatho – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazatho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2329#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" 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</div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2329" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%87" title="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。"><img alt="呢篇係一篇正文。撳呢度睇吓更多嘅資料。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/300px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/450px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/600px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>唔同化學物質（上圖包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="氨水">氨水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸">硝酸</a>）可以有好唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="色水">色水</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>呢篇文講科學上嘅定義。</small><small>想搵第二個意思嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8_(%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A)" class="mw-disambig" title="化學 (搞清楚)">化學 (搞清楚)</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width:300px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%ADn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/C%C3%ADn.png/100px-C%C3%ADn.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/C%C3%ADn.png/150px-C%C3%ADn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/C%C3%ADn.png/200px-C%C3%ADn.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1381" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/100px-Sulfur-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/150px-Sulfur-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sulfur-sample.jpg/200px-Sulfur-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamants_macl%C3%A9s_2(R%C3%A9publique_d%27Afrique_du_Sud).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Diamants_macl%C3%A9s_2%28R%C3%A9publique_d%27Afrique_du_Sud%29.jpg/100px-Diamants_macl%C3%A9s_2%28R%C3%A9publique_d%27Afrique_du_Sud%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Diamants_macl%C3%A9s_2%28R%C3%A9publique_d%27Afrique_du_Sud%29.jpg/150px-Diamants_macl%C3%A9s_2%28R%C3%A9publique_d%27Afrique_du_Sud%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Diamants_macl%C3%A9s_2%28R%C3%A9publique_d%27Afrique_du_Sud%29.jpg/200px-Diamants_macl%C3%A9s_2%28R%C3%A9publique_d%27Afrique_du_Sud%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/100px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/150px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sugar_2xmacro.jpg/200px-Sugar_2xmacro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sal_(close).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sal_%28close%29.jpg/100px-Sal_%28close%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sal_%28close%29.jpg/150px-Sal_%28close%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sal_%28close%29.jpg/200px-Sal_%28close%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="770" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_bicarbonate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sodium_bicarbonate.jpg/100px-Sodium_bicarbonate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sodium_bicarbonate.jpg/150px-Sodium_bicarbonate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sodium_bicarbonate.jpg/200px-Sodium_bicarbonate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">唔同物質有唔同性質，由左到右、由上到下數：<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB" title="錫">錫</a>（Sn）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>（S）；<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>嘅一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" title="同素異形體">同素異形體</a>）同<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>（一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>）；<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%88%89" title="氯化鈉">氯化鈉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%B9%BD" title="食鹽">食鹽</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%AB%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="碳酸氫鈉">碳酸氫鈉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B3%E6%89%93%E7%B2%89" title="梳打粉">梳打粉</a>）。</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><ruby><rb><b>化學</b></rb><rt><span>faa<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>chemistry</b></span>，嚟自 <span lang="en" title="英文文字"><b>alchemy</b></span>－即係<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a>噉解），<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>日常用語又叫 <b><span>kem<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></b>，係一門<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>，用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>同埋物質嘅各種特性，尤其係物質可以點樣變化：化學嘅範疇包括咗研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>嘅唔同款）以及係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>（由若干隻元素結合而成嘅物質）嘅組成、結構同特性；除此之外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="化學家">化學家</a>仲成日研究物質點<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">反應</a>－化學反應簡單講就係兩款或者以上嘅物質互動，分別噉變成第啲款嘅物質，仲有係化學反應發生嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>變化（例如有啲化學反應發生嗰陣會<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%86%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="放熱反應">釋放熱</a>）等嘅問題<sup id="cite_ref-browncentsci_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browncentsci-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>好多人嗌化學做「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中心科學">中心科學</a>」（central science），噉係因為化學喺概念上處於好多領域嘅中間。好似係化學同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>之間嘅啦掕噉：物理學研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>嘅基本定律（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a>），原則上宇宙萬物－包括物質同唔係物質嘅嘢－都會跟從呢啲定律，亦即係話化學嘅研究對象冚唪唥都會守物理定律，所以化學知識需要建基喺物理學上，例子有用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>解釋一啲原子層面嘅現象（化學反應涉及原子之間交換<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子">電子</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chongfaat_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chongfaat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，生物學研究嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>，已知嘅生命全部都係由物質組成嘅－生物學研究嘅嘢冚唪唥都要守某啲化學上嘅法則，所以生物學需要用到化學上嘅知識（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>）了解生命嘅某啲特性，例如係研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>等生命必需嘅化合物嘅合成過程噉<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。總括嚟講，化學局部建基於物理學，又擔當「做生物學嘅基礎一部份」嘅角色，概念上位於呢兩個領域嘅「中間」<sup id="cite_ref-browncentsci_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browncentsci-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>除咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">理論研究</a>之外，化學知識仲相當有實用價值，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化學工程">化學工程</a>（chemical engineering）就係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>當中專門用化學知識嚟設計<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0" title="人造">人造</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a>嘅子領域，包括會用化學上嘅知識嚟合成好多對現代社會嚟講好有用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料">材料</a>。化學咁有理論同實用價值，於是就廣泛噉畀人視為現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>嘅重要一環<sup id="cite_ref-reinhardt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinhardt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定位"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.BD.8D"></span>定位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定位"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton_John_desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dalton_John_desk.jpg/240px-Dalton_John_desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dalton_John_desk.jpg/360px-Dalton_John_desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dalton_John_desk.jpg/480px-Dalton_John_desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%80%B3%E9%A0%93" title="道耳頓">道耳頓</a>嘅畫像；佢嘅研究幫手確立咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>，對化學貢獻良多。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="化學哲學">化學哲學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基本哲學"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>基本哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 基本哲學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="化學哲學">化學哲學</a>（philosophy of chemistry）係門<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>，指<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="化學家">化學家</a>對於「化學呢家嘢應該點搞」嘅睇法。喺呢方面，化學同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域一樣，會跟足<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>嚟去研究物質。化學界會： </p> <ol><li>根據手上已知係真嘅事實，諗一啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>出嚟（「基於我哋經已觀察到嘅呢啲現象，我推測啲現象背後嘅法則係噉噉噉，令物質有呢啲行為」），呢啲理論好多時係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>嘅方式嚟表達嘅；</li> <li>跟手就靠<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯性">邏輯性</a>嘅思考，去諗吓呢柞理論會做點樣嘅<b>預測</b>（「如果我提倡嘅呢個理論係真確嘅，理應會...」）；</li> <li>然後就做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>嚟攞<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>，驗證吓個理論嘅預測係咪真確（「如果我呢個理論係真確，呢個實驗理應會得出某個某個結果，而個實際嘅實驗結果係...」）；</li> <li>如果數據顯示，個理論係做唔到準確嘅預測嘅話，就要一係根據攞到嘅數據睇吓個理論要點改先可以令佢做到準確啲嘅預測，一係就要諗新理論取代舊理論<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <p>上述嘅過程會係噉不斷重複，直至手上嘅理論做得到完全準確嘅預測為止－於是乎化學就有持續嘅發展，做到愈嚟愈準確嘅預測。到咗現代，化學經已有完整嘅理論體系，有多個理論解釋物質嘅本質，而呢啲理論每個都閒閒地俾化學家驗證過上百次－好經得起考驗，所以學界一般認為，呢啲理論係<b>有返咁上下正確嘅模型</b>（approximately accurate models）－能夠充分噉描述現實。而且化學仲會不斷噉去搵新嘅現象研究，睇吓呢啲理論能唔能夠解釋新現象，又或者使唔使諗新嘅理論<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究對象"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E5.B0.8D.E8.B1.A1"></span>研究對象</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 研究對象"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上，化學就係「研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>（matter）嘅科學」，所以搞清楚咗「科學係咩」之後，另一樣要做嘅嘢就係答以下呢條問題： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">何謂物質？</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>喺現代化學裏面，物質一般都係定義做具有以下呢啲特徵嘅嘢<sup id="cite_ref-reinhardt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinhardt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="固有質量">固有質量</a>（rest mass）－指嚿嘢喺唔<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%81%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="郁動">郁</a>嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a>；</li> <li>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="容量">容量</a>－一嚿物質梗會或多或少噉霸一定量嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>；</li> <li>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>組成<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li></ul> <p>當中頭嗰兩點齋靠普通日常<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>經已可以大致上得知。至於第三點，可以由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>嘅角度諗，想像以下呢兩句<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%96%A5" title="互斥">相對立</a>（兩句嘢冇得同時成立）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a><sup id="cite_ref-figureoutatom_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figureoutatom-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><b>假說 1</b>：物質冚唪唥都係由一大柞細細粒嘅嘢（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>；atom）組成嘅，呢啲細細粒嘅嘢係冇得再斬細啲嘅（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>；atomic theory）<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><b>假說 2</b>：物質冇所謂嘅原子，是但攞一嚿物質，嚿物質都係<b>連續</b>（continous）嘅，即係（最少理論上）斬到幾細件都得嘅；</li></ul> <p>首先，由日常生活當中經已可以得知<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>嘅現象：好多時，一隻物質喺接觸到某啲特定物質而且又有某啲特定環境條件嗰陣都會變樣，慢慢（或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E9%80%9F%E7%8E%87" title="化學反應速率">好快</a>）噉變做第隻物質，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%8F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="生鏽">生鏽</a>嘅現象噉，就算一個人完全唔知現代嘅化學知識，佢都能夠觀察得到好多<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="金屬">金屬</a>－尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵">鐵</a>－喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%BF%95" title="潮濕">潮濕</a>嘅環境下接觸到<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" title="空氣">空氣</a>（當中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>）慢慢噉變質，變成唔同種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="鏽">鏽</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herscheid_H%C3%BCinghausen_-_Bahnhof_-_MME_06_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Herscheid_H%C3%BCinghausen_-_Bahnhof_-_MME_06_ies.jpg/450px-Herscheid_H%C3%BCinghausen_-_Bahnhof_-_MME_06_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Herscheid_H%C3%BCinghausen_-_Bahnhof_-_MME_06_ies.jpg/675px-Herscheid_H%C3%BCinghausen_-_Bahnhof_-_MME_06_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Herscheid_H%C3%BCinghausen_-_Bahnhof_-_MME_06_ies.jpg/900px-Herscheid_H%C3%BCinghausen_-_Bahnhof_-_MME_06_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%8F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="生鏽">生鏽</a>等多種日常生活都會睇到嘅現象表明，一種物質好多時都可以透過用某一啲特定嘅物質接觸嚟變成第種物質。</figcaption></figure> <p>19 世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="化學家">化學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%80%B3%E9%A0%93" title="道耳頓">道耳頓</a>（John Dalton）做咗大量嘅實驗同觀察。佢發現咗一個重要嘅事實： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">化學反應消耗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%89%A9" title="反應物">反應物</a>量硬係會出現一啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E6%95%B8" title="整數">整數</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B" title="比例">比例</a>——例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB" title="錫">錫</a>同氧之間嘅反應噉，100 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">克</a>嘅錫做起反應上嚟一係消耗 13.5 克咁多氧、一係消耗 27 克咁多氧（13.5:27 啱啱好係 1:2），而兩種反應會各自出兩種外觀、特性明顯唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%94%A2%E7%89%A9" title="反應產物">反應產物</a>（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%9E%E9%8C%AB" title="氧化亞錫">氧化亞錫</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%8C%AB" title="二氧化錫">二氧化錫</a>）；除咗錫同氧之外，道耳頓仲試咗好多款唔同嘅化學反應，發覺無論係邊種反應，都係『其中有兩隻反應物 A 同 B 嘅，攞 X 咁多嘅 A 做反應會消耗 y<sub>1</sub> 或者 y<sub>2</sub> 或者 y<sub>3</sub> 咁多... 嘅 B ，而當中呢啲 y<sub>1</sub>、y<sub>2</sub>... 實組成得簡單嘅整數比』。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>已知<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="質量守恆定律">質量唔會無端端少咗或者多咗</a>，原子論能夠解釋得到呢種現象－想像錫同氧都係由一大柞細細粒、冇得斬件嘅原子組成嘅，錫原子同氧原子喺質量等特性上有差異，而兩者之間嘅化學反應涉及錫粒子同氧粒子結合，（例如）每粒錫粒子都會同一粒或者兩粒氧粒子結合，會出兩種唔同嘅產物；相比之下，如果假說 2 係真，就會出現「點解 100 克嘅錫唔能夠淨係消耗 20.25 克咁多嘅氧？」噉嘅問題<sup id="cite_ref-figureoutatom_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figureoutatom-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。基於以上呢個觀察同埋第啲打後嘅實驗證據，道耳頓等嘅早期化學家就主張，物質係由原子（冇得斬件嘅細粒<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>）組成嘅。到咗廿一世紀初，化學界同物理學界經已完全噉確立咗原子論－化學家都係以「物質冚唪唥都係由<b>離散</b>（discrete）嘅粒子組成嘅」為前題做化學上嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-brown1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究範疇"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E7.AF.84.E7.96.87"></span>研究範疇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 研究範疇"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="物理性質">物理性質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="化學性質">化學性質</a></div> <p>現代化學包括咗研究物質嘅各種特性，大致上可以分做三大範疇<sup id="cite_ref-brown1999_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>一方面，化學其中一個最緊要嘅課題就係研究物質之間會點樣互相有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="化學性質">化學性質</a>（chemical properties）泛指物質喺化學反應入面表現出嚟嘅特質，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8" title="木">木</a>噉，木燒得著，能夠同空氣入面嘅氧（<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>2</sub></span>）起反應變成第種物質，而呢種反應一超過咗特定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>就會自動發生（實驗顯示，冇咗氧或者冇返咁上下高溫度都唔會有呢種反應），途中會產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱">熱</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>另一方面，化學會研究物質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="物理性質">物理性質</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="物理性質">物理性質</a>（physical properties）係指物質喺化學反應以外表現出嚟嘅特質，例如由日常生活嘅觀察都可以得知，唔同嘅物質－<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵">鐵</a>同氧呀噉－喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="色水">色水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="硬度">硬度</a>以及「喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" title="室溫">室溫</a>下會呈邊種<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" title="相態">相態</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="氣體">氣體</a>定<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體">液體</a>定<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體">固體</a>？）」等嘅特性上都有差異，而呢啲差異唔使做化學反應都會展現到出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>除咗噉，化學對呢兩種性質嘅研究仲包括埋研究物質同<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>之間嘅互動，例如係喺人工產生化學反應嘅時候，研究者有陣時會用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>（EM waves）嚟去激發或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E9%80%9F%E7%8E%87" title="化學反應速率">加快</a>啲化學作用<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>呢門領域就專門研究物質同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>之間嘅互動<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><th class="gallery-mod-title">就噉睇（唔使做化學反應）都知唔同物質有唔同特性</th></tr><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一般環境下嘅水"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg/270px-P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg/405px-P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg/540px-P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><center>一般環境下嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>一般環境下嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NatCopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一般環境下嘅一嚿銅"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/190px-NatCopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/285px-NatCopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/380px-NatCopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption><center>一般環境下嘅一嚿<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅">銅</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>一般環境下嘅一嚿<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅">銅</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一般環境下嘅一劈水銀"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/166px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/249px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/332px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption><center>一般環境下嘅一劈<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80" title="水銀">水銀</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>一般環境下嘅一劈<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80" title="水銀">水銀</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="物質基礎概念"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA.E5.9F.BA.E7.A4.8E.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>物質基礎概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 物質基礎概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="原子物理學">原子物理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="核子物理學">核子物理學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原子"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90"></span>原子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 原子"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_atom_QM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/270px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/405px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/540px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {He}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>He</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {He}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/61807d0bb443b19c732b732a5b645e1bffb30f96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {He}}}"></span>）原子嘅想像圖；圖顯示粒<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>（紅藍色嗰粒）同包住原子核嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="電子雲">電子雲</a>（黑色嗰笪；<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子">電子</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">可能</a>存在嘅空間）。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>（atom）嘅概念可以話係現代化學嘅根基。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>（簡單講即係做得到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>嘅物質）冚唪唥都係由原子構成嘅。根據現代科學<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">對原子嘅理解</a>，一粒原子主要有以下嘅組成部份<sup id="cite_ref-chem3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BC" title="電子殼">電子殼</a>（electron shell）－呢個部份帶<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="負電荷">負電荷</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>（atomic nucleus）－呢個部份帶<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="正電荷">正電荷</a>；</li></ul> <p>當中原子核仲有得再細分做<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>（proton）同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>（neutron）呢兩種再細啲嘅粒子，當中前者帶正電荷，後者冇電荷－所以原子核總體係帶正電荷。電子殼帶有若干數量帶負電荷嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子">電子</a>（electron）。質子同中子大粒過電子好多－據估計，質子嘅質量大約係電子嘅 1,836 倍咁多，但喺呈中性電荷嘅原子嗰度，電子殼入面嘅負電荷會啱啱好平衡到原子核入面嘅正電荷<sup id="cite_ref-chem3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="發現原子"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E7.8F.BE.E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90"></span>發現原子</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 發現原子"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子">電子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="古典電磁學">古典電磁學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a></div> <p>電子同質子嘅發現源於 19 世紀中<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>上用<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="映像管">映像管</a>做嘅研究：當時啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="物理學家">物理學家</a>發現，駁咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="映像管">映像管</a>（下圖嘅抽象圖解）條<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E6%A5%B5" title="陰極">陰極</a>（cathode）會射一啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%9C%BC%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="肉眼觀察">肉眼</a>睇唔到嘅、有質量而且帶有負電荷嘅嘢出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-plucker1959_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plucker1959-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－ </p> <ul><li>下圖嘅 <b>fluorescent screen</b>（熒幕）係一塊特製嘅表面，已知呢種表面俾<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="輻射">輻射</a>射到嗰陣會變色；研究者發現，映像管條陰極對住嗰一忽「熒幕」會變色，而且佢哋仲發現如果佢哋搵嚿物體遮住條陰極，塊「熒幕」上面會有個「影」，即係有一笪空間冇變色（反映嗰笪冇俾輻射射到）；上述嘅結果顯示，條陰極應該係射咗啲肉眼睇唔到嘅嘢出嚟。</li> <li>條陰極射出嚟嘅嘢會推郁一啲輕嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" title="物體">物體</a>；噉即係表示，陰極射出嚟嗰啲嘢有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" title="動量">動量</a>（momentum），而一樣嘢有動量就表示嗰樣嘢有質量同<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>。有關動量同速度等概念嘅詳情，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>。</li> <li>條陰極射出嚟嘅嘢嘅郁動軌跡可以因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>（下圖嘅 <b>deflecting coil</b>）而彎曲；噉即係表示，陰極射出嚟嗰啲嘢有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>（electric charge）－由打前少少嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="古典電磁學">古典電磁學</a>研究嗰度已知，係有電荷嘅物體先會因為磁場而改變郁動方向嘅。而且古典電磁學上仲有方法按件物體郁動方向點變（例如「向左定向右」同埋「變咗幾多<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6" title="角度">角度</a>」）嚟知道件物體帶嘅係正定負電荷同埋質量有幾大，進一步嘅分析顯示，條陰極射出嚟嘅嘢帶負電荷，而且質量好細（根據廿一世紀初嘅估計，一粒電子嘅質量大約係 9.1093837015 × 10<sup>-31</sup> kg <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。</li></ul> <p>而且打後嘅研究仲試過，搵多種用唔同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料">材料</a>造嘅陰極嚟搞同樣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>，發現用唔同材料造嘅陰極都出到噉嘅現象。於是科學界就萌生咗「電子」嘅概念－原子當中有質量極細、兼且帶負荷嘅組成部份<sup id="cite_ref-plucker1959_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plucker1959-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而且電子嘅存在亦都表示，原子入面實係有一啲帶同等正電荷嘅嘢，所以原子整體先會帶中性電荷；而打後由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" title="紐西蘭">紐西蘭</a>物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="盧瑟福">盧瑟福</a>（Ernest Rutherford）喺廿世紀頭嗰廿年做嘅一系列實驗顯示，用多種材料造嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E6%A5%B5" title="陽極">陽極</a>會射出一啲帶正電荷、質量大過電子好多嘅嘢出嚟－萌生咗「質子」嘅概念<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>上嘅發展亦都引致科學界喺 1930 年代初發現中子<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathode_ray_Tube.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cathode_ray_Tube.PNG/500px-Cathode_ray_Tube.PNG" decoding="async" width="500" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cathode_ray_Tube.PNG/750px-Cathode_ray_Tube.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Cathode_ray_Tube.PNG 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元素"><span id=".E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0"></span>元素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 元素"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="分析化學">分析化學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8F%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="阿伏加德羅常數">阿伏加德羅常數</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="元素概念"><span id=".E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>元素概念</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 元素概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對原子嘅研究引起咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素">元素</a>（element）嘅諗頭：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>嗰陣嘅人經已有個諗法，諗住「元素係物質嘅基本，是但搵嚿物質，嚿物質都係由元素當中嘅若干款以某啲型式結合埋一齊形成嘅」<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-partington1937_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partington1937-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；由 19 世紀尾至廿世紀初嘅原子研究表示， </p> <ul><li>物質都係由原子組成嘅（睇返上面<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>）；</li> <li>原子由質子同電子等再細粒啲嘅嘢組成；</li></ul> <p>呢兩個諗法自然引起咗一個猜想－「原子會唔會有好多唔同款，而呢啲款之間喺質子數量同電子數量上有差異？」<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。事實係，早喺現代原子論成形打前，經已有<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a>同化學等領域<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅研究者喺度觀念極大量唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>，發現有某啲類型嘅物質係「冇得靠化學反應分解嘅」，呢啲物質一係就係同第啲物質結合又或者係做另外一啲物質結合嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%94%A2%E7%89%A9" title="反應產物">副產物</a>（「邊樣嘢係結合而成嘅產物」可以由<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>等嘅資訊得知）<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；不過要去到廿世紀初，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>（spectroscopy；簡化噉講，電子數量唔同嘅原子喺俾<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>射到嗰陣會有唔同嘅行為，而呢啲差異可以攞嚟搵出一嚿物質有邊啲元素喺入面）等領域上有咗突破先至造就到現代化學上對元素嘅理解<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg/750px-Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg/1125px-Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg/1500px-Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="124" /></a><figcaption>上圖係<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵">鐵</a>（Iron；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Fe</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecd799ce28f030f9fe4bd58437fbb41b3414eaa6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.55ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}}"></span>，Z = 26）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="發射光譜">發射光譜</a>（emission spectrum）；簡單講，發射光譜反映一嚿物質受到某啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>刺激嗰陣射出嚟嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>，而每隻元素（電子數量唔同）都有佢特定嘅發射光譜。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="週期表"><span id=".E9.80.B1.E6.9C.9F.E8.A1.A8"></span>週期表</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 週期表"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" title="同素異形體">同素異形體</a></div> <p>喺廿一世紀初嘅化學上，元素係跟<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>（atomic number；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>係「隻元素每粒原子入面有幾多粒質子」）嚟排嘅<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>係一個款嘅原子，一隻元素會有個特定嘅原子序數（簡稱「Z」），屬於一隻元素嘅原子冚唪唥都係原子核入面有 Z 咁多粒質子；例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫">氫</a>（hydrogen；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="化學符號">符號</a>：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/651c6a42285fecf133dd3f1671440f813e2ecd6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"></span>，Z = 1）就係最簡單嗰隻元素，氫原子嘅原子核得嗰 1 粒質子；<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>（carbon；符號：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1d9d54ac7efbd4af9e1672752d407f7c3881414" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"></span>，Z = 6）原子嘅原子核有 6 粒質子；而<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>（uranium；符號：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {U}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {U}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cbb8edcd984c7e35b6296fe4e6f0aa002f90d48e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {U}}}"></span>，Z = 92）係一隻好重嘅元素，鈾原子嘅原子核有成 92 粒質子咁多；元素係純嘅物質，如果一嚿物質入面嘅所有原子都屬同一隻元素，就冇得用化學方法嚟再去<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="分解">分解</a>佢。而由元素組成嘅物質（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" title="人體">人體</a>）就叫做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學物質</a>（chemical substance）－喺廿一世紀初，一般人日常會接觸到嘅物質都屬化學物質<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>同一隻元素可能有好多隻唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>（isotope）。「一隻元素嘅同位素」係指呢幾隻同位素之間喺原子序數上一樣，但<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="質量數">質量數</a>（mass number；定義係「粒原子入面質子數量同中子數量<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0" title="加">加</a>埋得出嘅數」）唔同；好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">碳-13</a>（carbon-13）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>（carbon-14）噉就係同位素嘅出名例子，呢兩隻同位素都係原子核入面有 6 粒質子，所以都係屬碳，但碳-14 粒原子核嗰度多咗粒中子－所以碳-14 嘅原子核會重過碳-13 嘅，而且前者仲曉放輻射（可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性定年法">放射性定年法</a>）。同一種化學元素嘅同位素因為質子同電子數量一樣，所以化學特性會一樣，但佢哋喺物理特性上可以好唔同<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>廿一世紀初嘅化學興用<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>（periodic table；下圖）嚟列舉化學元素；元素週期表會按原子序數嚟排啲元素，由原子核入面得 1 粒質子嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫">氫</a>（Z = 1）開始數起；為咗方便起見，化學家幫每隻元素改好嗮名，而且隻隻元素都有個符號（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>）代表，每個符號由 1 至 3 個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字母">羅馬字母</a>組成，例如氫嘅符號係「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/651c6a42285fecf133dd3f1671440f813e2ecd6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"></span>」而碳（Z = 6）嘅符號係「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1d9d54ac7efbd4af9e1672752d407f7c3881414" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"></span>」－等啲人寫起化學相關嘅文章上嚟慳返好多時間精神，唔使吓吓都寫隻元素嘅全名出嚟；一般嚟講，喺元素週期表上同一個橫行或者同一個直行嘅元素都梗係會喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="化學特性">化學特性</a>上有某啲相似性（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%AE%BC" title="電子殼">電子殼</a>同相關嘅概念）<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periodic_table_(32-col,_enwiki),_black_and_white.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png/900px-Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Periodic_table_%2832-col%2C_enwiki%29%2C_black_and_white.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他重要概念"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>其他重要概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 其他重要概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg/270px-Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Hydrochloric_acid_ammonia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD%E9%85%B8" title="鹽酸">鹽酸</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HCl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d86659cae4e6022f7056f19ae28c654dfb4b1fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.068ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCl}}}"></span>）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="氨">氨</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/824a27d82d3d59e63f6dd1f4140d5adc396347dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}}"></span>）之間產生化學反應，場反應會出白煙。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學">熱力學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學反應"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E5.8F.8D.E6.87.89"></span>化學反應</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 化學反應"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>（chemical reaction）泛指令一柞<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學物質</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%89%A9" title="反應物">反應物</a>；reagent）變成另外一柞化學物質（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%94%A2%E7%89%A9" title="反應產物">反應產物</a>；product）嘅過程。化學反應發生嗰陣好多時都會有明顯、肉眼睇得到嘅變化－例如係出白煙（反應產物當中有白色嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="氣體">氣體</a>）或者形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="晶體">晶體</a>（反應產物當中有曉<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" title="結晶">結晶</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體">固體</a>）呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>化學反應有得分做好多唔同種類，而某啲種類嘅化學反應好常見，所以喺化學嘅學術研究上仲有咗一啲特定嘅名。例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="中和反應">中和反應</a>（neutralization）就係泛指一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸">酸</a>同一種<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC" title="鹼">鹼</a>做化學反應，令到雙方嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E8%9D%95%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="腐蝕性">腐蝕性</a>都冇咗<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="方程式"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E7.A8.8B.E5.BC.8F"></span>方程式</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 方程式"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="化學方程式">化學方程式</a></div> <p>喺廿一世紀嘅化學上，一場化學反應一般會攞<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="化學方程式">化學方程式</a>（chemical equation）嚟表達，一條化學方程式會用啲化學元素嘅符號嚟表示出嗰場化學反應入面有啲乜嘢元素郁咗同埋係點郁法，條式左邊嘅係反應物，而右邊嘅係反應產物，而且每嚿嘢仲會掕住個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="化學計量數">數表示每場反應要幾多粒嗰隻化學物質嘅粒子</a>，即係好似下面條式噉<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + F2 -> 2HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + F2 -> 2HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c58edabb06c2e62475f2f67ca57d30b32137ac0a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.116ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + F2 -> 2HF}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>喺呢場反應入面，一粒<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫">氫</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee7e7591b2638f6cb36846024e6d017e48c4c973" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2}}}"></span>）同一粒<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>分子（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {F2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {F2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/76a983d9ea8dc36124e059ab3c4fe230522ac8eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.572ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {F2}}}"></span>）首先各自折開變成兩粒氫原子同兩粒氟原子，而佢哋再結合形兩粒<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AB" title="氟化氫">氟化氫</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c94ebfce98693e6c2ea0c036dc0f315716123e5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2}}}"></span> 粒 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd599c6ebf0439ebcd765a997e88bd3485a2fa1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.261ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HF}}}"></span>）分子－氫同氟呢兩種唔同嘅物質變咗做一種新物質。而除咗講清楚場反應涉及咗邊啲反應物同產物之外，一條化學方程式好多時仲會表示埋場反應產生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>變化，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%86%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="放熱反應">放熱反應</a>泛指發生嗰陣會釋放熱嘅化學反應<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，下面呢條式係表達緊<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="甲烷">甲烷</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8c15a92ab74116087e2eb09cb8c2db1f4e61356" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.475ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4}}}"></span>）<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%87%92" title="燃燒">燃燒</a>（同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3" title="氧氣">氧氣</a>做反應）嘅過程： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15ab4eaec6907cc1b1f1a8d0cede5ef9087e5438" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O}}}"></span>；<b>Δ<i>H</i>⚬ = - 890 kJ/mol</b></dd></dl> <p>上面條式掕住嘅「Δ<i>H</i>⚬」係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%84%93" class="mw-redirect" title="反應焓">反應焓</a>（enthalpy of reaction），簡單講就係反映場反應涉及嚿做反應嘅嘢出現咗幾多嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="熱能">熱能</a>變化，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E6%95%B8" title="負數">負數</a>就表示場反應釋放咗熱<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。化學方程式嘅做法令到寫化學嘢嗰陣唔使吓吓都出嗮場化學反應啲物質嘅全名，而且又清楚。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/450px--Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="450" height="338" data-durationhint="592" data-mwtitle="Burning_Magnesium_Block!.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Burning_Magnesium_Block!.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>一嚿<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%82" title="鎂">鎂</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Mg</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5685726b42af46383c1ae159c7bcb39f908a7a24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.293ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Mg}}}"></span>）<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%87%92" title="燃燒">燃燒</a>；齋靠肉眼就睇得出，反應前同反應後嚿嘢嘅特性唔同咗好多，而進一步嘅分析仲可以（例如）量度吓嚿嘢嘅質量變咗幾多。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="反應率"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E6.87.89.E7.8E.87"></span>反應率</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 反應率"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應率">化學反應率</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化學平衡">化學平衡</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應率">反應率</a>（reaction rate）係指一場化學反應行得有幾快。化學反應率嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>可以噉樣諗<sup id="cite_ref-chemterm_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemterm-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>考慮一場噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>： <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}->{{\mathit {p}}P}+{{\mathit {q}}Q}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">b</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">p</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">q</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>Q</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}->{{\mathit {p}}P}+{{\mathit {q}}Q}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c31ec1d1562f2087f81fe422ece5618d7ba40d30" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.071ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {{{\mathit {a}}A}+{{\mathit {b}}B}->{{\mathit {p}}P}+{{\mathit {q}}Q}}}}"></span>，</dd></dl></li> <li>當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7683201425b7130b4f6bc52be92b6de7ccbf648f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6aeda58a44d5ea035900157c62e6b609f3e59d86" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.646ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%89%A9" title="反應物">反應物</a>（做反應嘅原料），<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35d7aa580dc55f8f89adb65c167870b8e9f13c9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Q}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Q</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Q}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5eacfb1521bd73991f51ac4646173b9cc7628fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Q}}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%94%A2%E7%89%A9" title="反應產物">反應產物</a>（場反應產生嘅物質），<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {a}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {a}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22d89b312c98a2f4ad8c2ee1b65e4a745ea29f56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.074ex; width:1.262ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {a}}}}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {b}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">b</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {b}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a352d7b61ca56805cf8902d41d2b4e79cc0595cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.016ex; width:1.086ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {b}}}}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {p}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">p</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {p}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d08d979d57f970bbc8729f6fdb5741f3d46468eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.016ex; width:1.204ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {p}}}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {q}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">q</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {q}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8cfcd2206136bfeced99945c5645819bc5c74459" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.102ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {q}}}}"></span> 反映<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="化學計量數">化學計量數</a>（簡化噉講即係「每 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {a}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">a</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {a}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22d89b312c98a2f4ad8c2ee1b65e4a745ea29f56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.074ex; width:1.262ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {a}}}}"></span> 粒 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7683201425b7130b4f6bc52be92b6de7ccbf648f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"></span> 同每 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {b}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">b</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {b}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a352d7b61ca56805cf8902d41d2b4e79cc0595cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.016ex; width:1.086ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {b}}}}"></span> 粒 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6aeda58a44d5ea035900157c62e6b609f3e59d86" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.646ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}"></span> 會做反應出 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {p}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">p</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {p}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d08d979d57f970bbc8729f6fdb5741f3d46468eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.016ex; width:1.204ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {p}}}}"></span> 咁多粒 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35d7aa580dc55f8f89adb65c167870b8e9f13c9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {q}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">q</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {q}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8cfcd2206136bfeced99945c5645819bc5c74459" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.102ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\mathit {q}}}}"></span> 咁多粒 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Q}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Q</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Q}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5eacfb1521bd73991f51ac4646173b9cc7628fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Q}}}"></span>」）<sup id="cite_ref-chemterm_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemterm-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>假設場反應喺一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="容量">容量</a>固定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉系統</a>裏面發生，化學反應率（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>）嘅定義可以係： <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=-{\frac {1}{a}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {A} ]}{dt}}=-{\frac {1}{b}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {B} ]}{dt}}={\frac {1}{p}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {P} ]}{dt}}={\frac {1}{q}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {Q} ]}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>b</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>p</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>q</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Q</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=-{\frac {1}{a}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {A} ]}{dt}}=-{\frac {1}{b}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {B} ]}{dt}}={\frac {1}{p}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {P} ]}{dt}}={\frac {1}{q}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {Q} ]}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50da96de2d35c863851f25312562e89d3a9b9385" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:45.369ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=-{\frac {1}{a}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {A} ]}{dt}}=-{\frac {1}{b}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {B} ]}{dt}}={\frac {1}{p}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {P} ]}{dt}}={\frac {1}{q}}{\frac {d[\mathrm {Q} ]}{dt}}}"></span></dd> <dd>－即係話一場化學反應嘅反應率可以由「啲反應物同反應產物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="濃度">濃度</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7683201425b7130b4f6bc52be92b6de7ccbf648f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"></span>）隨時間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E6%95%B8" title="導數">導數</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d[\mathrm {A} ]}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d[\mathrm {A} ]}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2550a6cc5dd3eeee103a5c82ec86401427c14fa0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:5.089ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d[\mathrm {A} ]}{dt}}}"></span>；簡單講即係濃度<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%AC%E9%96%93%E8%AE%8A%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="瞬間變率">隨時間變嘅率</a>）」嚟反映。</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>反應率可以受到好多因素影響，包括係<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>、（啲反應物嘅）<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="濃度">濃度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="壓力">壓力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91" title="溶劑">溶劑</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如係溫度噉，有好多維持生命必需嘅化學反應，都係要喺適當嘅溫度之下先至行得到嘅（溫度唔啱會搞到反應率大跌），所以身體<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E7%97%87" title="高溫症">熱得滯</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%BA%AB%E7%97%87" title="低溫症">凍得滯</a>都可以搞到身體好多重要嘅化學反應行唔到，嚴重起上嚟可以引致<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="死亡">死亡</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學鍵"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E9.8D.B5"></span>化學鍵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 化學鍵"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg/270px-2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg/405px-2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg/540px-2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>水係種化合物－<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="一氧化二氫">一氧化二氫</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"></span>）。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E9%8D%B5" title="化學鍵">化學鍵</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E9%8D%B5" title="化學鍵">化學鍵</a>（chemical bond）最基本上係指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>之間形成嘅吸引力。考慮三點： </p> <ul><li>由現代化學前嘅研究已知，唔同嘅物質之間可以透過化學反應嚟結合（由<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>得到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>反映<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）變成第啲種嘅物質，再加埋</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>同</li> <li>對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>（唔同元素係唔同款嘅原子）嘅知識，</li></ul> <p>諗咗以上呢幾點之後一個自然嘅結論係，原子之間可以「黐埋一齊」，而「黐埋一齊」之後出嘅物質喺各種特性上可以同原先嗰啲物質有異；喺廣義上，呢啲令好似原子等做到化學反應嘅粒子「黐埋一齊」嘅力量就係所謂嘅化學鍵<sup id="cite_ref-pauling1931_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauling1931-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="化合物"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.90.88.E7.89.A9"></span>化合物</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 化合物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="無機化合物">無機化合物</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>（chemical compound）包括由多個一隻元素以固定比例同透過化學反應結合而成嘅物質，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>噉，水係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="一氧化二氫">一氧化二氫</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"></span>）－由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6850dbf8d49a365094b7b20815b0023ce890dfd0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}"></span>）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫">氫</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/651c6a42285fecf133dd3f1671440f813e2ecd6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"></span>）呢兩隻元素組成，而兩者喺水入面嘅比例係 1:2 －喺純水入面，每兩粒氫原子就有一粒氧原子。元素之間喺一種化合物入面嘅比例決定咗後者嘅化學特性。喺現代化學上，一隻化合物一般會用化學符號嘅形式寫出嚟，例如水嘅符號係「<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"></span>」，表示每粒水分子有兩粒氫（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/651c6a42285fecf133dd3f1671440f813e2ecd6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"></span>）同一粒氧（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6850dbf8d49a365094b7b20815b0023ce890dfd0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}"></span>）組成<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>化合物最基本上可以分做<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有機化合物">有機</a>（organic）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="無機化合物">無機</a>（inorganic）兩大類。有機化合物大致上係指有碳同氫之間嘅化學鍵嘅化合物，例子有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>（carbohydrate；碳水化合物又有好多唔同種，每種嘅成份都唔同）噉－碳嘅一個大特性係能夠同好多唔同嘅元素結合做化合物，產生好多唔同種嘅化合物，而有機化合物有成幾百萬種咁多，可以用嚟組成好多唔同款嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" title="賀爾蒙">賀爾蒙</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="生物組織">組織</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；無機化合物基本上就係冇碳同氫之間嘅化學鍵嘅化合物，例如水就係一種無機化合物，有好多無機化合物都對生物嚟講有用，例如水喺生物嘅身體入面成日扮演<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91" title="溶劑">溶劑</a>（簡單講就係俾啲反應物<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6" title="溶">溶</a>喺入面，而呢樣嘢係好多化學反應嘅必要條件）嘅角色，俾好多維持<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>必需嘅化學反應得以進行<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且無機化合物係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC" title="地殼">地殼</a>嘅重要組成部份<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrolysis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electrolysis.svg/450px-Electrolysis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electrolysis.svg/675px-Electrolysis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Electrolysis.svg/900px-Electrolysis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3" title="電解">電解</a>（electrolysis）嘅實驗圖解；電解係指用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="直流電">直流電</a>嚟引起一啲正常情況下發生唔同嘅化學反應，用電解嚟將純水分解會得出氫同氧（兩碌<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5" title="電極">電極</a>周圍嗰啲泡）<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="混合物"><span id=".E6.B7.B7.E5.90.88.E7.89.A9"></span>混合物</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 混合物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物">混合物</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="分離過程">分離過程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a></div> <p>要留意嘅係，化合物有異於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物">混合物</a>（mixture）：混合物定義上係指一柞唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學物質</a>喺冇化學反應之下溝埋一齊（冇化學鍵）嘅產物<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如係將幾粒<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99" title="沙">沙</a>倒入水裏面，可以清楚睇到沙同水各自嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="化學特性">化學特性</a>都冇變－所以喺呢種情況下，兩者形成嘅係一種混合物；混合物嘅最大特徵係可以用唔涉及化學反應嘅方法嚟分返開，例如想像攞個<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%B2%E7%AE%95" title="筲箕">筲箕</a>，假設個筲箕上面啲窿夠細，將混合物倒落去個筲箕嗰度，就可以將沙同水分開。亦都有一啲化學物質就噉望落似係一種化合物，但查實係混合物，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" title="空氣">空氣</a>噉，古時嘅人好多時都諗住空氣係一種單一物質（睇<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="古典元素">古典元素</a>當中嘅風），但用各種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="分離過程">分離過程</a>做嘅研究發現，查實空氣係由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="氮氣">氮氣</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {N2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3dfc8b06245ec58613e293f745ea2cca3307f913" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2}}}"></span>）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3ed885c7553085f5d3a2bb0a63616656248699d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}"></span>）同氧等嘅多種<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="氣體">氣體</a>化學物質溝埋一齊形成嘅混合物<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="分離過程">分離過程</a>（seperation process）係化學嘅一個子領域，專門研究點樣將一樣混合物入面嘅各種唔同化學物質分返開。例如下圖就係喺實驗室做<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A4%BE" title="蒸餾">蒸餾</a>（distillation）－一種成日用喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體">液體</a>混合物身上嘅分離過程－用嘅架撐嘅抽象圖解<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/360px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/540px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/720px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>蒸餾嘅原理係，混合物入面嗰啲唔同嘅化學物質會保留各自嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="物理特性">物理特性</a>（混合物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>），所以混合物唔同成份之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" title="沸點">沸點</a>（指每隻物質喺咩<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>會<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC" title="蒸發">蒸發</a>）通常都會唔同，而如果隻混合物裏面嘅嗰啲唔同化學物質沸點有明顯嘅差異，就可以用蒸餾將佢哋分開；</li> <li>喺附圖裏面嘅 13 同 14 等嘅部份會將隻混合物（裝喺 15 嗰個位）<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="加熱">加熱</a>；</li> <li>加熱到咁上下，沸點最低嗰隻化學物質（暫且嗌佢做「液體 A」）會蒸發並且由啲管道引導去 8 嗰個位（同時研究者可能喺呢個時候調低 13 同 14 嘅熱度）；</li> <li>喺 8 嗰個位研究者會同隻化學物質做冷卻（例如想像 16 係一盤<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>），等變咗氣體嘅液體 A 凍到<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90" title="凝結">變返液體</a>；</li> <li>跟住研究者就可以攞走 8 嗰個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" title="容器">容器</a>－呢個容器會裝住純嘅液體 A，然後佢就要換過個新嘅容器落 8 嗰度同埋加返大 13 同 14 嘅熱度；</li> <li>一路做上述嘅工序，做到攞到嗮啲想要嘅純化學物質為止。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="鍵嘅類型"><span id=".E9.8D.B5.E5.98.85.E9.A1.9E.E5.9E.8B"></span>鍵嘅類型</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 鍵嘅類型"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%8D%B5" title="離子鍵">離子鍵</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%8D%B5" title="金屬鍵">金屬鍵</a></div> <p>根據廿一世紀初嘅化學知識，化學鍵係透過電子嘅分配將一嚿<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>入面嘅唔同原子黐埋一齊嘅力量，而且仲有得按「點分享電子法」分好多唔同種，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%8D%B5" title="離子鍵">離子鍵</a>呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-pauling1931_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauling1931-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>喺化學上嘅定義嚟講，一粒<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>（molecule）係指由兩粒或者更多粒原子俾一啲化學鍵黐埋一齊嘅產物，而且成嚿嘢整體係冇帶電荷嘅；分子係化合物嘅最根本組織之一。好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="氧分子">氧分子</a>噉樣，氧分子嘅化學式係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8c2c304a17b2fe1e4a79afb22d531d90f9c5ad1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2}}}"></span>－每粒氧分子入面都有兩粒氧原子由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>連住，而且一粒氧分子嘅質子數量同電子數量一樣，所以整體嚟講唔帶電荷。好多常見嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="有機物質">有機物質</a>都係由分子所組成嘅，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣">大氣</a>入面嘅物質大部份都係分子<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" title="離子">離子</a>（ion）係一啲整體上帶電荷嘅粒子－即係原子或者分子做咗化學反應，少咗或者多咗電子而成嘅產物。例如係喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89" title="鈉">鈉</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Na</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4e0b8b8bf6be5f4ffda4b9e6539c173a7819ba5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.906ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na}}}"></span>；Z = 11）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Cl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a3ccc69c8107905dfd4b3c0b302e31e9176da2d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl}}}"></span>；Z = 17）呢兩隻元素嘅化學反應入面，鈉原子會冇咗一粒電子，變成整體帶正電荷嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="正離子">正離子</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3cd60e5dc2440b4978aea083de518303122c45c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.416ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na+}}}"></span>），而氯原子會攞到一粒電子，變成整體帶負電荷嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="負離子">負離子</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d910bdb858f6954b34ca553c6ba03b23b754efe9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.836ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl-}}}"></span>）。呢兩隻離子跟住就會因為彼此之間帶嘅電荷相反而黐埋一齊（好似下面嗰幅想像圖解噉），形成一隻整體上帶中性電荷嘅化合物－<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%B9%BD" title="食鹽">食鹽</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NaCl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b184eac86c36238cc34de8f9844a84933192513" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.23ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCl}}}"></span>）；食鹽喺化學上嘅正式名係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%88%89" title="氯化鈉">氯化鈉</a>（sodium chloride）－表示呢隻物質係嗰兩隻元素嘅化合物<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而呢種「以電子交流形成嘅異性電荷而黐埋一齊」嘅力量就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%8D%B5" title="離子鍵">離子鍵</a>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_bonding_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Ionic_bonding_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="450" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="定律"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 定律"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorimetric_standard_curve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Colorimetric_standard_curve.jpg/300px-Colorimetric_standard_curve.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Colorimetric_standard_curve.jpg/450px-Colorimetric_standard_curve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Colorimetric_standard_curve.jpg/600px-Colorimetric_standard_curve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>做起<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>上嚟可以攞<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A6%E7%AE%A1" title="試管">試管</a>裝住啲反應物；就算反應產物當中有無色氣體，研究者都可以由「容器個塞受到力」嚟得知無色氣體嘅出現。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="化學定律">化學定律</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a></div> <p>化學嘅基本目的就係要了解物質嘅變化，而呢門領域有唔少<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="化學定律">定律</a>（law）。喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>上，一條<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="科學定律">定律</a>係句宣言，句宣言係由某啲實證嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>嗰度推導出嚟、能夠描述同預測某一類特定現象嘅，最好就係可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數學方程式">數學方程式</a>嘅方式表達出嚟<sup id="cite_ref-reinhardt_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinhardt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>好似係身為化學根基嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="質量守恆定律">質量守恆定律</a>（law of conservation of mass）噉，質量守恆定律喺化學上講緊嘅大致如下： <ul><li>假設場化學反應發生喺一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉系統</a>－例如實驗室入面搵個密封嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" title="容器">容器</a>裝住啲反應物，而且場反應產生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱">熱</a>或者第啲物理變化冇整爛個容器－裏面，場反應過後，所有物質嘅質量加埋應該同反應之前嘅一樣；</li> <li>呢句宣言由多場<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>嘅結果支撐－簡單講，化學家試過多次用密封容器裝住啲反應物，再量度反應前後成柞嘢嘅質量（固體同液體可以輕易噉裝住，有色氣體可以用肉眼睇到，無色氣體嘅出現就可以搵「容器嘅塞受到幾多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>」等嘅變數嚟衡量），發覺呢條定律次次都成立<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>質量守恆定律可以話係化學嘅根基之一，例如上面睇到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%80%B3%E9%A0%93" title="道耳頓">道耳頓</a>為咗確立<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>而做嘅研究就以「假設質量守恆定律係真確」做<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="前題">前題</a>嘅<sup id="cite_ref-brown1999_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="能量守恆定律">能量守恆定律</a>（law of conservation of energy）：<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>呢家嘢冇得產生或者破壞；頂櫳只係有可能將能量由一款（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%83%BD" title="電能">電能</a>）變成另一款（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a>通過一條<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%B7%9A" title="電線">電線</a>嗰陣，啲電能通常會有一部份變做<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱">熱</a>而流失）<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>方面嘅嘢。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="子領域"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F"></span>子領域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 子領域"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confocal_Raman_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Confocal_Raman_microscope.jpg/270px-Confocal_Raman_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Confocal_Raman_microscope.jpg/405px-Confocal_Raman_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Confocal_Raman_microscope.jpg/540px-Confocal_Raman_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="2657" /></a><figcaption>喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>嗰度做<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>研究用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacutainer_blood_bottles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vacutainer_blood_bottles.jpg/270px-Vacutainer_blood_bottles.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vacutainer_blood_bottles.jpg/405px-Vacutainer_blood_bottles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vacutainer_blood_bottles.jpg/540px-Vacutainer_blood_bottles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>呢幾條<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A6%E7%AE%A1" title="試管">試管</a>分別裝住幾位唔同病人嘅血；呢幾位病人嘅血<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E8%A1%80" title="驗血">有啲咩化學物質喺裏面</a>？啲血入面各種化學物質嘅濃度有冇咩唔妥？</figcaption></figure> <p>化學仲可以再細分做好多個子領域：廿一世紀初嘅化學子領域之間差異頗大，好多時唔同子領域係專化到彼此之間因為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%B1" title="行話">行話</a>多得滯而溝通有困難；通常一位<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="化學家">化學家</a>淨係會專攻化學其中一兩門嘅子領域，而唔係佢做嗰範嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業">專業</a>化學佢好有可能連睇都睇唔明；喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8" title="中學">中學</a>水平教嘅化學一般都係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="普通化學">普通化學</a>（general chemistry）－普通化學係化學嘅導論，為初學者提供一啲入門嘅基礎概念（例如係原子同化學反應呀噉），同專業嘅化學領域比起嚟並唔深入，但呢啲概念就算係打咗個基礎－就算係專業嘅化學家都仲會用嗰啲基礎概念嚟解釋同思考進階嘅化學知識<sup id="cite_ref-definition_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>廿一世紀初嘅化學子領域主要有以下呢啲： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="理論化學">理論化學</a>（theoretical chemistry）：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a>（指純粹係求知而做嘅科研）嘅化學領域，追求建立能夠準確噉描述同預測物質相關現象嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論模型</a>，例如原子論嘅研究就好多時都好理論化，做嚟純粹係為咗想解答「物質嘅本質係乜？」等冇乜直接應用價值嘅問題。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="量子化學">量子化學</a>（quantum chemistry）：攞<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>同埋其他純理論嘅知識嚟解釋化學上嘅現象；研究量子化學嘅化學家會係噉留意住好似量子力學等解釋原子層面現象嘅物理理論有乜新發展，並且睇吓呢啲理論嘅概念有冇可能可以攞嚟解釋化學上撞到嘅問題（例如「量子力學上嘅新研究指，電子有陣時會有噉噉噉嘅行為，呢種行為有可能解釋到點解某啲化學反應會係噉噉噉...」）<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="運算化學">運算化學</a>（computational chemistry）：用<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a>方法（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="電腦模擬">電腦模擬</a>）嚟幫手解決化學上撞到嘅問題；包括化學反應在內等嘅化學現象都可以攞<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>嚟模擬（例如係模擬化學反應率嗰啲方程式噉），化學家可以將呢啲數學模型寫做<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電腦程式">電腦程式</a>行，用嚟模擬化學上嘅現象<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="分析化學">分析化學</a>（analytical chemistry）：研究物質<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="樣本">樣本</a>以及點樣檢驗呢啲樣本嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>；分析化學對第啲化學子領域嚟講好有用。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%80%E5%99%A8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="儀器分析">儀器分析</a>（instrumental chemistry）：用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>有嘅架生做分析化學。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="電化學分析">電化學分析</a>（electroanalytical methods）：用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>相關嘅方法做分析化學；簡單例子：唔同物質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="導電">導電</a>性能唔同<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>（spectroscopy）：研究物質點樣同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>）互動，尤其係呢啲互動點樣受電磁波嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>影響（某啲變數成電磁波頻率嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數">函數</a>）；光譜學可以攞嚟做分析化學－簡化噉講，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子">電子</a>數量唔同嘅原子（唔同嘅元素或者離子）喺俾光射到嗰陣會有唔同嘅行為，所以呢啲差異可以攞嚟幫手鑑定一嚿物質有邊啲元素喺入面<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="分離過程">分離過程</a>（separation process）：指將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物">混合物</a>入面嗰啲唔同化學物質分開嘅一系列技術同埋相關嘅研究，唔同混合物有唔同方法分開；例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A4%BE" title="蒸餾">蒸餾</a>就係一種攞嚟將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體">液體</a>混合物分離嘅技術。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="物理化學">物理化學</a>（physical chemistry）：用物理學上嘅概念（好似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>呀噉）嚟研究化學系統，好多時會用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" title="微積分">微積分</a>（calculus）去分析化學方程式。物理化學仲可以按照「集中用邊啲物理概念」嚟分做好多門子領域<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="電化學">電化學</a>（electrochemistry）：研究各種因為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>而發生嘅化學反應或者會喺運作途中產生電嘅化學反應；例如日常生活度常見嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="電池">電池</a>就係電化學嘅研究成果<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="熱化學">熱化學</a>（thermochemistry）：研究各種化學反應途中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="熱能">熱能</a>變化，例如係對<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%86%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="放熱反應">放熱反應</a>嘅研究噉。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="凍化學">凍化學</a>（cryochemistry）：研究極低溫（-150 °C 或者以下）之下嘅化學反應<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="聲化學">聲化學</a>（sonochemistry）：研究化學物質同化學反應會點樣受到<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" title="超聲波">超聲波</a>）影響<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="光化學">光化學</a>（photochemistry）：研究化學物質同化學反應會點樣受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>（廣義上可以包埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%89" title="可見光">可見光</a>以外嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>）影響，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>（涉及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>靠<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89" title="太陽光">太陽光</a>嚟進行一啲化學反應，產生維生用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="營養">營養</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="無機化學">無機化學</a>（inorganic chemistry）：針對<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="無機化合物">無機化合物</a>嘅研究。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="材料科學">材料科學</a>（materials science）：嚴格上嚟講算係一門<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>領域，專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料">材料</a>－無論係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建築物</a>等嘅結構定係各種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a>都好，工程學上研究嗰啲物品都梗係要用某啲材料造嘅，同時唔同材料特性可以好唔同；材料科學研究嘅就係「唔同材料嘅（物理同化學）特性有乜差異」，以及係「呢啲差異會點影響邊隻材料啱攞嚟做乜嘢用途」<sup id="cite_ref-ashby2007_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashby2007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="有機化學">有機化學</a>（organic chemistry）：針對<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a>（簡單啲嚟講即係有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>嘅化合物）嘅研究；有機化合物對同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>相關嘅化學過程（睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>）嚟講好重要。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>（biochemistry）：研究喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>入面各種化學物質同化學反應之間嘅互動過程，例如係動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="消化系統">消化系統</a>會由食落肚嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>嗰度吸收各種嘅營養，並且攞呢啲營養嚟建造或者修補身體各部份，而呢啲過程已經會涉及好多化學反應<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。生物化學、有機化學同<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>之間嘅關係十分之密切，而且生物化學好多時都會俾人同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="分子生物學">分子生物學</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>一齊嚟研究。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="藥物化學">藥物化學</a>（medicinal chemistry）：研究化學物質點樣用喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物">藥物</a>入面，從而改變藥物嘅功效，達到<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="醫療">醫療</a>嘅作用；藥物化學其實係幾個化學子領域（包括有機化學、生物化學、物理化學同埋幾個唔屬於化學嘅科學領域）撈埋嘅結果。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="石油化學">石油化學</a>（petrochemistry）：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" title="天然氣">天然氣</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="化石燃料">化石燃料</a>相關物質嘅特性。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="高分子化學">高分子化學</a>（polymer chemistry）：研究啲好大粒嘅分子（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="大分子">大分子</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>等），例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%B3%A1%E8%86%A0" title="發泡膠">發泡膠</a>就係一種大分子。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學">地球科學</a>相關： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地球化學">地球化學</a>（geochemistry）：研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC" title="地殼">地殼</a>入面各種物質嘅化學特性。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="大氣化學">大氣化學</a>（atmospheric chemistry）：對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="地球大氣層">地球大氣層</a>（可以包埋第啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="星球">星球</a>嘅大氣層）嘅化學研究，例如係研究大氣層入面嘅唔同元素（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>等）會點樣<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">變化</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋化學">海洋化學</a>（ocean chemistry）：對<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a>（可以包埋第啲星球或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="衛星">衛星</a>上面嘅海）嘅化學研究，例如係研究海入面嘅化學成份會點樣<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="海水">海水</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BC%E5%BA%A6" title="酸鹼度">酸鹼度</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="綠色化學">綠色化學</a>（green chemistry）：研究點樣運用化學反應減低<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="污染">污染</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 應用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中心科學"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.BF.83.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>中心科學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 中心科學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="物理化學">物理化學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a></div> <p>喺學界，化學又有個花名叫「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中心科學">中心科學</a>」（central science）。噉係因為化學呢門領域喺概念上處於好多個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域嘅「中間」<sup id="cite_ref-reinhardt_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinhardt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>（physics）：化學同物理學有好密切嘅關係（可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="物理化學">物理化學</a>）；兩門領域都會研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>，而物質包含咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>入面大部份嘅「嘢」，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a>嘅主要成份）同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" title="人體">人體</a>等嘅嘢都係物質，所以化學同物理學成日都俾人一齊列做現代<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>之中最緊要嘅領域；喺現代科學上，原子仲有得拆做<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="亞原子粒子">再細啲嘅粒子</a>，好似係電子、質子同中子，而物理學上對呢啲嘢嘅研究好多時都會幫到化學家了解原子，不過因為化學反應都係以原子嚟做單位嘅－所以一般認為細粒過原子嘅嘢理應係物理學嘅範圍<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而原子或者大粒過原子嘅嘢先至屬於化學嘅研究對象<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。噉講意思即係話，化學某程度上係「建基於」物理學知識嘅－化學嘅研究對象係物理學研究嘅對象嘅一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%86" title="子集">子集</a>，所以化學嘅研究對象冚唪唥都要受制於<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a><sup id="cite_ref-chongfaat_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chongfaat-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>（biology）：化學又係同生物學有好密切嘅關係（可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>）；生物學研究嘅係有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>嘅嘢（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>），包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>同各種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>（人都係種動物）呀噉，呢啲已知嘅生命全部都係由物質嘅組成嘅，所以都要受制於化學上嘅定律，例如有好多化學反應可以搞到一隻生物嘅身體某啲部份（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>）變做第啲物質，並且因而喪失原有嘅功能同埋引致隻生物受傷或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="死亡">死亡</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>係生物學同化學嘅一個交叉領域，會用化學上嘅知識了解化學反應喺生命過程當中扮演嘅角色，例如係好出名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92-%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="米勒-尤里實驗">米勒-尤里實驗</a>（Miller–Urey experiment）噉： <ul><li>喺米勒-尤里實驗當中，研究者嘗試喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>嗰度模擬<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="早期地球">早期地球</a>（大致上指<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>喺形成之後頭嗰 10 億年嘅樣）嘅環境－即係喺一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉</a>嘅容器裏面，設置一個喺化學成份上同早期地球相似嘅環境，再將<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="壓力">壓力</a>等嘅物理特性設成同早期地球相似，而呢個實驗顯示，早期地球嘅環境的確有可能引起一啲將<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="無機化合物">無機化合物</a>變成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a>（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>）嘅化學反應，支撐咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90%E8%AB%96" title="無生源論">無生源論</a>（abiogenesis；指「地球上嘅生命最終嚟自冇生命嘅嘢」嘅主張）嘅假說<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm/400px--Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="400" height="225" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium,_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium,_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm/Miller-Urey_experiment_-_Work_by_the_C3BC_consortium%2C_licensed_under_CC-BY-3.0.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><center>講解米勒-尤里實驗嘅短片（英文）</center></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學">地球科學</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="地質學">地質學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋學">海洋學</a>等）研究地球嘅各部份，而地球本質上就係一大嚿物質，所以實要考慮到化學上嘅知識，例如係考慮<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="土地">土地</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a>入面有啲咩化學反應進行緊，以及係呢啲化學反應會點樣影響土地同海嘅環境（「唔同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>嘅濃度」係一個重要嘅環境變數）<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>：應用科學基本上係「實會講到物質」咁滯，例如 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>研究嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建築物</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0" title="人造">人造</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="設計">設計</a>，而呢啲系統基本上實係用物質嚟整嘅，所以又要考慮化學上嘅知識：簡單例子有考慮<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%8F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="生鏽">生鏽</a>（一種化學反應）會點樣影響一部機械運作順唔順暢或者影響一棟建築物穩唔穩陣，同埋諗方法防止（或者起碼減慢）啲機械同建築物生鏽... 呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="醫療">醫療</a>相關領域會講到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" title="人體">人體</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5" title="藥">藥</a>（可能會同人體入面嘅嘢起化學反應），而呢啲嘢都係物質，所以又係要用到化學：例如廿一世紀初嘅醫療成日會用到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E8%A1%80" title="驗血">驗血</a>技術，即係用化學方法檢驗病人啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80" title="血">血</a>，睇吓病人啲血入面有邊啲化學物質同埋呢啲物質嘅濃度係咩；打前嘅醫療研究已知，有好多<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85" title="病">病</a>都會搞到病人啲血裏面某啲化學物質濃度異常－所以驗血可以攞嚟幫手<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%87%E7%97%87" title="睇症">判斷病人患嘅係乜嘢病</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li></ul></li></ul> <p>... 等等。下圖係有人畫嘅一幅圖，表示唔同科學學科之間嘅啦掕，「學科 A 有個箭咀指去學科 B」表示「B 嘅知識局部建基於 A」。由幅圖嗰度睇到，物理學有個箭咀指住化學，而化學又有箭咀指住好多個學科－化學身處喺好多個學科嘅中間。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partial_ordering_of_the_sciences_Balaban_Klein_Scientometrics2006_615-637.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Partial_ordering_of_the_sciences_Balaban_Klein_Scientometrics2006_615-637.svg/500px-Partial_ordering_of_the_sciences_Balaban_Klein_Scientometrics2006_615-637.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="790" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Partial_ordering_of_the_sciences_Balaban_Klein_Scientometrics2006_615-637.svg/750px-Partial_ordering_of_the_sciences_Balaban_Klein_Scientometrics2006_615-637.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Partial_ordering_of_the_sciences_Balaban_Klein_Scientometrics2006_615-637.svg/1000px-Partial_ordering_of_the_sciences_Balaban_Klein_Scientometrics2006_615-637.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學工程"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B"></span>化學工程</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 化學工程"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化學工程">化學工程</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="材料化學">材料化學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化學工程">化學工程</a>（chemical engineering），簡稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="化工">化工</a>，專門思考工程設計當中用到嘅化學反應，包括思考點樣<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" title="生產">生產</a>有用嘅化合物<sup id="cite_ref-chemin_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="工業">工業</a>上有好多重要嘅生產過程都涉及化學反應，簡單嘅例子有由一啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="原材料">原材料</a>嗰度做化學反應，整出想要嘅有用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料">材料</a>，淨係呢樣嘢經已可以大把嘢搞－有好多化學反應都係需要喺適當嘅溫度、壓力或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>環境之下先至發生得到嘅，而且就算一場化學反應行到，場反應嘅反應率可能都會因為溫度等嘅條件唔啱而唔夠快，唔夠快就表示生產效率會唔夠高；因為噉，化學工程係一門相當專業化嘅領域，專職做化工嘅工程師要好熟識好多種反學化應嘅特性（需要乜環境條件先行到，仲有係啲反應喺乜情況之下行得最快... 呀噉），用呢啲知識嚟幫手設計相關嘅系統，係現代嘅經濟活動當中好重要嘅一部分<sup id="cite_ref-coulson2001_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coulson2001-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>化工仲包括咗好幾門嘅子領域： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生化工程">生化工程</a>：研究涉及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="有機分子">有機分子</a>甚至<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>嘅化工過程－例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>嘅生產基本上實會用到有機分子（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>都係有機分子）<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化學反應工程">化學反應工程</a>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8" title="化學反應器">化學反應器</a>嘅設計，以及諗係呢啲反應器嘅設計（例如做唔做到保持溫度恆定）會點影響生產效率等等<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="石油工程">石油工程</a>：涉及研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" title="天然氣">天然氣</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="化石燃料">化石燃料</a>相關嘅化學反應；</li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242160"><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ProductionCookies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一間工廠喺度生產曲奇餅，2007 年；啲醬嘅化學成份（化學成份會影響味道）啱唔啱呢？"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ProductionCookies.jpg/283px-ProductionCookies.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ProductionCookies.jpg/424px-ProductionCookies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ProductionCookies.jpg/566px-ProductionCookies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><center>一間工廠喺度生產<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E5%A5%87%E9%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="曲奇餅">曲奇餅</a>，2007 年；<br />啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="醬">醬</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>（化學成份會影響<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="味道">味道</a>）啱唔啱呢？</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>一間工廠喺度生產<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E5%A5%87%E9%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="曲奇餅">曲奇餅</a>，2007 年；<br />啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="醬">醬</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>（化學成份會影響<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="味道">味道</a>）啱唔啱呢？</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coflux_jacket.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="一個化學反應器嘅圖解；生產者會將原材料倒入去，等一段時間後啲材料會做反應變成想要嘅物質。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coflux_jacket.JPG/240px-Coflux_jacket.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coflux_jacket.JPG/360px-Coflux_jacket.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coflux_jacket.JPG/480px-Coflux_jacket.JPG 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><center>一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8" title="化學反應器">化學反應器</a>嘅圖解；生產者會將原材料倒入去，等一段時間後啲材料會做反應變成想要嘅物質。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8" title="化學反應器">化學反應器</a>嘅圖解；生產者會將原材料倒入去，等一段時間後啲材料會做反應變成想要嘅物質。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="2008 年一個油井；石油開採咗出嚟可以透過化學反應變做第啲有用嘅物質，例如塑膠。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG/240px-West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG/360px-West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG/480px-West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><center>2008 年一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E4%BA%95" title="油井">油井</a>；石油開採咗出嚟可以透過化學反應變做第啲有用嘅物質，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E8%86%A0" title="塑膠">塑膠</a>。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>2008 年一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E4%BA%95" title="油井">油井</a>；石油開採咗出嚟可以透過化學反應變做第啲有用嘅物質，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E8%86%A0" title="塑膠">塑膠</a>。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="史"><span id=".E5.8F.B2"></span>史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg/240px-Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg/360px-Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg/480px-Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>門捷列夫嘅畫像</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="化學史">化學史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公元前"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E5.85.83.E5.89.8D"></span>公元前</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 公元前"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="古典元素">古典元素</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a></div> <p>人類自從好耐之前就有喺度研究物質（廣義上嘅化學）：最早嘅物質研究要數人類對<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a>嘅研究－喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>誕生（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="公元前">公元前</a> 10,000 年至公元前 5,000 年，睇用乜嘢嚟<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>文明<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）之前，人仲未有乜嘢特化嘅架生嚟做化學實驗，但佢哋經已有能力<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>火將一種物質變成另一種物質，例如係將<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8" title="木">木</a>燒到變成<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD" title="炭">炭</a>噉；打後文明起源之後，人有大規模噉用火嚟整<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵">鐵</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>（兩者嘅製作都會涉及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%86%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="加熱">加熱</a>同物質變樣）等嘅材料，而呢啲材料對文明嘅演進嚟講不可或缺<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>公元前嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>仲有喺度思考有關物質嘅理論性問題，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="古典元素">古典元素</a>（classical elements）就係由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>嘅人諗出嚟嘅模型，主張宇宙萬物由地水火風四種元素組成（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" title="東亞">東亞</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>），呢種諗法經已俾現代化學否決，不過的確算係對物質嘅理論性研究<sup id="cite_ref-partington1937_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-partington1937-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除此之外，古希臘同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a>等嘅古文明都經已有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>嘅諗法，不過佢哋冇乜方法嚟驗證原子論，所以原子論喺當時都仲係停留喺哲學諗法嘅階段<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公元後"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E5.85.83.E5.BE.8C"></span>公元後</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 公元後"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a>（alchemy）可以話係化學嘅前身：喺公元前頭嗰兩個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4" title="千年">千年</a>，人類開始廣泛噉用同開採<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a>呢種<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬">貴金屬</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，令到人對金嘅需求勁升。於是就引起咗煉金術喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>（5 至 15 世紀）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>崛起－煉金術研究嘅係點樣將物質變成金，係一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="原科學">原科學</a>（protoscience；指未有完整嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>，但有啲似現代科學）。煉金術最後並冇取得成功－現代化學上已知，金係一種元素，靠一般地球環境下嘅方法係唔能夠將第種元素變做金嘅，但<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="煉金術士">煉金術士</a>嘅研究當中<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="發明">發明</a>咗好多將一種物質變做第種物質嘅技術，為現代化學鋪咗路<sup id="cite_ref-chang_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一般認為，化學係喺 19 世紀誕生嘅。當時<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>發展成熟，而且有咗好多對現代化學嚟講必要嘅科學知識：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="質量守恆">質量守恆</a>嘅諗頭喺 18 世紀嘅科學家之間經已好普遍<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%80%B3%E9%A0%93" title="道耳頓">道耳頓</a>喺 19 世紀初做咗大量嘅實驗同觀察發現支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>嘅實驗結果<sup id="cite_ref-figureoutatom_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figureoutatom-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而後嚟基於呢啲知識同埋物理學上對原子嘅研究（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>），引致<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>化學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%8D%B7%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="門捷列夫">門捷列夫</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%96%87" title="俄文">俄文</a>：Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев；Dmitri Mendeleev）喺 19 世紀尾奠定咗元素週期表，成為現代化學嘅基礎。喺 1901 年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a>成立，終於認定化學係一門對人類貢獻重大嘅科學<sup id="cite_ref-chang_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 詞源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>入面，啲人一般都係用 <ruby><rb><b>化學</b></rb><rt><span>faa<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby> 嚟指「用科學方法研究物質嘅領域」嘅，呢個字就噉字面解可以理解做<b>變<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1919394">.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}</style><span class="zoek6zung6" aria-label="化"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zit3"><span class="zit3"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zi6">化</span></span></span></span>嘅科<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1919394"><span class="zoek6zung6" aria-label="學"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zit3"><span class="zit3"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zi6">學</span></span></span></span></b>噉嘅意思。另一方面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>日常用語亦都興用 <span>kem<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span> 嚟稱呼化學，<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞">借自</a>英文 <b>chemistry</b> 嘅第一段<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節">音節</a>。 </p><p>英文字 <b>chemistry</b> 據講係由 <b>alchemy</b>（煉金術）嗰度嚟嘅，反映咗化學嘅歷史－到咗家吓，煉金術已經俾人知佢係冇料到嘅，但煉金術士所學到嘅知識（例如係點樣將一種物質變做第種物質）演化咗做現今嘅人所講嘅化學－用科學方法由原子層面嚟去研究物質嘅一門學問<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chongfaat-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chongfaat_5-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chongfaat_5-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">不過噉唔代表化學上嘅現象可以齋靠物理知識嚟解釋。可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E7%99%BC" title="創發">創發</a>同相關嘅概念。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">現代科學已知，有啲粒子係冇固有質量嘅，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>噉，光子喺唔郁嗰陣係冇質量嘅。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學">現代物理學</a>研究，原子查實係有可能再揼散啲嘅，但用一般<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>環境下做到嘅方法正路做唔到揼散原子。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">要留意埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物">混合物</a>之間嘅差異（睇下面）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">古希臘人嘅元素觀念係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="古典元素">古典元素</a>－地水火風四種。根據現代化學，元素遠遠唔只有四種，不過古希臘人喺「一切物質都係由某一柞元素嗰度砌出嚟嘅」呢點上的確啱。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">現代科學經已表明咗煉金術係流嘅，不過煉金術研究者的確有做物質轉化（化學反應）方面嘅實驗。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">假設<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="質量守恆">質量守恆</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">打前嘅時代都有某一啲社會會用金。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過，質量守恆定律要去到成 1873 年先至由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國">法國</a>化學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="拉瓦錫">拉瓦錫</a>正式噉奠定。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關領域"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F"></span>相關領域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 相關領域"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_pigments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/300px-Indian_pigments.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/450px-Indian_pigments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/600px-Indian_pigments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>唔同<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E6%96%99" title="顏料">顏料</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>都唔同<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linsensuppe_(4282123097).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Linsensuppe_%284282123097%29.jpg/300px-Linsensuppe_%284282123097%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Linsensuppe_%284282123097%29.jpg/450px-Linsensuppe_%284282123097%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Linsensuppe_%284282123097%29.jpg/600px-Linsensuppe_%284282123097%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>係條<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B7" title="脷">脷</a>對掂到嘅嘢嘅化學成份嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>。煲<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF" title="湯">湯</a>嘅化學成份啱唔啱（啲味啱唔啱）？</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="物理化學">物理化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學">地球科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地球化學">地球化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化學工程">化學工程</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5" title="藥">藥</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="同位素一覽">同位素一覽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E7%95%AB" title="畫畫">畫畫</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E6%96%99" title="顏料">顏料</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%AE%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="煮食">煮食</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="化學家">化學家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" title="賀爾蒙">賀爾蒙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="神經傳遞素">神經傳遞素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92-%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="米勒-尤里實驗">米勒-尤里實驗</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/68px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/90px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" title="維基辭典">維基辭典</a>有佢嘅解釋： <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:化學">化學</a></b></div> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry"><span style="">Chemistry</span></a></b></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大眾讀物"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E7.9C.BE.E8.AE.80.E7.89.A9"></span>大眾讀物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=32" title="編輯小節: 大眾讀物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkins, P.W. <i>Galileo's Finger</i>. (Oxford University Press), 2003.</li> <li>Atkins, P.W. <i>Atkins' Molecules</i>. (Cambridge University Press), 1967.</li> <li>Kean, S. <i>The Disappearing Spoon - and other true tales from the Periodic Table</i>. (Black Swan) London, 2010.</li> <li>Levi, P. <i>The Periodic Table</i>. (Penguin Books), [1975] translated from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal (1984).</li> <li>Stwertka, A. <i>A Guide to the Elements</i>. (Oxford University Press), 1996.</li> <li>朗文化學詞典，朗文（香港），1997。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="本科教科書"><span id=".E6.9C.AC.E7.A7.91.E6.95.99.E7.A7.91.E6.9B.B8"></span>本科教科書</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=33" title="編輯小節: 本科教科書"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkins, P.W., Overton, T., Rourke, J., Weller, M. & Armstrong, F. <i>Shriver and Atkins inorganic chemistry</i>, 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Chang, R. <i>Chemistry</i>, 6th Ed., Boston: James M. Smith, 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="進階教科書"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E9.9A.8E.E6.95.99.E7.A7.91.E6.9B.B8"></span>進階教科書</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=34" title="編輯小節: 進階教科書"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkins, P.W. <i>Physical Chemistry</i>. (Oxford University Press)</li> <li>Atkins, P.W. et al. <i>Molecular Quantum Mechanics</i>. (Oxford University Press)</li> <li>McWeeny, R. <i>Coulson's Valence</i>. (Oxford Science Publications)</li> <li>Pauling, L. <i>The Nature of the chemical bond</i>. (Cornell University Press)</li> <li>Pauling, L., & Wilson, E. B. <i>Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry</i>. (Dover Publications)</li> <li>Smart & Moore <i>Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction</i>. (Chapman and Hall)</li> <li>Stephenson, G. <i>Mathematical Methods for Science Students</i>. (Longman)</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=35" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gauch, H. G. (2003). <i>Scientific method in practice</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browncentsci-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-browncentsci_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-browncentsci_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, Jr., H. Eugene; Bursten, Bruce E.; Murphey, Catherine J.; Woodward, Patrick M.; Stoltzfus, Matthew W.; Lufaso, Michael W. (2018). "Introduction: Matter, energy, and measurement". <i>Chemistry: The Central Science</i> (14th ed.). New York: Pearson. pp. 46–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html">Chemistry Is Everywhere</a>". <i>American Chemical Society</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iupac.org/ci/2003/2503/2_philosophy.html">Philosophy of Chemistry</a>. <i>Chemistry International</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Metzler, David Everett; Metzler, Carol M. (2001). <i>Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells</i>. 1. 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a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output 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a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027170059/http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01034.html">"Chemical Reaction Equation- IUPAC Goldbook"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/C/C01034.html">原著</a>喺2017年10月27號歸檔<span 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Waldbaum, <i>From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean</i> (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, vol. LIV, 1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCray, W. Patrick (2007) <i>Prehistory and history of glassmaking technology</i>, American Ceramic Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenny, Anthony (2004). <i>Ancient Philosophy. A New History of Western Philosophy</i>. 1. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 26-28. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, Walter L. (2011) <i>Economic Geology Principles and Practice</i>. Wiley. p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chang_104-0">96.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chang_104-1">96.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, Raymond (1998). <i>Chemistry</i>, 6th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer M. Rampling (2020). <i>The Experimental Fire: Inventing English Alchemy, 1300-1700</i>. University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pomper, Philip (October 1962). "Lomonosov and the Discovery of the Law of the Conservation of Matter in Chemical Transformations". <i>Ambix</i>. 10 (3): 119–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827210806/http://www.alchemylab.com/history_of_alchemy.htm">"History of Alchemy from Ancient Egypt to Modern Times"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alchemylab.com/history_of_alchemy.htm">原著</a>喺2017年8月27號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺2017年10月29號搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Alchemy+from+Ancient+Egypt+to+Modern+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alchemylab.com%2Fhistory_of_alchemy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608014253/http://www.alchemylab.com/history_of_alchemy.htm"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈存档副本〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>存</span><span class="zit3">档副本</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。歸檔時間2011年6月8號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2020年2月4號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alchemylab.com%2Fhistory_of_alchemy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/chemistry">Online Etymology Dictionary - Chemistry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berke, Heinz (2007). "The invention of blue and purple pigments in ancient times". <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. 36: 15-30.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=36" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/General%20Chemistry%20Principles,%20Patterns,%20and%20Applications.pdf">General Chemistry principles, patterns and applications</a>. （英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/30-1-discovery-of-the-atom/">Discovery of the Atom</a>. （英文）</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="化學嘅基本概念同埋分支領域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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title="電化學分析">電化學分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元素分析">元素分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8" title="晶體學">晶體學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="紅外光譜學">IR</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="拉曼光譜學">Raman</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96-%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95" title="紫外-可見分光光度法">UV-Vis</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%B3%A2%E8%AD%9C%E6%B3%95" title="核磁共振波譜法">NMR</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="質譜學">質譜學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" title="電子電離">EI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="電感耦合等離子體質譜法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E6%84%9F%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E7%AD%89%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%94%E8%B3%AA%E8%AD%9C%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電感耦合等離子體質譜法 (無呢版)">ICP</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" class="extiw" title="en:Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基質輔助激光解吸/電離" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E8%B3%AA%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E8%A7%A3%E5%90%B8/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基質輔助激光解吸/電離 (無呢版)">MALDI</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" class="extiw" title="en:Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="色譜學">色譜學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%9B%B8%E8%89%B2%E8%AD%9C%E6%B3%95" title="氣相色譜法">GC</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E6%B6%B2%E7%9B%B8%E8%89%B2%E8%AD%9C%E6%B3%95" title="高效液相色譜法">HPLC</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="物理化學">物理化學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="電化學">電化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="熱化學">熱化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="化學熱力學">化學熱力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="表面科學">表面科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="膠體化學">膠體化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="凍化學">凍化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="聲化學">聲化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="結構化學">結構化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="化學物理學">化學物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="化學動力學">化學動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="量子化學">量子化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="光化學">光化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="核化學">核化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E7%A7%92%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="飛秒化學">飛秒化學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="無機化學">無機化學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="配合物">配合物化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="磁化學">磁化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="有機金屬化學">有機金屬化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物無機化學">生物無機化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物有機金屬化學">生物有機金屬化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%B0%87" title="原子簇">原子簇化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="固體化學">固體化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="材料化學">材料化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學">冶金學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="陶瓷工程">陶瓷工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="聚合物科學">聚合物科學</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="有機化學">有機化學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="分子生物學">分子生物學</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物有機化學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Bioorganic chemistry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物有機化學 (無呢版)">生物有機化學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" class="extiw" title="en:Bioorganic chemistry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bioorganic chemistry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="化學病理學">化學病理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="神經化學">神經化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物物理化學">生物物理化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="立體化學">立體化學</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="物理有機化學">物理有機化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="有機反應">有機反應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="逆合成分析">逆合成分析</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不對稱合成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Enantioselective synthesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E5%90%88%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不對稱合成 (無呢版)">不對稱合成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" class="extiw" title="en:Enantioselective synthesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Enantioselective synthesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="全合成">全合成</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="半合成">半合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="藥物化學">藥物化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="聚合物化學">聚合物化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="石油化學">石油化學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">第啲領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="核化學">核化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="放射化學">放射化學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="輻射化學">輻射化學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="錒系化學">錒系化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="天體化學">天體化學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="宇宙化學">宇宙化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地球化學">地球化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="環境化學">環境化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="大氣化學">大氣化學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋化學">海洋化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食物化學">食物化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="醣化學">醣化學</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="農業化學">農業化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤化學">土壤化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%89%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="法證化學">法證化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%86%AB%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="法醫毒理學">法醫毒理學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="納米化學">納米化學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="超分子化學">超分子化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化學合成">化學合成</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="綠色化學">綠色化學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E6%93%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="點擊化學">點擊化學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="組合化學">組合化學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化學工程">化學工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="化學教育">化學教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">睇埋</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="化學史">化學史</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="古典元素">古典元素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學">熱力學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="原子物理學">原子物理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="核子物理學">核子物理學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="材料科學">材料科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="納米科技">納米科技</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span 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href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="學術出版">學術出版</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="權威控制" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="權威控制" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="權威控制">權威控制</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="extiw" title="en:Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85022986">sh85022986</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="extiw" title="en:Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4009816-3">4009816-3</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119704650">cb119704650</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119704650">資料</a>）</span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="extiw" title="en:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F008259.php">008259</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:国立国会図書館">NDL</a>: <span 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