CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dominickers - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f744b3a1-976e-452a-8294-d30ffdf66fc3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dominickers","wgTitle":"Dominickers","wgCurRevisionId":1219851730,"wgRevisionId":1219851730,"wgArticleId":6761170,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015","Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States","African–Native American relations","Ethnic groups in Florida","Native American history of Florida","African Americans in Florida","American Creole","Self-identification as Native American in the United States"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dominickers","wgRelevantArticleId":6761170,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q5290946","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dominickers - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominickers"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominickers"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dominickers rootpage-Dominickers skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dominickers" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dominickers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dominickers" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dominickers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-First_mention_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mention_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>First mention and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mention_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Further sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_American_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Native American ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Census records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersal_and_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersal_and_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dispersal and assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersal_and_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_groups_in_the_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_groups_in_the_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar groups in the region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_groups_in_the_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominickers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5290946#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dominickers" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dominickers"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dominickers"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dominickers" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dominickers" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&oldid=1219851730" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dominickers&id=1219851730&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDominickers"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDominickers"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dominickers&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5290946" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biracial or triracial ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the chicken breed, see <a href="/wiki/Dominique_(Chicken)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique (Chicken)">Dominique (Chicken)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Dominickers</b> are a small biracial or <a href="/wiki/Triracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Triracial">triracial</a> ethnic group that was once centered in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle</a> county of <a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Florida" title="Holmes County, Florida">Holmes</a>, in a corner of the southern part of the county west of the <a href="/wiki/Choctawhatchee_River" title="Choctawhatchee River">Choctawhatchee River</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon,_Florida" title="Ponce de Leon, Florida">Ponce de Leon</a>. The group was classified in 1950 as one of the "reputed Indian-White-Negro racial isolates of the Eastern United States" by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few facts are known about their origins, and little has been published about this group. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_mention_and_origins">First mention and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: First mention and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known mention in print of the Dominickers is an article in <i>Florida: A Guide to the Southernmost State</i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> in 1939. The article "Ponce de Leon" identifies the Dominickers as being <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> descendants of the widow of a pre-<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> plantation owner and one of her black slaves, by whom she had five children. (A separate oral tradition has it that the slave was the mixed-race or <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> half-brother of the woman's deceased husband, but this has not been verified. In that account the half-brother's mother had been enslaved.)<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unsigned article said that numerous descendants still lived in the area at the time of writing. Their children were required to attend a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregated</a> school (as required by Florida's <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>). Dominickers were not accepted as social equals by the white community, but they kept themselves apart from the main black community. The Dominickers formed a small middle layer of Holmes County society separate from both whites and blacks (somewhat analogous to the status of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a> before the United States purchase of the Louisiana Territory).<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the article, the appearance of Dominickers varied from very fair (white) to "Negroid" (black), even among the siblings of a single family. The nickname "Dominickers", taken as <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>, was said to come from a local man in a divorce case describing his estranged wife as "black and white, like an old <a href="/wiki/Dominiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominiques">Dominicker chicken</a>." Another account says the description was applied, instead, to the man with whom she was living after she left her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_sources">Further sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Further sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two unpublished typescripts<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prepared for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">FWP</a> Florida guidebook, but not included in it, are archived at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> library in <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville</a>. They were likely sources or drafts of the published article. </p><p>These typescripts go into further detail than the published article on the appearance and behavior of the Dominickers, saying that the local people described them as "sensitive, treacherous, and vindictive" and "pathetically ignorant." The men are described as "big and burly looking," known for their skill at breaking horses and making <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> whiskey. The women were described as "low in stature, fat, and shapeless," wearing loose clothing and going <a href="/wiki/Barefoot" title="Barefoot">barefoot</a> all the time.<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One article notes that Dominickers were "treated with the same courtesy that a Negro receives—never served at a public fountain nor introduced to a white person." A few Dominicker children were allowed to attend the white high school in <a href="/wiki/Westville,_Florida" title="Westville, Florida">Westville</a>, but they were "never allowed to actually graduate."<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to these descriptions, photographs of known Dominickers from the late 19th and early 20th centuries show that their appearance ranged from fair-complected to swarthy, but not "Negroid," as claimed; the women, especially, seem to have had an olive-skinned, wavy-haired "Mediterranean" look. A later academic writer, a native of the area, states, "Most of these people are Spanish or Cuban in appearance."<sup id="cite_ref-howell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_ancestry">Native American ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native American ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typescripts give five different accounts of the Dominickers' origins, which are said to include <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Euchee Indian</a> ancestors. There may have originally been several distinct mixed-race families in the area, with various combinations of white, black, and Indian ancestry, whose descendants intermarried. Eventually they were all considered Dominickers. One typescript says, "they are about three-fourths <a href="/wiki/White_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (people)">white</a> and one-eighth <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> and one-eighth <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, one account pieced from various sources says that in the early nineteenth century, Jim Crow (no connection with the later segregation laws called by that name), an "Indian prince" and son of Chief <a href="/wiki/Sam_Story" title="Sam Story">Sam Story</a> of the local <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Euchee Indians</a>, married Harriet, a beautiful, "more than two-thirds white" enslaved house servant owned by a local white family.<sup id="cite_ref-mckinnon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckinnon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interracial couple had a daughter, Eliza. When the Euchee migrated to southern Florida in 1832, shortly after Sam Story's death, Harriet (who may have been her owner's daughter) and the baby stayed behind with the white family. When Eliza grew up, she married a "<a href="/wiki/High_yellow" title="High yellow">yellow boy</a>" (mixed-race with high proportion of white, such as quadroon or octoroon) named Jim Harris, son of a slave belonging to another white family.<sup id="cite_ref-mckinnon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckinnon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter, Lovey, eventually married another "yellow boy" and had a large family of good-looking children, who "married into another half-breed family."<sup id="cite_ref-mckinnon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckinnon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also said that other Euchee besides Jim Crow left many descendants (presumably mixed-race) in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many families in the Holmes County area claim Native American descent, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek</a> Indians, a larger nation of the Southeast with whom the <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Euchee</a> were once affiliated. The local Choctawhatchee Creek have organized and said to be seeking state recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-red_eagle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-red_eagle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Census_records">Census records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Census records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal censuses of <a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Florida" title="Holmes County, Florida">Holmes</a> and the adjacent counties of <a href="/wiki/Walton_County,_Florida" title="Walton County, Florida">Walton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Florida" title="Washington County, Florida">Washington</a> dating to 1850 list many Dominicker families and individuals. They are variously identified as <a href="/wiki/White_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (people)">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (people)">black</a> (sometimes even among members of the same family, with parents given different classifications). Classifications for a given individual often changed from one census to the next, as they were dependent on the opinion of the census enumerator. The census records show that in the decades following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, many Dominickers married white spouses, and their children had increasingly even more white ancestry. In 1930 the Southern block in Congress had the census changed to reflect their binary system and <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>: every individual was classified only as either black or white, hiding the large number of mixed-race individuals in the South. </p><p>The 1950 federal census instructed enumerators to make note of local populations of mixed white, black, and Indian ancestry in the eastern United States. In <a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Florida" title="Holmes County, Florida">Holmes County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and nowhere else, 60 Dominickers were so counted, although they were designated as white on the census.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1956, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">United States Public Health Service</a> worker, who had tabulated the 1950 census findings, made a brief visit to the area. He interviewed some white residents but was unable to make contact with any Dominickers, said to number about 40 at that time. His field notes indicate that at least one Dominicker was known to claim being of Spanish and Indian descent. He also noted that "the term Dominicker is not acceptable to the group and is not used in their presence."<sup id="cite_ref-pineywoods_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispersal_and_assimilation">Dispersal and assimilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dispersal and assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At some point in the 1960s, following the US Supreme Court decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown v Board of Education">Brown v Board of Education</a></i> ruling that segregated schools were unconstitutional, the school system closed the black school in Ponce de Leon. Students of color were integrated into the other local public schools. Some descendants of the Dominicker group still live in the area, but since World War II, many have scattered to other parts of the country. Those remaining in <a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Florida" title="Holmes County, Florida">Holmes County</a> and nearby localities have quietly assimilated into the white community. There is no organized affiliation of Dominicker descendants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_groups_in_the_region">Similar groups in the region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Similar groups in the region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dominickers are sometimes given a brief mention in sources<sup id="cite_ref-beale_1957_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beale_1957-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discussing <a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> people, or other tri-racial isolate groups. There is, however, no known link between the Dominickers and any other mixed-race group. </p><p>According to an account on Rootsweb, about 1857 more than 100 mixed-race families were said to migrate by wagon train from Holmes County to <a href="/wiki/Rapides_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Rapides Parish, Louisiana">Rapides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vernon Parish, Louisiana">Vernon</a> parishes in Louisiana, where they became part of the mixed-race people known as <a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_migration_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_migration-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbones</a> have been known as a group in southwestern Louisiana, and their origins are still debated. There have been marriages between members of that group and relatives of the Holmes County Dominickers, but there is no evidence to suggest a common origin for the two groups. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A few links by marriage between members of the Louisiana Redbones and Florida Dominickers - are there marriage, birth, or other genealogical records to support this claim? (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518143749/http://www.melungeon.org/index.cgi?&CONTEXT=cat&cat=10056">"Table of 1950 Federal Census findings on triracial groups, including Dominickers in Holmes County"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melungeon.org/index.cgi?&CONTEXT=cat&cat=10056">the original</a> on 2006-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+of+1950+Federal+Census+findings+on+triracial+groups%2C+including+Dominickers+in+Holmes+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melungeon.org%2Findex.cgi%3F%26CONTEXT%3Dcat%26cat%3D10056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pineywoods-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pineywoods_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022049/http://www.pineywoodshistory.com/documents.html">"Documents page, <i>Piney Woods History</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pineywoodshistory.com/documents.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+page%2C+Piney+Woods+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pineywoodshistory.com%2Fdocuments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howell_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_D._Howell" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph D. Howell. "Dominicker: A Regional Racial Term". <i>American Speech (1972)</i>. <b>47</b> (3/...). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087971">3087971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech+%281972%29&rft.atitle=Dominicker%3A+A+Regional+Racial+Term&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3%2F...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3087971%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ralph+D.+Howell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mckinnon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mckinnon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mckinnon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mckinnon_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fulltext10.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?a=51;sid=461e88087b9afbfb79102356ee744f1d;idno=WF00000103;c=fhp;cc=fhp;view=jpg;seq=76;size=s">"John Love McKinnon (son of Col. Neill McKinnon), <i>History of Walton County,</i> pp. 62–66, 94–97 (1911)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Love+McKinnon+%28son+of+Col.+Neill+McKinnon%29%2C+History+of+Walton+County%2C+pp.+62%E2%80%9366%2C+94%E2%80%9397+%281911%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffulltext10.fcla.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fa%3D51%3Bsid%3D461e88087b9afbfb79102356ee744f1d%3Bidno%3DWF00000103%3Bc%3Dfhp%3Bcc%3Dfhp%3Bview%3Djpg%3Bseq%3D76%3Bsize%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-red_eagle-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-red_eagle_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113125737/http://www.rootsweb.com/~flholmes/famhist/hoodearl.htm">"Biography of Earl Dee Hood, Chief Red Eagle of the Choctawhatchee Creek"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~flholmes/famhist/hoodearl.htm">the original</a> on 2007-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Earl+Dee+Hood%2C+Chief+Red+Eagle+of+the+Choctawhatchee+Creek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsweb.com%2F~flholmes%2Ffamhist%2Fhoodearl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beale_1957-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beale_1957_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231344/http://www.melungeon.org/index.cgi?BISKIT=3627540469&CONTEXT=cat&cat=10055">"Calvin L. Beale, "American Triracial Isolates: Their Status and Pertinence to Genetic Research" (1957)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melungeon.org/index.cgi?BISKIT=3627540469&CONTEXT=cat&cat=10055">the original</a> on 2007-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calvin+L.+Beale%2C+%22American+Triracial+Isolates%3A+Their+Status+and+Pertinence+to+Genetic+Research%22+%281957%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melungeon.org%2Findex.cgi%3FBISKIT%3D3627540469%26CONTEXT%3Dcat%26cat%3D10055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayo_migration-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayo_migration_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040507231043/http://www.rootsweb.com/~flholmes/mayoft.rtf">"Mayo, Thomas (Word file)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~flholmes/mayoft.rtf">the original</a> on May 7, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayo%2C+Thomas+%28Word+file%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsweb.com%2F~flholmes%2Fmayoft.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span> found on the Holmes County USGenWeb site at {{|0=2004-10-26 }}</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Daniel J. Sharfstein, “The Secret History of Race in the United States,” <i>Yale Law Journal</i>, Volume 112, Number 6, March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.yalelawjournal.org/archive_abstract.asp?id=252">[1]</a> <ul><li>Direct link to the full text of the essay (PDF format): <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929131006/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-6/SharfsteinFINAL.pdf">[2]</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet2005" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, Frank W. (2005). <i>Legal History of the Color Line</i>. Backintyme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939479-23-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-939479-23-0"><bdi>0-939479-23-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+History+of+the+Color+Line&rft.pub=Backintyme&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-939479-23-0&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominickers" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>“Antebellum Louisiana and Alabama: Two Color Lines, Three Endogamous Groups,” October 15, 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819193211/http://backintyme.com/essay041015.htm">[3]</a></li> <li>“The Antebellum South Rejects the One-Drop Rule,” November 15, 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819134329/http://backintyme.com/essay041115.htm">[4]</a></li> <li>“The One-Drop Rule Arrives in the Postbellum Lower South,” October 1, 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816051242/http://backintyme.com/essay051001.htm">[5]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928022103/http://www.pineywoodshistory.com/"><i>Piney Woods History</i></a>, a website that presents transcripts of original documents mentioning the Dominickers, as well as a number of local family trees, photographs, and other pertinent materials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dominickerindians.org"><i>The Indians of North Florida</i></a>, a website run by Dominickers of the Creek-Cheraw Indian Tribal Organization. This presents information and documents on community history, language and cultural preservation, an independent press and community newsletter, spiritual traditions, and activism related to communal economic development and educational programs that "lay the ground work for tribal self-sufficiency through individual responsibility and accomplishment."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bird, Stephanie Rose. <i>Light, Bright, and Damned Near White: Biracial and Triracial Culture in America.</i> Praeger, 2009.</li> <li>Carswell, E. W. <i>He Sold No 'Shine Before Its Time.</i> Taylor Publications, 1981.</li> <li>Eidse, Faith. <i>Voices of the Appalachicola.</i> University Press of Florida, 2007.</li> <li>McGregory, Jerrilyn. <i>Wiregrass Country.</i> University Press of Mississippi, 1997.</li> <li>Sewell, Christopher Scott. <i>Belles of the Creek Nation.</i> Backintyme, 2011.</li> <li>Sewell, Christopher Scott. <i>The Indians of North Florida: From Carolina to Florida, the Story of the Survival of a Distinct American Indian Community.</i> Backintyme, 2011.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&oldid=1219851730">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&oldid=1219851730</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiracial_ethnic_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States">Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African%E2%80%93Native_American_relations" title="Category:African–Native American relations">African–Native American relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Florida" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Florida">Ethnic groups in Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_history_of_Florida" title="Category:Native American history of Florida">Native American history of Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Americans_in_Florida" title="Category:African Americans in Florida">African Americans in Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Creole" title="Category:American Creole">American Creole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-identification_as_Native_American_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Self-identification as Native American in the United States">Self-identification as Native American in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 April 2024, at 06:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominickers&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-nb2j4","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.413","walltime":"0.489","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1062,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":19021,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1923,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":30092,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 450.359 1 -total"," 48.33% 217.641 1 Template:Reflist"," 39.12% 176.160 6 Template:Cite_web"," 20.65% 93.018 1 Template:Short_description"," 18.67% 84.104 2 Template:Citation_needed"," 16.13% 72.652 2 Template:Fix"," 12.21% 55.007 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.02% 36.117 4 Template:Category_handler"," 7.17% 32.312 1 Template:About"," 5.85% 26.336 2 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.258","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5092661,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-q49mv","timestamp":"20241122142739","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dominickers","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominickers","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5290946","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5290946","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-08-30T06:05:27Z","dateModified":"2024-04-20T06:57:01Z","headline":"Biracial or triracial ethnic group"}</script> </body> </html>