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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl G. Fisher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Fisher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl G. 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American entrepreneur (1874–1939)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Roman Catholic bishop, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anthony_Fisher" title="Carl Anthony Fisher">Carl Anthony Fisher</a>. For those of a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Fischer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Carl Fischer (disambiguation)">Carl Fischer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carl G. Fisher</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_G_Fisher_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Carl_G_Fisher_1909.jpg/220px-Carl_G_Fisher_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Carl_G_Fisher_1909.jpg/330px-Carl_G_Fisher_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Carl_G_Fisher_1909.jpg/440px-Carl_G_Fisher_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1324" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fisher in 1909</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-01-12</span>)</span>January 12, 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Indiana" title="Greensburg, Indiana">Greensburg, Indiana</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 15, 1939<span style="display:none">(1939-07-15)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Beach">Miami Beach</a>, Florida, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Entrepreneur</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Graham Fisher</b> (January 12, 1874 – July 15, 1939) was an American <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a> in the automotive industry, highway construction and real estate development. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl G. Fisher was born in <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Indiana" title="Greensburg, Indiana">Greensburg</a> on January 12, 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnum_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his early life in Indiana, with family financial strains and a disability, Fisher became a bicycle enthusiast and opened a modest bicycle shop with his brothers. He became involved in bicycle racing, and many activities related to the emerging American auto industry. In 1904, he and friend <a href="/wiki/James_A._Allison" title="James A. Allison">James A. Allison</a> bought an interest in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> <a href="/wiki/Headlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlight">headlights</a>, a precursor to electric models that became common about ten years later. Soon, his firm supplied nearly every headlamp used on automobiles in the United States as manufacturing plants were built all over the country to supply the demand. The headlight patent made him rich as an automotive <a href="/wiki/Auto_part" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto part">parts</a> supplier when Allison and he sold their company, Prest-O-Lite, to Union Carbide in 1913 for $9 million (equivalent to $268 million in 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher operated in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis</a> what is believed to be the first <a href="/wiki/Automobile_dealership" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dealership">automobile dealership</a> in the United States, and also worked at developing an automobile racetrack locally. After being injured in stunts himself, and following a safety debacle at the new <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a>, of which he was a principal, he helped develop paved racetracks and public roadways. Improvements he implemented at the speedway led to its nickname, "The Brickyard." </p><p>In 1912, Fisher conceived and helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Highway" title="Lincoln Highway">Lincoln Highway</a>, the first road for the automobile across the entire United States. A convoy trip a few years later by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> along Fisher's Lincoln Highway was a major influence upon then-Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> years later in championing the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a> during his presidency in the 1950s. </p><p>Following on the success of his east-west Lincoln Highway, Fisher initiated efforts on the north-south <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Highway" title="Dixie Highway">Dixie Highway</a> in 1914, which led from Michigan to Miami. Under his leadership, the initial portion was completed within a single year, and he led an automobile caravan to Florida from Indiana. </p><p>At the south end of the Dixie Highway in Miami, Florida, Fisher saw another opportunity. Fisher, with the assistance of his partners John Graham McKay and Thomas Walkling, became involved in the real-estate development of a largely unpopulated barrier island near Miami. They invested in land and dredging, promoted deed restrictions, and provided much-needed working capital to the earlier Lummus and Collins family pioneers to develop <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Beach">Miami Beach</a>. For example, Fisher funded completion on the first bridge to link Miami to Miami Beach. The new Collins Bridge crossed Biscayne Bay directly at the terminus of the Dixie Highway. Cars were charged a toll to cross. </p><p>Fisher is one of the best-known promoters of the Florida land boom of the 1920s, which inculcated racial deed restrictions into Florida culture for decades. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/1926_Miami_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 Miami Hurricane">hurricane in September 1926</a>, he was worth an estimated $50-100 million depending on the source. This unforeseen storm reduced Miami Beach to rubble. Fisher's financial endeavors never fully recovered. </p><p>His next major project, Montauk, was envisioned as the "Miami Beach of the North." It was to be located at on the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. It was cut short by Fisher's losses in the Florida land-boom bust, the Great Depression of 1929, his divorce, and alcoholism. </p><p>After his fortune was lost, he lived in a small cottage in Miami Beach, doing minor work for old friends. He took on one more project, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Club" title="Caribbean Club">Caribbean Club</a> on <a href="/wiki/Key_Largo,_Florida" title="Key Largo, Florida">Key Largo</a>, intended as a "poor man's retreat." He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame" title="Automotive Hall of Fame">Automotive Hall of Fame</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-AHF-FisherCarl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHF-FisherCarl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just south of Miami Beach, <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Island,_Florida" title="Fisher Island, Florida">Fisher Island</a> is named for him and is one of the wealthiest and most exclusive residential areas in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is built on a parcel that is a combination of "the old Vanderbilt estate" bought from Fisher and a municipal trash dump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Fisher was born in <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Indiana" title="Greensburg, Indiana">Greensburg, Indiana</a>, nine years after the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the son of Albert H. and Ida Graham Fisher. Apparently suffering from <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>, a problem which also plagued Carl later in life, his father left the family when he was a child. Severely <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astigmatism (eye)">astigmatic</a>, he had difficulty paying attention in school, as uncorrected astigmatism can cause headaches, eyestrain, and blurred vision at all distances. He quit school when he was 12 years old to help support his family. </p><p>For the next five years, Fisher held a number of jobs. He worked in a grocery and a bookstore, then later he sold newspapers, books, tobacco, candy, and other items on trains departing Indianapolis, a major railroad center not far from Greensburg. He opened a bicycle repair shop in 1891 with his two brothers. A successful <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, he expanded his business and became involved in <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle racing">bicycle racing</a> and later, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile racing">automobile racing</a>. During his many promotional stunts, he was frequently injured on the dirt and gravel roadways, leading him to become one of the early developers of automotive safety features. A highly publicized stunt involved dropping a bicycle from the roof of the tallest building in Indianapolis, which brought on a confrontation with the police. </p><p>In 1909, while 35 and engaged to his fiancée, Fisher met and married 15-year-old Jane Watts.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnum_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ex-fiancée sued him for a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_promise" title="Breach of promise">breach of promise</a>. Meanwhile, he and his new wife Jane went on a business trip for their honeymoon. In 1921, they had one child, who died a month later from <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">pyloric stenosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She adopted a four-year-old child in 1925; he disapproved and they divorced in Paris in 1926. She then married and divorced three men; after her last marriage she went to court to change her name to Jane Watts Fisher and falsely styled herself as his widow.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher's second marriage, to his secretary, Margaret Eleanor Collier, lasted until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She then married Howard W. Lyon, his business associate.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S002710_loc_carl_fisher_harlem_racetrack_chicago_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/S002710_loc_carl_fisher_harlem_racetrack_chicago_cropped.jpg/267px-S002710_loc_carl_fisher_harlem_racetrack_chicago_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/S002710_loc_carl_fisher_harlem_racetrack_chicago_cropped.jpg/401px-S002710_loc_carl_fisher_harlem_racetrack_chicago_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/S002710_loc_carl_fisher_harlem_racetrack_chicago_cropped.jpg/534px-S002710_loc_carl_fisher_harlem_racetrack_chicago_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Fisher at the Harlem racetrack, near Chicago, Illinois</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automobile_businesses">Automobile businesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Automobile businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1904, Fisher was approached by the owner of a U.S. patent to manufacture acetylene headlights. Fisher's firm soon supplied nearly every headlamp used on automobiles in the United States, as manufacturing plants were built all over the country to supply the demand. The headlight patent made him rich as an automotive <a href="/wiki/Auto_part" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto part">parts</a> supplier and led to friendships with notable auto magnates. Fisher made millions when partner <a href="/wiki/James_A._Allison" title="James A. Allison">James A. Allison</a> and he sold their <a href="/wiki/Prest-O-Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Prest-O-Lite">Prest-O-Lite</a> automobile headlamp business to <a href="/wiki/Union_Carbide" title="Union Carbide">Union Carbide</a>. </p><p>Fisher also entered the business of selling automobiles, with his friend <a href="/wiki/Barney_Oldfield" title="Barney Oldfield">Barney Oldfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Automobile_Company" title="Fisher Automobile Company">Fisher Automobile Company</a> in Indianapolis is considered most likely the first <a href="/wiki/Automobile_dealership" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dealership">automobile dealership</a> in the United States. It carried multiple models of <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/REO_Motor_Car_Company" title="REO Motor Car Company">REO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoddard-Dayton" title="Stoddard-Dayton">Stoddard-Dayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stutz_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Stutz Motor Company">Stutz</a>, and others. Fisher staged an elaborate publicity stunt in which he attached a hot-air balloon to a white Stoddard-Dayton automobile and flew the car over downtown Indianapolis. Thousands of people observed the spectacle and Fisher triumphantly drove back into town, becoming an instant media sensation. Unbeknownst to the public, the flying car had had its engine removed to lighten the load, and several identical cars were driven out to meet it, to allow Fisher to drive back into the city. Afterward, he advertised, "The Stoddard-Dayton was the first automobile to fly over Indianapolis. It should be your first automobile, too." Another stunt involved pushing a car off the roof of a building and then driving it away, to demonstrate its durability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indianapolis_estate">Indianapolis estate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indianapolis estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Blossom Heath" was Fisher's estate in Indianapolis. Completed in 1913, it was built on Cold Spring Road between the estates of his two friends and Indianapolis Motor Speedway partners, James A. Allison and Frank H. Wheeler. The house included portions of an earlier house on the site and featured a 60-foot-long living room with a 6-foot-wide fireplace where logs burned all day. The house had twelve bedrooms and a huge glass-enclosed sun porch. Fisher built a house for his mother on the southern part of the estate. The estate also included a five-car garage, an indoor swimming pool, a polo course, a stable, an indoor tennis court and gymnasium, a greenhouse, and extensive gardens. A newspaper article dated February 2, 1913, described the simple dignity of the house. Unlike some of his friends and neighbors, Fisher built a large but simple house decorated primarily in yellow, his favorite color. It did not contain exotic woodwork, elaborate carvings, or extensive decoration. </p><p>In 1928, after Fisher moved permanently to Miami Beach, the Fisher estate in Indianapolis was leased and later purchased by the Park School for Boys. The Fisher mansion was damaged by fire in the 1950s and the rear portion of the house was demolished and replaced with a classroom wing during 1956–57. The property was sold to <a href="/wiki/Marian_College_(Indiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian College (Indiana)">Marian College</a> in the 1960s and combined with two nearby estates into one 110-acre (0.45 km<sup>2</sup>) campus. Today, none of Fisher's original buildings remain on the Marian College campus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_-_loc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_-_loc.jpg/267px-Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_-_loc.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_-_loc.jpg/401px-Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_-_loc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_-_loc.jpg/534px-Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_-_loc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Early photo of Indianapolis Motor Speedway</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auto_racing">Auto racing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Auto racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a></div> <p>In 1909, Fisher joined a group of Indianapolis businessmen in a new project. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Newby" title="Arthur C. Newby">Arthur C. Newby</a> (president of <a href="/wiki/National_Motor_Vehicle_Company" title="National Motor Vehicle Company">National</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_H._Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank H. Wheeler (page does not exist)">Frank H. Wheeler</a> (maker of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler-Schebler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheeler-Schebler (page does not exist)">Wheeler-Schebler</a> <a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carburetor</a>), <a href="/wiki/James_A._Allison" title="James A. Allison">James A. Allison</a> (partner in <a href="/wiki/Prest-O-Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Prest-O-Lite">Prest-O-Lite</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he invested in what became <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a>, which is now surrounded by the city of Indianapolis. The first automobile race in August 1909 ended in disaster. The loose rock track led to numerous crashes, fires, terrible injuries to race-car drivers and spectators, and deaths. The race was halted and cancelled when only halfway completed. </p><p> Undeterred, Fisher convinced the investors to install 3.2 million paving bricks, leading to the famous nickname "the brickyard". (This persists, though it has since been resurfaced.) The speedway reopened, and on <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a>, May 30, 1911, 80,000 spectators paid the $1 admission (and many thousands more unpaid in overlooking buildings and trees) and watched the 500-mile (800 km) event, the first in a long line of races known as the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a>.</p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Highway_M0118-150dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lincoln_Highway_M0118-150dpi.jpg/267px-Lincoln_Highway_M0118-150dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lincoln_Highway_M0118-150dpi.jpg/401px-Lincoln_Highway_M0118-150dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lincoln_Highway_M0118-150dpi.jpg/534px-Lincoln_Highway_M0118-150dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln Highway scene in New Jersey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dixie_Highway_Maitland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dixie_Highway_Maitland.jpg/267px-Dixie_Highway_Maitland.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dixie_Highway_Maitland.jpg/401px-Dixie_Highway_Maitland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dixie_Highway_Maitland.jpg/534px-Dixie_Highway_Maitland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A restored section of the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Highway_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie Highway in Florida">Dixie Highway in Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lincoln_Highway">Lincoln Highway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lincoln Highway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1913, foreseeing the automobile's impact on American life, Fisher conceived and was instrumental in the planning, development, and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Highway" title="Lincoln Highway">Lincoln Highway</a>, the first road across America, which connected New York City to San Francisco. Fisher estimated the highway, an improved, hard-surfaced road stretching almost 3,400 miles (5,500 km), would cost $10 million. Fellow industrialists <a href="/wiki/Frank_Seiberling" title="Frank Seiberling">Frank Seiberling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bourne_Joy" title="Henry Bourne Joy">Henry Bourne Joy</a> helped Fisher with their promotional skills, together creating the Lincoln Highway Association. Much of the highway was paid for by contributions from automobile manufacturers and suppliers, a policy bitterly opposed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>. </p><p>Former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Edison">Thomas A. Edison</a>, both friends of Fisher's, sent checks, as well as the then-President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, who has been noted as the first U.S. President to make frequent use of an automobile for what was described as stress-relief relaxation rides. </p><p>In 1919, as World War I was ending, the U.S. Army undertook its first transcontinental motor convoy along the Lincoln Highway. One of the young Army officers was <a href="/wiki/Dwight_David_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight David Eisenhower">Dwight David Eisenhower</a>, then a lt. colonel, who credited the experience when supporting construction of the Interstate Highway System when he became President of the United States in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dixie_Highway">Dixie Highway</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dixie Highway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher next turned his attention to creating the Dixie Highway, a network of north-south routes extending from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a> to southern <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, which he felt would provide an ideal way for residents of his home state to vacation in southern Florida. In September 1916, Fisher and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Indiana Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston">Samuel M. Ralston</a> attended a celebration opening the roadway from Indianapolis to Miami. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miami_Beach">Miami Beach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Miami Beach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The future <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">City of Miami Beach</a> became Fisher's next big project. On a vacation to Miami around 1910, he saw potential in the swampy, bug-infested stretch of land between Miami and the ocean. He knew earlier pioneers needed working capital and ideas. His mind transformed the 3,500 acres (14 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamp and beach into the perfect vacation destination for his automobile-industry friends. His wife and he bought a vacation home there in 1912, and he began acquiring land.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he did not invent the name Miami Beach, he popularized it. He platted the second plat in Miami Beach, following the Lummus Brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher continued his wise investment in infrastructure. The <a href="/wiki/Collins_Bridge" title="Collins Bridge">Collins Bridge</a> across <a href="/wiki/Biscayne_Bay" title="Biscayne Bay">Biscayne Bay</a> between Miami and the <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier island</a> that became Miami Beach was built by <a href="/wiki/John_S._Collins" title="John S. Collins">John S. Collins</a> (1837–1928), an earlier farmer and developer originally from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. Collins, then 75 years old, had run out of money before he could complete his bridge. Fisher lent him the money in trade for 200 acres (0.81 km<sup>2</sup>) of land. The new <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-mile (4 km) wooden <a href="/wiki/Toll_bridge" title="Toll bridge">toll bridge</a> opened on June 12, 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher financed the dredging of Biscayne Bay to create its vast residential islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later built several landmark luxury hotels, including the <a href="/wiki/Flamingo_Hotel,_Miami_Beach" title="Flamingo Hotel, Miami Beach">Flamingo Hotel</a>, that were meant to attract the wealthy and celebrated elite to convince them to buy permanent residences in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collins_Bridge_Miami_FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Collins_Bridge_Miami_FL.jpg/325px-Collins_Bridge_Miami_FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Collins_Bridge_Miami_FL.jpg/488px-Collins_Bridge_Miami_FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Collins_Bridge_Miami_FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Collins_Bridge" title="Collins Bridge">Collins Bridge</a> across <a href="/wiki/Biscayne_Bay" title="Biscayne Bay">Biscayne Bay</a> between <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a>, opened in 1913 as the "longest wooden bridge in the world."</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a dedicated enthusiast of automobile travel, Fisher was aware that wealthy vacationers in those days often preferred to cross the long distances to southeastern Florida by <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a>, a tradition begun by some families years earlier with <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Flagler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry M. Flagler">Henry M. Flagler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a> (FEC) and the resorts he established at places like <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach</a>, and eventually Miami, the southern terminus of the FEC, where he built the well-known and later infamous <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palm_Hotel_(Miami)" title="Royal Palm Hotel (Miami)">Royal Palm Hotel</a>. </p><p>In developing Miami Beach's potential for resort hotels, Fisher needed a transportation connection for the 5 miles (8.0 km) from the FEC railroad station in Miami.<sup id="cite_ref-southbeach-usa2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southbeach-usa2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The solution he developed was the Miami Beach Railway, an electric <a href="/wiki/Street_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Street railway">street railway</a> system that served the additional purpose of providing electric service. Other investors and he formed the Miami Beach Electric Company and the Miami Beach Railway Co.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began service on December 14, 1920, and ran from downtown Miami, where it shared tracks with Miami's own trolley system, to the County Causeway (renamed <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Causeway" title="MacArthur Causeway">MacArthur Causeway</a> after World War II).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After crossing Biscayne Bay to Miami Beach, the tracks looped around the section of Miami Beach south of 47th Street. Around 1926, Florida Power and Light acquired Fisher's streetcar system, and expanded it, double tracking the line across the causeway.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While sale of electric service was a growth industry across the United States, though, the street railway portion went into a period of decline, along with the entire industry. All rail service between Miami and Miami Beach was terminated on October 17, 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-southbeach-usa2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southbeach-usa2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even with the new street railway connecting with the FEC, while wealthy people came to vacation, only a few were buying land or building homes. The U.S. public was apparently slow to catch on to the vacation land and homes Fisher envisioned for Florida. His investments in Miami Beach were not paying off, at least not until he again used his promotional skills, which had worked so well years earlier in Indiana. </p><p>Ever the innovative promoter, Fisher seemed tireless in his efforts to draw attention to Miami Beach, a story recounted by <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. Fisher had acquired a baby elephant named <a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Elephant" title="Rosie the Elephant">"Rosie"</a>, that was a favorite with newspaper photographers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, he got free publicity all across the country with what would be called today a promotional "photo-op" of Rosie serving as a <a href="/wiki/Caddie" title="Caddie">"golf caddy"</a> for vacationing President-elect Warren Harding. Billboards of bathing beauties enjoying white beaches and blue ocean waters appeared around the country. Fisher even purchased a huge, illuminated sign proclaiming "It's June in Miami" in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">Florida land boom of the 1920s</a>, real-estate sales took off as Americans discovered their automobiles and the paved Dixie Highway, which through no coincidence led to the foot of the Collins Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 1,000 year-round residents lived in Miami Beach in 1920. In the next five years, the resident population of the Miami Beach area grew 440%. People from all over the country flocked to South Florida in hopes of getting rich buying and selling real estate. They sent home tales of riches being made when orange groves and swamp lands were subdivided, sold, and developed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The art of the swap, which helped fund the Collins Bridge, was apparently the source of great satisfaction to Fisher. He had bought another 200 acres (0.81 km<sup>2</sup>) that now form <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Island,_Florida" title="Fisher Island, Florida">Fisher Island</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dana_A._Dorsey" title="Dana A. Dorsey">Dana A. Dorsey</a>, South Florida's first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> millionaire, and had begun some development there in 1919. Five years later, he traded seven acres of Fisher Island to <a href="/wiki/William_Kissam_Vanderbilt_II" title="William Kissam Vanderbilt II">William Kissam Vanderbilt II</a> of the famous and wealthy Vanderbilt family, for the latter's 150-ft steam yacht <i>Eagle</i>. Vanderbilt used the property, later expanded to 13 acres, to create an enclave even more luxurious and exclusive than many of Miami Beach's finest. </p><p>The Miami Yacht Club that Fisher built in 1924 was later converted into a private mansion that was extensively renovated in 2017; the property was on the market for $65 million in May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1926, Fisher was worth an estimated $50-100 million, depending on the source. He could have been financially secure for life. The Great Miami Hurricane of 1926, alcoholism, and the Great Depression of 1929 set him back. Always ready for a new idea, Fisher was known for moving from project to project. Success or failure had never stopped him from attempting something new. In her 1947 book, his ex-wife Jane Watts Fisher quoted him as replying, when she had hoped that he would slow down at some point, "I don't have time to take time." Instead, he redirected his promotional efforts to yet another new project far to the north. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montauk_Manor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Montauk_Manor.jpg/300px-Montauk_Manor.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Montauk_Manor.jpg/450px-Montauk_Manor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Montauk_Manor.jpg/600px-Montauk_Manor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>Montauk Manor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Montauk,_Long_Island"><span id="Montauk.2C_Long_Island"></span>Montauk, Long Island</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Montauk, Long Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926, Fisher began working on a "Miami Beach of the North". His project at <a href="/wiki/Montauk,_New_York" title="Montauk, New York">Montauk</a> at the eastern tip of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> in New York was to provide a warm-season counterpart to the Florida development. Four associates and he purchased 9,000 acres (36 km<sup>2</sup>) and built a luxurious hotel, office building, marina, and attractions. One source stated that they built about "30 Tudor-style buildings, including the lavish <a href="/wiki/Montauk_Manor" title="Montauk Manor">Montauk Manor</a> and a yacht club."<sup id="cite_ref-mlhamptons.com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlhamptons.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project built roads, planted nurseries, laid water pipes, and built houses. He built Montauk Manor, which still exists as a luxury resort today (pictured at right). He also built the <a href="/wiki/Montauk_Tennis_Auditorium" title="Montauk Tennis Auditorium">Montauk Tennis Auditorium</a>. </p><p>Because of financial reversals suffered by Fisher, the Montauk project went into receivership in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his wife Jane, Montauk "was Carl’s first and only failure", but she died before Fisher's most significant losses.<sup id="cite_ref-mlhamptons.com_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlhamptons.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Carl Fisher Tower stands in the middle of Montauk at approximately 100 feet tall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianapoliscrownhillcemeterycarlfisher01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indianapoliscrownhillcemeterycarlfisher01.jpg/220px-Indianapoliscrownhillcemeterycarlfisher01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indianapoliscrownhillcemeterycarlfisher01.jpg/330px-Indianapoliscrownhillcemeterycarlfisher01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indianapoliscrownhillcemeterycarlfisher01.jpg/440px-Indianapoliscrownhillcemeterycarlfisher01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of Carl Fisher and family at <a href="/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery" title="Crown Hill Cemetery">Crown Hill Cemetery</a> in Indianapolis</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1925, Fisher's wealth was estimated as exceeding $50 million. In later years, he borrowed heavily and the <a href="/wiki/1926_Miami_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 Miami Hurricane">hurricane in September 1926</a> damaged a large part of Miami Beach and reduced tourism. The losses in his real-estate ventures and the crash of 1929 left Fisher virtually penniless. "Fisher's financial house of cards began to collapse", according to a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> report, and the <a href="/wiki/Stock_Market_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock Market Crash of 1929">Stock Market Crash of 1929</a> (followed by the Great Depression) "sealed Fisher's fate".<sup id="cite_ref-Swampland_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swampland-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One source indicates that during the years before his death, Fisher was living in a modest cottage on Miami Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his final project, in 1938, Fisher developed and built <a href="/wiki/Key_Largo,_Florida" title="Key Largo, Florida">Key Largo's</a> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Club" title="Caribbean Club">Caribbean Club</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> club for men who were not rich. After he died, the club was turned into a casino.<sup id="cite_ref-Swampland_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swampland-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite reports, no evidence shows that <i><a href="/wiki/Key_Largo_(film)" title="Key Largo (film)">Key Largo</a></i> was filmed there in 1948, according to research completed in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher died July 15, 1939, at age 65, of a stomach hemorrhage in a Miami Beach hospital, following a lengthy illness compounded by alcoholism.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnum_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnum-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pallbearers included Barney Oldfield, William Vanderbilt, and <a href="/wiki/Gar_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Gar Wood">Gar Wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred at the family mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery" title="Crown Hill Cemetery">Crown Hill Cemetery</a> in Indianapolis.<sup id="cite_ref-Crown_Hill_Autos_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crown_Hill_Autos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 15, 1939, the <i>Miami Daily News</i> noted Fisher's ingenuity was influential and guided to earlier Miami Beach pioneers, summing him up: "Carl G. Fisher, who looked at a piece of swampland and visualized the nation's greatest winter playground, .... he once said "I could just as easily have started a cattle ranch."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers">Will Rogers</a> remembered Fisher as a Florida pioneer with these words: </p><blockquote><p>Fisher was the first man to discover that there was sand under the water...[sand] that could hold up a real estate sign. He made the dredge the national emblem of Florida.</p></blockquote><p> Howard Kleinburg, an author and Miami Beach historian described Fisher: </p><blockquote><p>If you look at Fisher's entire life, it's a marathon. It's a race. It was a race to achieve the top of whatever field he was in at the time. Everything he did he went into it with his heart, his soul, his money, and he would not stop until he reached the end. He wanted to be there the quickest and first...</p></blockquote><p> In 1947, Jane Fisher, his ex-wife (who married him in 1909 and was divorced in 1926), wrote a book about his life. <i>Fabulous Hoosier</i> was published by R.M. McBride and Co. She wrote: </p><blockquote><p>He was all speed. I don't believe he ever thought in terms of money. He made millions, but they were incidental. He often said, "I just like to see the dirt fly."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Among his most successful real-estate ideas was to pioneer and to encourage "whites only" property deed restrictions and physical racial segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's goal was "to create a mecca for the wealthy" on a little-known barrier island called Miami Beach, Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Fisher's aggressive influence, Miami Beach became a Sundown Town that did not allow people of color to live or even be on the island after dark.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had lasting effects on Miami Beach's housing patterns and demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he recanted on earlier "gentiles only" policies and sought the help of white Jewish investors for capital for his Miami Beach holdings, he never recanted on his philosophy of a "whites only" Miami Beach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Probably true, but needs a citation (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1952, Carl Graham Fisher was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Museum#Auto_Racing_Hall_of_Fame" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum">Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame" title="Automotive Hall of Fame">Automotive Hall of Fame</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-AHF-FisherCarl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHF-FisherCarl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, PBS produced a program about Fisher titled <i>Mr. Miami Beach</i> as a part of the <i>American Experience</i> series. </p><p>He has also a school in <a href="/wiki/Speedway,_Indiana" title="Speedway, Indiana">Speedway, Indiana</a>, named for him - Carl G. Fisher Elementary School.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher was named to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Great_Floridians" title="List of Great Floridians">List of Great Floridians</a>. </p><p>He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_of_America" title="Motorsports Hall of Fame of America">Motorsports Hall of Fame of America</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-MSHoF_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSHoF-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, a historic marker was erected on 150 Courthouse Square, Greensburg, IN 46240.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocolobo_Cay_Club" title="Cocolobo Cay Club">Cocolobo Cay Club</a>, a 1922 Fisher project that was later incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne National Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barnum-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnum_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnum_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnum_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920022310/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/carl-fisher">"The Hoosier Barnum: Carl G. Fisher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Historical_Society" title="Indiana Historical Society">Indiana Historical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/carl-fisher">the original</a> on September 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hoosier+Barnum%3A+Carl+G.+Fisher&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianahistory.org%2Four-collections%2Flibrary-and-archives%2Fnotable-hoosiers%2Fcarl-fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher 1998. p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHF-FisherCarl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHF-FisherCarl_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHF-FisherCarl_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319114451/http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/inductee/carl-fisher/59/">"Carl G. Fisher"</a>. <i>Hall of Fame Inductees</i>. Automotive Hall of Fame. 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/inductee/carl-fisher/59/">the original</a> on March 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hall+of+Fame+Inductees&rft.atitle=Carl+G.+Fisher&rft.date=1971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.automotivehalloffame.org%2Finductee%2Fcarl-fisher%2F59%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fisherislandclub.com/history-page/">"History Page"</a>. Fisher Island Club<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Page&rft.pub=Fisher+Island+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffisherislandclub.com%2Fhistory-page%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="para._12" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/miami/">"Mr. Miami Beach"</a>. <i>The American Experience</i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Experience&rft.atitle=Mr.+Miami+Beach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2Fmiami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher 1947. p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen1968" class="citation news cs1">Andersen, Fred (December 11, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-fisher-will-reveals-lit/147559061/">"Fisher Will Reveals Little Known Son"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>. pp. 1B, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/118273695/">7B</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Fisher+Will+Reveals+Little+Known+Son&rft.pages=1B%2C+7B&rft.date=1968-12-11&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-miami-herald-fisher-will-reveals-lit%2F147559061%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges1939" class="citation news cs1">Hodges, James (July 19, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-carl-g-fisher-rites-co/147559341/">"Carl G. Fisher Rites Conducted on Beach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>. pp. 1A, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-carl-g-fisher-rites-co/147559436/">1B</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Carl+G.+Fisher+Rites+Conducted+on+Beach&rft.pages=1A%2C+1B&rft.date=1939-07-19&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-miami-herald-carl-g-fisher-rites-co%2F147559341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout1954" class="citation news cs1">Stout, Wesley W. (May 4, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-lauderdale-news/120587130/">"The Beachcomber"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lauderdale News">Fort Lauderdale News</a></i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span> – via Newspapers.com. <q>Jane Fisher is not 'the widow of Carl Fisher,' though the Miami papers usually so describe her.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fort+Lauderdale+News&rft.atitle=The+Beachcomber&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1954-05-04&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Wesley+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Ffort-lauderdale-news%2F120587130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lostindiana.net/carl-fisher-d-1934/">"Lost Indiana: Carl Fisher"</a>. <i>Lost Indiana</i>. November 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lost+Indiana&rft.atitle=Lost+Indiana%3A+Carl+Fisher&rft.date=2012-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flostindiana.net%2Fcarl-fisher-d-1934%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marian.edu/newsroom/newsitem/2014/07/11/fisher-hall-to-be-razed">"Fisher Hall to be Razed"</a>. <i>Marian University</i>. Marian University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marian+University&rft.atitle=Fisher+Hall+to+be+Razed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marian.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Fnewsitem%2F2014%2F07%2F11%2Ffisher-hall-to-be-razed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clymer 1950, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasuryofearlya0000floy/page/109/mode/1up">109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/general-highway-history/lincoln-highway">The Lincoln Highway</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reyes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Reyes">Paul Reyes</a>, "Letter from Florida: Paradise Swamped: the boom and bust of the middle-class cream," <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's">Harper's</a></i>, pp. 39–40. Abstract at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpers.org/archive/2010/08/0083064">Harper's Archives</a>. Accessed August 5, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLummus1949" class="citation web cs1">Lummus, J. N. (November 21, 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docmgmt.miamibeachfl.gov/WebLink/DocView.aspx?id=239578&dbid=0&repo=CityClerk&cr=1">"The Early History of Miami Beach"</a>. <i>City of Miami Beach Clerk Records</i>. City of Miami Beach<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Miami+Beach+Clerk+Records&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Miami+Beach&rft.date=1949-11-21&rft.aulast=Lummus&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocmgmt.miamibeachfl.gov%2FWebLink%2FDocView.aspx%3Fid%3D239578%26dbid%3D0%26repo%3DCityClerk%26cr%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southbeach-usa2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-southbeach-usa2007_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southbeach-usa2007_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbeach-usa.com/miami/pop-culture/2007/08/baylink.htm">Carl Fisher's Miami Beach Railway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828172927/http://www.southbeach-usa.com/miami/pop-culture/2007/08/baylink.htm">Archived</a> August 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007083232/http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/transit/history_early_days.asp">"Miami-Dade County - Transit"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/transit/history_early_days.asp">the original</a> on October 7, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miami-Dade+County+-+Transit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.miami-dade.fl.us%2Ftransit%2Fhistory_early_days.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/donboyd/image/79824518">"1921 - the east end of County Causeway at Miami Beach, Florida photo - Don Boyd photos at pbase.com"</a>. <i>PBase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBase&rft.atitle=1921+-+the+east+end+of+County+Causeway+at+Miami+Beach%2C+Florida+photo+-+Don+Boyd+photos+at+pbase.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbase.com%2Fdonboyd%2Fimage%2F79824518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/transit/history_1930.asp">Miami-Dade County – Transit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212190213/http://www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/transit/history_1930.asp">Archived</a> February 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Linda_K.George,_Paul_S." class="citation web cs1">Williams, Linda K.; George, Paul S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429002717/http://www.hmsf.org/history/south-florida-brief-history.htm">"South Florida: A Brief History"</a>. Historical Museum of Southern Florida. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmsf.org/history/south-florida-brief-history.htm">the original</a> on April 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Florida%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pub=Historical+Museum+of+Southern+Florida&rft.au=Williams%2C+Linda+K.&rft.au=George%2C+Paul+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmsf.org%2Fhistory%2Fsouth-florida-brief-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Dawn (May 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indystar.com/story/life/2018/05/09/got-65-million-carl-fishers-miami-beach-mansion-can-yours/594439002/">"Miami Beach mansion built by Carl Fisher can be yours for a cool $65 million"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">The Indianapolis Star</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=Miami+Beach+mansion+built+by+Carl+Fisher+can+be+yours+for+a+cool+%2465+million&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indystar.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2F2018%2F05%2F09%2Fgot-65-million-carl-fishers-miami-beach-mansion-can-yours%2F594439002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlhamptons.com-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlhamptons.com_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlhamptons.com_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mlhamptons.com/how-carl-fisher-built-montauk">"How Entrepreneur Carl Fisher Reimagined Montauk"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Entrepreneur+Carl+Fisher+Reimagined+Montauk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmlhamptons.com%2Fhow-carl-fisher-built-montauk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1977" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Jonathan (August 14, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/14/archives/new-jersey-opinion-the-montauk-that-might-have-been-a-dream-of.html">"The Montauk That Might Have Been"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 349<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Montauk+That+Might+Have+Been&rft.pages=349&rft.date=1977-08-14&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F08%2F14%2Farchives%2Fnew-jersey-opinion-the-montauk-that-might-have-been-a-dream-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swampland-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swampland_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swampland_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/miami/">"Mr. Miami Beach The Man Who Turned Florida Swampland Into an American Riviera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Mr.+Miami+Beach+The+Man+Who+Turned+Florida+Swampland+Into+an+American+Riviera.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2Fmiami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8uArxdvJNcC&dq=Carl+Fisher+last+years+before+death+miami+biscayne&pg=PA29"><i>Miami: Mistress of the Americas</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. November 29, 2011. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812207026" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812207026"><bdi>978-0812207026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miami%3A+Mistress+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.isbn=978-0812207026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8uArxdvJNcC%26dq%3DCarl%2BFisher%2Blast%2Byears%2Bbefore%2Bdeath%2Bmiami%2Bbiscayne%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islainvest.com/bloodline/">"Behind the Scenes of Bloodline in Islamorada"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+of+Bloodline+in+Islamorada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islainvest.com%2Fbloodline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher 1998. p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708205947/http://www.cruise-in.com/resource/cisbk01.htm">"The Pacesetter: The Untold Story of Carl G. Fisher"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cruise-in.com/resource/cisbk01.htm">the original</a> on July 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pacesetter%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Carl+G.+Fisher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cruise-in.com%2Fresource%2Fcisbk01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crown_Hill_Autos-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crown_Hill_Autos_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913203018/http://crownhillhf.org/docs/IndianapolisAutoGreatsHandout.pdf">"Indianapolis Auto greats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Celebrating Automotive Heritage at Crown Hill Cemetery</i>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Hill_Cemetery" title="Crown Hill Cemetery">Crown Hill Cemetery</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crownhillhf.org/docs/IndianapolisAutoGreatsHandout.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celebrating+Automotive+Heritage+at+Crown+Hill+Cemetery&rft.atitle=Indianapolis+Auto+greats&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crownhillhf.org%2Fdocs%2FIndianapolisAutoGreatsHandout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miamibeach411.com/History/bio_fisher.htm">"Miami Beach History Carl Fisher Biography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miami+Beach+History+Carl+Fisher+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiamibeach411.com%2FHistory%2Fbio_fisher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/miami/peopleevents/pande03.html"><i>American Experience series: Carl Fisher, "Mr. Miami Beach"</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Page_3A" class="citation news cs1">Ellis, Guy Worthington; Egbert, Jane (January 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00010090//images/2">"Lincoln Road: The World's Most Beautiful Shopping Center"</a>. The Florida Teacher. Volume 6. Number 5. The Teacher Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lincoln+Road%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Beautiful+Shopping+Center&rft.date=1941-01&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Guy+Worthington&rft.au=Egbert%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FAA00010090%2F%2Fimages%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonhoff1951" class="citation news cs1">Simonhoff, Harry (January 12, 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/celebrity-clipping-jan-12-1951-4473076/">"Oscillation Of Anti-Semitism In Greater Miami"</a>. <i>The Jewish Floridian</i>. Miami. p. 3A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span> – via NewspaperArchive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Floridian&rft.atitle=Oscillation+Of+Anti-Semitism+In+Greater+Miami&rft.pages=3A&rft.date=1951-01-12&rft.aulast=Simonhoff&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fcelebrity-clipping-jan-12-1951-4473076%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinbergMoore_Parks1994" class="citation book cs1">Kleinberg, Kleinberg; Moore Parks, Arva (October 1, 1994). <i>Miami Beach: A History</i> (1 ed.). Centennial Press. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0962940231" title="Special:BookSources/978-0962940231"><bdi>978-0962940231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miami+Beach%3A+A+History&rft.pages=136-137&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Centennial+Press&rft.date=1994-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0962940231&rft.aulast=Kleinberg&rft.aufirst=Kleinberg&rft.au=Moore+Parks%2C+Arva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunzenrieder2015" class="citation news cs1">Munzenrieder, Kyle (March 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/100-years-the-dark-and-dirty-history-of-miami-beach-7552169">"100 Years: The Dark and Dirty History of Miami Beach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_New_Times" title="Miami New Times">Miami New Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+New+Times&rft.atitle=100+Years%3A+The+Dark+and+Dirty+History+of+Miami+Beach&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Munzenrieder&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miaminewtimes.com%2Fnews%2F100-years-the-dark-and-dirty-history-of-miami-beach-7552169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranish1983" class="citation news cs1">Kranish, Michael (August 10, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-us-widens-beach-probe/147560168/">"U.S. Widens Beach Probe on Housing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>. pp. 1D, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-us-widens-beach-probe/147560203/">2D</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=U.S.+Widens+Beach+Probe+on+Housing&rft.pages=1D%2C+2D&rft.date=1983-08-10&rft.aulast=Kranish&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-miami-herald-us-widens-beach-probe%2F147560168%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/indiana/carl-g-fisher-elementary-school-1-205824">"Carl G Fisher Elementary School 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Carl+G+Fisher+Elementary+School+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fk12%2Findiana%2Fcarl-g-fisher-elementary-school-1-205824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSHoF-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSHoF_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mshf.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/carl-fisher.html">Carl Fisher</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_of_America" title="Motorsports Hall of Fame of America">Motorsports Hall of Fame of America</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIHB2020" class="citation web cs1">IHB (December 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/history/state-historical-markers/find-a-marker/carl-fisher/">"Carl Fisher"</a>. <i>IHB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IHB&rft.atitle=Carl+Fisher&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.au=IHB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fhistory%2Fstate-historical-markers%2Ffind-a-marker%2Fcarl-fisher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+G.+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clymer, Floyd. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasuryofearlya0000floy">Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925</a></i> New York: Bonanza Books, 1950. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li>Fisher, Jane. <i>Fabulous Hoosier</i> New York, New York: R. M. McBride and Co., 1947</li> <li>Fisher, Jerry M. <i>The Pacesetter: The Untold Story of Carl G. Fisher</i> Ft. Bragg, California: Lost Coast Press, 1998</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_G._Fisher&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foster, Mark S. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castlesinsandlif00fost">Castles in the Sand: The Life and Times of Carl Graham Fisher</a></i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2000. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li>Lummus, J. N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00062696/00001/9x"><i>The Miracle of Miami Beach</i></a>. (Self published; Miami, Florida), 1944</li> <li>Nolan, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiftyfeetinparad0000nola">Fifty Feet in Paradise: The Booming of Florida</a></i>. 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indianapolis_500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Races by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Indianapolis_500" title="1911 Indianapolis 500">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Indianapolis_500" title="1912 Indianapolis 500">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Indianapolis_500" title="1913 Indianapolis 500">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Indianapolis_500" title="1914 Indianapolis 500">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Indianapolis_500" title="1915 Indianapolis 500">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Indianapolis_500" title="1916 Indianapolis 500">1916</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">1917</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">1918</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Indianapolis_500" title="1919 Indianapolis 500">1919</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Indianapolis_500" title="1920 Indianapolis 500">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Indianapolis_500" title="1921 Indianapolis 500">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Indianapolis_500" title="1922 Indianapolis 500">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Indianapolis_500" title="1923 Indianapolis 500">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Indianapolis_500" title="1924 Indianapolis 500">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Indianapolis_500" title="1925 Indianapolis 500">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Indianapolis_500" title="1926 Indianapolis 500">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Indianapolis_500" title="1927 Indianapolis 500">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Indianapolis_500" title="1928 Indianapolis 500">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Indianapolis_500" title="1929 Indianapolis 500">1929</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930_Indianapolis_500" title="1930 Indianapolis 500">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Indianapolis_500" title="1931 Indianapolis 500">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Indianapolis_500" title="1932 Indianapolis 500">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Indianapolis_500" title="1933 Indianapolis 500">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Indianapolis_500" title="1934 Indianapolis 500">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Indianapolis_500" title="1935 Indianapolis 500">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Indianapolis_500" title="1936 Indianapolis 500">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Indianapolis_500" title="1937 Indianapolis 500">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Indianapolis_500" title="1938 Indianapolis 500">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Indianapolis_500" title="1939 Indianapolis 500">1939</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Indianapolis_500" title="1940 Indianapolis 500">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Indianapolis_500" title="1941 Indianapolis 500">1941</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/1942_Indianapolis_500" title="1942 Indianapolis 500">1942</a></s></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">1943</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">1944</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">1945</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Indianapolis_500" title="1946 Indianapolis 500">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Indianapolis_500" title="1947 Indianapolis 500">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Indianapolis_500" title="1948 Indianapolis 500">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Indianapolis_500" title="1949 Indianapolis 500">1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950_Indianapolis_500" title="1950 Indianapolis 500">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Indianapolis_500" title="1951 Indianapolis 500">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Indianapolis_500" title="1952 Indianapolis 500">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Indianapolis_500" title="1953 Indianapolis 500">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Indianapolis_500" title="1954 Indianapolis 500">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Indianapolis_500" title="1955 Indianapolis 500">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Indianapolis_500" title="1956 Indianapolis 500">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Indianapolis_500" title="1957 Indianapolis 500">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Indianapolis_500" title="1958 Indianapolis 500">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Indianapolis_500" title="1959 Indianapolis 500">1959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Indianapolis_500" title="1960 Indianapolis 500">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Indianapolis_500" title="1961 Indianapolis 500">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Indianapolis_500" title="1962 Indianapolis 500">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Indianapolis_500" title="1963 Indianapolis 500">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Indianapolis_500" title="1964 Indianapolis 500">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Indianapolis_500" title="1965 Indianapolis 500">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Indianapolis_500" title="1966 Indianapolis 500">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Indianapolis_500" title="1967 Indianapolis 500">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Indianapolis_500" title="1968 Indianapolis 500">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Indianapolis_500" title="1969 Indianapolis 500">1969</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_Indianapolis_500" title="1970 Indianapolis 500">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indianapolis_500" title="1971 Indianapolis 500">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Indianapolis_500" title="1972 Indianapolis 500">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Indianapolis_500" title="1973 Indianapolis 500">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Indianapolis_500" title="1974 Indianapolis 500">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Indianapolis_500" title="1975 Indianapolis 500">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Indianapolis_500" title="1976 Indianapolis 500">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Indianapolis_500" title="1977 Indianapolis 500">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Indianapolis_500" title="1978 Indianapolis 500">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Indianapolis_500" title="1979 Indianapolis 500">1979</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Indianapolis_500" title="1980 Indianapolis 500">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Indianapolis_500" title="1981 Indianapolis 500">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Indianapolis_500" title="1982 Indianapolis 500">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Indianapolis_500" title="1983 Indianapolis 500">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Indianapolis_500" title="1984 Indianapolis 500">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Indianapolis_500" title="1985 Indianapolis 500">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Indianapolis_500" title="1986 Indianapolis 500">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Indianapolis_500" title="1987 Indianapolis 500">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Indianapolis_500" title="1988 Indianapolis 500">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Indianapolis_500" title="1989 Indianapolis 500">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Indianapolis_500" title="1990 Indianapolis 500">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Indianapolis_500" title="1991 Indianapolis 500">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Indianapolis_500" title="1992 Indianapolis 500">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Indianapolis_500" title="1993 Indianapolis 500">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Indianapolis_500" title="1994 Indianapolis 500">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Indianapolis_500" title="1995 Indianapolis 500">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500" title="1996 Indianapolis 500">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indianapolis_500" title="1997 Indianapolis 500">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Indianapolis_500" title="1998 Indianapolis 500">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Indianapolis_500" title="1999 Indianapolis 500">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Indianapolis_500" title="2000 Indianapolis 500">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Indianapolis_500" title="2001 Indianapolis 500">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Indianapolis_500" title="2002 Indianapolis 500">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Indianapolis_500" title="2003 Indianapolis 500">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indianapolis_500" title="2004 Indianapolis 500">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Indianapolis_500" title="2005 Indianapolis 500">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Indianapolis_500" title="2006 Indianapolis 500">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Indianapolis_500" title="2007 Indianapolis 500">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Indianapolis_500" title="2008 Indianapolis 500">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Indianapolis_500" title="2009 Indianapolis 500">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Indianapolis_500" title="2010 Indianapolis 500">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indianapolis_500" title="2011 Indianapolis 500">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indianapolis_500" title="2012 Indianapolis 500">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Indianapolis_500" title="2013 Indianapolis 500">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Indianapolis_500" title="2014 Indianapolis 500">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indianapolis_500" title="2015 Indianapolis 500">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indianapolis_500" title="2016 Indianapolis 500">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Indianapolis_500" title="2017 Indianapolis 500">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Indianapolis_500" title="2018 Indianapolis 500">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Indianapolis_500" title="2019 Indianapolis 500">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Indianapolis_500" title="2020 Indianapolis 500">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Indianapolis_500" title="2021 Indianapolis 500">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Indianapolis_500" title="2022 Indianapolis 500">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Indianapolis_500" title="2023 Indianapolis 500">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indianapolis_500" title="2024 Indianapolis 500">2024</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Indianapolis_500" title="2025 Indianapolis 500">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Track</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_race_results" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway race results">Race results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Museum" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum">IMS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_traditions#Gasoline_Alley)" title="Indianapolis 500 traditions">Gasoline Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_traditions#The_Snake_Pit" title="Indianapolis 500 traditions">Snake Pit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_500_winners" title="List of Indianapolis 500 winners">Winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_500_pole-sitters" title="List of Indianapolis 500 pole-sitters">Pole-sitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_500_lap_leaders" title="List of Indianapolis 500 lap leaders">Lap leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_Rookie_of_the_Year" title="Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year">Rookie of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatalities_at_the_Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="List of fatalities at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_firsts" title="Indianapolis 500 firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_pace_cars" title="Indianapolis 500 pace cars">Pace cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_records" title="Indianapolis 500 records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_500_fastest_laps" title="List of Indianapolis 500 fastest laps">Fastest laps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_by_year" title="Indianapolis 500 by year">By year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brayton#Scott_Brayton_Driver's_Trophy" title="Scott Brayton">Scott Brayton Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Schwitzer_Award" title="Louis Schwitzer Award">Louis Schwitzer Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_Stop_Challenge" title="Pit Stop Challenge">Pit Stop Challenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indianapolis_500_drivers" title="Category:Indianapolis 500 drivers">List of drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-qualifying_Indianapolis_500_drivers" title="List of non-qualifying Indianapolis 500 drivers">Non-qualifying drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Indianapolis_500_drivers" title="List of female Indianapolis 500 drivers">Female participants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Championship_car_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="American Championship car racing">Sanctioning bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_Contest_Board" title="AAA Contest Board">AAA Contest Board</a> (1909–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">AIACR</a> (1925–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> (1950–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club" title="United States Auto Club">USAC</a> (1956–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndyCar" title="IndyCar">IndyCar</a> (1998–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ownership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Allison" title="James A. Allison">James Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newby" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Newby">Arthur Newby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_A._Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank A. Wheeler (page does not exist)">Frank A. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker" title="Eddie Rickenbacker">Eddie Rickenbacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hulman" title="Tony Hulman">Tony Hulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Shaw" title="Wilbur Shaw">Wilbur Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fendrich_Hulman" title="Mary Fendrich Hulman">Mary F. Hulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Hulman_George" title="Mari Hulman George">Mari Hulman George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_George" title="Tony George">Tony George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joie_Chitwood_III" title="Joie Chitwood III">Joie Chitwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Belskus" title="Jeff Belskus">Jeff Belskus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulman_%26_Company" title="Hulman & Company">Hulman & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penske" title="Roger Penske">Roger Penske</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Merz" title="Charlie Merz">Charlie Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Milton" title="Tommy Milton">Tommy Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_McQuinn" title="Harry McQuinn">Harry McQuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Fengler" title="Harlan Fengler">Harlan Fengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Binford" title="Tom Binford">Tom Binford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Barnhart" title="Brian Barnhart">Brian Barnhart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Radio_Network" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Slater_(broadcaster)" title="Bill Slater (broadcaster)">Bill Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sid_Collins_(broadcaster)" title="Sid Collins (broadcaster)">Sid Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Page" title="Paul Page">Paul Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Palmer_(motorsport_broadcaster)" title="Lou Palmer (motorsport broadcaster)">Lou Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jenkins" title="Bob Jenkins">Bob Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_King_(radio_announcer)" title="Mike King (radio announcer)">Mike King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(historian)" title="Donald Davidson (historian)">Donald Davidson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indianapolis_500_broadcasters" title="List of Indianapolis 500 broadcasters">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McKay" title="Jim McKay">Jim McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Stewart" title="Jackie Stewart">Jackie Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Schenkel" title="Chris Schenkel">Chris Schenkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Economaki" title="Chris Economaki">Chris Economaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Posey" title="Sam Posey">Sam Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Arute" title="Jack Arute">Jack Arute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lampley" title="Jim Lampley">Jim Lampley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Page" title="Paul Page">Paul Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jenkins" title="Bob Jenkins">Bob Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Harris" title="Todd Harris">Todd Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Reid" title="Marty Reid">Marty Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Bestwick" title="Allen Bestwick">Allen Bestwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Diffey" title="Leigh Diffey">Leigh Diffey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Carnegie" title="Tom Carnegie">Tom Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Miller_(journalist)" title="Robin Miller (journalist)">Robin Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_McQueeney" title="Ron McQueeney">Ron McQueeney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Month of May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/500_Festival_Mini-Marathon" title="500 Festival Mini-Marathon">Mini-Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Indianapolis_(Indy_Lights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prix of Indianapolis (Indy Lights)">Indy Lights road course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carb_Night_Classic" title="Carb Night Classic">Night Before the 500/Carb Night Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Fair" title="Indiana State Fair">Indiana Fairgrounds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Hundred" title="Hoosier Hundred">Hoosier Hundred</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Speedway" title="Anderson Speedway">Anderson Speedway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anderson_Speedway#Little_500" title="Anderson Speedway">Little 500</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verizon_200" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon 200">Summer NASCAR Weekend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickyard_400" title="Brickyard 400">Brickyard 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennzoil_150" title="Pennzoil 150">Pennzoil 250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Grand_Prix#Indianapolis" title="United States Grand Prix">U.S. Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_motorcycle_Grand_Prix" title="Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix">Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Motorsport" title="Triple Crown of Motorsport">Triple Crown of Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_100" title="Freedom 100">Freedom 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_Battle_on_the_Bricks" title="IMSA Battle on the Bricks">Brickyard Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_Battle_on_the_Bricks" title="IMSA Battle on the Bricks">Brickyard Sports Car Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IROC_at_Indy" title="IROC at Indy">IROC at Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indy_Legends_Charity_Pro%E2%80%93Am_race" title="Indy Legends Charity Pro–Am race">Indy Legends Charity Pro–Am race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Red_Bull_Air_Race_of_Indianapolis" title="2016 Red Bull Air Race of Indianapolis">Red Bull Air Race of Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Auto_Racing_Classic" title="Harvest Auto Racing Classic">Harvest Auto Racing Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennzoil_150" title="Pennzoil 150">Pennzoil 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_200_at_the_Brickyard" title="Verizon 200 at the Brickyard">Verizon 200 at the Brickyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Indianapolis" title="Grand Prix of Indianapolis">Gallagher Grand Prix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Golf at IMS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_Classic" title="Comfort Classic">Champions Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Festival_Open_Invitation" title="500 Festival Open Invitation">PGA Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indy_Women_in_Tech_Championship" title="Indy Women in Tech Championship">LPGA Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speedway,_Indiana" title="Speedway, Indiana">Town of Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Indianapolis" title="Sports in Indianapolis">Sports in Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_500" title="Little 500">Little 500</a> (cycling)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riding_mechanic" title="Riding mechanic">Riding mechanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andretti_curse" title="Andretti curse">Andretti Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg-Warner_Trophy" title="Borg-Warner Trophy">Borg-Warner Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Duty" title="Double Duty">Indy/Charlotte "Double Duty"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_in_film_and_media" title="Indianapolis 500 in film and media">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500_traditions" title="Indianapolis 500 traditions">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Sirois#The_Jigger_Award" title="Leon Sirois">Jigger Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Indianapolis_500#"Will_Overhead"" title="1933 Indianapolis 500">Will Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_mph_Club" title="100 mph Club">100 mph Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_33" title="The Greatest 33">The Greatest 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nabors" title="Jim Nabors">Jim Nabors</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbo_(2013_film)" title="Turbo (2013 film)">Turbo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>No races held in 1917–1918 or 1942–1945 due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, respectively.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038417#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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