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Documents Historiques, Ethnographiques et Diplomatiques; citation_author=Ivanoff, Iordan; citation_publication_date=1919"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=‘Εναζ κρητικόζ αγωνίζεται για τη Μακεδονία: Απομνημονεύματα, 1903-1907; citation_author=Kaoudis, Efthimios; citation_author=Chotzidis, Aggelos; citation_publication_date=1996"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=О Μακεδονικός Αγώναζ. Η ένοπλη ϕάση, 1904-1908; citation_author=Vakalopoulos, Konstantinos; citation_publication_date=1987"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Παύλος Μελάζ; citation_author=Melas, Natalia; citation_publication_date=1992"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century; citation_author=Crampton, Richard; citation_publication_date=1994"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="This article aims to analyse the Greek struggle against Bulgarian bands and ‘Bulgarian’ villages in Ottoman Macedonia between 1904 and 1908. Greek views on the necessity of violence, the logic of terror, and guerrilla tactics are examined and set against their particular context. It is argued that the form, purpose and intensity of violence were shaped not only by Greek intentions and peasant reactions, but mainly by the prevalence in Macedonia of pre-national religious identities, which obstructed the transformation of peasants into Greeks and allowed violence to function as the ultimate arbitrator of ‘national’ affiliations."> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1179/byz.1999.23.1.195"> <link rel="alternate" href="/core/journals/byzantine-and-modern-greek-studies/article/conquering-the-souls-nationalism-and-greek-guerrilla-warfare-in-ottoman-macedonia-19041908/40679BB0857F424291E33DE6F907137A" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <link rel="stylesheet" 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data-v-63dfaf6e>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/journals/byzantine-and-modern-greek-studies/volume/0C67876FF35FCA54BE8DC74123B318F5" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 23</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>‘Conquering the souls’: nationalism and Greek guerrilla...</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li aria-label="Français" data-v-6b1118dd><span role="button" tabindex="0" href="#" lang="fr" 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class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>‘Conquering the souls’: nationalism and Greek guerrilla warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904-1908</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>22 January 2016</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Dimitris%20Livanios&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Dimitris Livanios</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img 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aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Abstract</h2> <div class="no-content" data-v-6723a3bd> Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button. </div> <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>This article aims to analyse the Greek struggle against Bulgarian bands and ‘Bulgarian’ villages in Ottoman Macedonia between 1904 and 1908. Greek views on the necessity of violence, the logic of terror, and guerrilla tactics are examined and set against their particular context. It is argued that the form, purpose and intensity of violence were shaped not only by Greek intentions and peasant reactions, but mainly by the prevalence in Macedonia of pre-national religious identities, which obstructed the transformation of peasants into Greeks and allowed violence to function as the ultimate arbitrator of ‘national’ affiliations.</p> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Articles</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/byzantine-and-modern-greek-studies" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/byzantine-and-modern-greek-studies/volume/0C67876FF35FCA54BE8DC74123B318F5" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 23 </span> </a></span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, 1999</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 195 - 221</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1179/byz.1999.23.1.195" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1179/byz.1999.23.1.195 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 1999 </div></dd></div></dl>  <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="fn01" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">1.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref001" id="ref001"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Von Clausewitz</span>, <span class="given-names">Carl</span></span>, <span class="source">On War</span>, ed. and trans. by <span class="name"><span class="surname">Howard</span>, <span class="given-names">Michael</span></span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Paret</span>, <span class="given-names">Peter</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1993</span>) <span class="fpage">83</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for On War' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=On+War&author=Von+Clausewitz+Carl&author=Howard+Michael&author=Paret+Peter&publication+year=1993>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn02" aria-flowto="reference-2-content reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-2-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">2.</span> ‘Να κατακτήσωμεν то των ψυχών έδαϕοζ’. Αρχείον ϒπουργείου Εξωτερικών (Archives of the Greek Ministry for Foreign Affairs, hereafter: AYE), file YPE/1904, A.A.K./ST, Lambros Koromilas (Greek Consul-General in Salonika) to Ministry for Foreign Affairs [hereafter: M.F.A.], no. 11, 30/9/1904.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn03" aria-flowto="reference-3-content reference-3-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-3-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">3.</span> As everything in Macedonian history, this territorial demarcation has far from been unanimously accepted. Some Greek scholars refuse to accept the Vilayet of Kosovo as Macedonian territory, and Serbian accounts include the region’s northern part in ‘Old Serbia’. For conflicting views on the delimitation of Macedonian frontiers see: <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref002" id="ref002"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Colokotronis</span>, <span class="given-names">V.</span></span>, <span class="source">La Macédoine et l’ Hellénisme. Etude Historique et Ethnologique</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span> <span class="year">1919</span>) <span class="fpage">607</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for La Macédoine et l’ Hellénisme. Etude Historique et Ethnologique' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=La+Mac%C3%A9doine+et+l%E2%80%99+Hell%C3%A9nisme.+Etude+Historique+et+Ethnologique&author=Colokotronis+V.&publication+year=1919>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref003" id="ref003"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Georgevitch</span>, <span class="given-names">T.R.</span></span>, <span class="source">Macedonia</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1908</span>) <span class="fpage">2</span>–<span class="lpage">6</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Macedonia' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Macedonia&author=Georgevitch+T.R.&publication+year=1908&pages=2-6>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref004" id="ref004"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">von Mach</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard</span></span>, <span class="source">The Bulgarian Exarchate: Its History and the Extent of its Authority in Turkey</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London-Neuchatel</span> <span class="year">1907</span>) <span class="fpage">43</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Bulgarian Exarchate: Its History and the Extent of its Authority in Turkey' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Bulgarian+Exarchate%3A+Its+History+and+the+Extent+of+its+Authority+in+Turkey&author=von+Mach+Richard&publication+year=1907>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn04" aria-flowto="reference-4-content reference-4-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-4-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">4.</span> For the Greek-Orthodox <em class="italic">Millet</em> see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref005" id="ref005"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Clogg</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">The Greek <em class="italic">Millet</em> in the Ottoman Empire</span>’, in: <span class="name"><span class="surname">Lewis</span>, <span class="given-names">Benjamin Braude-Bernard</span></span>, eds., <span class="source">Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society, I, The Central Lands</span>, (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span> <span class="year">1982</span>) <span class="fpage">185</span>–<span class="lpage">207</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society, I, The Central Lands' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Ottoman+Empire.+The+Functioning+of+a+Plural+Society%2C+I%2C+The+Central+Lands&author=Clogg+Richard&author=Lewis+Benjamin+Braude-Bernard&publication+year=1982&pages=185-207>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn05" aria-flowto="reference-5-content reference-5-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 5 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-5-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">5.</span> Unsurprisingly, statistics (and maps), which were produced at an astonishing pace, more often reflected the intentions of their makers rather than the actual demographic situation. The idiosyncratic Ottoman statistics which counted religious affiliations instead of ‘nationalities’, further perplexed the issue. Be that as it may, the numerical supremacy of the Slav-speakers in the three <em class="italic">Vilayets</em> is beyond doubt. They dominated the rural areas, while Greek-speakers were mainly confined to the southern and littoral areas of Macedonia and the urban centres. The Macedonian landscape was also punctuated by scattered Vlach- and Albanian-speaking villages (the latter dominant in Kosovo) while the Jews formed sizeable communities in Salonika (half the city’s population), Kastoria and other towns. For statistical data see Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, <em class="italic">Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars</em> (Washington, D.C. 1914) 28, 30. For Bulgarian accounts see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref006" id="ref006"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Ivanoff</span>, <span class="given-names">Iordan</span></span>, <span class="source">Les Bulgares Devant le Congrès de la Paix. Documents Historiques, Ethnographiques et Diplomatiques</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berne</span> <span class="year">1919</span>) <span class="fpage">294</span>–<span class="lpage">304</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Les Bulgares Devant le Congrès de la Paix. Documents Historiques, Ethnographiques et Diplomatiques' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Les+Bulgares+Devant+le+Congr%C3%A8s+de+la+Paix.+Documents+Historiques%2C+Ethnographiques+et+Diplomatiques&author=Ivanoff+Iordan&publication+year=1919&pages=294-304>Google Scholar</a></span>, and especially <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref007" id="ref007"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Kŭlnchov</span>, <span class="given-names">Vasil</span></span>, <span class="source">Makedoniya: Etnographia i Statistika</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Sofia</span> <span class="year">1900</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Makedoniya: Etnographia i Statistika' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Makedoniya%3A+Etnographia+i+Statistika&author=K%C5%ADlnchov+Vasil&publication+year=1900>Google Scholar</a></span>. For a Greek view see Colokotronis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 603-619. For maps of Macedonia see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref008" id="ref008"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Wilkinson</span>, <span class="given-names">H.R.</span></span>, <span class="source">Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Liverpool</span> <span class="year">1951</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Maps+and+Politics%3A+A+Review+of+the+Ethnographic+Cartography+of+Macedonia&author=Wilkinson+H.R.&publication+year=1951>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn06" aria-flowto="reference-6-content reference-6-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 6 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-6-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">6.</span> For a stimulating discussion of this issue see <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref009" id="ref009"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gunaris</span>, <span class="given-names">Basil</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Social Cleavages and National ‘Awakening’ in Ottoman Macedonia</span>’, <span class="source">East European Quarterly</span> <span class="volume">4</span> (<span class="year">1996</span>) <span class="fpage">409</span>–<span class="lpage">426</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Social Cleavages and National ‘Awakening’ in Ottoman Macedonia' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Social+Cleavages+and+National+%E2%80%98Awakening%E2%80%99+in+Ottoman+Macedonia&author=Gunaris+Basil&publication+year=1996&journal=East+European+Quarterly&volume=4&pages=409-426>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn07" aria-flowto="reference-7-content reference-7-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 7 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-7-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">7.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref010" id="ref010"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Crampton</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard</span></span>, <span class="source">Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1994</span>) <span class="fpage">20</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203445464>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&author=Crampton+Richard&publication+year=1994>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn08" aria-flowto="reference-8-content reference-8-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 8 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-8-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">8.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref011" id="ref011"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Modis</span>, <span class="given-names">Georgios</span></span>, <span class="source">О Μακεδονικόζ Αγών καν η νεώτερη μακεδονική ιστορία</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Salonika</span> <span class="year">1967</span>) <span class="fpage">149</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for О Μακεδονικόζ Αγών καν η νεώτερη μακεδονική ιστορία' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%B7+%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1&author=Modis+Georgios&publication+year=1967>Google Scholar</a></span>. For the <em class="italic">comitadjis</em> (Bulgarian guerrillas) see below, p. 201.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn09" aria-flowto="reference-9-content reference-9-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 9 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-9-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">9.</span> Έμείζ δεν σκοτιζόμαστε και πολύ για Σερβία η Βουλγαρία, αρκεί κα μην είμαστε κάτω από τον Τούοκο!. Οι <em class="italic">πατεράδεζ</em> μαζ ήσαν Ελληνες και κανείς δεν έλενε τότε τα περί Βουλνάρων. Γίναμε Βούλγαροι, κερδίσαμε … Αν πρέπει να είμαστε Σέρβοι καμιά αντίρρηση. Για τώρα όμωζ είναι καλύτερα Βούλγαροι.’ <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref012" id="ref012"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Bérard</span>, <span class="given-names">Victor</span></span>, <span class="source">Τουρκία και Ελληνισμάζ. Οδοιπορικό στη Μακεδονία</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Athens</span> <span class="year">1987</span>) <span class="fpage">169</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Τουρκία και Ελληνισμάζ. Οδοιπορικό στη Μακεδονία' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6.+%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1&author=B%C3%A9rard+Victor&publication+year=1987>Google Scholar</a></span>. Greek trans, of <em class="italic">La Turquie et l Hellénisme Contemporain</em> (Paris 1893).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn10" aria-flowto="reference-10-content reference-10-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 10 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-10-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">10.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref013" id="ref013"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Brailsford</span>, <span class="given-names">H.N.</span></span>, <span class="source">Macedonia: Its Races and their Future</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1906</span>) <span class="fpage">102</span>–<span class="lpage">103</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Macedonia: Its Races and their Future' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Macedonia%3A+Its+Races+and+their+Future&author=Brailsford+H.N.&publication+year=1906&pages=102-103>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn11" aria-flowto="reference-11-content reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 11 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-11-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">11.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref014" id="ref014"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Upward</span>, <span class="given-names">Allen</span></span>, <span class="source">The East End of Europe</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1908</span>) <span class="fpage">181</span>–<span class="lpage">182</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The East End of Europe' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+East+End+of+Europe&author=Upward+Allen&publication+year=1908&pages=181-182>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn12" aria-flowto="reference-12-content reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 12 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-12-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">12.</span> Brailsford, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 99.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn13" aria-flowto="reference-13-content reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 13 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-13-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">13.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref015" id="ref015"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Kaoudis</span>, <span class="given-names">Efthimios</span></span>, <span class="source">‘Εναζ κρητικόζ αγωνίζεται για τη Μακεδονία: Απομνημονεύματα, 1903-1907</span>, ed. by <span class="name"><span class="surname">Chotzidis</span>, <span class="given-names">Aggelos</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Salonika</span> <span class="year">1996</span>) <span class="fpage">41</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ‘Εναζ κρητικόζ αγωνίζεται για τη Μακεδονία: Απομνημονεύματα, 1903-1907' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%98%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6+%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%3A+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%2C+1903-1907&author=Kaoudis+Efthimios&author=Chotzidis+Aggelos&publication+year=1996>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn14" aria-flowto="reference-14-content reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 14 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-14-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">14.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref016" id="ref016"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Kitromilides</span>, <span class="given-names">Paschalis</span></span>, ‘“<span class="article-title">Balkan mentality”: History, Legend, Imagination</span>’, in: <span class="source">Nations and Nationalism</span>, <span class="volume">2</span> (<span class="year">1996</span>) <span class="fpage">163</span>–<span class="lpage">191</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Balkan mentality”: History, Legend, Imagination' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1996.00163.x>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Balkan mentality”: History, Legend, Imagination' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Balkan+mentality%E2%80%9D%3A+History%2C+Legend%2C+Imagination&author=Kitromilides+Paschalis&publication+year=1996&journal=Nations+and+Nationalism&volume=2&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.1996.00163.x&pages=163-191>Google Scholar</a></span>. See also his <em class="italic">Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy</em> (London 1994), for a perceptive discussion of those issues.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn15" aria-flowto="reference-15-content reference-15-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 15 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-15-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">15.</span> It should be added here that the unwillingness of Christian peasants to identify with national ideas was by no means confined to Macedonia, but it was a common feature in all parts of the Greek <em class="italic">Millet</em>. In late 19th century Asia Minor, for instance, when a Greek-speaking Christian was asked if he was Greek, he replied: ‘No, I’m not anything. I’ve told you that I’m a Christian, and once again I say to you that I am a Christian’. <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref017" id="ref017"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Valavanis</span>, <span class="given-names">Ioakeim</span></span>, <span class="source">Mikrasiatika</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Athens</span> <span class="year">1891</span>) <span class="fpage">26</span>–<span class="lpage">27</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mikrasiatika' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mikrasiatika&author=Valavanis+Ioakeim&publication+year=1891&pages=26-27>Google Scholar</a></span>, as quoted by <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref018" id="ref018"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Clogg</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title"> <em class="italic">Anadolu Hiristiyan Karindaslarimiz:</em> The Turkish-speaking Greeks of Asia Minor</span>’, in: <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gauntlett</span>, <span class="given-names">John Burke-Stathis</span></span>, eds., <span class="source">Neohellenism</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Canberra</span> <span class="year">1992</span>) <span class="fpage">67</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Neohellenism' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Neohellenism&author=Clogg+Richard&author=Gauntlett+John+Burke-Stathis&publication+year=1992>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn16" aria-flowto="reference-16-content reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 16 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-16-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">16.</span> Brailsford, Macedonia, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 1.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn17" aria-flowto="reference-17-content reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 17 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-17-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">17.</span> For an overview of brigandage in the Balkans see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref019" id="ref019"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Stoianovich</span>, <span class="given-names">Traian</span></span>, <span class="source">Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">New York</span> <span class="year">1994</span>) <span class="fpage">165</span>–<span class="lpage">168</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Balkan+Worlds%3A+The+First+and+Last+Europe&author=Stoianovich+Traian&publication+year=1994&pages=165-168>Google Scholar</a></span>. For Macedonia see the colourful (and romantic) account of <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref020" id="ref020"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Vivian</span>, <span class="given-names">Herbert</span></span>, <span class="source">The Servian Tragedy With Some Impressions of Macedonia</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1904</span>) <span class="fpage">253</span>–<span class="lpage">267</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Servian Tragedy With Some Impressions of Macedonia' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Servian+Tragedy+With+Some+Impressions+of+Macedonia&author=Vivian+Herbert&publication+year=1904&pages=253-267>Google Scholar</a></span>. For the Greek case see the lucid account of <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref021" id="ref021"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Koliopoulos</span>, <span class="given-names">John S.</span></span>, <span class="source">Brigands with a Cause; Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821-1912</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Oxford</span> <span class="year">1987</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Brigands with a Cause; Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821-1912' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Brigands+with+a+Cause%3B+Brigandage+and+Irredentism+in+Modern+Greece%2C+1821-1912&author=Koliopoulos+John+S.&publication+year=1987>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn18" aria-flowto="reference-18-content reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 18 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-18-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">18.</span> P.R.O. F.O./371, 14316, C4470, Foreign Office Memorandum dated 5/6/1930. For IMRO see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref022" id="ref022"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Perry</span>, <span class="given-names">Duncan</span></span>, <span class="source">The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1908</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Durham and London</span> <span class="year">1988</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1908' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Politics+of+Terror%3A+The+Macedonian+Liberation+Movements%2C+1893-1908&author=Perry+Duncan&publication+year=1988>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn19" aria-flowto="reference-19-content reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 19 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-19-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">19.</span> For accounts of the revolution and its preparations see: <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref023" id="ref023"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Dakin</span>, <span class="given-names">Douglas</span></span>, <span class="source">The Greek Struggle in Macedonia</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Salonika</span> <span class="year">1963</span>) <span class="fpage">98</span>–<span class="lpage">106</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Greek Struggle in Macedonia' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Greek+Struggle+in+Macedonia&author=Dakin+Douglas&publication+year=1963&pages=98-106>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref024" id="ref024"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Crampton</span>, <span class="given-names">Richard</span></span>, <span class="source">Bulgaria, 1878-1918: A History</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Boulder and New York</span> <span class="year">1983</span>) <span class="fpage">283</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bulgaria, 1878-1918: A History' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bulgaria%2C+1878-1918%3A+A+History&author=Crampton+Richard&publication+year=1983>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref025" id="ref025"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Swire</span>, <span class="given-names">Joseph</span></span>, <span class="source">Bulgarian Conspiracy</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1939</span>) <span class="fpage">99</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bulgarian Conspiracy' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bulgarian+Conspiracy&author=Swire+Joseph&publication+year=1939>Google Scholar</a></span>. See also a useful collection of documents in: <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref026" id="ref026"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gunaris</span>, <span class="given-names">Basil</span></span>, ed., <span class="source">The Events of 1903 in Macedonia as Presented in European Diplomatic Correspondence</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Salonika</span> <span class="year">1993</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Events of 1903 in Macedonia as Presented in European Diplomatic Correspondence' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Events+of+1903+in+Macedonia+as+Presented+in+European+Diplomatic+Correspondence&author=Gunaris+Basil&publication+year=1993>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn20" aria-flowto="reference-20-content reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 20 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-20-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">20.</span> P.R.O., F.O./371, 43649, Report by Capt. P.H. Evans entitled: ‘Report on the free Macedonia movement in area Florina’, dated 1/12/1944. The Report has been published by <span class="mixed-citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref027" id="ref027"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Rossos</span>, <span class="given-names">Andrew</span></span>, ‘<span class="article-title">Document: The Macedonians of Aegean Macedonia: A British Officer’s Report, 1944</span>’ in <span class="source">Slavonic and East European Review</span> Vol. <span class="volume">69</span>, No. <span class="issue">2</span> (<span class="year">1991</span>), <span class="fpage">282</span>–<span class="lpage">309</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Document: The Macedonians of Aegean Macedonia: A British Officer’s Report, 1944' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Document%3A+The+Macedonians+of+Aegean+Macedonia%3A+A+British+Officer%E2%80%99s+Report%2C+1944&author=Rossos+Andrew&publication+year=1991&journal=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&volume=69&pages=282-309>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn21" aria-flowto="reference-21-content reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 21 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-21-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">21.</span> For general surveys see: Dakin, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref028" id="ref028"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Vlachos</span>, <span class="given-names">Nikolaos</span></span>, <span class="source">Το Μακεδονικόν ως ϕάσιζ του Ανατολικού Ζητήματοζ</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Athens</span> <span class="year">1930</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Το Μακεδονικόν ως ϕάσιζ του Ανατολικού Ζητήματοζ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD+%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%95%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B6+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%96%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B6&author=Vlachos+Nikolaos&publication+year=1930>Google Scholar</a></span>; <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref029" id="ref029"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Vakalopoulos</span>, <span class="given-names">Konstantinos</span></span>, <span class="source">О Μακεδονικός Αγώναζ. Η ένοπλη ϕάση, 1904-1908</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Athens</span> <span class="year">1987</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for О Μακεδονικός Αγώναζ. Η ένοπλη ϕάση, 1904-1908' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6.+%CE%97+%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CF%95%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%2C+1904-1908&author=Vakalopoulos+Konstantinos&publication+year=1987>Google Scholar</a></span>. See also the official account О Μακεδονικός Αγών και τα εις Θράκην γεγονότα, produced by the Dept. of Military History of the Greek General Army Staff (Γενικό Επι τελειο Στρατού, Διεύθυνση Ιστορίαζ Στρατού, (hereafter: GES/DIS) (Athens 1979). For an assessment of the Greek historiography on the ‘Struggle for Macedonia’ see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref030" id="ref030"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gunaris</span>, <span class="given-names">Basil</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">Reassessing Ninety Years of Greek Historiography on the ‘Struggle for Macedonia’, 1904-1908</span>’, in: <span class="name"><span class="surname">Yannakakis</span>, <span class="given-names">Peter Mackridge-Eleni</span></span>, eds., <span class="source">Ourselves and Others. The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Oxford and New York</span> <span class="year">1997</span>) <span class="fpage">25</span>–<span class="lpage">37</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ourselves and Others. The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Ourselves+and+Others.+The+Development+of+a+Greek+Macedonian+Cultural+Identity+Since+1912&author=Gunaris+Basil&author=Yannakakis+Peter+Mackridge-Eleni&publication+year=1997&pages=25-37>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn22" aria-flowto="reference-22-content reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 22 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-22-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">22.</span> Έλάχιστοι τολμούν έτι να ελληνίζωσι’. AYE 1904/Salonika Consulate (Jan.-June), Evgeniadis to M.F.A., 28/2/1904, no. 107.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn23" aria-flowto="reference-23-content reference-23-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 23 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-23-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">23.</span> AYE 1905/Salonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 2/11/1905, no. 785. <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref031" id="ref031"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Mazarakis-Ainian</span>, <span class="given-names">Konstantinos</span></span>, О Μακεδονικός Αγών. Αναμνήσειζ, in the collection of memoirs <span class="source">О Μακεδονικάς Αγώνας. Απομνημονεύματα</span> (<span class="publisher-name">Institute for Balkan Studies</span>, <span class="publisher-loc">Salonika</span> <span class="year">1984</span>) <span class="fpage">258</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for О Μακεδονικάς Αγώνας. Απομνημονεύματα' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82.+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1&author=Mazarakis-Ainian+Konstantinos&publication+year=1984>Google Scholar</a></span>. <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref032" id="ref032"> <span class="name"><span class="prefix">Cf.</span><span class="surname">Kakkavos</span>, <span class="given-names">Dimitrios</span></span>, <span class="source">Απονμημονεύματα. Μακεδονικόζ Αγών</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Salonika</span> <span class="year">1972</span>) <span class="fpage">38</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Απονμημονεύματα. Μακεδονικόζ Αγών' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1.+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD&author=Kakkavos+Dimitrios&publication+year=1972>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn24" aria-flowto="reference-24-content reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 24 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-24-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">24.</span> AYE 1905/Salonika Consulate, A.A.K./B., Koromilas to M.F.A. 30/9/1905, no. 665.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn25" aria-flowto="reference-25-content reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 25 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-25-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">25.</span> Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 203.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn26" aria-flowto="reference-26-content reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 26 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-26-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">26.</span> <em class="italic">Ibid.</em>, 251.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn27" aria-flowto="reference-27-content reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 27 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-27-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">27.</span> Kakkavos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 87.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn28" aria-flowto="reference-28-content reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 28 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-28-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">28.</span> Vasillos Sravropoulos, Ο Μακεδονικός Αγών. Απομνημονεύ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ματα, in: <em class="italic">O Μακεδονικκ Aycóvac, op. cit.</em>, 402-403.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn29" aria-flowto="reference-29-content reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 29 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-29-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">29.</span> Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 247.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn30" aria-flowto="reference-30-content reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 30 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-30-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">30.</span> Ή τέχνη είναι να ευρεθεί ποιός είναι о τιμωρητέος, η ψυχή των αντιθέτων’. See his letters to Mazarakis, dated 1/5/1905 and 7/6/1905, in Mazarakis, О Μακεδονικ(χ: Αγών, 91, 95. Koromilas’s letters are included in the 1963 edition of Mazarakis’s memoirs, and the quotations are from that edition. All other quotations are from the 1984 edition unless otherwise stated.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn31" aria-flowto="reference-31-content reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 31 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-31-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">31.</span> Memorandum ‘The Situation in Macedonia’, in AYE 1905/Salonika Consulate, A.A.K./B., dated 6/5/1905. Kakkavos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 87.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn32" aria-flowto="reference-32-content reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 32 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-32-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">32.</span> ‘To πνεΰμα της υπαίθρου ζητεί φόνους. Έχουσιν ανάγκη να ίδωσιν θύματα των αντιθέτων ίνα έλθει η ψυχή των єіс τον τόπο тле.’ AYE 1905/Salonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 7/9/1905, no. 246.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn33" aria-flowto="reference-33-content reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 33 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-33-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">33.</span> Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 249.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn34" aria-flowto="reference-34-content reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 34 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-34-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">34.</span> AYE 1905/Salonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 4/9/1905.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn35" aria-flowto="reference-35-content reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 35 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-35-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">35.</span> Cf his view that ‘H ιδέα тле στρώσεως δια πτωμάτων είνοα εσφαλμένη. Δεν θα φέρει αποτελέσματα.’ Koromilas to Mazarakis, 7/6/1905, in: Mazarakis, О Μακεδονικός Αγών, 94. Quotation from the 1963 edition.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn36" aria-flowto="reference-36-content reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 36 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-36-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">36.</span> Clausewitz, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 85.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn37" aria-flowto="reference-37-content reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 37 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-37-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">37.</span> See the memoirs of the Cretan chieftain Karavitis in the newspaper, EXXnviKÓç Βορράς, 5/6/1949.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn38" aria-flowto="reference-38-content reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 38 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-38-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">38.</span> Some examples in the memoirs of Panayiotis Papatzaneteas, <em class="italic">О Μακεοονικός Αγών. Απομνημονεύματα</em> (Salonika 1960) 13.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn39" aria-flowto="reference-39-content reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 39 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-39-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">39.</span> See examples in GES/DIS, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 175-177, for the clearance of the area south of Aliakmon river, and Kakkavos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 110-111, for the clearance of the forest of Hilandar Monastery in Chalkidiki.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn40" aria-flowto="reference-40-content reference-40-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 40 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-40-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">40.</span> Papatzaneteas, a man of few words, chose to put his notes on the lips of the dead Exarchists. They read: ‘This is the sort of death they receive, those who <em class="italic">abandon their Orthodox religion and join the Bulgarian schism</em>’, [emphasis mine]. Papatzaneteas, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 13. Typically, the emphasis was on the Christian aspect of the struggle, not on the ‘national’.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn41" aria-flowto="reference-41-content reference-41-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 41 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-41-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">41.</span> Examples of Greek letters to villages in AYE 1905/Salonika Consulate, A.A.K./B., Koromilas to M.F.A. 16/10/1905, no. 726. Again in sending letters the Greeks followed the Bulgarian precedent. For some interesting Bulgarian letters to Greek villages with references to the Parthenon see Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 242.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn42" aria-flowto="reference-42-content reference-42-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 42 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-42-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">42.</span> ‘KocOaptóç αυτόχθονα προέλευσιν’. AYE 1904/Salonika Consulate, (Jan.-June), Koromilas to M.F.A., 21/6/1904, no. 8.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn43" aria-flowto="reference-43-content reference-43-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 43 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-43-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">43.</span> ‘πάσα επιχείρησις … να φέρει χαρακτηρα γνησίως μακεδονικόν.’ GES/DIS, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 155.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn44" aria-flowto="reference-44-content reference-44-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 44 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-44-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">44.</span> AYE 1904/Salonika Consulate, (Jan.-June), Koromilas to M.F.A., 30/5/1904, no. 6; AYE 1904/Salonika Consulate, A.A.K./ST, Koromilas to M.F.A., 1/11/1904, no. 16, and 15/11/1904, no. 25.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn45" aria-flowto="reference-45-content reference-45-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 45 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-45-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">45.</span> AYE/Salonika Consulate, A.A.K./ST, Koromilas to M.F.A. 17/12/1904, no. 48.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn46" aria-flowto="reference-46-content reference-46-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 46 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-46-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">46.</span> For the use of brigands in the ‘Struggle for Macedonia’, see J.S. Koliopoulos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 215-236.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn47" aria-flowto="reference-47-content reference-47-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 47 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-47-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">47.</span> Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 184.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn48" aria-flowto="reference-48-content reference-48-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 48 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-48-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">48.</span> The first bands organised in 1904 by Koromilas and headed by undisciplined brigands proved to be a totally disappointing undertaking. AYE 1904/Salonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 15/11/1904, no. 25.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn49" aria-flowto="reference-49-content reference-49-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 49 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-49-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">49.</span> Kakkavos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 86.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn50" aria-flowto="reference-50-content reference-50-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 50 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-50-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">50.</span> The number of Cretans who participated in the Greek struggle was fairly high. A sobering indication is that, according to official Greek sources, out of the 400 dead bandsmen during the four-year struggle, 136 were Cretans. The second largest group of men, after the local Patriarchists. See: GES/DIS, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 378.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn51" aria-flowto="reference-51-content reference-51-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 51 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-51-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">51.</span> According to Mazarakis the Cretans were ‘… ανυπόφοροι, φιλέριδες, ιδιότροποι και τελειως ακατάλληλοι δχα προπανάνδαν’. Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 216.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn52" aria-flowto="reference-52-content reference-52-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 52 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-52-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">52.</span> Vardas felt that ‘… δεν είναι εΰκολον να υποβάλητε εις τον τυχόντα εντόπιον η ξένον Κρήτας συνειθίσαντες να έχωσιν ιδικου’ς των, ουτε то ενάντιον.’ Γενικά Αρχεία του Κράτους (General Archives of the State, hereafter: ΓΑΚ), Vardas Archive, f. 15, 13-17/10/1906, p. 113.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn53" aria-flowto="reference-53-content reference-53-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 53 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-53-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">53.</span> Kakkavos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 88-89.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn54" aria-flowto="reference-54-content reference-54-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 54 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-54-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">54.</span> Upward, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 31.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn55" aria-flowto="reference-55-content reference-55-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 55 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-55-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">55.</span> For a number of those brigands, which included Loukas Kokkinos, Groutas, Georgios Dalipis and others, see AYE 1906/Monastir Consulate, Xydakis to Skouze, dated 25/9/1906; AYE 1906/Monastir Consulate, Memorandum by ‘Sinis’ [Nikolaos Kontogouris], dated 4/9/1906; ГАК, Vardas Papers, f. 13, Vardas to ‘Pamikos’, dated 7/9/1906. Cf. Koliopoulos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 232.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn56" aria-flowto="reference-56-content reference-56-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 56 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-56-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">56.</span> Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 232. ГАК, Vardas Archive, f. 13, Vardas to ‘Pamikos’, dated 10/12/1905, p. 13; AYE 1905/Salonika Consulate, Memorandum by Xanthopoulos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em> </p></div></div></div><div id="fn57" aria-flowto="reference-57-content reference-57-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 57 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-57-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">57.</span> AYE 1906/Monastir Consulate, Xydakis to Skouzes, 16/6/1906, no. 2419.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn58" aria-flowto="reference-58-content reference-58-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 58 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-58-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">58.</span> AYE 1906/Monastir Consulate, Kontogouris to Skouzes, 4/2/1906, no. 99.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn59" aria-flowto="reference-59-content reference-59-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 59 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-59-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">59.</span> GES/DIS, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 191-193.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn60" aria-flowto="reference-60-content reference-60-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 60 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-60-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">60.</span> For treatment of prisoners and their fate see Papatzaneteas, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 23, 49-50, Stavropoulos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 430-431.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn61" aria-flowto="reference-61-content reference-61-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 61 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-61-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">61.</span> Upward, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 328.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn62" aria-flowto="reference-62-content reference-62-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 62 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-62-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">62.</span> <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref033" id="ref033"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Melas</span>, <span class="given-names">Natalia</span></span>, <span class="source">Παύλος Μελάζ</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Athens-Ioannina</span> <span class="year">1992</span>) <span class="fpage">370</span>–<span class="lpage">371</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Παύλος Μελάζ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B6&author=Melas+Natalia&publication+year=1992&pages=370-371>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn63" aria-flowto="reference-63-content reference-63-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 63 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-63-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">63.</span> ГАК, Vardas Archive, f. 14, 5/6/1905, p. 158.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn64" aria-flowto="reference-64-content reference-64-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 64 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-64-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">64.</span> Upward, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 327.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn65" aria-flowto="reference-65-content reference-65-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 65 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-65-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">65.</span> For accounts of the attack, see Dakin, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 224-225. The official version is given in GES/DIS, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 188-189. P.R.O. F.O./195, 2207, Reports from McGregor [British Vice-Consul, Monastir] to O’Conor, dated 9/4/1905, and 12/4/1905.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn66" aria-flowto="reference-66-content reference-66-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 66 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-66-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">66.</span> ГАК, Vardas Archive, f. 14, 1/5/1905, p. 105. It should be added here that the Macedonian Committee, which commanded many bands in the Vilayet of Monastir, ordered them to refrain from further action after the Zagoritsani affair. GES/DIS, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 343-344.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn67" aria-flowto="reference-67-content reference-67-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 67 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-67-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">67.</span> Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 184, where he condemns what he called Όμαδόν σφαγαί кш πυρπολήσεκ ολοκληρων χωρίων, ως тпс Ζαγορίτσανης’.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn68" aria-flowto="reference-68-content reference-68-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 68 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-68-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">68.</span> For those attacks see GES/DIS, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 198, 222, P.R.O. F.O./195, 2207, McGregor to O’Connor, Monastir, dated 16/8/1905, Stavropoulos, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 400-401.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn69" aria-flowto="reference-69-content reference-69-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 69 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-69-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">69.</span> In the Greek Consul in Monastir, Athanasios Chalkiopoulos emphasised that ‘long experience and study’ demonstrated that attacks against villages should be carried out only after sundown. AYE 1906/Monastir Consulate, Chalkiopoulos to Skouzes, 15/5/1906, no. 309.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn70" aria-flowto="reference-70-content reference-70-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 70 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-70-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">70.</span> More often than not the bombs used by the bands were a danger for the bandsmen rather than for the houses attacked. At least one captain was killed while trying to burn a house with a bomb, and the Greek Consul in Monastir prohibited their use. See Chalkiopoulos’s despatch in note 69, referring to the death of the Cretan Captain Leonidas Vlachakis (Captain Litsas).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn71" aria-flowto="reference-71-content reference-71-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 71 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-71-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">71.</span> P.R.O. F.O./195, 2232, Sonnichsen to Graves, enclosure in Graves to O’Conor, Salonika, 22/3/1906. For the reluctance of Bulgarian bands to fight the Greeks outside their villages cf. Melas’s observations, in: Natalia Mela, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 389.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn72" aria-flowto="reference-72-content reference-72-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 72 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-72-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">72.</span> For the Vlachs see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref034" id="ref034"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Winnifrith</span>, <span class="given-names">T.J.</span></span>, <span class="source">The Vlachs: the History of a Balkan People</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1987</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Vlachs: the History of a Balkan People' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+Vlachs%3A+the+History+of+a+Balkan+People&author=Winnifrith+T.J.&publication+year=1987>Google Scholar</a></span>. For a contemporary description see Upward, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 175-180.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn73" aria-flowto="reference-73-content reference-73-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 73 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-73-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">73.</span> For the ‘treachery’ of pro-Romanian Vlachs see Φθινόπωρο του 1904 στη Μακεδονία. To ανέκδοτο ημερολόγιο του Ευθΰμιου Καοΰδη, ed. by Basil Gunaris (Salonika 1992), 84; Mazarakis, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 204-206. For Koromilas’s views see AYE/A.A.K./B., Despatches to M.F.A. dated 30/11, 13/12, and 24/12, 1905. The Greek Ministry for Foreign Affairs concurred with his views and condemned violent action against the Vlachs. See AYE 1906/Foreign Ministry, F.M. to Salonika Consulate, 2/1/1906, no. 5392. For attacks against Vlach villages see: P.R.O. F.O./195, 2208, Young to O’Conor, Monastir, 20/11/1905; F.O./195, 2263, Graves to O’Conor, Salonika, 4/6/1907; F.O./195, 2206, Graves to O’Conor, Salonika, 9/3/1905.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn74" aria-flowto="reference-74-content reference-74-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 74 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-74-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">74.</span> Stoianovich, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 59.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn75" aria-flowto="reference-75-content reference-75-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 75 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-75-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">75.</span> For a lucid account of European views of the Balkans see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref035" id="ref035"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Todorova</span>, <span class="given-names">Maria</span></span>, <span class="source">Imagining the Balkans</span>, (<span class="publisher-loc">Oxford</span> <span class="year">1997</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Imagining the Balkans' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Imagining+the+Balkans&author=Todorova+Maria&publication+year=1997>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn76" aria-flowto="reference-76-content reference-76-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 76 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-76-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">76.</span> For a typical contemporary account see Vivian, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 104-119.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn77" aria-flowto="reference-77-content reference-77-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 77 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-77-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">77.</span> Upward, <em class="italic">op. cit.</em>, 328.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn78" aria-flowto="reference-78-content reference-78-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> 78 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-78-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label">78.</span> Cf. Ernest Gellner’s view that the recent horrors of Bosnia were somehow facilitated by the fact that there are societies in the Balkans where ‘men prove their manhood not by success in a career but by quickness on the draw …’. <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref036" id="ref036"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Gellner</span>, <span class="given-names">Ernest</span></span>, <span class="source">Nationalism</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">London</span> <span class="year">1997</span>) <span class="fpage">61</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Nationalism' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Nationalism&author=Gellner+Ernest&publication+year=1997>Google Scholar</a></span>. For a subtle and perceptive analysis of the concept of ‘heroism’ in the Balkans see <span class="mixed-citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref037" id="ref037"> <span class="name"><span class="surname">Campbell</span>, <span class="given-names">John</span></span>, ‘<span class="chapter-title">The Greek Hero</span>’, in: <span class="name"><span class="surname">Pitt-Rivers</span>, <span class="given-names">J.G. Peristiany-Julian</span></span>, eds., <span class="source">Honor and Grace in Anthropology</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Cambridge</span> <span class="year">1992</span>) <span class="fpage">129</span>–<span class="lpage">149</span> <a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Honor and Grace in Anthropology' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Honor+and+Grace+in+Anthropology&author=Campbell+John&author=Pitt-Rivers+J.G.+Peristiany-Julian&publication+year=1992&pages=129-149>Google Scholar</a></span>.</p></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>           <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="22 January 2016" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d><div class="access-block row access-status" data-v-5fad35b8 data-v-01274b1d><span class="has-access" 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Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 1999"],holder:["The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham"],year:[1999]},creativeCommons:e,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"195 - 221",firstPage:"195",lastPage:"221"},typeDescription:"Articles",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:Y,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:Z,title:i,titleSlug:_,mnemonic:"BYZ",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:_,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:i,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:j,skuNew:h,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:j,skuNew:h,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:j,skuNew:h,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:j,skuNew:h,currency:"AU$"}}},url:$,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fbyzantine-and-modern-greek-studies\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FBYZ_0_0_0\u002Fbyzantine-and-modern-greek-studies.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fbyzantine-and-modern-greek-studies\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:i,latestId:Z,hasPastTitle:b,volume:{id:"0C67876FF35FCA54BE8DC74123B318F5",number:aa,title:ab,publishedDate:"1999",printPublishTimestamp:915148800000,url:ac}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Abstract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis article aims to analyse the Greek struggle against Bulgarian bands and ‘Bulgarian’ villages in Ottoman Macedonia between 1904 and 1908. Greek views on the necessity of violence, the logic of terror, and guerrilla tactics are examined and set against their particular context. It is argued that the form, purpose and intensity of violence were shaped not only by Greek intentions and peasant reactions, but mainly by the prevalence in Macedonia of pre-national religious identities, which obstructed the transformation of peasants into Greeks and allowed violence to function as the ultimate arbitrator of ‘national’ affiliations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:ad}]},content:{html:"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"fn01",displayNumber:"1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref001\" id=\"ref001\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVon Clausewitz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ECarl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EOn War\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. and trans. by \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHoward\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EParet\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E83\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for On War' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=On+War&author=Von+Clausewitz+Carl&author=Howard+Michael&author=Paret+Peter&publication+year=1993\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=On+War&author=Von+Clausewitz+Carl&author=Howard+Michael&author=Paret+Peter&publication+year=1993",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:m,title:m,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:ae,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref001",title:m,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn02",displayNumber:af,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‘Να κατακτήσωμεν то των ψυχών έδαϕοζ’. Αρχείον ϒπουργείου Εξωτερικών (Archives of the Greek Ministry for Foreign Affairs, hereafter: AYE), file YPE\u002F1904, A.A.K.\u002FST, Lambros Koromilas (Greek Consul-General in Salonika) to Ministry for Foreign Affairs [hereafter: M.F.A.], no. 11, 30\u002F9\u002F1904.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn03",displayNumber:"3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E As everything in Macedonian history, this territorial demarcation has far from been unanimously accepted. Some Greek scholars refuse to accept the Vilayet of Kosovo as Macedonian territory, and Serbian accounts include the region’s northern part in ‘Old Serbia’. For conflicting views on the delimitation of Macedonian frontiers see: \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref002\" id=\"ref002\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EColokotronis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EV.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELa Macédoine et l’ Hellénisme. Etude Historique et Ethnologique\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1919\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E607\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for La Macédoine et l’ Hellénisme. Etude Historique et Ethnologique' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=La+Mac%C3%A9doine+et+l%E2%80%99+Hell%C3%A9nisme.+Etude+Historique+et+Ethnologique&author=Colokotronis+V.&publication+year=1919\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref003\" id=\"ref003\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGeorgevitch\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMacedonia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Macedonia' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Macedonia&author=Georgevitch+T.R.&publication+year=1908&pages=2-6\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref004\" id=\"ref004\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Evon Mach\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Bulgarian Exarchate: Its History and the Extent of its Authority in Turkey\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon-Neuchatel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1907\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Bulgarian Exarchate: Its History and the Extent of its Authority in Turkey' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Bulgarian+Exarchate%3A+Its+History+and+the+Extent+of+its+Authority+in+Turkey&author=von+Mach+Richard&publication+year=1907\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=La+Mac%C3%A9doine+et+l%E2%80%99+Hell%C3%A9nisme.+Etude+Historique+et+Ethnologique&author=Colokotronis+V.&publication+year=1919",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:n,title:n,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:ag,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref002",title:n,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Macedonia&author=Georgevitch+T.R.&publication+year=1908&pages=2-6",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:o,title:o,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:ah,tpages:ai,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref003",title:o,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Bulgarian+Exarchate%3A+Its+History+and+the+Extent+of+its+Authority+in+Turkey&author=von+Mach+Richard&publication+year=1907",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:p,title:p,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1907",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref004",title:p,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn04",displayNumber:aj,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E4.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For the Greek-Orthodox \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMillet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref005\" id=\"ref005\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EClogg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EThe Greek \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMillet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in the Ottoman Empire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in: \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELewis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBenjamin Braude-Bernard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, eds., \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EChristians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society, I, The Central Lands\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1982\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E185\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E207\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society, I, The Central Lands' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Ottoman+Empire.+The+Functioning+of+a+Plural+Society%2C+I%2C+The+Central+Lands&author=Clogg+Richard&author=Lewis+Benjamin+Braude-Bernard&publication+year=1982&pages=185-207\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Ottoman+Empire.+The+Functioning+of+a+Plural+Society%2C+I%2C+The+Central+Lands&author=Clogg+Richard&author=Lewis+Benjamin+Braude-Bernard&publication+year=1982&pages=185-207",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:q,title:q,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1982",tpages:"207",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref005",title:q,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn05",displayNumber:"5",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E5.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Unsurprisingly, statistics (and maps), which were produced at an astonishing pace, more often reflected the intentions of their makers rather than the actual demographic situation. The idiosyncratic Ottoman statistics which counted religious affiliations instead of ‘nationalities’, further perplexed the issue. Be that as it may, the numerical supremacy of the Slav-speakers in the three \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EVilayets\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is beyond doubt. They dominated the rural areas, while Greek-speakers were mainly confined to the southern and littoral areas of Macedonia and the urban centres. The Macedonian landscape was also punctuated by scattered Vlach- and Albanian-speaking villages (the latter dominant in Kosovo) while the Jews formed sizeable communities in Salonika (half the city’s population), Kastoria and other towns. For statistical data see Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EReport of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Washington, D.C. 1914) 28, 30. For Bulgarian accounts see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref006\" id=\"ref006\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EIvanoff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EIordan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELes Bulgares Devant le Congrès de la Paix. Documents Historiques, Ethnographiques et Diplomatiques\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1919\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E294\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E304\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Les Bulgares Devant le Congrès de la Paix. Documents Historiques, Ethnographiques et Diplomatiques' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Les+Bulgares+Devant+le+Congr%C3%A8s+de+la+Paix.+Documents+Historiques%2C+Ethnographiques+et+Diplomatiques&author=Ivanoff+Iordan&publication+year=1919&pages=294-304\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, and especially \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref007\" id=\"ref007\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKŭlnchov\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EVasil\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMakedoniya: Etnographia i Statistika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESofia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1900\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Makedoniya: Etnographia i Statistika' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Makedoniya%3A+Etnographia+i+Statistika&author=K%C5%ADlnchov+Vasil&publication+year=1900\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. For a Greek view see Colokotronis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 603-619. For maps of Macedonia see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref008\" id=\"ref008\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWilkinson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH.R.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMaps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELiverpool\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1951\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Maps+and+Politics%3A+A+Review+of+the+Ethnographic+Cartography+of+Macedonia&author=Wilkinson+H.R.&publication+year=1951\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Les+Bulgares+Devant+le+Congr%C3%A8s+de+la+Paix.+Documents+Historiques%2C+Ethnographiques+et+Diplomatiques&author=Ivanoff+Iordan&publication+year=1919&pages=294-304",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:r,title:r,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:ag,tpages:"304",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref006",title:r,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Makedoniya%3A+Etnographia+i+Statistika&author=K%C5%ADlnchov+Vasil&publication+year=1900",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:s,title:s,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1900",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref007",title:s,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Maps+and+Politics%3A+A+Review+of+the+Ethnographic+Cartography+of+Macedonia&author=Wilkinson+H.R.&publication+year=1951",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:t,title:t,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1951",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref008",title:t,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn06",displayNumber:ai,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E6.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a stimulating discussion of this issue see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref009\" id=\"ref009\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGunaris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBasil\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ESocial Cleavages and National ‘Awakening’ in Ottoman Macedonia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEast European Quarterly\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1996\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E409\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E426\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Social Cleavages and National ‘Awakening’ in Ottoman Macedonia' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Social+Cleavages+and+National+%E2%80%98Awakening%E2%80%99+in+Ottoman+Macedonia&author=Gunaris+Basil&publication+year=1996&journal=East+European+Quarterly&volume=4&pages=409-426\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Social+Cleavages+and+National+%E2%80%98Awakening%E2%80%99+in+Ottoman+Macedonia&author=Gunaris+Basil&publication+year=1996&journal=East+European+Quarterly&volume=4&pages=409-426",openUrlParams:{genre:u,atitle:ak,jtitle:al,title:al,volume:aj,artnum:"599c20fadc892569bc675299",spage:"409",epage:"426",date:v,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref009",title:ak,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn07",displayNumber:"7",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E7.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref010\" id=\"ref010\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECrampton\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEastern Europe in the Twentieth Century\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1994\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.4324\u002F9780203445464\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&author=Crampton+Richard&publication+year=1994\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&author=Crampton+Richard&publication+year=1994",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:w,title:w,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:am,tpages:e,doi:an,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref010",title:w,doi:an,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.4324\u002F9780203445464",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn08",displayNumber:"8",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E8.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref011\" id=\"ref011\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EModis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGeorgios\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EО Μακεδονικόζ Αγών καν η νεώτερη μακεδονική ιστορία\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESalonika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1967\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E149\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for О Μακεδονικόζ Αγών καν η νεώτερη μακεδονική ιστορία' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%B7+%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1&author=Modis+Georgios&publication+year=1967\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. For the \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ecomitadjis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Bulgarian guerrillas) see below, p. 201.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%B7+%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1&author=Modis+Georgios&publication+year=1967",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:x,title:x,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1967",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref011",title:x,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn09",displayNumber:"9",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E9.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Έμείζ δεν σκοτιζόμαστε και πολύ για Σερβία η Βουλγαρία, αρκεί κα μην είμαστε κάτω από τον Τούοκο!. Οι \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eπατεράδεζ\u003C\u002Fem\u003E μαζ ήσαν Ελληνες και κανείς δεν έλενε τότε τα περί Βουλνάρων. Γίναμε Βούλγαροι, κερδίσαμε … Αν πρέπει να είμαστε Σέρβοι καμιά αντίρρηση. Για τώρα όμωζ είναι καλύτερα Βούλγαροι.’ \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref012\" id=\"ref012\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBérard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EVictor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EΤουρκία και Ελληνισμάζ. Οδοιπορικό στη Μακεδονία\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EAthens\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1987\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E169\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Τουρκία και Ελληνισμάζ. Οδοιπορικό στη Μακεδονία' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6.+%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1&author=B%C3%A9rard+Victor&publication+year=1987\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Greek trans, of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ELa Turquie et l Hellénisme Contemporain\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Paris 1893).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B6.+%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1&author=B%C3%A9rard+Victor&publication+year=1987",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:y,title:y,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:k,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref012",title:y,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn10",displayNumber:"10",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E10.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref013\" id=\"ref013\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrailsford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH.N.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMacedonia: Its Races and their Future\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1906\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E102\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E103\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Macedonia: Its Races and their Future' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Macedonia%3A+Its+Races+and+their+Future&author=Brailsford+H.N.&publication+year=1906&pages=102-103\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Macedonia%3A+Its+Races+and+their+Future&author=Brailsford+H.N.&publication+year=1906&pages=102-103",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:z,title:z,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1906",tpages:"103",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref013",title:z,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn11",displayNumber:"11",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E11.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref014\" id=\"ref014\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EUpward\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAllen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe East End of Europe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E181\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E182\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The East End of Europe' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+East+End+of+Europe&author=Upward+Allen&publication+year=1908&pages=181-182\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+East+End+of+Europe&author=Upward+Allen&publication+year=1908&pages=181-182",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:A,title:A,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:ah,tpages:"182",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref014",title:A,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn12",displayNumber:"12",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E12.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Brailsford, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 99.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn13",displayNumber:"13",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E13.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref015\" id=\"ref015\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKaoudis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEfthimios\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003E‘Εναζ κρητικόζ αγωνίζεται για τη Μακεδονία: Απομνημονεύματα, 1903-1907\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. by \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EChotzidis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAggelos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESalonika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1996\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ‘Εναζ κρητικόζ αγωνίζεται για τη Μακεδονία: Απομνημονεύματα, 1903-1907' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%98%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6+%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%3A+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%2C+1903-1907&author=Kaoudis+Efthimios&author=Chotzidis+Aggelos&publication+year=1996\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%E2%80%98%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6+%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%3A+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%2C+1903-1907&author=Kaoudis+Efthimios&author=Chotzidis+Aggelos&publication+year=1996",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:B,title:B,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:v,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref015",title:B,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn14",displayNumber:"14",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E14.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref016\" id=\"ref016\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKitromilides\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPaschalis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘“\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EBalkan mentality”: History, Legend, Imagination\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ENations and Nationalism\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1996\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E163\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E191\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Balkan mentality”: History, Legend, Imagination' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1354-5078.1996.00163.x\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Balkan mentality”: History, Legend, Imagination' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Balkan+mentality%E2%80%9D%3A+History%2C+Legend%2C+Imagination&author=Kitromilides+Paschalis&publication+year=1996&journal=Nations+and+Nationalism&volume=2&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.1996.00163.x&pages=163-191\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. See also his \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EEnlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (London 1994), for a perceptive discussion of those issues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Balkan+mentality%E2%80%9D%3A+History%2C+Legend%2C+Imagination&author=Kitromilides+Paschalis&publication+year=1996&journal=Nations+and+Nationalism&volume=2&doi=10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.1996.00163.x&pages=163-191",openUrlParams:{genre:u,atitle:ao,jtitle:ap,title:ap,volume:af,artnum:"599c20fadc892569bc6752a0",spage:"163",epage:"191",date:v,sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aq,au:a},innerRefId:"ref016",title:ao,doi:aq,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1354-5078.1996.00163.x",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn15",displayNumber:"15",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E15.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E It should be added here that the unwillingness of Christian peasants to identify with national ideas was by no means confined to Macedonia, but it was a common feature in all parts of the Greek \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EMillet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. In late 19th century Asia Minor, for instance, when a Greek-speaking Christian was asked if he was Greek, he replied: ‘No, I’m not anything. I’ve told you that I’m a Christian, and once again I say to you that I am a Christian’. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref017\" id=\"ref017\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EValavanis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EIoakeim\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMikrasiatika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EAthens\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1891\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mikrasiatika' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mikrasiatika&author=Valavanis+Ioakeim&publication+year=1891&pages=26-27\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, as quoted by \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref018\" id=\"ref018\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EClogg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003E\n \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAnadolu Hiristiyan Karindaslarimiz:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E The Turkish-speaking Greeks of Asia Minor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in: \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGauntlett\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohn Burke-Stathis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, eds., \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ENeohellenism\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECanberra\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E67\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Neohellenism' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Neohellenism&author=Clogg+Richard&author=Gauntlett+John+Burke-Stathis&publication+year=1992\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mikrasiatika&author=Valavanis+Ioakeim&publication+year=1891&pages=26-27",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:C,title:C,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1891",tpages:ar,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref017",title:C,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Neohellenism&author=Clogg+Richard&author=Gauntlett+John+Burke-Stathis&publication+year=1992",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:D,title:D,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:E,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref018",title:D,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn16",displayNumber:"16",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E16.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Brailsford, Macedonia, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 1.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn17",displayNumber:"17",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E17.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For an overview of brigandage in the Balkans see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref019\" id=\"ref019\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStoianovich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETraian\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBalkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ENew York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1994\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E165\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E168\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Balkan+Worlds%3A+The+First+and+Last+Europe&author=Stoianovich+Traian&publication+year=1994&pages=165-168\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. For Macedonia see the colourful (and romantic) account of \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref020\" id=\"ref020\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVivian\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHerbert\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Servian Tragedy With Some Impressions of Macedonia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1904\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E253\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E267\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Servian Tragedy With Some Impressions of Macedonia' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Servian+Tragedy+With+Some+Impressions+of+Macedonia&author=Vivian+Herbert&publication+year=1904&pages=253-267\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. For the Greek case see the lucid account of \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref021\" id=\"ref021\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKoliopoulos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohn S.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBrigands with a Cause; Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821-1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1987\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Brigands with a Cause; Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821-1912' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Brigands+with+a+Cause%3B+Brigandage+and+Irredentism+in+Modern+Greece%2C+1821-1912&author=Koliopoulos+John+S.&publication+year=1987\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Balkan+Worlds%3A+The+First+and+Last+Europe&author=Stoianovich+Traian&publication+year=1994&pages=165-168",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:F,title:F,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:am,tpages:"168",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref019",title:F,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Servian+Tragedy+With+Some+Impressions+of+Macedonia&author=Vivian+Herbert&publication+year=1904&pages=253-267",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:G,title:G,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1904",tpages:"267",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref020",title:G,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Brigands+with+a+Cause%3B+Brigandage+and+Irredentism+in+Modern+Greece%2C+1821-1912&author=Koliopoulos+John+S.&publication+year=1987",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:H,title:H,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:k,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref021",title:H,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn18",displayNumber:"18",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E18.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E P.R.O. F.O.\u002F371, 14316, C4470, Foreign Office Memorandum dated 5\u002F6\u002F1930. For IMRO see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref022\" id=\"ref022\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPerry\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDuncan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EDurham and London\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1988\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1908' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Politics+of+Terror%3A+The+Macedonian+Liberation+Movements%2C+1893-1908&author=Perry+Duncan&publication+year=1988\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Politics+of+Terror%3A+The+Macedonian+Liberation+Movements%2C+1893-1908&author=Perry+Duncan&publication+year=1988",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:I,title:I,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1988",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref022",title:I,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn19",displayNumber:"19",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E19.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For accounts of the revolution and its preparations see: \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref023\" id=\"ref023\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDakin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDouglas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Greek Struggle in Macedonia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESalonika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1963\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E98\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E106\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Greek Struggle in Macedonia' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Greek+Struggle+in+Macedonia&author=Dakin+Douglas&publication+year=1963&pages=98-106\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref024\" id=\"ref024\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECrampton\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERichard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBulgaria, 1878-1918: A History\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBoulder and New York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1983\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E283\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bulgaria, 1878-1918: A History' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bulgaria%2C+1878-1918%3A+A+History&author=Crampton+Richard&publication+year=1983\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref025\" id=\"ref025\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESwire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJoseph\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBulgarian Conspiracy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1939\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E99\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Bulgarian Conspiracy' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bulgarian+Conspiracy&author=Swire+Joseph&publication+year=1939\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. See also a useful collection of documents in: \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref026\" id=\"ref026\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGunaris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBasil\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed., \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Events of 1903 in Macedonia as Presented in European Diplomatic Correspondence\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESalonika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1993\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Events of 1903 in Macedonia as Presented in European Diplomatic Correspondence' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Events+of+1903+in+Macedonia+as+Presented+in+European+Diplomatic+Correspondence&author=Gunaris+Basil&publication+year=1993\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Greek+Struggle+in+Macedonia&author=Dakin+Douglas&publication+year=1963&pages=98-106",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:J,title:J,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1963",tpages:"106",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref023",title:J,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bulgaria%2C+1878-1918%3A+A+History&author=Crampton+Richard&publication+year=1983",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:K,title:K,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1983",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref024",title:K,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bulgarian+Conspiracy&author=Swire+Joseph&publication+year=1939",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:L,title:L,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1939",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref025",title:L,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Events+of+1903+in+Macedonia+as+Presented+in+European+Diplomatic+Correspondence&author=Gunaris+Basil&publication+year=1993",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:M,title:M,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:ae,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref026",title:M,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn20",displayNumber:"20",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E20.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E P.R.O., F.O.\u002F371, 43649, Report by Capt. P.H. Evans entitled: ‘Report on the free Macedonia movement in area Florina’, dated 1\u002F12\u002F1944. The Report has been published by \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref027\" id=\"ref027\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERossos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAndrew\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDocument: The Macedonians of Aegean Macedonia: A British Officer’s Report, 1944\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’ in \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ESlavonic and East European Review\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Vol. \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E69\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No. \u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1991\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E282\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E309\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Document: The Macedonians of Aegean Macedonia: A British Officer’s Report, 1944' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Document%3A+The+Macedonians+of+Aegean+Macedonia%3A+A+British+Officer%E2%80%99s+Report%2C+1944&author=Rossos+Andrew&publication+year=1991&journal=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&volume=69&pages=282-309\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Document%3A+The+Macedonians+of+Aegean+Macedonia%3A+A+British+Officer%E2%80%99s+Report%2C+1944&author=Rossos+Andrew&publication+year=1991&journal=Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&volume=69&pages=282-309",openUrlParams:{genre:u,atitle:as,jtitle:at,title:at,volume:au,artnum:"599c20fadc892569bc6752ab",spage:"282",epage:"309",date:"1991",sid:f,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref027",title:as,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn21",displayNumber:"21",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E21.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For general surveys see: Dakin, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref028\" id=\"ref028\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVlachos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ENikolaos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EΤο Μακεδονικόν ως ϕάσιζ του Ανατολικού Ζητήματοζ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EAthens\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1930\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Το Μακεδονικόν ως ϕάσιζ του Ανατολικού Ζητήματοζ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD+%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%95%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B6+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%96%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B6&author=Vlachos+Nikolaos&publication+year=1930\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref029\" id=\"ref029\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVakalopoulos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKonstantinos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EО Μακεδονικός Αγώναζ. Η ένοπλη ϕάση, 1904-1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EAthens\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1987\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for О Μακεδονικός Αγώναζ. Η ένοπλη ϕάση, 1904-1908' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6.+%CE%97+%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CF%95%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%2C+1904-1908&author=Vakalopoulos+Konstantinos&publication+year=1987\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. See also the official account О Μακεδονικός Αγών και τα εις Θράκην γεγονότα, produced by the Dept. of Military History of the Greek General Army Staff (Γενικό Επι τελειο Στρατού, Διεύθυνση Ιστορίαζ Στρατού, (hereafter: GES\u002FDIS) (Athens 1979). For an assessment of the Greek historiography on the ‘Struggle for Macedonia’ see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref030\" id=\"ref030\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGunaris\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBasil\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EReassessing Ninety Years of Greek Historiography on the ‘Struggle for Macedonia’, 1904-1908\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in: \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EYannakakis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPeter Mackridge-Eleni\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, eds., \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EOurselves and Others. The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxford and New York\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1997\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Ourselves and Others. The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Ourselves+and+Others.+The+Development+of+a+Greek+Macedonian+Cultural+Identity+Since+1912&author=Gunaris+Basil&author=Yannakakis+Peter+Mackridge-Eleni&publication+year=1997&pages=25-37\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD+%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%95%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B6+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%96%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B6&author=Vlachos+Nikolaos&publication+year=1930",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:N,title:N,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1930",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref028",title:N,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6.+%CE%97+%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CF%95%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%2C+1904-1908&author=Vakalopoulos+Konstantinos&publication+year=1987",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:O,title:O,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:k,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref029",title:O,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Ourselves+and+Others.+The+Development+of+a+Greek+Macedonian+Cultural+Identity+Since+1912&author=Gunaris+Basil&author=Yannakakis+Peter+Mackridge-Eleni&publication+year=1997&pages=25-37",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:P,title:P,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:Q,tpages:av,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref030",title:P,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn22",displayNumber:"22",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E22.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Έλάχιστοι τολμούν έτι να ελληνίζωσι’. AYE 1904\u002FSalonika Consulate (Jan.-June), Evgeniadis to M.F.A., 28\u002F2\u002F1904, no. 107.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn23",displayNumber:aa,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E23.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E AYE 1905\u002FSalonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 2\u002F11\u002F1905, no. 785. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref031\" id=\"ref031\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMazarakis-Ainian\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKonstantinos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, О Μακεδονικός Αγών. Αναμνήσειζ, in the collection of memoirs \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EО Μακεδονικάς Αγώνας. Απομνημονεύματα\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EInstitute for Balkan Studies\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESalonika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1984\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E258\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for О Μακεδονικάς Αγώνας. Απομνημονεύματα' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82.+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1&author=Mazarakis-Ainian+Konstantinos&publication+year=1984\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref032\" id=\"ref032\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"prefix\"\u003ECf.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKakkavos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDimitrios\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EΑπονμημονεύματα. Μακεδονικόζ Αγών\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESalonika\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1972\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Απονμημονεύματα. Μακεδονικόζ Αγών' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1.+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD&author=Kakkavos+Dimitrios&publication+year=1972\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%D0%9E+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%82+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82.+%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1&author=Mazarakis-Ainian+Konstantinos&publication+year=1984",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:R,title:R,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1984",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref031",title:R,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1.+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B6+%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD&author=Kakkavos+Dimitrios&publication+year=1972",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:S,title:S,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:"1972",tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref032",title:S,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn24",displayNumber:"24",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E24.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E AYE 1905\u002FSalonika Consulate, A.A.K.\u002FB., Koromilas to M.F.A. 30\u002F9\u002F1905, no. 665.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn25",displayNumber:"25",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E25.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 203.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn26",displayNumber:"26",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E26.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EIbid.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 251.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn27",displayNumber:ar,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E27.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Kakkavos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 87.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn28",displayNumber:"28",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E28.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Vasillos Sravropoulos, Ο Μακεδονικός Αγών. Απομνημονεύ$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ματα, in: \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EO Μακεδονικκ Aycóvac, op. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 402-403.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn29",displayNumber:"29",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E29.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 247.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn30",displayNumber:"30",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E30.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Ή τέχνη είναι να ευρεθεί ποιός είναι о τιμωρητέος, η ψυχή των αντιθέτων’. See his letters to Mazarakis, dated 1\u002F5\u002F1905 and 7\u002F6\u002F1905, in Mazarakis, О Μακεδονικ(χ: Αγών, 91, 95. Koromilas’s letters are included in the 1963 edition of Mazarakis’s memoirs, and the quotations are from that edition. All other quotations are from the 1984 edition unless otherwise stated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn31",displayNumber:"31",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E31.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Memorandum ‘The Situation in Macedonia’, in AYE 1905\u002FSalonika Consulate, A.A.K.\u002FB., dated 6\u002F5\u002F1905. Kakkavos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 87.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn32",displayNumber:"32",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E32.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‘To πνεΰμα της υπαίθρου ζητεί φόνους. Έχουσιν ανάγκη να ίδωσιν θύματα των αντιθέτων ίνα έλθει η ψυχή των єіс τον τόπο тле.’ AYE 1905\u002FSalonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 7\u002F9\u002F1905, no. 246.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn33",displayNumber:"33",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E33.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 249.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn34",displayNumber:"34",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E34.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E AYE 1905\u002FSalonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 4\u002F9\u002F1905.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn35",displayNumber:"35",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E35.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf his view that ‘H ιδέα тле στρώσεως δια πτωμάτων είνοα εσφαλμένη. Δεν θα φέρει αποτελέσματα.’ Koromilas to Mazarakis, 7\u002F6\u002F1905, in: Mazarakis, О Μακεδονικός Αγών, 94. Quotation from the 1963 edition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn36",displayNumber:"36",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E36.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Clausewitz, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 85.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn37",displayNumber:av,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E37.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See the memoirs of the Cretan chieftain Karavitis in the newspaper, EXXnviKÓç Βορράς, 5\u002F6\u002F1949.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn38",displayNumber:"38",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E38.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Some examples in the memoirs of Panayiotis Papatzaneteas, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EО Μακεοονικός Αγών. Απομνημονεύματα\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Salonika 1960) 13.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn39",displayNumber:"39",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E39.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See examples in GES\u002FDIS, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 175-177, for the clearance of the area south of Aliakmon river, and Kakkavos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 110-111, for the clearance of the forest of Hilandar Monastery in Chalkidiki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn40",displayNumber:"40",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E40.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Papatzaneteas, a man of few words, chose to put his notes on the lips of the dead Exarchists. They read: ‘This is the sort of death they receive, those who \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eabandon their Orthodox religion and join the Bulgarian schism\u003C\u002Fem\u003E’, [emphasis mine]. Papatzaneteas, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 13. Typically, the emphasis was on the Christian aspect of the struggle, not on the ‘national’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn41",displayNumber:"41",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E41.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Examples of Greek letters to villages in AYE 1905\u002FSalonika Consulate, A.A.K.\u002FB., Koromilas to M.F.A. 16\u002F10\u002F1905, no. 726. Again in sending letters the Greeks followed the Bulgarian precedent. For some interesting Bulgarian letters to Greek villages with references to the Parthenon see Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 242.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn42",displayNumber:"42",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E42.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‘KocOaptóç αυτόχθονα προέλευσιν’. AYE 1904\u002FSalonika Consulate, (Jan.-June), Koromilas to M.F.A., 21\u002F6\u002F1904, no. 8.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn43",displayNumber:"43",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E43.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ‘πάσα επιχείρησις … να φέρει χαρακτηρα γνησίως μακεδονικόν.’ GES\u002FDIS, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 155.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn44",displayNumber:"44",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E44.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E AYE 1904\u002FSalonika Consulate, (Jan.-June), Koromilas to M.F.A., 30\u002F5\u002F1904, no. 6; AYE 1904\u002FSalonika Consulate, A.A.K.\u002FST, Koromilas to M.F.A., 1\u002F11\u002F1904, no. 16, and 15\u002F11\u002F1904, no. 25.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn45",displayNumber:"45",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E45.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E AYE\u002FSalonika Consulate, A.A.K.\u002FST, Koromilas to M.F.A. 17\u002F12\u002F1904, no. 48.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn46",displayNumber:"46",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E46.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For the use of brigands in the ‘Struggle for Macedonia’, see J.S. Koliopoulos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 215-236.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn47",displayNumber:"47",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E47.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 184.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn48",displayNumber:"48",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E48.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The first bands organised in 1904 by Koromilas and headed by undisciplined brigands proved to be a totally disappointing undertaking. AYE 1904\u002FSalonika Consulate, Koromilas to M.F.A., 15\u002F11\u002F1904, no. 25.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn49",displayNumber:"49",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E49.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Kakkavos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 86.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn50",displayNumber:"50",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E50.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The number of Cretans who participated in the Greek struggle was fairly high. A sobering indication is that, according to official Greek sources, out of the 400 dead bandsmen during the four-year struggle, 136 were Cretans. The second largest group of men, after the local Patriarchists. See: GES\u002FDIS, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 378.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn51",displayNumber:"51",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E51.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E According to Mazarakis the Cretans were ‘… ανυπόφοροι, φιλέριδες, ιδιότροποι και τελειως ακατάλληλοι δχα προπανάνδαν’. Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 216.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn52",displayNumber:"52",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E52.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Vardas felt that ‘… δεν είναι εΰκολον να υποβάλητε εις τον τυχόντα εντόπιον η ξένον Κρήτας συνειθίσαντες να έχωσιν ιδικου’ς των, ουτε то ενάντιον.’ Γενικά Αρχεία του Κράτους (General Archives of the State, hereafter: ΓΑΚ), Vardas Archive, f. 15, 13-17\u002F10\u002F1906, p. 113.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn53",displayNumber:"53",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E53.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Kakkavos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 88-89.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn54",displayNumber:"54",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E54.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Upward, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 31.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn55",displayNumber:"55",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E55.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a number of those brigands, which included Loukas Kokkinos, Groutas, Georgios Dalipis and others, see AYE 1906\u002FMonastir Consulate, Xydakis to Skouze, dated 25\u002F9\u002F1906; AYE 1906\u002FMonastir Consulate, Memorandum by ‘Sinis’ [Nikolaos Kontogouris], dated 4\u002F9\u002F1906; ГАК, Vardas Papers, f. 13, Vardas to ‘Pamikos’, dated 7\u002F9\u002F1906. Cf. Koliopoulos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 232.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn56",displayNumber:"56",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E56.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 232. ГАК, Vardas Archive, f. 13, Vardas to ‘Pamikos’, dated 10\u002F12\u002F1905, p. 13; AYE 1905\u002FSalonika Consulate, Memorandum by Xanthopoulos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\n \u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn57",displayNumber:"57",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E57.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E AYE 1906\u002FMonastir Consulate, Xydakis to Skouzes, 16\u002F6\u002F1906, no. 2419.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn58",displayNumber:"58",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E58.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E AYE 1906\u002FMonastir Consulate, Kontogouris to Skouzes, 4\u002F2\u002F1906, no. 99.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn59",displayNumber:"59",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E59.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E GES\u002FDIS, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 191-193.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn60",displayNumber:"60",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E60.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For treatment of prisoners and their fate see Papatzaneteas, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 23, 49-50, Stavropoulos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 430-431.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn61",displayNumber:"61",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E61.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Upward, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 328.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn62",displayNumber:"62",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E62.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref033\" id=\"ref033\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMelas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ENatalia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EΠαύλος Μελάζ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EAthens-Ioannina\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E370\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E371\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Παύλος Μελάζ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B6&author=Melas+Natalia&publication+year=1992&pages=370-371\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B6&author=Melas+Natalia&publication+year=1992&pages=370-371",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:T,title:T,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:E,tpages:"371",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref033",title:T,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn63",displayNumber:"63",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E63.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ГАК, Vardas Archive, f. 14, 5\u002F6\u002F1905, p. 158.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn64",displayNumber:"64",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E64.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Upward, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 327.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn65",displayNumber:"65",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E65.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For accounts of the attack, see Dakin, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 224-225. The official version is given in GES\u002FDIS, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 188-189. P.R.O. F.O.\u002F195, 2207, Reports from McGregor [British Vice-Consul, Monastir] to O’Conor, dated 9\u002F4\u002F1905, and 12\u002F4\u002F1905.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn66",displayNumber:"66",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E66.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E ГАК, Vardas Archive, f. 14, 1\u002F5\u002F1905, p. 105. It should be added here that the Macedonian Committee, which commanded many bands in the Vilayet of Monastir, ordered them to refrain from further action after the Zagoritsani affair. GES\u002FDIS, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 343-344.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn67",displayNumber:"67",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E67.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 184, where he condemns what he called Όμαδόν σφαγαί кш πυρπολήσεκ ολοκληρων χωρίων, ως тпс Ζαγορίτσανης’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn68",displayNumber:"68",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E68.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For those attacks see GES\u002FDIS, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 198, 222, P.R.O. F.O.\u002F195, 2207, McGregor to O’Connor, Monastir, dated 16\u002F8\u002F1905, Stavropoulos, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 400-401.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn69",displayNumber:au,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E69.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In the Greek Consul in Monastir, Athanasios Chalkiopoulos emphasised that ‘long experience and study’ demonstrated that attacks against villages should be carried out only after sundown. AYE 1906\u002FMonastir Consulate, Chalkiopoulos to Skouzes, 15\u002F5\u002F1906, no. 309.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn70",displayNumber:"70",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E70.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E More often than not the bombs used by the bands were a danger for the bandsmen rather than for the houses attacked. At least one captain was killed while trying to burn a house with a bomb, and the Greek Consul in Monastir prohibited their use. See Chalkiopoulos’s despatch in note 69, referring to the death of the Cretan Captain Leonidas Vlachakis (Captain Litsas).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn71",displayNumber:"71",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E71.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E P.R.O. F.O.\u002F195, 2232, Sonnichsen to Graves, enclosure in Graves to O’Conor, Salonika, 22\u002F3\u002F1906. For the reluctance of Bulgarian bands to fight the Greeks outside their villages cf. Melas’s observations, in: Natalia Mela, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 389.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn72",displayNumber:"72",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E72.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For the Vlachs see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref034\" id=\"ref034\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWinnifrith\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET.J.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe Vlachs: the History of a Balkan People\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1987\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Vlachs: the History of a Balkan People' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Vlachs%3A+the+History+of+a+Balkan+People&author=Winnifrith+T.J.&publication+year=1987\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. For a contemporary description see Upward, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 175-180.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Vlachs%3A+the+History+of+a+Balkan+People&author=Winnifrith+T.J.&publication+year=1987",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:U,title:U,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:k,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref034",title:U,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn73",displayNumber:"73",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E73.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For the ‘treachery’ of pro-Romanian Vlachs see Φθινόπωρο του 1904 στη Μακεδονία. To ανέκδοτο ημερολόγιο του Ευθΰμιου Καοΰδη, ed. by Basil Gunaris (Salonika 1992), 84; Mazarakis, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 204-206. For Koromilas’s views see AYE\u002FA.A.K.\u002FB., Despatches to M.F.A. dated 30\u002F11, 13\u002F12, and 24\u002F12, 1905. The Greek Ministry for Foreign Affairs concurred with his views and condemned violent action against the Vlachs. See AYE 1906\u002FForeign Ministry, F.M. to Salonika Consulate, 2\u002F1\u002F1906, no. 5392. For attacks against Vlach villages see: P.R.O. F.O.\u002F195, 2208, Young to O’Conor, Monastir, 20\u002F11\u002F1905; F.O.\u002F195, 2263, Graves to O’Conor, Salonika, 4\u002F6\u002F1907; F.O.\u002F195, 2206, Graves to O’Conor, Salonika, 9\u002F3\u002F1905.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn74",displayNumber:"74",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E74.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Stoianovich, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 59.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn75",displayNumber:"75",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E75.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a lucid account of European views of the Balkans see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref035\" id=\"ref035\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETodorova\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMaria\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EImagining the Balkans\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EOxford\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1997\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Imagining the Balkans' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Imagining+the+Balkans&author=Todorova+Maria&publication+year=1997\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Imagining+the+Balkans&author=Todorova+Maria&publication+year=1997",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:V,title:V,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:Q,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref035",title:V,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn76",displayNumber:"76",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E76.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For a typical contemporary account see Vivian, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 104-119.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn77",displayNumber:"77",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E77.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Upward, \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eop. cit.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, 328.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn78",displayNumber:"78",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E78.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. Ernest Gellner’s view that the recent horrors of Bosnia were somehow facilitated by the fact that there are societies in the Balkans where ‘men prove their manhood not by success in a career but by quickness on the draw …’. \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref036\" id=\"ref036\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGellner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EErnest\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ENationalism\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELondon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1997\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E61\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Nationalism' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Nationalism&author=Gellner+Ernest&publication+year=1997\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. For a subtle and perceptive analysis of the concept of ‘heroism’ in the Balkans see \u003Cspan class=\"mixed-citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref037\" id=\"ref037\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECampbell\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ‘\u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EThe Greek Hero\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E’, in: \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPitt-Rivers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.G. Peristiany-Julian\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, eds., \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHonor and Grace in Anthropology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ECambridge\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \n \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E129\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E149\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\n \u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Honor and Grace in Anthropology' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Honor+and+Grace+in+Anthropology&author=Campbell+John&author=Pitt-Rivers+J.G.+Peristiany-Julian&publication+year=1992&pages=129-149\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Nationalism&author=Gellner+Ernest&publication+year=1997",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:W,title:W,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:Q,tpages:e,doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref036",title:W,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Honor+and+Grace+in+Anthropology&author=Campbell+John&author=Pitt-Rivers+J.G.+Peristiany-Julian&publication+year=1992&pages=129-149",openUrlParams:{genre:g,btitle:X,title:X,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:e,date:E,tpages:"149",doi:a,sid:f},innerRefId:"ref037",title:X,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]}],figures:[]},pdf:{standardResolution:{fileUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-cambridge-core\u002Fcontent\u002Fview\u002F40679BB0857F424291E33DE6F907137A\u002FS0307013100003128a.pdf\u002Fconquering-the-souls-nationalism-and-greek-guerrilla-warfare-in-ottoman-macedonia-1904-1908.pdf",fileSizeInMb:1,articleTitle:l,slugTitle:"conquering-the-souls-nationalism-and-greek-guerrilla-warfare-in-ottoman-macedonia-1904-1908"},highResolution:e,media:e},classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:b,hasAnyOriginalArticle:b},settings:{hasAccess:c,isOpenAccess:b,displayRightsLink:c,shouldDisplayCrossMark:b,shouldDisplayNasaAds:b,suppressPdf:b,isShareable:c,isAnnotationsEnabled:b,disableArticleCommentary:b,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:b,isCommentsEnabled:b,hasContent:b,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:b,isResearchDirections:b,isQuestionCollection:b,isMathjaxEnabled:b},citationCount:8,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=%E2%80%98Conquering%20the%20souls%E2%80%99%3A%20nationalism%20and%20Greek%20guerrilla%20warfare%20in%20Ottoman%20Macedonia%2C%201904-1908&jtitle=Byzantine%20and%20Modern%20Greek%20Studies&title=Byzantine%20and%20Modern%20Greek%20Studies&date=1999&volume=23&spage=195&epage=221&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Livanios&aufirst=Dimitris&doi=10.1179\u002Fbyz.1999.23.1.195",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:h,paperBackSku:e,hardBackSku:e},subject:[],permissionUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fs100.copyright.com\u002FAppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=BYZ&title=%E2%80%98Conquering%20the%20souls%E2%80%99%3A%20nationalism%20and%20Greek%20guerrilla%20warfare%20in%20Ottoman%20Macedonia%2C%201904-1908&publicationDate=22%20January%202016&author=Dimitris%20Livanios&copyright=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20The%20Centre%20for%20Byzantine%2C%20Ottoman%20and%20Modern%20Greek%20Studies%2C%20University%20of%20Birmingham%201999&contentID=10.1179%2Fbyz.1999.23.1.195&startPage=195&endPage=221&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=23&issueNum=&oa="},breadcrumbs:[{name:"Home",url:"\u002Fcore"},{name:"Journals",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals"},{name:i,url:$},{name:ab,url:ac},{name:"‘Conquering 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and Modern Greek Studies","article_byz_ind_pur","1987","‘Conquering the souls’: nationalism and Greek guerrilla warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904-1908","On War","La Macédoine et l’ Hellénisme. Etude Historique et Ethnologique","Macedonia","The Bulgarian Exarchate: Its History and the Extent of its Authority in Turkey","Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society, I, The Central Lands","Les Bulgares Devant le Congrès de la Paix. Documents Historiques, Ethnographiques et Diplomatiques","Makedoniya: Etnographia i Statistika","Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia","article","1996","Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century","О Μακεδονικόζ Αγών καν η νεώτερη μακεδονική ιστορία","Τουρκία και Ελληνισμάζ. Οδοιπορικό στη Μακεδονία","Macedonia: Its Races and their Future","The East End of Europe","‘Εναζ κρητικόζ αγωνίζεται για τη Μακεδονία: Απομνημονεύματα, 1903-1907","Mikrasiatika","Neohellenism","1992","Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe","The Servian Tragedy With Some Impressions of Macedonia","Brigands with a Cause; Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821-1912","The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1908","The Greek Struggle in Macedonia","Bulgaria, 1878-1918: A History","Bulgarian Conspiracy","The Events of 1903 in Macedonia as Presented in European Diplomatic Correspondence","Το Μακεδονικόν ως ϕάσιζ του Ανατολικού Ζητήματοζ","О Μακεδονικός Αγώναζ. Η ένοπλη ϕάση, 1904-1908","Ourselves and Others. The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912","1997","О Μακεδονικάς Αγώνας. Απομνημονεύματα","Απονμημονεύματα. 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