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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in the Nile Delta in Egypt</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_River_Nile_Estuary_with_the_Cities_of_Rashid_and_Burullus_on_Each_Side_-_Walters_W658306B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_River_Nile_Estuary_with_the_Cities_of_Rashid_and_Burullus_on_Each_Side_-_Walters_W658306B_-_Full_Page.jpg/274px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_River_Nile_Estuary_with_the_Cities_of_Rashid_and_Burullus_on_Each_Side_-_Walters_W658306B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_River_Nile_Estuary_with_the_Cities_of_Rashid_and_Burullus_on_Each_Side_-_Walters_W658306B_-_Full_Page.jpg/411px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_River_Nile_Estuary_with_the_Cities_of_Rashid_and_Burullus_on_Each_Side_-_Walters_W658306B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_River_Nile_Estuary_with_the_Cities_of_Rashid_and_Burullus_on_Each_Side_-_Walters_W658306B_-_Full_Page.jpg/548px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_River_Nile_Estuary_with_the_Cities_of_Rashid_and_Burullus_on_Each_Side_-_Walters_W658306B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Map of an area comprising Bashmur on the map of <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bashmur</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الباشمور</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Egyptian Arabic:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[elbɑʃˈmuːɾ]</a></span>) was a region in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. In the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, it was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>) and was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts" title="Bashmurian revolts">a series of revolts</a> against Arab occupation in the 8th and 9th centuries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashmur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis Picques, a late-17th century scholar, suggested that the name <i>Bashmur</i> could be derived from <i>Psamer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲏⲣ</span>), which he interpreted as "at the borders or boundaries of a region," or <i>Psamour</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲟⲩⲣ</span>, "opposite of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Moeris</a>"). Thomas Edwards provided another explanation, suggesting that it could be linked to a Semitic term for "north" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شمالي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">šamālī</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שמאל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">s'mól</i></span>). This word is also found in Coptic as a hapax (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ϣⲙⲟⲩⲗ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'north').<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name could be also an outcome of Ptimyris (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πτιμυρις</span>), the ancient name of the Delta, which could represent an elliptical Coptic expression <i>Pčimour</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲡϭⲓⲙⲟⲩⲣ</span>), for <i>pi-Kahi Etčimour</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲉⲧϭⲓⲙⲟⲩⲣ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'enclosed land').<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashmur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boundaries of Bashmur have not been constant throughout the centuries. Perhaps from the mid-eighth to the mid-ninth century, Bashmur encompassed the entire marsh region northeast of <a href="/wiki/Fuwwah" title="Fuwwah">Fuwwah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲃⲟⲩⲁ</span>) extending as far to the east as just north of <a href="/wiki/Dekernes" title="Dekernes">Dekernes</a>. Later it may have been limited to the eastern part of this area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeder201733–35_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeder201733–35-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a> equated the lake of Nastaruh (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Burullus" title="Lake Burullus">Lake Burullus</a>) with the lake of Bashmur. In the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Fida">Abu al-Fida</a> located Bashmur in the northeast of the Delta between <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashmun_El_Rumman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashmun El Rumman">Ashmun El Rumman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabra2003114–115_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabra2003114–115-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Bashmur survives in this region as the name of a Nile canal that breaks off about 4.5 miles (7 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansoura, Egypt</a> by El Salamun and runs through the area between the <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> arm of the Nile and Dekernes before emptying into the El Sirw canal some 3.5 miles (5.5 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate" title="Dakahlia Governorate">Dakahlia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_economy">Society and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashmur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Society and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bashmur was a region of marshland with sand banks and dense cover of reeds. Nowhere else in Egypt was more propitious for armed rebellion. Access to inhabited places was provided through narrow sandy banks and the reeds provided cover for soldiers. Moreover, Arabs did not settle in the Bashmur, leaving the population religiously unmixed. The economy of the region also favoured the Bashmurians, who relied on limited agriculture, fishing and hunting birds for food. Less dependent on irrigation works than the <a href="/wiki/Fellahin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellahin">Bashmurians Farmers</a>, they were capable of resisting long sieges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegally1991_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegally1991-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bashmurians also sold <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> and possibly raised cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabra2003114–115_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabra2003114–115-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashmur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts" title="Bashmurian revolts">Bashmurian revolts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashmur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEngsheden2021" class="citation book cs1">Engsheden, Åke (2021). <i>Ancient Place-Names in the Governorate of Kafr el-Sheikh</i>. Peeters. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042941755" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042941755"><bdi>978-9042941755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Place-Names+in+the+Governorate+of+Kafr+el-Sheikh&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9042941755&rft.aulast=Engsheden&rft.aufirst=%C3%85ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABashmur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1984" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Vycichl (1984). <i>Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte</i>. Leuven: Peeters. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782801701973" title="Special:BookSources/9782801701973"><bdi>9782801701973</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11900253">11900253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+%C3%A9tymologique+de+la+langue+copte&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11900253&rft.isbn=9782801701973&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Vycichl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABashmur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeder201733–35-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeder201733–35_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeder2017">Feder 2017</a>, pp. 33–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabra2003114–115-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabra2003114–115_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabra2003114–115_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabra2003">Gabra 2003</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegally1991-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegally1991_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMegally1991">Megally 1991</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashmur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1975" class="citation thesis cs1">Dunn, Michael Collins (1975). <i>The Struggle for ʿAbbāsid Egypt</i> (PhD diss.). Georgetown University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Struggle+for+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sid+Egypt&rft.inst=Georgetown+University&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Michael+Collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABashmur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2017" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Gawdat Gabra; Hany N. Takla (eds.). <i>Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta</i>. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bashmurite+Revolts+in+the+Delta+and+the+%E2%80%98Bashmuric+Dialect%E2%80%99&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Monasticism+in+Northern+Egypt%3A+Beni+Suef%2C+Giza%2C+Cairo%2C+and+the+Nile+Delta&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABashmur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabra2003" class="citation book cs1">Gabra, Gawdat (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322012930/http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/tpage/636627">"The Revolts of the Bashmuric Copts in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries"</a>. In W. Beltz (ed.). <i>Die koptische Kirche in den ersten drei islamischen Jahrhunderten</i>. Institut für Orientalistik, Martin-Luther-Universität. pp. 111–119. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ssg/content/tpage/636627">the original</a> on 2020-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revolts+of+the+Bashmuric+Copts+in+the+Eighth+and+Ninth+Centuries&rft.btitle=Die+koptische+Kirche+in+den+ersten+drei+islamischen+Jahrhunderten&rft.pages=111-119&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Orientalistik%2C+Martin-Luther-Universit%C3%A4t&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gabra&rft.aufirst=Gawdat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fssg%2Fcontent%2Ftpage%2F636627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABashmur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Maspero, J., and G. Wiet (1914-1919). <i>Matériaux pour servir à la géographie de l'Egypte</i>. Cairo.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegally1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Megally, Mounir (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/cce/id/326">"Bashmuric Revolts"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Suryal_Atiya" title="Aziz Suryal Atiya">Aziz Suryal Atiya</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coptic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coptic Encyclopedia">The Coptic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Publishers. cols. 349b–351b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bashmuric+Revolts&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=cols.+349b-351b&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Megally&rft.aufirst=Mounir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccdl.libraries.claremont.edu%2Fcdm%2Fsingleitem%2Fcollection%2Fcce%2Fid%2F326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABashmur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Timm, S. (1984) <i>Das christlich-koptische Ägypten in arabischer Zeit, Vol. 1, pp. 354-56</i>. Wiesbaden.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Cameroonian Highlands forests">Cameroonian Highlands forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift" title="Gregory Rift">Gregory Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavirondo" title="Kavirondo">Kavirondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Madagascar)" title="Central Highlands (Madagascar)">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Highlands" title="Northern Highlands">Northern Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago" title="Zanzibar Archipelago">Zanzibar Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bashmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sudans" title="The Sudans">The Sudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembuland" title="Thembuland">Thembuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland" title="Maputaland">Maputaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_coastal_belt" title="Indian Ocean coastal belt">Indian Ocean coastal belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Coast" title="Pepper Coast">Pepper Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Mesurado" title="Cape Mesurado">Cape Mesurado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests" title="Upper Guinean forests">Upper Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Guinean_forests" title="Lower Guinean forests">Lower Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_Gap" title="Dahomey Gap">Dahomey Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Africa" title="Islands of Africa">Islands of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">List of countries where Arabic is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MENASA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENASA">MENASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodlands">Miombo woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroland" title="Negroland">Negroland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezian_region" 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