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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Manajemen+perikanan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Manajemen+perikanan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Manajemen+perikanan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Manajemen+perikanan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tujuan_politis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tujuan_politis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tujuan politis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tujuan_politis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tujuan_internasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tujuan_internasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tujuan internasional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tujuan_internasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanisme_manajemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanisme_manajemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mekanisme manajemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanisme_manajemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuota_penangkapan_ikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuota_penangkapan_ikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kuota penangkapan ikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuota_penangkapan_ikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prinsip_pencegahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prinsip_pencegahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prinsip pencegahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prinsip_pencegahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perubahan_iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perubahan_iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perubahan iklim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perubahan_iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinamika_populasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinamika_populasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dinamika populasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinamika_populasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perikanan_berbasis_ekosistem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perikanan_berbasis_ekosistem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Perikanan berbasis ekosistem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perikanan_berbasis_ekosistem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikan_berusia_tua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikan_berusia_tua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ikan berusia tua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikan_berusia_tua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kualitas_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kualitas_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kualitas data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kualitas_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faktor_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktor_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Faktor manusia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faktor_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahan_bacaan_terkait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahan_bacaan_terkait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bahan bacaan terkait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahan_bacaan_terkait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manajemen perikanan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 7 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83" title="إدارة مصايد الأسماك – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدارة مصايد الأسماك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fisheries management" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesti%C3%B3n_pesquera" title="Gestión pesquera – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gestión pesquera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مدیریت ماهیگیری – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت ماهیگیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamique_et_gestion_des_p%C3%AAcheries" title="Dynamique et gestion des pêcheries – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynamique et gestion des pêcheries" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C3%A3o_das_pescarias" title="Gestão das pescarias – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gestão das pescarias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="漁業管理 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="漁業管理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5454893#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manajemen_perikanan" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Manajemen_perikanan" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manajemen_perikanan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Manajemen_perikanan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Manajemen_perikanan" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Manajemen_perikanan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&oldid=24246754" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Manajemen_perikanan&id=24246754&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FManajemen_perikanan"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FManajemen_perikanan"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Manajemen+perikanan"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Manajemen_perikanan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5454893" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Manajemen perikanan</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_perikanan" title="Ilmu perikanan">ilmu perikanan</a> yang mengedepankan ekstraksi sumber daya <a href="/wiki/Perikanan" title="Perikanan">perikanan</a> pada level yang <a href="/wiki/Perikanan_berkelanjutan" title="Perikanan berkelanjutan">berkelanjutan</a>. Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, tidak ada definisi manajemen perikanan yang jelas dan dapat diterima oleh semua pihak.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOFM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOFM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun FAO sendiri dalam tugas dan wewenangnya menggunakan istilah manajemen perikanan sebagai "proses terintegerasi dari pengumpulan informasi, analisis, perencanaan, konsultasi, pengambilan keputusan, alokasi sumber daya, dan formulasi serta implementasi, diikuti dengan penegakan hukum jika diperlukan, oleh lembaga yang berwenang di daerah tersebut untuk memastikan produksi sumber daya dan tujuan perikanan terus berlanjut".<sup id="cite_ref-FAOFM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOFM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perikanan telah lama diatur secara eksplisit di berbagai tempat selama ratusan tahun. Seperti contoh masyarakat <a href="/wiki/Maori" class="mw-disambig" title="Maori">Maori</a> di Selandia Baru telah melarang penangkapan ikan melebihi apa yang bisa dimakan dan memberikan kelebihannya sebagai persembahan bagi dewa laut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangaroa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangaroa (halaman belum tersedia)">Tangaroa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad 18 telah dimulai usaha untuk mengatur perikanan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nord-Norge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nord-Norge (halaman belum tersedia)">Nord-Norge</a>, utara Norwegia dan menghasilkan hukum yang dikenal saat ini sebagai pembagian wilayah hak usaha (<i>territorial use right</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lokasi perikanan dibagi berdasarkan area yang dekat dengan basis penangkapan ikan terdekat dan lalu dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian yang lebih kecil di mana kapal diizinkan untuk menangkap ikan. Alokasi wilayah penangkapan ikan ditentukan oleh komite berwenang setempat, biasanya dikepalai oleh pemilik fasilitas di daratan di mana nelayan harus menyewanya untuk melakukan kebutuhan perikanan seperti fasilitas pengeringan dan pembekuan ikan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manajemen perikanan berbasis lembaga pemerintahan merupakan ide yang tergolong baru, dikembangkan pertama kali di Eropa utara setelah "Konferensi <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_berlebih" title="Penangkapan ikan berlebih">Penangkapan ikan berlebih</a>" diadakan di London tahun 1936. Karya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Beverton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Beverton (halaman belum tersedia)">Ray Beverton</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidney Holt (halaman belum tersedia)">Sidney Holt</a> mengenai dinamika perikanan komersial di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Utara" title="Laut Utara">Laut Utara</a><sup id="cite_ref-Beverton_and_Holt,_1957_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beverton_and_Holt,_1957-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menjadi dasar bagi skema manajemen perikanan pada tahun 1960an. Namun Beverton menganggap bahwa pakar biologi perikanan dan manajemen perikanan telah salah menginterpreasikan hasil karyanya.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tujuan_politis">Tujuan politis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Tujuan politis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tujuan politis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berdasarkan FAO, manajemen perikanan harus secara eksplisit dijadikan tujuan politis dengan prioritas yang transparan.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOGuidebook_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOGuidebook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tujuan politis yang umum dieksploitasi dalam sumber daya perikanan mencakup:<sup id="cite_ref-Duzgunes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duzgunes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maksimisasi hasil biomassa</li> <li>Maksimisasi hasil ekonomi</li> <li>Menjaga dan menambah lapangan pekerjaan</li> <li>Menjaga produksi dan <a href="/wiki/Ketahanan_pangan" title="Ketahanan pangan">ketahanan pangan</a></li> <li>Meningkatkan pendapatan ekspor</li></ul> <p>Tujuan politis tersebut dapat menjadi bagian lemah dari manajemen perikanan karena beberapa poin dapat berlawanan satu sama lain.<sup id="cite_ref-Duzgunes_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duzgunes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tujuan_internasional">Tujuan internasional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Tujuan internasional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tujuan internasional"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tjuan perikanan harus diekspresikan secara jelas dalam kerangka manajemen perikanan. Di banyak negara, manajemen perikanan dibuat berdasarkan perjanjian internasional, meski tidak mengikat, seperti Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang disahkan pada pertemuan <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> pada tahun 1995. <a href="/wiki/Asas_kehati-hatian" title="Asas kehati-hatian">Asas kehati-hatian</a> (<i>precautionary principle</i>) yang tertulis di dalamnya mencakup peraturan yang mengatur angka pembiakan minimum, angka kematian maksimum, dan sebagainya. </p><p>Perjanjian internasional dibutuhkan dalam rangka mengatur penangkapan ikan di perairan internasional. Keinginan untuk perjanjian ini dan masalah kelautan lainnya mendorong terbentuknya tiga konferensi mengenai Hukum Kelautan, dan perjanjian yang disebut dengan <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS). Konsep seperti <a href="/wiki/Zona_ekonomi_eksklusif" title="Zona ekonomi eksklusif">zona ekonomi eksklusif</a> (ZEE) mengalokasikan kedaulatan tertentu dari suatu negara terhadap sumber daya perikanan di zona tersebut. Perpotongan wilayah antar negara di perairan di area zona ekonomi eksklusif membutuhkan perjanjian antara pemerintah negara terkait. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Migrasi_ikan" title="Migrasi ikan">Migrasi ikan</a> yang terjadi dari satu wilayah ZEE ke wilayah ZEE yang lain juga merupakan suatu masalah yang harus diselesaikan antara negara terkait. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mekanisme_manajemen">Mekanisme manajemen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Mekanisme manajemen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mekanisme manajemen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banyak negara yang telah membuat lembaga di pemerintahannya yang berwenang dalam urusan kelautan dan perikanan untuk mengendalikan <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan" title="Penangkapan ikan">penangkapan ikan</a> di wilayah perairannya. Empat kategori manajemen umum berdasarkan input dan outputnya, secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, mencakup: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Input</th> <th>Output </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tidak langsung </td> <td>Lisensi <a href="/wiki/Kapal_penangkap_ikan" title="Kapal penangkap ikan">kapal penangkap ikan</a> </td> <td>Pengaturan <a href="/wiki/Metode_penangkapan_ikan" title="Metode penangkapan ikan">metode penangkapan ikan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Langsung </td> <td>Pembatasan akses masuk </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuota_penangkapan_ikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuota penangkapan ikan">Kuota penangkapan ikan</a> dan regulasi teknis </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kuota_penangkapan_ikan">Kuota penangkapan ikan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Kuota penangkapan ikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kuota penangkapan ikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sistem kuota penangkapan ikan adalah batas total tangkapan yang dialokasikan kepada nelayan dan industri penangkapan ikan. Mereka juga bisa membeli, menjual, dan mentransaksikan kuota di antara mereka sendiri. Studi menunjukan bahwa kuota penangkapan ikan mencegah jatuhnya industri perikanan dan mengembalikan dunia perikanan yang pernah mengalami kejatuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-costello2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costello2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studi lainnya menunjukan bahwa sistem kuota ini memberikan dampak negatif secara sosial ekonomi terhadap nelayan kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dampak negatif ini sebagian besar disebabkan oleh pemusatan kuota di tangan sebagian kecil pelaku usaha penangkapan ikan yang memiliki modal tinggi. Selain itu, pelaku penangkapan ikan yang sudah tidak aktif juga menjual kuotanya ke pihak yang mampu membeli dengan harga tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prinsip_pencegahan">Prinsip pencegahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Prinsip pencegahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prinsip pencegahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buku Panduan Manajer Perikanan yang diterbitkan FAO tahun 2009 menunjukan bahwa pendekatan prinsip pencegahan perlu dilakukan ketika kelentingan ekosistem dan dampak manusia sulit diketahui kondisinya pada masa depan dan tidak mudah untuk membedakannya antara dampak manusia dan dampak alami."<sup id="cite_ref-FAOGuidebook_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOGuidebook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:130</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsip_pencegahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsip pencegahan (halaman belum tersedia)">Prinsip pencegahan</a> mengusulkan bahwa ketika suatu tindakan memiliki risiko untuk merusak, maka seharusnya tidak dilakukan hingga studi ilmiah menunjukan bahwa tindakan tersebut terbukti aman. Dalam sejarah, manajer perikanan justru melakukan ini dalam hal yang sebaliknya, yaitu mencegah aktivitas perikanan ketika kerusakan telah terjadi.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prinsip pencegahan dalam dunia perikanan dalam sebuah studi menunjukkan bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stok_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stok ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">stok ikan</a> dan hasil perikanan bisa seimbang dengan prinsip manajemen yang lebih ketat.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perubahan_iklim">Perubahan iklim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Perubahan iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perubahan iklim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perikanan_dan_perubahan_iklim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perikanan dan perubahan iklim (halaman belum tersedia)">Perikanan dan perubahan iklim</a></div> <p>Pada masa lalu, perubahan iklim telah mempengaruhi perikanan darat dan lepas pantai, dan perubahan tersebut kemungkinan besar akan terus berlanjut.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari perspektif perikanan, faktor pengendali utama dari perubahan iklim mencakup peningkatan temperatur air, perubahan <a href="/wiki/Siklus_hidrologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Siklus hidrologi">siklus hidrologi</a>, perubahan fluks nutrisi, dan relokasi pembiakan dan habitat. Lebih jauh lagi, perubahan iklim dapat mengakibatkan perubahan genetika dan organisasi biologis di tingkat ekosiste, populasi, dan individu.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dinamika_populasi">Dinamika populasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Dinamika populasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dinamika populasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Dinamika_populasi_perikanan" title="Dinamika populasi perikanan">Dinamika populasi perikanan</a></div> <p>Dinamuka populasi perikanan menjelaskan pertumbuhan dan penurunan stok ikan dalam sepanjang kurun waktu tertentu, yang dikendalikan berdasarkan angka kelahiran, kematian, dan migrasi. Ini adalah dasar pemahaman perubahan pola perikanan dan masalah yang ditimbulkan seperti kerusakan habitat hingga perencanaan laju pemanenan ikan yang optimal. Dinamika populasi perikanan telah digunakan secara tradisional oleh ilmuwan perikanan untuk menentukan hasil perikanan yang berkelanjutan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhitungan dasar populasi dinamik yaitu:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>N</i><sub>1</sub> = <i>N</i><sub>0</sub> + <i>B</i> − <i>D</i> + <i>I</i> − <i>E</i></dd></dl> <p>di mana <i>N</i><sub>1</sub> adalah jumlah individu pada waktu 1, <i>N</i><sub>0</sub> adalah jumlah individu pada waktu 0, <i>B</i> adalah jumlah ikan yang lahir, <i>D</i> jumlah ikan yang mati, <i>I</i> jumlah ikan yang berimigrasi ke dalam populasi, dan <i>E</i> jumlah ikan yang beremigrasi ke luar populasi. </p><p>Perhatian diperlukan ketika mengaplikasikan dinamika populasi ikan yang real di dunia perikanan. Pada masa lalu, permodelan yang terlalu sederhana, seperti mengabaikan ukuran, usia, dan status reproduksi ikan, fokus pada permodelan satu spesies, mengabaikan hasil tangkapan sampingan, dan mengabaikan dampak kerusakan lingkungan telah mendorong terjadinya kejatuhan hasil tangkapan ikan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lessons_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessons-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perikanan_berbasis_ekosistem">Perikanan berbasis ekosistem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Perikanan berbasis ekosistem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perikanan berbasis ekosistem"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perikanan_berbasis_ekosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perikanan berbasis ekosistem (halaman belum tersedia)">Perikanan berbasis ekosistem</a></div> <p>Berdasarkan pakar <a href="/wiki/Ekologi_kelautan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekologi kelautan">ekologi kelautan</a> Chris Frid, <a href="/wiki/Industri_penangkapan_ikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Industri penangkapan ikan">industri penangkapan ikan</a> menyalahkan polusi dan pemanasan global sebagai penyebab dari rendahnya stok ikan sekarang. <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_berlebih" title="Penangkapan ikan berlebih">Penangkapan ikan berlebihan</a> juga memiliki efek tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikan_berusia_tua">Ikan berusia tua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Ikan berusia tua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ikan berusia tua"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sebastes_mystinus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sebastes_mystinus_2.jpg/220px-Sebastes_mystinus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sebastes_mystinus_2.jpg/330px-Sebastes_mystinus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sebastes_mystinus_2.jpg/440px-Sebastes_mystinus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Ikan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastes_mystinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastes mystinus (halaman belum tersedia)">Sebastes mystinus</a></i> merupakan ikan penghasil telur dan larva ikan yang penting</figcaption></figure> <p>Praktik manajemen perikanan tradisional fokus pada penangkapan ikan yang tua dan membiarkan ikan muda. Hampir semua ikan laut menghasilkan telur dalam jumlah besar, dan diasumsikan bahwa ikan muda menghasilkan telur dan larva ikan lebih baik dari ikan tua.<sup id="cite_ref-ASSS_2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASSS_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namun, penelitian pada tahun 2005 terhadap ikan dari genus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastes (halaman belum tersedia)">Sebastes</a> menunjukkan bahwa ikan tua lebih penting bagi ikan muda dalam mempertahankan stok ikan. Larva ikan yang dihasilkan dari ikan tua ini tumbuh lebih cepat dan lebih tahan kelaparan dibandingkan larva ikan yang dihasilkan ikan muda. Kegagalan dalam memahami peran ikan tua ini mungkin mampu menjelaskan kejatuna hasil penangkapan ikan di pantai barat Amerika Serikat. Pengembalian jumlah stok ikan pada masa depan diperkirakan akan memakan waktu puluhan tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-ASSS_2005_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASSS_2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kualitas_data">Kualitas data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Kualitas data" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kualitas data"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pembatas utama dalam pengambilan keputusan di manajemen perikanan adalah ketiadaan data berkualitas. Pengambilan keputusan di manajemen perikanan sering kali berdasarkan model populasi, tetapi permodelan membutuhkan data berkualitas agar efektif. Dikatakan bahwa lebih baik menggunakan permodelan sederhana asalkan data yang digunakan akurat.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faktor_manusia">Faktor manusia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Faktor manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Faktor manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mengatur perikanan juga tentang mengatur manusia dan ikim usaha, tidak hanya mengatur ikan. Populasi ikan diatur dengan meregulasi tindakan yang dilakukan manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If fisheries management is to be successful, then associated human factors, such as the reactions of fishermen, are of key importance, and need to be understood.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regulasi manajemen harus mempertimbangkan implikasi dari pemegang kuasa. Nelayan bergantung pada hasil tangkapan untuk menyediakan penghasilan bagi keluarganya. Profesi nelayan bisa diwariskan ke generasi berikutnya. Kebanyakan nelayan membangun pemukiman dekat dengan industri perikanan. Perubahan peraturan dapat berdampak pada kegiatan ekonomi di seluruh pemukiman. Pemotongan kuota penangkapan ikan dapat menghasilkan efek negatif terhadap kemampuan nelayan untuk berkompetisi dengan industri lain yang berkembang di tempat tersebut, misal industri pariwisata.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Beverton%E2%80%93Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Beverton–Holt (halaman belum tersedia)">Model Beverton–Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_ilegal" title="Penangkapan ikan ilegal">Penangkapan ikan ilegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konservasi_kelautan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konservasi kelautan (halaman belum tersedia)">Konservasi kelautan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine Protected Area (halaman belum tersedia)">Marine Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikanan_berkelanjutan" title="Perikanan berkelanjutan">Perikanan berkelanjutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebinasaan_ikan" title="Kebinasaan ikan">Kebinasaan ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembagian_tangkapan" title="Pembagian tangkapan">Pembagian tangkapan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manajemen_perikanan&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAOFM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOFM_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOFM_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w4230e/w4230e05.htm">Fisheries Management</a> Section 1.2, Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9251039623" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 92-5-103962-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meredith P (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/te-hi-ika-maori-fishing/3">Te hi ika – Maori fishing - Traditional practices</a> <i>Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. Updated 2 March 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christy FT (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0507E/T0507E00.htm"><i>Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries: Definitions and Conditions</i></a> FAO Fisheries, Technical Paper No. 227, Rome. ISBN 92-101269-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannesson R, Salvanes JG and Squires A (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhh.no/Files/Filer/institutter/sam/Discussion%20papers/2008/05.pdf">"Technological change and the Tragedy of the Commons: The Lofoten Fishery over Hundred and Thirty Years"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114123409/http://www.nhh.no/Files/Filer/institutter/sam/Discussion%20papers/2008/05.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-01-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Institutt for Samfunnsøkonomi</i>. Discussion paper SAM 5 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beverton_and_Holt,_1957-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beverton_and_Holt,_1957_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBevertonHolt1957">Beverton & Holt 1957</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeverton1992">Beverton 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOGuidebook-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOGuidebook_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOGuidebook_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, Rome (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=wIEtBDxOxZUC&pg=PA91&dq=%22political+goals%22%7C%22political+objectives%22++%22fisheries+management%22&hl=en&ei=Sfm3TMXSGYfksQO43qn8Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22political%20goals%22%7C%22political%20objectives%22%20%20%22fisheries%20management%22&f=false"><i>A Fishery Manager's Guidebook</i></a> Eds. Cochrane KL and Garcia S. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781405170857" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4051-7085-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duzgunes-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duzgunes_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duzgunes_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Duzgunes, E; Erdogan, N (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trjfas.org/pdf/issue_8_1/181_192.pdf">"Fisheries Management in the Black Sea Countries"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>. <b>8</b>: 181–192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fisheries+Management+in+the+Black+Sea+Countries&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=181-192&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Duzgunes&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Erdogan%2C+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trjfas.org%2Fpdf%2Fissue_8_1%2F181_192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AManajemen+perikanan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fi/agreem/codecond/ficonde.asp">Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-costello2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-costello2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Costello, Christopher; Gaines, Steven D.; Lynham, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515201401/http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~costello/research/CatchShares/">"Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse?"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~costello/research/CatchShares/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A web site of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wall_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies (halaman belum tersedia)">Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies</a> promoting ecosystem-based fisheries management.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishsec.org/article.asp?CategoryID=1&ContextID=39">Key concepts in Fisheries Management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070719133321/http://www.fishsec.org/article.asp?CategoryID=1&ContextID=39">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-07-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Fisheries Secretariat. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617045208/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/esb/?goal=ecosystems">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-06-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. from "NOAA Socioeconomics" website initiative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>: Oceans and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_the_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of the Sea (halaman belum tersedia)">Law of the Sea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/depts/los/general_assembly/general_assembly_resolutions.htm">General Assembly resolutions and decisions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservationinstitute.org/">Conservation Science Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627221426/http://conservationinstitute.org/">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-06-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Perikanan" title="Templat:Perikanan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Perikanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Perikanan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Perikanan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perikanan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Perikanan" title="Perikanan">Perikanan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Umum</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_perairan" title="Budi daya perairan">Budi daya perairan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keanekaragaman_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keanekaragaman ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Keanekaragaman ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyakit_dan_parasit_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyakit dan parasit ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyakit dan parasit ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budi_daya_ikan" title="Budi daya ikan">Budi daya ikan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manajemen perikanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_perikanan" title="Ilmu perikanan">Ilmu perikanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikanan_berkelanjutan" title="Perikanan berkelanjutan">Perikanan berkelanjutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikanan_tangkap" title="Perikanan tangkap">Perikanan tangkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuota_penangkapan_ikan_individu" title="Kuota penangkapan ikan individu">Kuota penangkapan ikan individu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan" title="Penangkapan ikan">Penangkapan ikan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memancing" title="Memancing">Memancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebang_pilih" title="Tebang pilih">Tebang pilih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelayan" title="Nelayan">Nelayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapal_penangkap_ikan" title="Kapal penangkap ikan">Kapal penangkap ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_penangkapan_ikan" title="Sejarah penangkapan ikan">Sejarah penangkapan ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_rekreasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan ikan rekreasi">Rekreasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industri_perikanan" title="Industri perikanan">Industri perikanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industri_perikanan_berdasarkan_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industri perikanan berdasarkan negara (halaman belum tersedia)">Industri perikanan berdasarkan negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_komersial" title="Penangkapan ikan komersial">Penangkapan ikan komersial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemasaran_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemasaran ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemasaran ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasar_ikan" title="Pasar ikan">Pasar ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemrosesan_ikan" title="Pemrosesan ikan">Pemrosesan ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produk_ikan" title="Produk ikan">Produk ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_bahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Boga bahari">Boga bahari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikan_(makanan)" title="Ikan (makanan)">Daging ikan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_rekreasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan ikan rekreasi">Penangkapan ikan rekreasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angling (halaman belum tersedia)">Angling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikan_pancing" title="Ikan pancing">Ikan pancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemancingan_laut" title="Pemancingan laut">Pemancingan laut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangkap_lepas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangkap lepas (halaman belum tersedia)">Catch and release</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fly_fishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fly fishing (halaman belum tersedia)">Fly fishing</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metode_penangkapan_ikan" title="Metode penangkapan ikan">Metode penangkapan ikan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jebakan_ikan" title="Jebakan ikan">Jebakan ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencari_ikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencari ikan">Pencari ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaring_ikan" title="Jaring ikan">Jaring ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengumpulkan_boga_bahari_dengan_tangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mengumpulkan boga bahari dengan tangan (halaman belum tersedia)">Mengumpulkan boga bahari dengan tangan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handline_fishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handline fishing (halaman belum tersedia)">Handline fishing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penombakan_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penombakan ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Penombakan ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukat" title="Pukat">Memukat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alat_menangkap_ikan" title="Alat menangkap ikan">Alat menangkap ikan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umpan_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umpan ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Umpan ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indikator_gigitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indikator gigitan (halaman belum tersedia)">Indikator gigitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kait_ikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kait ikan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kait ikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benang_pancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Benang pancing">Benang pancing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umpan_ikan_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umpan ikan buatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Umpan ikan buatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batang_pancing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batang pancing (halaman belum tersedia)">Batang pancing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberat_pancing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberat pancing (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemberat pancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lokasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolam_ikan" title="Kolam ikan">Kolam ikan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean_bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocean bank (halaman belum tersedia)">Ocean bank</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_nelayan" title="Desa nelayan">Desa nelayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_laut" title="Habitat laut">Habitat laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikanan_darat" title="Perikanan darat">Perikanan darat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikanan_pantai" class="mw-redirect" title="Perikanan pantai">Perikanan pantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikanan_laut" title="Perikanan laut">Perikanan laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikanan_laut_dalam" title="Perikanan laut dalam">Perikanan laut dalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" 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