CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" data-vue-meta-server-rendered> <head>   <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f" type="text/javascript"></script>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7F" data-cookieconsent="statistics"></script> <script data-cookieconsent="statistics"> window.gaDebug = false; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { if (window.gaDebug) { console.log("XXX gaDebug:", arguments); } dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); (function () { try { var g = localStorage.getItem('ga_debug') || ''; window.gaDebug = (g == 'true'); } catch (e) { console.log("ga_debug error:", e); } gtag('config', 'G-DTTE7J8M7F', { 'debug_mode': window.gaDebug, 'send_page_view': false, // 'cookie_domain': 'none', }); })(); </script> <title>IntechOpen - Open Science Open Minds | IntechOpen</title> <meta data-vue-meta="ssr" charset="utf-8"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><meta data-vue-meta="ssr" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="red"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#e10000"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">   <style> @font-face { font-family: 'Relative Faux'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; src: url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot"); src: local("Relative Faux"), local("Relative-Faux"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff") format("woff"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.otf") format("otf"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff2") format("woff2"), url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.ttf") format("ttf"); } .cc-window { font-family: 'Relative Faux', Helvetica; /*border: 0.2em solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);*/ border-top: 0.2em solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .1); font-size: 15px; } .cc-window.cc-banner { padding: 0.85em 1.8em } .cc-floating { padding: .9em !important; font-size: 14px; } @media screen and (max-width: 500px) { .cc-window { font-size: 13.5px; } } </style> <script type="text/javascript" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> var googletag = googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script>    <script type='text/javascript' data-cookieconsent="statistics"> /* eslint-disable camelcase, space-before-blocks, indent, comma-spacing, key-spacing, curly, no-undef, space-before-function-paren, semi, no-implicit-coercion, brace-style, block-spacing, keyword-spacing */ window._vwo_code = window._vwo_code || (function () { var account_id = 531576, settings_tolerance = 2000, library_tolerance = 2500, use_existing_jquery = false, is_spa = 1, hide_element = 'body', /* DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE */ f = false, d = document, code = { use_existing_jquery: function () { return use_existing_jquery; }, library_tolerance: function () { return library_tolerance; }, finish: function () { if (!f) { f = true; var a = d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides'); if (a) a.parentNode.removeChild(a); } }, finished: function () { return f; }, load: function (a) { var b = d.createElement('script'); b.src = a; b.type = 'text/javascript'; b.innerText; b.onerror = function () { _vwo_code.finish(); }; d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(b); }, init: function () { window.settings_timer = setTimeout(function () { _vwo_code.finish() }, settings_tolerance); var a = d.createElement('style'), b = hide_element ? hide_element + '{opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important;}' : '', h = d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; a.setAttribute('id', '_vis_opt_path_hides'); a.setAttribute('type', 'text/css'); if (a.styleSheet) a.styleSheet.cssText = b; else a.appendChild(d.createTextNode(b)); h.appendChild(a); this.load('https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a=' + account_id + '&u=' + encodeURIComponent(d.URL) + '&f=' + (+is_spa) + '&r=' + Math.random()); return settings_timer; } }; window._vwo_settings_timer = code.init(); return code; }()); /* eslint-disable camelcase, space-before-blocks, indent, comma-spacing, key-spacing, curly, no-undef, space-before-function-paren, semi, no-implicit-coercion, brace-style, block-spacing, keyword-spacing */ </script>    <script data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function (h, o, t, j, a, r) { h.hj = h.hj || function () { (h.hj.q = h.hj.q || []).push(arguments) }; h._hjSettings = { hjid: 2839686, hjsv: 6 }; a = o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r = o.createElement('script'); r.async = 1; r.src = t + h._hjSettings.hjid + j + h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window, document, 'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-', '.js?sv='); </script>  <script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/js/adsLoader.js" async defer data-cookieconsent="marketing"></script> <link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/manifest.9e39f07c30703fbe4900.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/vendors~app.52b324948046b5df06f8.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/app.06c67aa800c293c0908d.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/88.8568d182a784fda166fa.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/1.c3d94f0bdd5c2d3fc036.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/0.80249b514f5360c122be.js" as="script"><style data-vue-ssr-id="0d1abbbc:0 2f0968b6:0 1b6d08ae:0 f33ca6fc:0 12dc99d2:0 f89ab7be:0 2230e460:0 21d66a52:0 323cc1d4:0 12bfec8c:0 40fdd095:0 13988d3a:0 6c8a4528:0 61933c3f:0">.resize-observer[data-v-8859cc6c]{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:-1;width:100%;height:100%;border:none;background-color:transparent;pointer-events:none;display:block;overflow:hidden;opacity:0}.resize-observer[data-v-8859cc6c] object{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:hidden;pointer-events:none;z-index:-1}.v-popper__popper{z-index:10000;top:0;left:0;outline:none}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--hidden{visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s,visibility .15s;pointer-events:none}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--shown{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:opacity .15s}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--skip-transition,.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--skip-transition>.v-popper__wrapper{transition:none !important}.v-popper__backdrop{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;display:none}.v-popper__inner{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-y:auto}.v-popper__inner>div{position:relative;z-index:1;max-width:inherit;max-height:inherit}.v-popper__arrow-container{position:absolute;width:10px;height:10px}.v-popper__popper--arrow-overflow .v-popper__arrow-container,.v-popper__popper--no-positioning .v-popper__arrow-container{display:none}.v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__arrow-outer{border-style:solid;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;height:0}.v-popper__arrow-inner{visibility:hidden;border-width:7px}.v-popper__arrow-outer{border-width:6px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-inner{left:-2px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-outer,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-outer{left:-1px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-bottom-width:0;border-left-color:transparent !important;border-right-color:transparent !important;border-bottom-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=top] .v-popper__arrow-inner{top:-2px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-container{top:0}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-top-width:0;border-left-color:transparent !important;border-right-color:transparent !important;border-top-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-inner{top:-4px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=bottom] .v-popper__arrow-outer{top:-6px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-inner{top:-2px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-outer,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-outer{top:-1px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-left-width:0;border-left-color:transparent !important;border-top-color:transparent !important;border-bottom-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-inner{left:-4px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=right] .v-popper__arrow-outer{left:-6px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-container{right:-10px}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-inner,.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-right-width:0;border-top-color:transparent !important;border-right-color:transparent !important;border-bottom-color:transparent !important}.v-popper__popper[data-popper-placement^=left] .v-popper__arrow-inner{left:-2px}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__inner{background:#fff;color:#000;border-radius:6px;border:1px solid #ddd;box-shadow:0 6px 30px #0000001a}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__arrow-inner{visibility:visible;border-color:#fff}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-color:#ddd}.v-popper--theme-tooltip .v-popper__inner{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);color:#fff;border-radius:6px;padding:7px 12px 6px}.v-popper--theme-tooltip .v-popper__arrow-outer{border-color:#000c} .i-container{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;padding:0 2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 73.1875em){.i-container{width:100%;max-width:117em;padding:0;margin:0 auto}}.container{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:0 2rem;margin:0 auto}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.container{max-width:59rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.container{max-width:80.7rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.container{max-width:124rem}}.border-bottom::after{content:'';display:block;width:100%;border-bottom:1px solid #B3AF93;padding-top:4rem}.relative-d1{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:3.2rem;line-height:4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d1{font-size:4.8rem;line-height:5.6rem}}.relative-d2{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d2{font-size:3.2rem;line-height:4rem}}.relative-d2.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d3{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d3{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.6rem}}.relative-d3.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d4{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d4{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.relative-d4.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d5{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d5{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.relative-d5.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d6{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d6{font-size:1.2rem}}.relative-d6.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d7{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d7{font-size:1.8rem}}.relative-d7.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.relative-d7.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1.5px}.relative-d8{font-family:'Relative Book', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.relative-d8{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem}}.relative-d8.bold{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d1{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:4rem;line-height:5.3rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d1{font-size:5.6rem;line-height:7rem}}.brabo-d2{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d2{font-size:3.6rem;line-height:4.4rem}}.brabo-d3{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d3{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem}}.brabo-d3.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d4{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d4{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.brabo-d4.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d5{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d5{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}}.brabo-d5.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d6{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.6rem;font-variant:small-caps}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d6{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.7rem}}.brabo-d6.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d7{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.4rem;font-variant:small-caps}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d7{line-height:1.6rem}}.brabo-d7.bold{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}.brabo-d7.text{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.brabo-d7.text{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.cards{display:flex}.cards__left{margin-right:3.6rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.cards__left{margin-right:0.8rem}}.cards__right{padding-top:8.5rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.cards__right{padding-top:5.5rem}}.card{position:relative;z-index:2;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;padding:2rem;width:18.7rem;height:18.7rem;background:#fffdea;border-radius:1.6rem}.card--light{background-color:#FFFDEA}.card--auto-height{height:auto !important}.card--outlined{border:1px solid #FBB2B2;width:22rem;height:22rem;padding:2rem}.card:not(:last-of-type){margin-bottom:3.2rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.card:not(:last-of-type){margin-bottom:0.8rem}}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card{background-color:#FFFDEA;width:15.2rem;height:18rem}}.card__title{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:2.4rem;color:#e10000}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card__title{font-size:1.8rem}}.card__title>span{display:block;font-size:.7em}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card__title>span{font-size:1.6rem}}.card__image{width:6.9rem;height:auto;margin-bottom:0.8rem}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.card__image{width:3.3rem;margin-bottom:1.8rem}}.card__image--open-submission{max-width:5rem}.badge,.number-box{box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.4rem;border:1px solid #CCC7A8;background-color:#ffffff;height:2.8rem}.badge{position:relative;width:7.9rem;padding:0.2rem 0.8rem}.badge img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.number-box{position:relative;z-index:0;padding:0.5rem 2rem;margin-left:8px}.number-box::after{content:'';position:absolute;left:-4.1px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%) rotate(135deg);z-index:1;border:solid #CCC7A8;border-width:0 1px 1px 0;padding:3px;background-color:white} .swiper-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;padding:0;z-index:1}.swiper-container-no-flexbox .swiper-slide{float:left}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.swiper-wrapper{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-transition-property:-webkit-transform;transition-property:-webkit-transform;-o-transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform, -webkit-transform;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.swiper-container-android .swiper-slide,.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0px, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0px, 0, 0)}.swiper-container-multirow>.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.swiper-container-free-mode>.swiper-wrapper{-webkit-transition-timing-function:ease-out;-o-transition-timing-function:ease-out;transition-timing-function:ease-out;margin:0 auto}.swiper-slide{-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;width:100%;height:100%;position:relative;-webkit-transition-property:-webkit-transform;transition-property:-webkit-transform;-o-transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform;transition-property:transform, -webkit-transform}.swiper-slide-invisible-blank{visibility:hidden}.swiper-container-autoheight,.swiper-container-autoheight .swiper-slide{height:auto}.swiper-container-autoheight .swiper-wrapper{-webkit-box-align:start;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-webkit-transition-property:height, -webkit-transform;transition-property:height, -webkit-transform;-o-transition-property:transform, height;transition-property:transform, height;transition-property:transform, height, -webkit-transform}.swiper-container-3d{-webkit-perspective:1200px;perspective:1200px}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-wrapper,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-cube-shadow{-webkit-transform-style:preserve-3d;transform-style:preserve-3d}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;pointer-events:none;z-index:10}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-left{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, right top, left top, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(right, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(right, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to left, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-right{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-top{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, left bottom, left top, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(bottom, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(bottom, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-3d .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom{background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(rgba(0,0,0,0.5)), to(rgba(0,0,0,0)));background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:-o-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0));background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0,0,0,0.5), rgba(0,0,0,0))}.swiper-container-wp8-horizontal,.swiper-container-wp8-horizontal>.swiper-wrapper{-ms-touch-action:pan-y;touch-action:pan-y}.swiper-container-wp8-vertical,.swiper-container-wp8-vertical>.swiper-wrapper{-ms-touch-action:pan-x;touch-action:pan-x}.swiper-button-prev,.swiper-button-next{position:absolute;top:50%;width:27px;height:44px;margin-top:-22px;z-index:10;cursor:pointer;background-size:27px 44px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-disabled,.swiper-button-next.swiper-button-disabled{opacity:0.35;cursor:auto;pointer-events:none}.swiper-button-prev,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-next{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M0%2C22L22%2C0l2.1%2C2.1L4.2%2C22l19.9%2C19.9L22%2C44L0%2C22L0%2C22L0%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23007aff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");left:10px;right:auto}.swiper-button-next,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-prev{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M27%2C22L27%2C22L5%2C44l-2.1-2.1L22.8%2C22L2.9%2C2.1L5%2C0L27%2C22L27%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23007aff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");right:10px;left:auto}.swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-white,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-next.swiper-button-white{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M0%2C22L22%2C0l2.1%2C2.1L4.2%2C22l19.9%2C19.9L22%2C44L0%2C22L0%2C22L0%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23ffffff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-next.swiper-button-white,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-white{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M27%2C22L27%2C22L5%2C44l-2.1-2.1L22.8%2C22L2.9%2C2.1L5%2C0L27%2C22L27%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23ffffff'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-black,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-next.swiper-button-black{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M0%2C22L22%2C0l2.1%2C2.1L4.2%2C22l19.9%2C19.9L22%2C44L0%2C22L0%2C22L0%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23000000'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-next.swiper-button-black,.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-button-prev.swiper-button-black{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%2027%2044'%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D'M27%2C22L27%2C22L5%2C44l-2.1-2.1L22.8%2C22L2.9%2C2.1L5%2C0L27%2C22L27%2C22z'%20fill%3D'%23000000'%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}.swiper-button-lock{display:none}.swiper-pagination{position:absolute;text-align:center;-webkit-transition:300ms opacity;-o-transition:300ms opacity;transition:300ms opacity;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);z-index:10}.swiper-pagination.swiper-pagination-hidden{opacity:0}.swiper-pagination-fraction,.swiper-pagination-custom,.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets{bottom:10px;left:0;width:100%}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic{overflow:hidden;font-size:0}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{-webkit-transform:scale(0.33);-ms-transform:scale(0.33);transform:scale(0.33);position:relative}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{-webkit-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-main{-webkit-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-prev{-webkit-transform:scale(0.66);-ms-transform:scale(0.66);transform:scale(0.66)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-prev-prev{-webkit-transform:scale(0.33);-ms-transform:scale(0.33);transform:scale(0.33)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-next{-webkit-transform:scale(0.66);-ms-transform:scale(0.66);transform:scale(0.66)}.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet-active-next-next{-webkit-transform:scale(0.33);-ms-transform:scale(0.33);transform:scale(0.33)}.swiper-pagination-bullet{width:8px;height:8px;display:inline-block;border-radius:100%;background:#000;opacity:0.2}button.swiper-pagination-bullet{border:none;margin:0;padding:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}.swiper-pagination-clickable .swiper-pagination-bullet{cursor:pointer}.swiper-pagination-bullet-active{opacity:1;background:#007aff}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets{right:10px;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0px, -50%, 0);transform:translate3d(0px, -50%, 0)}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets .swiper-pagination-bullet{margin:6px 0;display:block}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic{top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);width:8px}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{display:inline-block;-webkit-transition:200ms top, 200ms -webkit-transform;transition:200ms top, 200ms -webkit-transform;-o-transition:200ms transform, 200ms top;transition:200ms transform, 200ms top;transition:200ms transform, 200ms top, 200ms -webkit-transform}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets .swiper-pagination-bullet{margin:0 4px}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic{left:50%;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%);white-space:nowrap}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-bullets.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{-webkit-transition:200ms left, 200ms -webkit-transform;transition:200ms left, 200ms -webkit-transform;-o-transition:200ms transform, 200ms left;transition:200ms transform, 200ms left;transition:200ms transform, 200ms left, 200ms -webkit-transform}.swiper-container-horizontal.swiper-container-rtl>.swiper-pagination-bullets-dynamic .swiper-pagination-bullet{-webkit-transition:200ms right, 200ms -webkit-transform;transition:200ms right, 200ms -webkit-transform;-o-transition:200ms transform, 200ms right;transition:200ms transform, 200ms right;transition:200ms transform, 200ms right, 200ms -webkit-transform}.swiper-pagination-progressbar{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.25);position:absolute}.swiper-pagination-progressbar .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{background:#007aff;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;-webkit-transform:scale(0);-ms-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);-webkit-transform-origin:left top;-ms-transform-origin:left top;transform-origin:left top}.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-pagination-progressbar .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{-webkit-transform-origin:right top;-ms-transform-origin:right top;transform-origin:right top}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-progressbar,.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-progressbar-opposite{width:100%;height:4px;left:0;top:0}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-pagination-progressbar,.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-progressbar-opposite{width:4px;height:100%;left:0;top:0}.swiper-pagination-white .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background:#ffffff}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-white{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.25)}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-white .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{background:#ffffff}.swiper-pagination-black .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background:#000000}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-black{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.swiper-pagination-progressbar.swiper-pagination-black .swiper-pagination-progressbar-fill{background:#000000}.swiper-pagination-lock{display:none}.swiper-scrollbar{border-radius:10px;position:relative;-ms-touch-action:none;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.swiper-container-horizontal>.swiper-scrollbar{position:absolute;left:1%;bottom:3px;z-index:50;height:5px;width:98%}.swiper-container-vertical>.swiper-scrollbar{position:absolute;right:3px;top:1%;z-index:50;width:5px;height:98%}.swiper-scrollbar-drag{height:100%;width:100%;position:relative;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);border-radius:10px;left:0;top:0}.swiper-scrollbar-cursor-drag{cursor:move}.swiper-scrollbar-lock{display:none}.swiper-zoom-container{width:100%;height:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:center}.swiper-zoom-container>img,.swiper-zoom-container>svg,.swiper-zoom-container>canvas{max-width:100%;max-height:100%;-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain}.swiper-slide-zoomed{cursor:move}.swiper-lazy-preloader{width:42px;height:42px;position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;margin-left:-21px;margin-top:-21px;z-index:10;-webkit-transform-origin:50%;-ms-transform-origin:50%;transform-origin:50%;-webkit-animation:swiper-preloader-spin 1s steps(12, end) infinite;animation:swiper-preloader-spin 1s steps(12, end) infinite}.swiper-lazy-preloader:after{display:block;content:'';width:100%;height:100%;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20120%20120'%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cline%20id%3D'l'%20x1%3D'60'%20x2%3D'60'%20y1%3D'7'%20y2%3D'27'%20stroke%3D'%236c6c6c'%20stroke-width%3D'11'%20stroke-linecap%3D'round'%2F%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(30%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(60%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(90%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(120%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(150%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.37'%20transform%3D'rotate(180%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.46'%20transform%3D'rotate(210%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.56'%20transform%3D'rotate(240%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.66'%20transform%3D'rotate(270%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.75'%20transform%3D'rotate(300%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.85'%20transform%3D'rotate(330%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:50%;background-size:100%;background-repeat:no-repeat}.swiper-lazy-preloader-white:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D'0%200%20120%20120'%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cline%20id%3D'l'%20x1%3D'60'%20x2%3D'60'%20y1%3D'7'%20y2%3D'27'%20stroke%3D'%23fff'%20stroke-width%3D'11'%20stroke-linecap%3D'round'%2F%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(30%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(60%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(90%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(120%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.27'%20transform%3D'rotate(150%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.37'%20transform%3D'rotate(180%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.46'%20transform%3D'rotate(210%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.56'%20transform%3D'rotate(240%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.66'%20transform%3D'rotate(270%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.75'%20transform%3D'rotate(300%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D'%23l'%20opacity%3D'.85'%20transform%3D'rotate(330%2060%2C60)'%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E")}@-webkit-keyframes swiper-preloader-spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}@keyframes swiper-preloader-spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg)}}.swiper-container .swiper-notification{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;z-index:-1000}.swiper-container-fade.swiper-container-free-mode .swiper-slide{-webkit-transition-timing-function:ease-out;-o-transition-timing-function:ease-out;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none;-webkit-transition-property:opacity;-o-transition-property:opacity;transition-property:opacity}.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none}.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-fade .swiper-slide-active .swiper-slide-active{pointer-events:auto}.swiper-container-cube{overflow:visible}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;z-index:1;visibility:hidden;-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0;width:100%;height:100%}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none}.swiper-container-cube.swiper-container-rtl .swiper-slide{-webkit-transform-origin:100% 0;-ms-transform-origin:100% 0;transform-origin:100% 0}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-active .swiper-slide-active{pointer-events:auto}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-next,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-prev,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-next+.swiper-slide{pointer-events:auto;visibility:visible}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-cube .swiper-slide-shadow-right{z-index:0;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.swiper-container-cube .swiper-cube-shadow{position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0px;width:100%;height:100%;background:#000;opacity:0.6;-webkit-filter:blur(50px);filter:blur(50px);z-index:0}.swiper-container-flip{overflow:visible}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;z-index:1}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide .swiper-slide{pointer-events:none}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-active,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-active .swiper-slide-active{pointer-events:auto}.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-top,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-bottom,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-left,.swiper-container-flip .swiper-slide-shadow-right{z-index:0;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.swiper-container-coverflow .swiper-wrapper{-ms-perspective:1200px} @font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.eot");src:local("FS Brabo Regular"),local("FSBrabo-Regular"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.eot");src:local("FS Brabo Italic"),local("FSBrabo-Italic"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.eot");src:local("FS Brabo Bold"),local("FSBrabo-Bold"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-BoldItalic.eot");src:local("FS Brabo BoldItalic"),local("FSBrabo-BoldItalic"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-BoldItalic.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-BoldItalic.woff") format("woff");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'Relative Faux';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot");src:local("Relative Faux"),local("Relative-Faux"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.eot#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.otf") format("otf"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff2") format("woff2"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.ttf") format("ttf");-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'Relative Book';src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.eot");src:local("relative-book-pro"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff2") format("woff2"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}@font-face{font-family:'Relative Bold';src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.eot");src:local("relative-bold"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff2") format("woff2"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.ttf") format("truetype");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto}.button-type-1{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;letter-spacing:1px;color:#fffdea;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;display:inline-block;padding:1.2rem 0;border:1px solid #e10000;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);background-color:#e10000;box-sizing:border-box}.button-type-1:hover{color:#fffdea;background-color:#b40000;border-color:#b40000}.button-type-2{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;display:inline-block;padding:1.2rem 0;border:1px solid #e10000;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);color:#e10000;box-sizing:border-box}.button-type-2:hover{color:#fffdea;background-color:#b40000;border-color:#b40000}.button-type-3{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;display:inline-block;padding:1.5rem 0;border:1px solid #fffdea;border-radius:2px;color:#fffdea;box-sizing:border-box}.button-type-3:hover{color:#e10000;background-color:#fffdea}.link-type-1{text-decoration:underline}.link-type-2{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#e10000}.link-type-2:hover{text-decoration:underline}.ais-Highlight em,.ais-Snippet em{font-style:normal;background-color:#e10000;color:#fffdea}.clear{clear:both}.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem !important;line-height:3.2rem !important;font-weight:bold}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-size:2.2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-size:2.4rem;margin-bottom:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.html-formating-footnotes .main-title{font-size:2.6rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}.html-formating-footnotes .section-title,.html-formating-footnotes .subsection-title{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;margin-bottom:2rem;font-size:2rem !important;line-height:3.2rem !important;font-weight:bold}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .section-title,.html-formating-footnotes .subsection-title{font-size:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.html-formating-footnotes .section-title,.html-formating-footnotes .subsection-title{font-size:2.2rem}}.html-formating-footnotes a{position:relative;color:#000}.html-formating-footnotes a:after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;background-image:linear-gradient(to right, #000 0%, #000 100%);background-repeat:repeat-x;background-position:0 90%;background-size:100% 1px}.html-formating-footnotes a:hover:after{display:none}.html-formating-footnotes a:hover{color:#e10000}.html-formating-footnotes .equ{position:relative;left:5em}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list{margin-bottom:3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list li{position:relative;padding-left:1.5rem}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list li:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1.2rem;left:0;width:.75rem;height:.75rem;background:#000;border-radius:50%}.html-formating-footnotes .unordered-list p{margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap{margin-bottom:3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content{background:#fff;border:1px solid #B3AF93;padding:1rem;overflow-x:auto;margin-bottom:2rem;border-radius:6px}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table{width:100%;margin-bottom:4em;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table th{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:1rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table td{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:0.5rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content table th{font-size:1.2rem}}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-content .media-panel{border:none}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .heading{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .text{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 1rem 0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .text p{margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 1rem 0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note label,.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note p{display:inline;margin:0}.html-formating-footnotes .table-wrap .table-caption .note label{margin-right:0.5rem}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel{margin:0 0 3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media{display:block;background:#fff}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media>img{display:block;margin:0 auto;max-width:100%}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .caption>h4{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.4}.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .caption>p{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 1rem 0}.html-formating-footnotes .section{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem;margin-bottom:3rem;padding-bottom:2rem}.html-formating-footnotes .section:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:6rem}.html-formating-footnotes .section .section{padding:0;margin:0;border:0}.html-formating-footnotes .caption{margin-bottom:3rem}.html-formating-footnotes .caption h3{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.5;display:inline;margin-right:1rem}.html-formating-footnotes .caption p{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:1.5;display:inline}.html-formating-footnotes .inline-formula .MathJax_Display{display:inline !important}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media{padding:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.html-formating-footnotes .formula{font-size:1.2rem;margin:4rem 0;text-align:center}.html-formating-footnotes .formula>strong{font-size:.8rem;display:block;text-align:right;margin-top:1rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.html-formating-footnotes .media-panel .media{padding:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}.html-formating-footnotes .formula{margin:5rem 0;text-align:center;position:relative}.html-formating-footnotes .formula>strong{position:absolute;right:0;top:50%;margin-top:-.5rem;font-size:.6rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.html-formating-footnotes .formula{font-size:1.4rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.html-formating-footnotes .formula{font-size:1.6rem}}@media only screen and (min-width: 1001px){.only-on-medium-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-medium-and-smaller-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-extra-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-and-smaller-screen{display:none !important}}@media only screen and (min-width: 801px) and (max-width: 1000px){.only-on-large-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-extra-small-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-and-smaller-screen{display:none !important}}@media only screen and (min-width: 551px) and (max-width: 800px){.only-on-large-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-medium-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-extra-small-screen{display:none !important}}@media only screen and (max-width: 550px){.only-on-large-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-medium-screen{display:none !important}.only-on-small-screen{display:none !important}}@font-face{font-family:"intech";src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.eot?v1.0");src:url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.eot?v1.0#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.woff?v1.0") format("woff"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.ttf?v1.0") format("truetype"),url("https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.svg?v1.0https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech") format("svg");font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}[class^="icon"],[class*=" icon"]{display:inline-block;position:relative;padding-left:40px}[class^="icon"]:before,[class*=" icon"]:before{font-family:"intech";speak:none;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;position:absolute;left:0;top:50%;margin:0;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;margin-top:-20px;text-align:center;text-indent:0}.iconFb:before{content:""}.iconLinkedIn:before{content:""}.iconTwitter:before{content:""}.iconYt:before{content:""}.iconGoogle:before{content:""}.iconStumbleupon:before{content:""}.iconCiteulike:before{content:""}.iconReddit:before{content:""}.iconBibsonomy:before{content:""}.iconCheck:before{content:""}.iconBook:before{content:""}.iconArrowRight:before{content:""}.iconArrowRightThin:before{content:""}.iconArrowDown:before{content:""}.iconCirclePlus:before{content:""}.iconLike:before{content:""}.iconPdf:before{content:""}.iconPlay:before{content:""}.iconPrint:before{content:""}.iconQuoteRight:before{content:""}.iconQuoteLeft:before{content:""}.iconSearch:before{content:""}.iconShare:before{content:""}.iconTimer:before{content:""}.iconTranslate:before{content:""}.iconUser:before{content:""}.iconClose:before{content:""}a{text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;color:inherit}a:focus,a::-moz-focus-inner{outline:none}ol,ul,li,h1,h2,h3,h4,p,a,td,dl,dt,dd,fieldset{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;border:0;font-size:1em}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}img{vertical-align:bottom}button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0;outline:none;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:0}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical}label,button{cursor:pointer}html{font-size:62.5%}body{font-size:1em}figure{margin:0}.cf::after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.icr{padding:0;display:inline-block;width:40px;height:40px;text-indent:-9999em;overflow:hidden}.icr:before{right:0;width:auto;text-indent:0}.nBtn{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;cursor:pointer;background:none;text-align:left}.nBtn::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}html,body{min-height:100%;background-color:#fffdea}body.modal-open{overflow-y:hidden}a{color:inherit}body{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;min-width:32em;position:relative;overflow-x:hidden;color:#000;margin:0}.capitalize{display:inline-block}.capitalize:first-letter{text-transform:uppercase} @media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.page-header[data-v-56230ffb]{min-height:5.6em;background:#e10000}.page-header .search-term[data-v-56230ffb]{display:none}.page-header.has-search .search-term[data-v-56230ffb]{display:block}.page-header .wrap[data-v-56230ffb]{display:none}.page-header .wrap.expanded[data-v-56230ffb]{display:block}.search-term[data-v-56230ffb]{background:#000;position:absolute !important;z-index:100;left:0;right:0}.search-term[data-v-56230ffb] input{padding:1.5rem 1rem !important;border-width:0 !important;width:100%}.search-term[data-v-56230ffb] span{display:none}.toggle[data-v-56230ffb]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1;color:#fffdea;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;padding:1rem 2rem;border:1px solid #fffdea;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2)}.branding[data-v-56230ffb]{position:absolute;left:50%;top:1.1em;margin-left:-1.7em}.branding img[data-v-56230ffb]{display:block;width:3.4em}.bar[data-v-56230ffb]{position:relative;padding:1em}.bar .aside[data-v-56230ffb]{float:right}.bar .user-profile[data-v-56230ffb]{font-size:2.7rem;color:#fffdea;margin-right:0.5rem}.bar .search[data-v-56230ffb]{font-size:2.8em;color:#fffdea;margin-left:0.5rem}.wrap[data-v-56230ffb]{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;padding:1em;background:#000;overflow-y:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.site-nav[data-v-56230ffb]{margin:2em -1rem 0}.nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8em;line-height:1.33333;color:#fffdea;text-align:center;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #333;padding:2rem 1rem}.nav-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-56230ffb]{color:#000;background:#fffdea}.sub-nav[data-v-56230ffb]{padding:1em 0;border-bottom:1px solid #333}.sub-nav-item[data-v-56230ffb],.drop-item[data-v-56230ffb]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.42857;color:#fffdea;text-align:center;display:block}.sub-nav-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-56230ffb],.drop-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-56230ffb]{text-decoration:underline}.sub-nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{padding:2rem 1rem}.drop-item[data-v-56230ffb]{padding:1.5rem 1rem}.cta[data-v-56230ffb]{width:100%;margin:2rem 0}.nav-dropdown[data-v-56230ffb]{margin-bottom:2em}.nav-dropdown p[data-v-56230ffb],.nav-dropdown .nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{display:none}.cart[data-v-56230ffb]{display:inline-flex}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.bar .link[data-v-56230ffb]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:2.2;color:#fffdea;float:left;position:relative;padding:0 1.2rem}.bar .link[data-v-56230ffb]:first-child:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:50%;right:0;height:2rem;width:1px;margin-top:-1rem;background:#fffdea}.sub-nav-item[data-v-56230ffb],.drop-item[data-v-56230ffb]{font-size:1.6em}.sub-nav li[data-v-56230ffb]{display:inline-block;width:50%}.cta-wrap[data-v-56230ffb]{text-align:center}.cta[data-v-56230ffb]{width:23rem;margin:6rem 0 4rem}.nav-dropdown[data-v-56230ffb]{text-align:center;max-width:60em;margin:0 auto 2em}.drop-box[data-v-56230ffb],.drop-item[data-v-56230ffb]{display:inline-block}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.page-header[data-v-56230ffb]{height:9em;background:#e10000}.page-header.has-subnav[data-v-56230ffb]{height:13em}.page-header.has-double-subnav[data-v-56230ffb]{height:17em}.page-header .wrap[data-v-56230ffb]{transition:transform .2s ease-in .3s;position:fixed;z-index:1000;top:0;left:0;right:0;background:#e10000}.page-header .wrap[data-v-56230ffb]::after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.branding[data-v-56230ffb]{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;margin:-2.45em 0 0 -2.45em;width:4.9em}.page-header.home .branding[data-v-56230ffb]{margin:-1.25em 0 0 -8.5em;width:17em}.site-nav[data-v-56230ffb]{padding:0 2em;float:left}.site-nav li[data-v-56230ffb]{display:inline-block}.site-nav .nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{padding:3.5rem 1.5rem 3.5rem 2rem}.site-nav .nav-item.iconArrowDown[data-v-56230ffb]{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:3.5rem}.site-nav .nav-item.iconArrowDown[data-v-56230ffb]:before{font-size:0.6em;left:auto;right:0;margin-top:-18px}.nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:1.25;color:#fffdea;display:block}.nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]:hover,.nav-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-56230ffb]{text-decoration:underline}.nav-item.active-drop[data-v-56230ffb]{background:#000;text-decoration:underline}.sub-nav[data-v-56230ffb]{position:absolute;top:9em;left:0;right:0;background:#f2edc7;text-align:center}.sub-nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.5em;line-height:2rem;color:#e10000;display:inline-block;padding:1rem 2rem}.sub-nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]:hover,.sub-nav-item.router-link-active[data-v-56230ffb]{text-decoration:underline}.p-link[data-v-56230ffb]{color:#e10000}.p-link[data-v-56230ffb]:hover{color:#870000}.aside[data-v-56230ffb]{float:right;margin-right:2em;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.aside ul[data-v-56230ffb]{display:inline-block;margin-right:3em}.aside li[data-v-56230ffb]{display:inline-block}.aside .nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:5px;align-items:center;padding:3.5rem 0rem}.nav-dropdown[data-v-56230ffb]{position:absolute;top:9em;left:0;right:0;background:#000}.nav-dropdown.collapsed[data-v-56230ffb]{display:none}.nav-dropdown .inner[data-v-56230ffb]{max-width:129em;margin:0 auto}.drop-box[data-v-56230ffb]{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:25%;box-sizing:border-box;padding:6em 3em}.drop-box .nav-item[data-v-56230ffb]{margin-bottom:2rem}.drop-box p[data-v-56230ffb]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.6;color:#fff;margin-bottom:2rem}.drop-box p a[data-v-56230ffb]{color:#fffdea}.drop-box p a[data-v-56230ffb]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.drop-item[data-v-56230ffb]{font-size:1.8em;line-height:1.33;color:#fffdea;display:block;margin-bottom:3rem}.drop-item[data-v-56230ffb]:hover,.drop-item.router-link-active[data-v-56230ffb]{text-decoration:underline}}.sticky-nav[data-v-56230ffb]{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.aside .mobile-submenu[data-v-56230ffb]{display:flex;position:absolute;background-color:white;left:0;min-width:100%;z-index:1;flex-direction:column;padding:3rem;gap:1rem;line-height:3rem;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);margin-top:-0.7rem;align-items:center;font-size:1.8rem}.aside .mobile-submenu a[data-v-56230ffb]:hover{color:#e10000}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.aside ul li[data-v-56230ffb]{position:relative}.aside ul li .submenu[data-v-56230ffb]{display:none;position:absolute;background-color:white;left:0;min-width:100%;z-index:1}.aside ul li:hover>.submenu[data-v-56230ffb]{min-width:200px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:3rem;gap:1rem;line-height:3rem;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.aside ul li:hover>.submenu a[data-v-56230ffb]:hover{color:#e10000}} @media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){#app[data-scrolldir="up"] .page-header .wrap{transform:translateY(0)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header .wrap{transform:translateY(-100%)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header.has-subnav .wrap{transform:translateY(-13em)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header.has-double-subnav .wrap{transform:translateY(-17em)}} .search-term[data-v-6047d25e]{position:relative;display:inline-block}.search-term input[data-v-6047d25e]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:1.5;color:#fff;padding:0.5rem 1rem;border:2px solid #fffdea;border-radius:2px;background:transparent}.search-term input[data-v-6047d25e]::placeholder{color:#fffdea;opacity:1}.search-term .iconSearch[data-v-6047d25e]{position:absolute;left:initial;right:0;top:50%;margin-top:-2rem;color:#fffdea;background:none;border:0}.search-term .iconSearch[data-v-6047d25e]:before{font-size:2em} .btn[data-v-cef5d6ac]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;margin-left:1rem;text-align:center;line-height:2.4rem;border:0;background:none;padding:5px;display:inline-block;position:relative}.btn-share[data-v-cef5d6ac]{font-size:1.6rem}.btn-share img[data-v-cef5d6ac]{color:#fffdea}.qty[data-v-cef5d6ac]{background-color:#fffdea;color:#e10000;font-size:1.4rem;padding:0 5px;border-radius:10px;margin-right:5px;position:absolute;top:5px;left:27px;coursor:pointer;line-height:2rem} .intro[data-v-562bd43e]{max-width:117em;margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 2em;border-bottom:1px solid #e10000;padding-bottom:4rem;margin-bottom:4rem}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.intro[data-v-562bd43e]{padding:0 1.5em}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.intro[data-v-562bd43e]{padding:0 2em}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.intro[data-v-562bd43e]{margin-top:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.intro[data-v-562bd43e]{margin-top:4rem}}.heading-1[data-v-562bd43e]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;line-height:1.5;text-align:center}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.heading-1[data-v-562bd43e]{font-size:2.2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.heading-1[data-v-562bd43e]{font-size:2.6rem;margin-bottom:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.heading-1[data-v-562bd43e]{font-size:4.8rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}.content[data-v-562bd43e]{max-width:77rem;margin:0 auto;font-size:2em;line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:3rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.content[data-v-562bd43e]{font-size:1.7rem}}.content[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-size:2.2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-size:2.4rem;margin-bottom:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-size:2.6rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}.content[data-v-562bd43e] h3{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] h3{font-size:2.2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] h3{font-size:2.4rem;margin-bottom:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] h3{font-size:2.6rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}.content[data-v-562bd43e] p{margin-bottom:3rem}.content[data-v-562bd43e] a{color:#e10000}.content[data-v-562bd43e] a:hover{color:#870000}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ul{line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:3rem;margin-top:3rem}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ul li{position:relative;padding-left:3rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ul li:before{content:'';position:absolute;left:10px;top:12px;width:6px;height:6px;background:#e10000}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] ul li{padding-left:2rem}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ul li:before{left:0}}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] ul{line-height:1.4}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ul li:before{top:8px}}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ol{line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:3rem;margin-top:3rem}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ol li{list-style:decimal inside;padding-left:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.content[data-v-562bd43e] ol li:before{content:"";margin-right:1rem}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] ol li{line-height:1.4;padding-left:0}}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] ol{line-height:1.4}}.content[data-v-562bd43e] table{width:100%;margin-bottom:4em;border:0;border-collapse:collapse}.content[data-v-562bd43e] table th{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:1rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}.content[data-v-562bd43e] table td{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:0.5rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.content[data-v-562bd43e] table th{font-size:1.2rem}}.body[data-v-562bd43e]{max-width:117em;margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 2em}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.body[data-v-562bd43e]{padding:0 1.5em}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.body[data-v-562bd43e]{padding:0 2em}}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.body[data-v-562bd43e]{margin-bottom:5rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.body[data-v-562bd43e]{margin-bottom:6rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.body[data-v-562bd43e]{margin-bottom:8rem}}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e]{max-width:77rem;margin:0 auto;font-size:2em;line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:3rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e]{font-size:1.7rem}}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h1{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;line-height:1.5;text-align:center}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h1{font-size:2.2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h1{font-size:2.6rem;margin-bottom:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h1{font-size:4.8rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h1{margin-top:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h1{margin-top:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h1{margin-top:4rem}}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-size:2.2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-size:2.4rem;margin-bottom:3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h2{font-size:2.6rem;margin-bottom:4rem}}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h2{margin-top:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h2{margin-top:3rem}}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h3{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:2rem}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h3{font-size:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] h3{font-size:2.2rem}}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] p{margin-bottom:3rem}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] a{color:#e10000}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] a:hover{color:#870000}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ul{line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:3rem;margin-top:3rem}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ul li{position:relative;padding-left:3rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ul li:before{content:'';position:absolute;left:10px;top:12px;width:6px;height:6px;background:#e10000}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ul li{padding-left:2rem}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ul li:before{left:0}}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ul{line-height:1.4}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ul li:before{top:8px}}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ol{line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:3rem;margin-top:3rem}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ol li{list-style:decimal inside;padding-left:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ol li:before{content:"";margin-right:1rem}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ol li{line-height:1.4;padding-left:0}}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] ol{line-height:1.4}}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] table{width:100%;margin-bottom:4em;border:0;border-collapse:collapse}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] table th{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:1rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] table td{font-size:1.2rem;vertical-align:middle;padding:0.5rem;border:1px solid rgba(51,51,51,0.2)}@media screen and (max-width: 50em){.htmlText[data-v-562bd43e] table th{font-size:1.2rem}}.media-image[data-v-562bd43e]{max-width:77rem;margin:0 auto;margin-bottom:3rem}.media-image>img[data-v-562bd43e]{width:100%;display:block}.eu[data-v-562bd43e]{max-width:73rem;margin:40px auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.eu p[data-v-562bd43e]{text-align:center}.logos[data-v-562bd43e]{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:15px;flex-direction:column;align-items:center}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.logos[data-v-562bd43e]{flex-direction:row;margin-top:4rem}}.eu-logo[data-v-562bd43e]{width:10.7rem;height:auto}.esif-logo[data-v-562bd43e]{width:25.5rem;height:auto} .footer[data-v-e6aca418]{background:#000;color:#fffad2}.inner[data-v-e6aca418]{max-width:117em;margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 2em}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.inner[data-v-e6aca418]{padding:0 1.5em}.inner .aside[data-v-e6aca418]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:5rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.inner[data-v-e6aca418]{padding:0 2em}.inner .aside[data-v-e6aca418]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:5rem}.inner .main .inner[data-v-e6aca418]{max-width:60em;margin:0 auto}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.inner .wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{display:table;width:100%}.inner .aside[data-v-e6aca418]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;width:27em;padding-left:2em}.inner .aside .track[data-v-e6aca418]{transition:top .2s ease-in .3s;transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:2rem}.inner .main[data-v-e6aca418]{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}.inner .main .inner[data-v-e6aca418]{max-width:68em;margin:0 auto}}.title[data-v-e6aca418]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#fffdea;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.3;display:block;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.title[data-v-e6aca418]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.link[data-v-e6aca418]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#fffdea;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.6;display:block;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.link[data-v-e6aca418]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.icr[data-v-e6aca418]{display:inline-block;font-size:2em;left:0;margin-right:0.5rem;text-indent:initial}.icr[data-v-e6aca418]:last-child{margin-right:0}.icr img[data-v-e6aca418]{width:60%}.meta[data-v-e6aca418],.address[data-v-e6aca418]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4em;line-height:1.7;color:#fff}.address[data-v-e6aca418]{margin:3rem 0 2rem}.meta[data-v-e6aca418]{margin-bottom:2rem}.search-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{margin:4rem 0}.search-term[data-v-e6aca418] input{padding:0.8rem 4rem 0.8rem 1.5rem}.legal-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.85;padding:2rem 0;border-top:1px solid #666}.legal-nav li[data-v-e6aca418]{display:inline-block}.legal-nav li a[data-v-e6aca418]{color:#fffdea;padding:0 1rem;border-right:1px solid #666}.legal-nav li a[data-v-e6aca418]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.legal-nav li:last-child a[data-v-e6aca418]{border:none;padding-right:0}.copyright[data-v-e6aca418]{color:#fff}@media screen and (max-width: 34.375em){.inner[data-v-e6aca418]{padding-top:5rem}.link[data-v-e6aca418]:not(.mail){display:none}.title[data-v-e6aca418]{font-size:1.5em}.nav-box[data-v-e6aca418]{width:50%;float:left;box-sizing:border-box}.nav-box[data-v-e6aca418]:last-child{clear:both;width:100%}.social-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{margin:2rem 0 4rem;text-align:center}.icr[data-v-e6aca418]{margin-right:2rem}.address[data-v-e6aca418]{width:50%;float:left;margin:0}.meta-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{width:50%;float:right;box-sizing:border-box;padding-left:2rem}.meta[data-v-e6aca418]{margin-bottom:1rem}.search-term[data-v-e6aca418]{width:100%}.search-term[data-v-e6aca418] input{font-size:2em;width:100%}.cta[data-v-e6aca418]{display:block;margin-top:3rem}.legal-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{text-align:center}.legal-nav[data-v-e6aca418]{max-width:30rem;margin:0 auto}.legal-nav li[data-v-e6aca418]{margin-bottom:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em){.legal-nav[data-v-e6aca418]{float:right}.cta[data-v-e6aca418]{float:right;width:25%}}@media screen and (min-width: 34.4375em) and (max-width: 50em){.inner[data-v-e6aca418]{padding-top:6rem}.nav-box[data-v-e6aca418]{width:calc(100% / 3);float:left;box-sizing:border-box}.nav-box[data-v-e6aca418]:last-child{clear:both;width:100%;margin-top:5rem}.icr[data-v-e6aca418]{margin-right:0.3rem}.social-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{width:calc(100% / 3);float:right}.company-info-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{width:calc((100% / 3)*2);float:left}.address[data-v-e6aca418]{width:50%;float:left;margin:0}.meta-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{width:50%;float:right}.search-wrap[data-v-e6aca418]{margin:5rem 0}.cta[data-v-e6aca418]{width:calc(100% /3)}}@media screen and (min-width: 50.0625em){.inner[data-v-e6aca418]{padding-top:8rem}.nav-box[data-v-e6aca418]{width:25%;float:left;box-sizing:border-box}.nav-box[data-v-e6aca418]:first-of-type{padding-left:0}.nav-box[data-v-e6aca418]:last-of-type{padding-right:0}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.icr[data-v-e6aca418]{margin-right:2rem}} .sidebar-overlay[data-v-f9e5df86]{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);display:none;z-index:998}.show-sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block;overflow-y:scroll}.sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:calc(45% - 20rem);height:100%;padding-top:9rem;padding:10rem 10rem;position:absolute;display:flex;flex-direction:column;top:0;right:-50%;background-color:#fffdea;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);transition:right 0.3s ease-in-out;z-index:999}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:calc(100% - 40px);right:0;padding:20px;padding-top:9rem}}.sidebar .primary[data-v-f9e5df86]{color:#e10000;background-color:transparent}.show-sidebar[data-v-f9e5df86]{right:0}.input[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:50px}.text-center[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:center;align-content:center}.content[data-v-f9e5df86]{padding-top:2rem;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:25px}.cart-title[data-v-f9e5df86]{padding-bottom:1rem}.author-price[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:flex;justify-content:end;align-items:center;width:100%}.summary[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:flex;justify-content:end;gap:2rem;align-items:center;width:100%}.summary .subtotal[data-v-f9e5df86]{color:var(--neutrals-black, #000);font-feature-settings:"clig" off, "liga" off;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:normal}.note[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:center;font-family:'Relative Pro', sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;line-height:140%;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.contact[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:center;font-family:'Relative Pro', sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;line-height:140%;padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem;vertical-align:middle}.contact a[data-v-f9e5df86]{color:#e10000}.button[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:100%}.mobile[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:none}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.mobile[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block}}.desktop[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.desktop[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:none}}.close-btn[data-v-f9e5df86]{position:absolute;top:5rem;right:2rem;background:none;border:none;font-size:1.5rem;cursor:pointer;display:none}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.close-btn[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:block}}.sale[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration-color:red;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.info[data-v-f9e5df86]{margin-bottom:-2px}.tooltip[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper__inner[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper .v-popper__inner[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper__popper.v-popper__popper--hidden[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important}.v-popper--theme-dropdown .v-popper__inner[data-v-f9e5df86]{font-size:26px !important;background:#4d07ff;color:black;border-radius:6px;border:4px solid #ddd;box-shadow:0 6px 30px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.login[data-v-f9e5df86]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;padding:2rem;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;margin:2rem 0;box-shadow:0px 0px 36px 0px rgba(233,221,126,0.4)}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.login[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:calc(100% - 4rem)}}table.price-brakedown[data-v-f9e5df86]{width:100%}table.price-brakedown td[data-v-f9e5df86]{padding:1rem 0px}table.price-brakedown td.summary[data-v-f9e5df86]{text-align:right}table.price-brakedown .border-b[data-v-f9e5df86]{border-bottom:0.5px solid #807d69} .items[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{padding-bottom:2rem;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:32px;border-bottom:0.5px solid #807d69;width:99%}.items .cover[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;align-content:center;gap:8px;width:150px;min-width:100px;text-align:center}.items .details[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;height:95%}.items .details .title[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{font-size:20px;line-height:30px}.items .details .controls[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-end;width:100%;align-items:end;margin-top:1rem}.items .details .controls .selector[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:space-between;width:50%;align-items:end;gap:1rem}.items .details .controls .selector .unit-price[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.items .details .controls .selector .product-quantity[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{min-width:75px}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.items .details .controls .selector .product-quantity[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{min-width:90px}}.items .details .total-price[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-end}.items .details input[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{max-width:4.5rem;margin:0;padding:1.07rem 0;text-align:center;border-top:1px solid grey;border-left:1px solid grey;border-bottom:1px solid grey;border-right:0;font-size:16px;font-family:"Relative Pro"}.items .details .quantity-selectors-container[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin:0;padding:0}.items .details .quantity-selectors[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin:0;padding:0;margin-left:-0.5rem}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin:0;border-radius:0;border:1px solid grey;background-color:#fff;color:grey;font-size:14px}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[data-v-5ab9f6ad]:first-child{border-bottom:0}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[data-v-5ab9f6ad]:hover{cursor:pointer}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[disabled="disabled"][data-v-5ab9f6ad]{cursor:not-allowed}.items .details .quantity-selectors button[disabled="disabled"] span[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{opacity:0.5}.items .remove[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{display:flex;align-content:center;justify-content:center;padding-top:1rem;cursor:pointer;color:#e10000;background-color:transparent}.sale[data-v-5ab9f6ad]{text-decoration:line-through;text-decoration-color:red;text-decoration-thickness:1px} .discount-box[data-v-984dc9c8]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:2rem;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;margin:2rem 0;box-shadow:0px 0px 36px 0px rgba(233,221,126,0.4)}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.discount-box[data-v-984dc9c8]{width:calc(100% - 4rem)}}.discount-box .title-box[data-v-984dc9c8]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;width:calc(100% - 2rem);justify-content:space-between;padding:0 1rem;align-items:center;cursor:pointer}.discount-box p[data-v-984dc9c8]{text-align:center;font-family:"Relative Pro", sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:14px}.discount-box .table-discounts[data-v-984dc9c8]{margin:2rem}.discount-box .table-discounts tr[data-v-984dc9c8]{font-family:"Relative Pro", sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;line-height:20px}.discount-box .table-discounts tr td[data-v-984dc9c8]{width:50%;padding:10px 0}.discount-box .primary[data-v-984dc9c8]{color:#e10000;background-color:transparent} .btn[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;box-sizing:border-box;background:none;outline:0;border:0;border-radius:4px}.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem;color:#fffdea;background:#e10000;padding:2rem 4rem}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;padding:1rem 2.5rem}}.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover,.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]:active{background:#BE0000}.btn--large[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#FCE5E5;background:#FBB2BA;cursor:default !important}.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem;color:#fffdea;background:#e10000;width:12rem;padding:1.4rem 3.4rem}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]{font-size:1.4rem;padding:1rem 2.5rem;width:9.6rem}}.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover,.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]:active{background:#BE0000}.btn--small[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#FCE5E5;background:#FBB2BA;cursor:default !important}.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]{color:#e10000;background:#fffdea !important;border:1px solid #e10000}.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover,.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]:active{color:#BE0000;border-color:#BE0000}.btn--outline[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#F08080;background:#F08080;border-color:#F08080;cursor:default !important}.btn--flat[data-v-4e735fe2]{color:#000000;background:#fffdea;border:0}.btn--flat[data-v-4e735fe2]:hover{background:#fffdea;color:#e10000}.btn--flat[data-v-4e735fe2]:disabled{color:#CCC7A8;background:none;cursor:default !important} </style></head> <body> <div id="app"> <div id="app" data-server-rendered="true"><div data-v-121b9f13><header id="page-header" class="page-header" data-v-56230ffb data-v-121b9f13>  <div class="wrap" data-v-56230ffb><a href="/" class="router-link-active" data-v-56230ffb><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/svg/logo.svg" alt="IntechOpen" class="branding" data-v-56230ffb></a> <nav class="site-nav" data-v-56230ffb><ul data-v-56230ffb><li data-v-56230ffb><a href="/books" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>Books</a></li> <li data-v-56230ffb><a href="/series" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>Book Series</a></li> <li data-v-56230ffb><a href="/journals" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>Journals</a></li> <li data-v-56230ffb><a href="/publish" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>Publish</a></li> <li data-v-56230ffb><a href="/about-intechopen" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>About</a> </li> <li data-v-56230ffb><a href="/news" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>News</a> </li></ul></nav> <aside class="aside" data-v-56230ffb><ul data-v-56230ffb><li data-v-56230ffb><a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=sf&env=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.intechopen.com" class="nav-item" style="padding-right: 10px;" data-v-56230ffb>Author Panel</a></li></ul> <ul data-v-56230ffb><li data-v-56230ffb><a class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-v-56230ffb><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 19.4845C15.5699 20.4417 13.8501 21 12 21C10.1499 21 8.43012 20.4417 7.00003 19.4845C7.00337 18.6301 7.28275 18.073 7.74856 17.7014C8.25409 17.2982 9.12203 17 10.5 17H13.5C14.878 17 15.7459 17.2982 16.2514 17.7014C16.7172 18.073 16.9966 18.6301 17 19.4845ZM18.7594 17.9424C18.5234 17.2407 18.1095 16.6251 17.4986 16.1379C16.5041 15.3447 15.122 15 13.5 15H10.5C8.87797 15 7.49591 15.3447 6.50144 16.1379C5.89055 16.6251 5.47658 17.2407 5.24057 17.9424C3.84587 16.3572 3 14.2774 3 12C3 7.02944 7.02944 3 12 3C16.9706 3 21 7.02944 21 12C21 14.2774 20.1541 16.3572 18.7594 17.9424ZM23 12C23 18.0751 18.0751 23 12 23C5.92487 23 1 18.0751 1 12C1 5.92487 5.92487 1 12 1C18.0751 1 23 5.92487 23 12ZM16 10C16 12.2091 14.2091 14 12 14C9.79086 14 8 12.2091 8 10C8 7.79086 9.79086 6 12 6C14.2091 6 16 7.79086 16 10ZM14 10C14 11.1046 13.1046 12 12 12C10.8954 12 10 11.1046 10 10C10 8.89543 10.8954 8 12 8C13.1046 8 14 8.89543 14 10Z" fill="#FFFDEA" data-v-56230ffb></path></svg> <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" data-v-56230ffb><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 6L7.998 10.998L12.996 6H3Z" fill="#FFFDEA" data-v-56230ffb></path> <mask id="mask0_8058_163998" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="6" width="10" height="5" style="mask-type:luminance" data-v-56230ffb><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 6L7.998 10.998L12.996 6H3Z" fill="white" data-v-56230ffb></path></mask> <g mask="url(#mask0_8058_163998)" data-v-56230ffb></g></svg></a> <ul class="submenu" data-v-56230ffb> <li data-v-56230ffb><a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=www&returl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fcontact-us" class="relative-d5" data-v-56230ffb>Login</a></li>  </ul></li></ul> <form class="search-term" data-v-6047d25e data-v-56230ffb><input placeholder="Search" required="required" value="" data-v-6047d25e> <button type="submit" class="icr iconSearch" data-v-6047d25e>Submit</button></form> </aside> <div class="nav-dropdown collapsed" data-v-56230ffb><div class="inner" data-v-56230ffb><div class="drop-box" data-v-56230ffb><a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" class="drop-item" data-v-56230ffb>What is Open Access?</a> <p data-v-56230ffb>Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.</p></div> <div class="drop-box" data-v-56230ffb><a href="/authors-and-editors" class="drop-item" data-v-56230ffb>Our Authors and Editors</a> <p data-v-56230ffb>We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.</p></div> <div class="drop-box" data-v-56230ffb><a href="/page/content-alerts" class="drop-item" data-v-56230ffb>Content Alerts</a> <p data-v-56230ffb>Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective</p> <a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>How it Works</a> <a href="#" class="nav-item" data-v-56230ffb>Manage preferences</a></div> <div class="drop-box" data-v-56230ffb><a href="/page/contact-us" class="drop-item" data-v-56230ffb>Contact</a> <p data-v-56230ffb>Want to get in touch? Contact our London head office or <a href="#" data-v-56230ffb>media team here</a></p> <a href="/page/careers-at-intechopen" class="drop-item" data-v-56230ffb>Careers</a> <p data-v-56230ffb>Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing.</p></div></div></div></div></header> <div data-v-562bd43e data-v-121b9f13><section data-v-562bd43e><div class="intro" data-v-562bd43e><h1 class="heading-1" data-v-562bd43e>Contact Us</h1> <div class="content" data-v-562bd43e><p data-v-562bd43e>We pride ourselves on our belief that scientific progress is generated by collaboration, that the playing field for scientific research should be leveled globally, and that research conducted in a democratic environment, with the use of innovative technologies, should be made available to anyone.</p> <p data-v-562bd43e>We look forward to hearing from individuals and organizations who are interested in new discoveries and sharing their research.</p></div></div> <div class="body" data-v-562bd43e><div class="htmlText" data-v-562bd43e><p data-v-562bd43e><strong data-v-562bd43e>London</strong></p> <p data-v-562bd43e>IntechOpen Limited</p> <p data-v-562bd43e>167-169 Great Portland Street,</p> <p data-v-562bd43e>London, W1W 5PF, United Kingdom</p> <p data-v-562bd43e>Phone: +44 20 8089 5702</p> <p data-v-562bd43e> </p> <p data-v-562bd43e><strong data-v-562bd43e>Rijeka</strong></p> <p data-v-562bd43e>IN TECH d.o.o.</p> <p data-v-562bd43e>Prolaz Marije Krucifikse Kozulić 3</p> <p data-v-562bd43e>51000 Rijeka - Croatia</p> <p data-v-562bd43e>Phone: +385 (0) 51 770 447</p></div> <div class="media-image" data-v-562bd43e><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/contact-us/3.jpg" alt data-v-562bd43e></div> <div class="htmlText" data-v-562bd43e><p data-v-562bd43e>General Inquires: <a href="http://info@intechopen.com" data-v-562bd43e>info@intechopen.com </a></p> <p data-v-562bd43e>Funders: <a href="http://funders@intechopen.com" data-v-562bd43e>funders@intechopen.com </a></p> <p data-v-562bd43e><em data-v-562bd43e>*INTECHOPEN LIMITED is a privately owned company registered in England and Wales, No. 11086078 Registered Office: 167-169 Great Portland Street, London, W1W 5PF, United Kingdom</em></p> <p data-v-562bd43e><em data-v-562bd43e>**IN TECH d.o.o. | Prolaz Marije Krucifikse Kozulić 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia | VAT/TAX ID/EIT#: HR71692491655 | MBS (company's court registration number): 040244148 at the Commercial Court in Rijeka (Trgovački sud u Rijeci) | Company's equity: 13.500,00 EUR fully paid | Members of the Board: S. Uhač, A. Assad De Marco and S. Janićijević | Bank Account Details: IBAN: HR3523400091110909947 at Privredna banka Zagreb d.d., Radnička cesta 50, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Swift Code: PBZGHR2X</em></p></div> <div class="eu" data-v-562bd43e><div class="logos" data-v-562bd43e><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/contact-us/EU_Logo.png" alt="Eu Logo" class="eu-logo" data-v-562bd43e> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/contact-us/ESIF.png" alt="ESIF" class="esif-logo" data-v-562bd43e> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/contact-us/HAMAG-Bicro-logo.jpg" alt="HAMAG-BICRO" class="hamag-bicro-logo" data-v-562bd43e></div> <p data-v-562bd43e>The final recipient of a financial instrument co-financed by the European Fund for the <br data-v-562bd43e> Rsegional Development within the Operational Program ‘Competitiveness and Cohesion’</p></div></div></section></div> <footer data-v-e6aca418 data-v-121b9f13> <div class="footer" data-v-e6aca418><div class="inner" data-v-e6aca418><div class="footer-nav cf" data-v-e6aca418><div class="nav-box" data-v-e6aca418><a href="/" class="title router-link-active" data-v-e6aca418>Home</a> <a href="/news" class="title" data-v-e6aca418>News</a> <a href="/contact-us" aria-current="page" class="title router-link-exact-active router-link-active" data-v-e6aca418>Contact</a> <a href="/page/careers-at-intechopen" class="title" data-v-e6aca418>Careers</a> <a href="/sdg-hub" class="title" data-v-e6aca418>SDG Hub</a></div> <div class="nav-box" data-v-e6aca418> <a href="/about-intechopen" class="title" data-v-e6aca418>About</a> <a href="/authors-and-editors" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Our Authors and Editors</a> <a href="/page/scientific-advisors" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Scientific Advisors</a> <a href="/page/team" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Team</a> <a href="/page/events" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Events</a> <a href="/advertising" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Advertising</a> <a href="/page/partnerships" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Memberships and Partnerships</a></div> <div class="nav-box" data-v-e6aca418><a href="/publish" class="title" data-v-e6aca418>Publish</a> <a href="/page/about-open-access" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>About Open Access</a> <a href="/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>How it Works</a> <a href="/page/OA-publishing-fees" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>OA Publishing Fees</a> <a href="/open-access-funding" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Open Access Funding</a> <a href="/peer-reviewing" class="link" data-v-e6aca418>Peer Review</a> <a href="/page/editorial-policies" class="title" data-v-e6aca418>Editorial Policies</a></div> <div class="nav-box" data-v-e6aca418><div class="social-wrap" data-v-e6aca418><a href="https://twitter.com/intechopen" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-e6aca418><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/svg/x.svg" alt="Twitter" data-v-e6aca418></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/IntechOpen" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-e6aca418><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/svg/facebook.svg" alt="Facebook" data-v-e6aca418></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/intechopen" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-e6aca418><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/svg/linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn" data-v-e6aca418></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/intechopen/" target="_blank" class="icr" data-v-e6aca418><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/45.124/svg/instagram.svg" alt="Instagram" data-v-e6aca418></a></div> <div class="company-info-wrap cf" data-v-e6aca418><p class="address" data-v-e6aca418> IntechOpen Limited<br data-v-e6aca418> 167-169 Great Portland Street,<br data-v-e6aca418> London, W1W 5PF,<br data-v-e6aca418> UNITED KINGDOM </p> <div class="meta-wrap" data-v-e6aca418><p class="meta" data-v-e6aca418>Phone: +44 20 8089 5702</p></div></div></div></div> <div class="search-wrap cf" data-v-e6aca418><form class="search-term" data-v-6047d25e data-v-e6aca418><input placeholder="Search" required="required" value="" data-v-6047d25e> <button type="submit" class="icr iconSearch" data-v-6047d25e>Submit</button></form> <a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=sf&env=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.intechopen.com" target="_blank" class="cta button-type-1" data-v-e6aca418>Author Panel Sign in</a></div> <div class="legal-wrap" data-v-e6aca418><ul class="legal-nav" data-v-e6aca418><li data-v-e6aca418><a href="/page/terms-and-conditions" data-v-e6aca418>Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li data-v-e6aca418><a href="/privacy-policy" data-v-e6aca418>Privacy Policy</a></li> <li data-v-e6aca418><a href="/page/customer-complaints" data-v-e6aca418>Customer Complaints</a></li></ul> <p class="copyright" data-v-e6aca418>© 2024 IntechOpen. All rights reserved.</p></div></div></div></footer></div>  <div data-v-f9e5df86><div class="sidebar-overlay" data-v-f9e5df86><div class="sidebar" data-v-f9e5df86><button class="close-btn primary relative-d4 bold" data-v-f9e5df86>CLOSE X</button> <div class="login" data-v-f9e5df86><p class="relative-d4" data-v-f9e5df86><span class="relative-d4" data-v-f9e5df86> IntechOpen Author/Editor?</span> <br data-v-f9e5df86> To get your discount, <a href="https://auth.intechopen.com/?ref=login&referer=www&returl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fcontact-us" class="primary" data-v-f9e5df86>log in</a>. </p></div> <h3 class="relative-d3 bold cart-title" data-v-f9e5df86>Your cart</h3> <div class="content" data-v-5ab9f6ad data-v-f9e5df86></div> <div class="discount-box" data-v-984dc9c8 data-v-f9e5df86><div class="title-box" data-v-984dc9c8><p class="note" data-v-984dc9c8> Discounts available on purchase of multiple copies. <span class="primary" data-v-984dc9c8>View rates</span></p> <span data-v-984dc9c8><svg width="15" height="8" viewBox="0 0 15 8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="arrow-down" data-v-984dc9c8><path d="M1.82935 1L7.82935 7L13.8293 1" stroke="black" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" data-v-984dc9c8></path></svg></span></div> </div> <div class="author-price" data-v-f9e5df86><table class="price-brakedown" data-v-f9e5df86>   <tr data-v-f9e5df86><td data-v-f9e5df86><span class="relative-d3 bold subtotal" data-v-f9e5df86>Subtotal</span></td> <td class="summary" data-v-f9e5df86><strong class="relative-d3 bold" data-v-f9e5df86> £0.00 </strong></td></tr></table></div> <p class="note" data-v-f9e5df86> Local taxes (VAT) are calculated in later steps, if applicable. </p> <a href="/login" data-v-f9e5df86><button class="btn button btn--large " data-v-4e735fe2 data-v-f9e5df86> Checkout</button></a> <p class="contact" data-v-f9e5df86> Support: <a href="mailto:orders@intechopen.com" data-v-f9e5df86>orders@intechopen.com</a></p></div></div></div></div><script>window.__INITIAL_STATE__={"errorStatus":null,"errorStatus2":null,"topics":null,"windowContext":"large","lastViewed":[],"ofsBooksList":[],"ofsBooksListCount":null,"statistics":null,"globalStatistics":null,"regionStatistics":null,"featuredNews":null,"testimonials":null,"loader":false,"cachePageTTL":null,"home":{"featuredBooks":[],"featuredProfiles":[{"id":"4759","name":"Paul K.","surname":"Chu","fullName":"Paul K. Chu","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F4759\u002F1718872541\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"paul-k.-chu"},{"id":"11981","name":"Hiroshi","surname":"Ishiguro","fullName":"Hiroshi Ishiguro","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F11981\u002F1730416103\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"hiroshi-ishiguro"},{"id":"14454","name":"Gérard","surname":"Mourou","fullName":"Gérard Mourou","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F14454\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpeg","slug":"gerard-mourou"},{"id":"28886","name":"Harold","surname":"Kroto","fullName":"Harold Kroto","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F28886\u002F1730416925\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"harold-kroto"},{"id":"37703","name":"Elena","surname":"Aikawa","fullName":"Elena Aikawa","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F37703\u002F1717207868\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"elena-aikawa"},{"id":"50017","name":"Sylvie","surname":"Manguin","fullName":"Sylvie Manguin","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F50017\u002F1730415728\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"sylvie-manguin"},{"id":"63994","name":"Jamie","surname":"Davies","fullName":"Jamie Davies","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F63994\u002F1730415781\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"jamie-davies"},{"id":"115304","name":"Alyssa","surname":"Brewer","fullName":"Alyssa Brewer","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F115304\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"alyssa-brewer"},{"id":"115556","name":"Cheng-Xiang","surname":"Wang","fullName":"Cheng-Xiang Wang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F115556\u002F1730415795\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"cheng-xiang-wang"},{"id":"141524","name":"Pamela","surname":"McCauley","fullName":"Pamela McCauley","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F141524\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"pamela-mccauley"},{"id":"219757","name":"Douglas","surname":"McNair","fullName":"Douglas McNair","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F219757\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"douglas-mcnair"},{"id":"235057","name":"Eva","surname":"Segelov","fullName":"Eva Segelov","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F235057\u002F1718799006\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"eva-segelov"},{"id":"259407","name":"Fabio","surname":"Gabrielli","fullName":"Fabio Gabrielli","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F259407\u002F1702635750\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"fabio-gabrielli"},{"id":"279275","name":"Bryan","surname":"Palaszewski","fullName":"Bryan Palaszewski","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F279275\u002F1683608921\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"bryan-palaszewski"},{"id":"348921","name":"Gerard","surname":"’t Hooft","fullName":"Gerard ’t Hooft","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F348921\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpeg","slug":"gerard-'t-hooft"}],"topics":[{"id":"1","title":"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology","slug":"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology","numberOfWosCitations":106552,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":73928,"numberOfBooks":3175,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":106241,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":222912,"numberOfSeries":7},{"id":"2","title":"Life Sciences","slug":"life-sciences","numberOfWosCitations":41636,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":40498,"numberOfBooks":1363,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":49767,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":116131,"numberOfSeries":6},{"id":"3","title":"Health Sciences","slug":"health-sciences","numberOfWosCitations":30384,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":63910,"numberOfBooks":2300,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":35788,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":78966,"numberOfSeries":9},{"id":"4","title":"Social Sciences and Humanities","slug":"social-sciences-and-humanities","numberOfWosCitations":2948,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":8931,"numberOfBooks":454,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":7492,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":13725,"numberOfSeries":3}],"selectedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"1591","title":"Infrared Spectroscopy","subtitle":"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4","slug":"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Theophile Theophanides","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F1591.jpg","numberOfDownloads":199617,"numberOfWosCitations":1106,"numberOfTotalCitations":3370,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":638,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":1626,"editors":[{"id":"37194","title":"Dr.","name":"Theophile","middleName":null,"surname":"Theophanides","slug":"theophile-theophanides","fullName":"Theophile Theophanides"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"3077","title":"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"38dd4fb088a27b2552bf3d371e8c2872","slug":"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Satoru Suzuki","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3077.jpg","numberOfDownloads":98303,"numberOfWosCitations":194,"numberOfTotalCitations":648,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":133,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":321,"editors":[{"id":"30519","title":"Dr.","name":"Satoru","middleName":null,"surname":"Suzuki","slug":"satoru-suzuki","fullName":"Satoru Suzuki"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"5787","title":"Cutting Edge Robotics","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"f5caeb19605b2ebe7260f03131c26a24","slug":"cutting_edge_robotics","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Vedran Kordic, Aleksandar Lazinica and Munir Merdan","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5787.jpg","numberOfDownloads":195415,"numberOfWosCitations":125,"numberOfTotalCitations":544,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":125,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":294,"editors":[{"id":"396","title":"Dr.","name":"Vedran","middleName":null,"surname":"Kordic","slug":"vedran-kordic","fullName":"Vedran Kordic"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"8427","title":"Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"0fdedc9bf6c23241235a0ae011c0304c","slug":"antimicrobials-antibiotic-resistance-antibiofilm-strategies-and-activity-methods","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8427.jpg","numberOfDownloads":29104,"numberOfWosCitations":39,"numberOfTotalCitations":301,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":82,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":180,"editors":[{"id":"179460","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Sahra","middleName":null,"surname":"Kırmusaoğlu","slug":"sahra-kirmusaoglu","fullName":"Sahra Kırmusaoğlu"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"10445","title":"Preparation of Space Experiments","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"5bfa68c29ae5337ce970b83f7d8b9f03","slug":"preparation-of-space-experiments","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Vladimir Pletser","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10445.jpg","numberOfDownloads":11973,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":51,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":21,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":30,"editors":[{"id":"320503","title":"Dr.","name":"Vladimir","middleName":null,"surname":"Pletser","slug":"vladimir-pletser","fullName":"Vladimir Pletser"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"10674","title":"Topics on Quantum Information Science","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"d7481712cff0157cd8f849cba865727d","slug":"topics-on-quantum-information-science","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Sergio Curilef and Angel Ricardo Plastino","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10674.jpg","numberOfDownloads":3173,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":11,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":4,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":7,"editors":[{"id":"125424","title":"Prof.","name":"Sergio","middleName":null,"surname":"Curilef","slug":"sergio-curilef","fullName":"Sergio Curilef"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"11220","title":"Congenital Heart Defects","subtitle":"Recent Advances","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"d6b7cce1ec751a5f0515283d83adb20e","slug":"congenital-heart-defects-recent-advances","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"P. Syamasundar Rao","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11220.jpg","numberOfDownloads":5427,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":9,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":2,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":7,"editors":[{"id":"68531","title":"Dr.","name":"P. Syamasundar","middleName":null,"surname":"Rao","slug":"p.-syamasundar-rao","fullName":"P. Syamasundar Rao"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003597","title":"Towards the Eradication of \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Infection","subtitle":"Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"ec8f1cefa934caf4aae4e70b7b39d9e4","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Liang Wang, Alfred Chin Yen Tay and Barry J. Marshall","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010M8cRQAS\u002F0015501_TrikoderCover%20%282023-05-18%2007%3A08%3A50%29.jpg","numberOfDownloads":971,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"editors":[{"id":"510963","title":"Prof.","name":"Liang","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","slug":"liang-wang","fullName":"Liang Wang"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002880","title":"Free Space Optics Technologies in B5G and 6G Era","subtitle":"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"cffb47b2bd4d953e1c1c70a8daf9f16d","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Jupeng Ding, Jian Song, Penghua Mu and Kejun Jia","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12762.jpg","numberOfDownloads":16384,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfTotalCitations":2,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":1,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":1,"editors":[{"id":"201885","title":"Dr.","name":"Jupeng","middleName":null,"surname":"Ding","slug":"jupeng-ding","fullName":"Jupeng Ding"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"11493","title":"Solar Radiation","subtitle":"Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for Energy Transition","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"0400d540d2b8fb55d4cc8590e1e58844","slug":"solar-radiation-enabling-technologies-recent-innovations-and-advancements-for-energy-transition","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Mohammadreza Aghaei and Amin Moazami","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11493.jpg","numberOfDownloads":1804,"numberOfWosCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":34,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":12,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":22,"editors":[{"id":"317230","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohammadreza","middleName":null,"surname":"Aghaei","slug":"mohammadreza-aghaei","fullName":"Mohammadreza Aghaei"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003687","title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"904f2a268c2cc521a11647bd088fecc0","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Thomas F. Heston and Charles R. Doarn","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000xzFKYQA2\u002F0015591_TrikoderCover%20%282023-06-30%2009%3A00%3A58%29.jpg","numberOfDownloads":1304,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfTotalCitations":12,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":4,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":8,"editors":[{"id":"217926","title":"Dr.","name":"Thomas F.","middleName":null,"surname":"Heston","slug":"thomas-f.-heston","fullName":"Thomas F. Heston"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003522","title":"Correctional Facilities","subtitle":"Policies, Practices, and Challenges","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"5b89d9cf3ede2488c13d978d846216f3","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Nikolaos Stamatakis","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010Jz8jQAC\u002F0015426_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","numberOfDownloads":375,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"editors":[{"id":"324733","title":"Dr.","name":"Nikolaos","middleName":null,"surname":"Stamatakis","slug":"nikolaos-stamatakis","fullName":"Nikolaos Stamatakis"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003416","title":"Nonlinear Systems and Matrix Analysis","subtitle":"Recent Advances in Theory and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"2e7f5295d7420a9add37e83c3d074b52","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Peter Y.P. Chen and Victor Martinez-Luaces","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010Jz71QAC\u002F0015320_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","numberOfDownloads":373,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"editors":[{"id":"453528","title":"Dr.","name":"Peter","middleName":"Y.P.","surname":"Chen","slug":"peter-chen","fullName":"Peter Chen"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}}],"selectedChapters":[{"type":"chapter","id":"37067","title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres","slug":"fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-for-natural-fibres","datePrePublished":null,"totalDimensionsCites":531,"isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"slug":"fourier-transform-materials-analysis","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F2270.jpg"},"signatures":"Mizi Fan, Dasong Dai and Biao Huang","authors":[{"id":"104647","title":"Prof.","name":"Mizi","middleName":null,"surname":"Fan","slug":"mizi-fan","fullName":"Mizi Fan"}]}],"selectedSeries":[{"type":"series","id":"6","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F6.jpg","title":"Infectious Diseases","numberOfOpenTopics":4,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":31,"numberOfPublishedChapters":282},{"type":"series","id":"7","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F7.jpg","title":"Biomedical Engineering","numberOfOpenTopics":3,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":26,"numberOfPublishedChapters":203},{"type":"series","id":"11","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F11.jpg","title":"Biochemistry","numberOfOpenTopics":4,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":56,"numberOfPublishedChapters":473},{"type":"series","id":"14","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F14.jpg","title":"Artificial Intelligence","numberOfOpenTopics":6,"numberOfUpcomingTopics":0,"numberOfPublishedBooks":29,"numberOfPublishedChapters":241}],"featuredNews":[{"id":"530","slug":"intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708","title":"IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are pleased to present a series of inspirational interviews for young researchers with some of today's leading scientists, ranging from a Nobel laureate to pioneers and innovators in various fields, including pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical leadership, and academia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"July 8, 2024","mainMedia":{"id":"410","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F410"}},{"id":"527","slug":"intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7-000-books-open-for-all-20240522","title":"IntechOpen Reaches New Milestone: 7,000 Books Open for All","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen has achieved a significant milestone in its mission to democratise scientific knowledge by announcing the publication of its 7,000th open access book, 'Towards the Eradication of\u003Cem\u003E Helicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Infection - Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment.' Guided by the expertise of Dr Liang Wang, Dr Alfred Chin Yen Tay, and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall, this book offers insightful research and novel approaches, contributing to the continuous discourse on \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E-related research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen has achieved a significant milestone in its mission to democratise scientific knowledge by announcing the publication of its 7,000th open access book, 'Towards the Eradication of\u003Cem\u003E Helicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Infection - Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment.' Guided by the expertise of Dr Liang Wang, Dr Alfred Chin Yen Tay, and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall, this book offers insightful research and novel approaches, contributing to the continuous discourse on \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E-related research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"May 22, 2024","mainMedia":{"id":"406","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F406"}},{"id":"464","slug":"intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-20230607","title":"IntechOpen Becomes a UKSG Member","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen is now an official member of the UKSG, the UK's largest scholarly communications community. Founded almost half a century ago, it connects the knowledge community and encourages the exchange of ideas in scholarly communication.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"June 7, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"405","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F405"}},{"id":"514","slug":"intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-university-20240311","title":"IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 11, 2024","mainMedia":{"id":"402","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F402"}},{"id":"467","slug":"connecting-with-the-robotics-community-and-celebrating-open-science-the-intechopen-journals-highlights-from-icra-2023-20230626","title":"Connecting with the Robotics Community and Celebrating Open Science: The IntechOpen Journals Highlights from ICRA 2023","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EThe IntechOpen Journals team reflects on a collaborative and informative visit to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)  in London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EThe IntechOpen Journals team reflects on a collaborative and informative visit to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)  in London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"June 26, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"386","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F386"}},{"id":"435","slug":"intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-life-science-book-award-20230328","title":"IntechOpen Book Wins the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics Life Science Book Award","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 28, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"325","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F325"}},{"id":"416","slug":"intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217","title":"IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"February 17, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"357","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F357"}},{"id":"346","slug":"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915","title":"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format for OA books: IntechOpen Book Series. Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Series feature a Topic structure, \u003Cstrong\u003Ealways open for submissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, covering the most relevant sub-disciplines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"September 15, 2021","mainMedia":{"id":"132","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F132"}},{"id":"444","slug":"intechopen-journals-presents-engaging-with-open-science-2023-webinar-series-20230407","title":"IntechOpen Journals Presents: 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' Webinar Series","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EThis year, to continue to support our community, we are launching our 'Engaging with Open Science 2023' webinar series, where we will discuss key developments in open science with industry-leading experts and academics. The webinars are organised in three sessions which tell you what you need to know about preprints, open data and open peer review.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":null,"publishedDatetime":"April 7, 2023","mainMedia":{"id":"323","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F323"}},{"id":"385","slug":"intechopen-celebrates-the-6-000th-open-access-book-published-20220927","title":"IntechOpen Celebrates the 6,000th Open Access Book Published","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EA significant milestone was celebrated recently with the publication of IntechOpen’s 6,000th Open Access book, "Congenital Heart Defects Recent Advances." The book is edited by P. Syamasundar Rao, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and Emeritus Chief of Pediatric Cardiology at the McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas at Houston, a pioneer in interventional pediatric cardiology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EA significant milestone was celebrated recently with the publication of IntechOpen’s 6,000th Open Access book, "Congenital Heart Defects Recent Advances." The book is edited by P. Syamasundar Rao, Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and Emeritus Chief of Pediatric Cardiology at the McGovern Medical School, the University of Texas at Houston, a pioneer in interventional pediatric cardiology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"September 27, 2022","mainMedia":{"id":"252","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F252"}}]},"newsLanding":{"offset":4,"limit":4,"total":241,"newsList":[{"slug":"green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105","title":"Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal: Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals","intro":"\u003Cp\u003ENearly 70% of the journal’s publications directly contribute to key SDGs, including Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"November 5, 2024","endDate":null,"newsType":"1","isClimateNews":false,"mainMedia":{"caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F424"}},{"slug":"intechopen-signs-research4life-publishers-recommitment-20241029","title":"IntechOpen Signs Research4Life Publishers Recommitment","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a signatory of the United Nations SDG Publishers Compact and an open access publisher, IntechOpen proudly reaffirms its commitment to Research4Life, emphasising our shared mission to foster a diverse, inclusive, and equitable research ecosystem. We believe that equitable access to knowledge is essential for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and fostering global advancement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"October 29, 2024","endDate":null,"newsType":"1","isClimateNews":false,"mainMedia":null},{"slug":"intechopen-launches-open-science-hub-20241028","title":"IntechOpen Launches Open Science Hub","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a natural step forward in our commitment to open access and open science, we are introducing the Open Science Hub - a centralised platform dedicated to advancing openness and accessibility in scientific research\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"October 28, 2024","endDate":null,"newsType":"1","isClimateNews":false,"mainMedia":{"caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F419"}},{"slug":"2024-best-paper-award-from-the-ai-computer-science-and-robotics-technology-journal-20241004","title":"2024 Best Paper Award From the AI, Computer Science, and Robotics Technology Journal","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EThis award aims to highlight the most impactful research published in the journal's 2023 volume, recognizing the innovative contributions of our authors whose work advances the understanding of AI, computer science, and robotics. It is essential for us to provide our authors with greater visibility, celebrating their work and its significance in shaping the future of these fields.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"October 4, 2024","endDate":null,"newsType":"1","isClimateNews":false,"mainMedia":null}]},"news":{"item":{"slug":"intechopen-book-series-release-seven-annual-volumes-for-2023-20240104","title":"IntechOpen Book Series Release Seven Annual Volumes for 2023","subtitle":null,"metaTitle":"IntechOpen Book Series Release Seven Annual Volumes for 2023","metaDescription":"IntechOpen Book Series has published seven Annual Volumes for 2023, exploring diverse and innovative topics across various disciplines. These volumes offer valuable insights into the latest scientific developments.","metaKeywords":null,"publishedDatetime":"January 4, 2024","endDate":null,"newsType":"1","contentRaw":"[{\"type\":\"htmlEditorComponent\",\"content\":\"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Book Series has published seven Annual Volumes for 2023, exploring diverse and innovative topics across various disciplines. These volumes offer valuable insights into the latest scientific developments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EBiomedical technology is evolving rapidly, and the \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13264\\\"\u003E"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez, Topic Editor, explores recent research on the promising role of nanotechnology in diagnosing and treating health conditions in humans and animals. The findings discuss the advantages and limitations of these innovative approaches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EThe\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13954\\\"\u003E "Machine Learning and Data Mining Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by the Topic Editor Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernández, compiles diverse applications in machine learning. It appeals to students and researchers, offering high-quality contributions across various domains, and emphasising the multidisciplinary nature of AI deployment and its impact on decision-making, learning, and perception.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder the editorship of Topic Editor Delfín Ortega-Sánchez, the \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13958\\\"\u003E"Education Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E focuses on new curricular, methodological, and resource evaluation orientations and developments, adopting an inter and transdisciplinary perspective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13956\\\"\u003E"Plant Physiology Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by the Topic Editor Jen-Tsung Chen, covers topics covers applied plant physiology, plant biochemistry, and crop breeding, including topics such as CRISPR\u002FCas-mediated genome editing and organic farming's role in climate-related stress alleviation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13959\\\"\u003E"Business and Management Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, co-edited by Topic Editors Vito Bobek and Tatjana Horvat, presents a compilation of research at the dynamic intersections of business, economics, and strategic management, covering diverse sectors from agribusiness to rail technology\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13955\\\"\u003E"Animal Science Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by the Topic Editor Edward Narayan explores primary research and review papers covering a broad spectrum of topics such as ecology, physiology, anatomy, health, and animal welfare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ECo-edited by Topic Editors Katarzyna Garbacz and Tomas Jarzembowski, \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13957\\\"\u003E"Bacterial Infectious Diseases Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, addresses challenges and advantages in preventing and diagnosing infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens, including a dedicated chapter on tuberculosis. Expert-authored chapters describe achievements in diagnosing common gastrointestinal pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EWe extend our sincere gratitude to all the authors and editors who contributed to the successful completion of the 2023 Annual Volumes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EDiscover more about the IntechOpen Book Series \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\\\"\u003Ehere.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"}]","published":true,"mainMedia":null},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen Book Series has published seven Annual Volumes for 2023, exploring diverse and innovative topics across various disciplines. These volumes offer valuable insights into the latest scientific developments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EBiomedical technology is evolving rapidly, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13264\"\u003E"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez, Topic Editor, explores recent research on the promising role of nanotechnology in diagnosing and treating health conditions in humans and animals. The findings discuss the advantages and limitations of these innovative approaches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13954\"\u003E "Machine Learning and Data Mining Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by the Topic Editor Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernández, compiles diverse applications in machine learning. It appeals to students and researchers, offering high-quality contributions across various domains, and emphasising the multidisciplinary nature of AI deployment and its impact on decision-making, learning, and perception.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EUnder the editorship of Topic Editor Delfín Ortega-Sánchez, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13958\"\u003E"Education Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E focuses on new curricular, methodological, and resource evaluation orientations and developments, adopting an inter and transdisciplinary perspective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13956\"\u003E"Plant Physiology Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by the Topic Editor Jen-Tsung Chen, covers topics covers applied plant physiology, plant biochemistry, and crop breeding, including topics such as CRISPR\u002FCas-mediated genome editing and organic farming's role in climate-related stress alleviation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13959\"\u003E"Business and Management Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, co-edited by Topic Editors Vito Bobek and Tatjana Horvat, presents a compilation of research at the dynamic intersections of business, economics, and strategic management, covering diverse sectors from agribusiness to rail technology\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13955\"\u003E"Animal Science Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, edited by the Topic Editor Edward Narayan explores primary research and review papers covering a broad spectrum of topics such as ecology, physiology, anatomy, health, and animal welfare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ECo-edited by Topic Editors Katarzyna Garbacz and Tomas Jarzembowski, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002F13957\"\u003E"Bacterial Infectious Diseases Annual Volume 2023"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, addresses challenges and advantages in preventing and diagnosing infections caused by ESKAPE pathogens, including a dedicated chapter on tuberculosis. Expert-authored chapters describe achievements in diagnosing common gastrointestinal pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EWe extend our sincere gratitude to all the authors and editors who contributed to the successful completion of the 2023 Annual Volumes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EDiscover more about the IntechOpen Book Series \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\"\u003Ehere.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"}],"latestNews":[{"slug":"green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-supporting-the-un-sustainable-development-goals-20241105","title":"Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal: Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goals"},{"slug":"intechopen-signs-research4life-publishers-recommitment-20241029","title":"IntechOpen Signs Research4Life Publishers Recommitment"},{"slug":"intechopen-launches-open-science-hub-20241028","title":"IntechOpen Launches Open Science Hub"},{"slug":"2024-best-paper-award-from-the-ai-computer-science-and-robotics-technology-journal-20241004","title":"2024 Best Paper Award From the AI, Computer Science, and Robotics Technology Journal"},{"slug":"peer-review-week-2024-spotlight-an-interview-with-global-campus-co-founder-paul-tuinenburg-20240927","title":"Peer Review Week Spotlight: An Interview with Global Campus Co-Founder Paul Tuinenburg"},{"slug":"new-open-access-books-from-the-knowledge-unlatched-select-programme-2024-20240819","title":"New Open Access Books from the Knowledge Unlatched Select Programme 2024"},{"slug":"intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708","title":"IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds"},{"slug":"recent-intechopen-book-series-launches-20240705","title":"Recent IntechOpen Book Series Launches"}]},"book":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"7519","leadTitle":null,"fullTitle":"Sol-Gel Method - Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties","title":"Sol-Gel Method","subtitle":"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"The sol-gel method is a powerful route of synthesis used worldwide. It produces bulk, nano- and mesostructured sol-gel materials, which can encapsulate metallic and magnetic nanoparticles, non-linear azochromophores, perovskites, organic dyes, biological molecules, etc.. This can have interesting applications for catalysis, photocatalysis; drug delivery for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as cancer, Parkinson's and Azheimer's. In this book, valuable contributions related to novel materials synthesized by the sol-gel route are provided. The effect of the sol-gel method to synthesize these materials with potential properties is described, and how the variation of the parameters during the synthesis influences their design and allows to adjust their properties according to the desired application is discussed.","isbn":"978-1-78985-334-6","printIsbn":"978-1-78985-333-9","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83962-019-5","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.76535","price":119,"priceEur":129,"priceUsd":155,"priceCbs":null,"slug":"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties","numberOfPages":106,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isInWos":null,"isInBkci":false,"hash":"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769","bookSignature":"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar","publishedDate":"February 13th 2019","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7519.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7519\u002F1718276769-1440827396\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F7519\u002F1718276769-1440827396\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","numberOfDownloads":10472,"numberOfViews":2586,"numberOfWosCitations":6,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":15,"numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook":1,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":40,"numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook":6,"hasAltmetrics":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":61,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"March 22nd 2018","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"April 12th 2018","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"June 11th 2018","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"August 30th 2018","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"October 29th 2018","currentStepOfPublishingProcess":5,"indexedIn":"1,2,3,4,5,6,7","editedByType":"Edited by","kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":null,"featuredMarkup":null,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"noAds":0,"editors":[{"id":"186652","title":"Prof.","name":"Guadalupe","middleName":null,"surname":"Valverde Aguilar","slug":"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar","fullName":"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F186652\u002F1726471744\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Professor Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar obtained her PhD. in Physics in 2003 at the Institute of Physics, UNAM. She undertook a Postdoctoral stay at UCLA, USA in 2003-2005. As a staff member of the UNAM, her research focused on spectroscopy techniques such as optical absorption, luminescence, photoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy and photoconductivity.\nProfessor Valverde has been a professor in Physics at the Instituto Politécnico Nacional since 2011 and is an experimentalist carrying out research on bulk materials and mesostructured sol-gel thin films produced by a combination of the sol-gel process and evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA). Her research at the CICATA U. Legaria is focused on catalysis and photocatalysis, release of drugs for the treatment of Parkinson\\'s disease, and magnetism. This research is carried out in a highly interactive environment and involves inter-collaboration at ESIQIE-IPN, UNAM, and international collaboration with colleagues in USA.","institutionString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"2","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"1","institution":{"name":"Instituto Politécnico Nacional","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Mexico"}},"countryString":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"155","title":"Ceramics","slug":"ceramics"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"subseries":null,"tags":null,"_preview":0,"chapters":[{"id":"64744","title":"Introductory Chapter: A Brief Semblance of the Sol-Gel Method in Research","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.82487","slug":"introductory-chapter-a-brief-semblance-of-the-sol-gel-method-in-research","totalDownloads":2898,"totalCrossrefCites":7,"totalDimensionsCites":22,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":1,"abstract":null,"signatures":"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F64744","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F64744","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"186652","title":"Prof.","name":"Guadalupe","surname":"Valverde Aguilar","slug":"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar","fullName":"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"63571","title":"The Effect of Annealing, Doping on the Properties and Functionality of Zinc Oxide Thin Film; Review","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.79018","slug":"the-effect-of-annealing-doping-on-the-properties-and-functionality-of-zinc-oxide-thin-film-review","totalDownloads":1149,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":2,"abstract":"The review of the effect of annealing and doping zinc oxide thin films on both the structural and optical properties has been carried out for different growth techniques such as sol–gel growth technique. The structural and optical properties were carried out using thin films were characterized SEM, XRD while TE and TM guided mode spectra, UV–VIS–NIR (HR4000Ocean Optics) and UV–Visible spectrometry were used accordingly respectively. From the results, it was clearly observed the both the morphological and the crystal characteristics structural characteristic, although increase in the percent of doping element affected it as the diffraction peak was shifts slightly to a lower angle side with report that crystal structure of the film deteriorate at a higher doping concentration of doping element as it decreases the c-lattice. There was also adjustment on the band gap of the material when it was annealed at various temperatures and also when the doping concentration was varied. The film exhibited lower absorbance, high transmittance depend on the regions of electromagnetic wave spectra.","signatures":"Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ugwu","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F63571","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F63571","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"17700","title":"Prof.","name":"Emmanuel Ifeanyi","surname":"Ugwu","slug":"emmanuel-ifeanyi-ugwu","fullName":"Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ugwu"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"64684","title":"Sol-Gel Process and Engineering Nanostructure","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.79857","slug":"sol-gel-process-and-engineering-nanostructure","totalDownloads":1440,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":3,"abstract":"The production of ceramic nanostructures and engineering of their structure are the goals of the high-tech industry. Researchers prefer the sol-gel route to control the material at the atomic scale among other methods. In this chapter, we describe the production of ceramic nanostructures in different forms such as film, fiber, glass, and powder. We also discuss about microstructures and properties of these ceramic materials and the relationship between them.","signatures":"Habibollah Aminirastabi, Hao Xue, Dongliang Peng and Gouli Ji","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F64684","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F64684","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"35412","title":"Prof.","name":"guoli","surname":"ji","slug":"guoli-ji","fullName":"guoli ji"},{"id":"253418","title":"Dr.","name":"Habibollah","surname":"Aminirastabi","slug":"habibollah-aminirastabi","fullName":"Habibollah Aminirastabi"},{"id":"263406","title":"Prof.","name":"Hao","surname":"Xue","slug":"hao-xue","fullName":"Hao Xue"},{"id":"280731","title":"Dr.","name":"Dongliang","surname":"Peng","slug":"dongliang-peng","fullName":"Dongliang Peng"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"63283","title":"Dependence of pH Variation on the Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Sol-Gel Synthesized Strontium Ferrite Nanoparticles","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.80667","slug":"dependence-of-ph-variation-on-the-structural-morphological-and-magnetic-properties-of-sol-gel-synthe","totalDownloads":1440,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":4,"abstract":"In this research work, an attempt of regulating the pH as a sol-gel modification parameter during preparation of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles sintered at a low sintering temperature of 900°C has been presented. The relationship of varying pH (pH 1–14) on structural microstructures and magnetic behaviors of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). The single-phase SrFe2O19 with optimum magnetic properties can be obtained at pH 1 with a sintering temperature of 900°C. As pH values increase, the presence of impurity Fe2O3 was observed. TGA data-varying pH shows that the total weight loss of most samples was at 30.44% which corresponds to the decomposition process. The IR spectra showed three main absorption bands in the range of 400–600 cm−1 corresponding to strontium hexaferrite. SEM micrographs exhibit a circular crystal type of strontium ferrite with an average crystal size in the range of 53–133 nm. A higher saturation magnetization Ms, remanent magnetization Mr, and hysteresis Hc were recorded to have a large loop of 55.094 emu\u002Fg, 33.995 emu\u002Fg, and 5357.6 Oe, respectively, at pH 11, which make the synthesized materials useful for high-density recording media and permanent magnets.","signatures":"Muhammad Syazwan Mustaffa, Rabaah Syahidah Azis and Sakinah\nSulaiman","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F63283","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F63283","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"175910","title":"Dr.","name":"Rabaah Syahidah","surname":"Azis","slug":"rabaah-syahidah-azis","fullName":"Rabaah Syahidah Azis"},{"id":"254921","title":"Dr.","name":"Muhammad Syazwan","surname":"Mustaffa","slug":"muhammad-syazwan-mustaffa","fullName":"Muhammad Syazwan Mustaffa"},{"id":"254922","title":"Ms.","name":"Sakinah","surname":"Sulaiman","slug":"sakinah-sulaiman","fullName":"Sakinah Sulaiman"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"64329","title":"Synthesis of Conductive Sol-Gel ZnO Films and Development of ZnO Printed Electronics","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.82041","slug":"synthesis-of-conductive-sol-gel-zno-films-and-development-of-zno-printed-electronics","totalDownloads":1612,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":5,"abstract":"ZnO thin films are synthesized and studied to understand the functionality of solution-processed semiconductor devices. A simple sol-gel technique is used to fabricate transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors from ZnO precursors via spin coating, inkjet printing (IJP), and aerosol jet printing (AJP). A variety of flexible and transparent substrates was selected based on the deposition and sintering conditions and the device application. Doping of ZnO films with Al3+, In3+, and Ga3+ was introduced in precursor solutions before deposition processes. Post-deposition processing was carried out in air, H2, and Zn environments to optimize thin film properties. Optical, structural, and electronic data analyses reveal the significant effects that deposition method, substrates, dopants, and processing conditions have on the optical transmission, crystallinity, grain size, and electrical conductivity.","signatures":"David Winarski and Farida Selim","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F64329","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F64329","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"185781","title":null,"name":"Farida","surname":"Selim","slug":"farida-selim","fullName":"Farida Selim"},{"id":"279952","title":"Mr.","name":"David","surname":"Winarski","slug":"david-winarski","fullName":"David Winarski"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"63182","title":"Sol-Gel Films: Corrosion Protection Coating for Aluminium Alloy","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.79712","slug":"sol-gel-films-corrosion-protection-coating-for-aluminium-alloy","totalDownloads":1933,"totalCrossrefCites":5,"totalDimensionsCites":10,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":6,"abstract":"Aluminum alloys used in aeronautical industry are susceptible to corrosion. The solution to this problem is base chromate materials, which have been heavily regulated and restricted. The development of alternatives begins in the 1970s and the 2000s, where some potential methodologies were established. The sol-gel process is one of these methods, in which thin oxide layers are deposited on the metal substrate. An important aspect is the fact of possible combinations among types of oxides and the incorporation of an organic compound to improve the performance of the films; moreover, this allows the addition of inhibitors and nanomaterials, making this method an interesting and versatile way to obtain a coating. In this chapter, we will describe the importance of the use of coating synthesized via sol-gel in the corrosion protection of metal surfaces. The advantages and disadvantages of using modified sol-gel polymer films and hybrid system coatings will also be discussed, as well as the methodologies for the chemical characterization and the feasibility of evaluating the mechanical properties of the coatings.","signatures":"Evelyn Gonzalez, Nelson Vejar, Roberto Solis, Lisa Muñoz, Maria\nVictoria Encinas and Maritza Paez","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F63182","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F63182","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"213391","title":"Dr.","name":"Nelson","surname":"Vejar","slug":"nelson-vejar","fullName":"Nelson Vejar"},{"id":"213392","title":"Dr.","name":"Maritza","surname":"Paez","slug":"maritza-paez","fullName":"Maritza Paez"},{"id":"252799","title":"Dr.","name":"Roberto","surname":"Solis","slug":"roberto-solis","fullName":"Roberto Solis"},{"id":"252802","title":"Dr.","name":"Evelyn","surname":"Gonzalez","slug":"evelyn-gonzalez","fullName":"Evelyn Gonzalez"},{"id":"262547","title":"Dr.","name":"Maria Victoria","surname":"Enciana","slug":"maria-victoria-enciana","fullName":"Maria Victoria Enciana"},{"id":"262549","title":"Dr.","name":"Lisa","surname":"Muñoz","slug":"lisa-munoz","fullName":"Lisa Muñoz"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0}]},"relatedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"6084","title":"Recent Advances in Porous Ceramics","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"c6749abbf887821d1030727f7eee1d6f","slug":"recent-advances-in-porous-ceramics","bookSignature":"Uday M. Basheer Al-Naib","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6084.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"182041","title":"Dr.","name":"Uday M.","surname":"Basheer Al-Naib","slug":"uday-m.-basheer-al-naib","fullName":"Uday M. Basheer Al-Naib"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"8612","title":"Geopolymers and Other Geosynthetics","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"adfd9b7e361d6bb82c88220c7b28765a","slug":"geopolymers-and-other-geosynthetics","bookSignature":"Mazen Alshaaer and Han-Yong Jeon","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8612.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"315119","title":"Dr.","name":"Mazen","surname":"Alshaaer","slug":"mazen-alshaaer","fullName":"Mazen Alshaaer"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"7449","title":"Ceramic Materials","subtitle":"Synthesis, Characterization, Applications and Recycling","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"ec6a7353676eab0c75ad96e44512952f","slug":"ceramic-materials-synthesis-characterization-applications-and-recycling","bookSignature":"Dolores Eliche Quesada, Luis Perez Villarejo and Pedro Sánchez Soto","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7449.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"225122","title":"Prof.","name":"Dolores","surname":"Eliche Quesada","slug":"dolores-eliche-quesada","fullName":"Dolores Eliche Quesada"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"11987","title":"Zirconia","subtitle":"New Advances, Structure, Fabrication and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"512a37f19175e9f2ac0910aa3fd624ae","slug":"zirconia-new-advances-structure-fabrication-and-applications","bookSignature":"Uday M. Basheer Al-Naib","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11987.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"182041","title":"Dr.","name":"Uday M.","surname":"Basheer Al-Naib","slug":"uday-m.-basheer-al-naib","fullName":"Uday M. Basheer Al-Naib"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"11117","title":"Smart and Advanced Ceramic Materials and Applications","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"dad4578fdb59f9cebf1d7ba13c04221a","slug":"smart-and-advanced-ceramic-materials-and-applications","bookSignature":"Mohsen Mhadhbi","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11117.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"228366","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohsen","surname":"Mhadhbi","slug":"mohsen-mhadhbi","fullName":"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"10941","title":"Ferrites","subtitle":"Synthesis and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"f6a323bfa4565d7c676bc3733b4983b0","slug":"ferrites-synthesis-and-applications","bookSignature":"Maaz Khan","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10941.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"107765","title":"Dr.","name":"Maaz","surname":"Khan","slug":"maaz-khan","fullName":"Maaz Khan"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"9894","title":"Advanced Ceramic Materials","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"9adbe58d10d5ca2b61e9ff2b6b138f40","slug":"advanced-ceramic-materials","bookSignature":"Mohsen Mhadhbi","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F9894.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"228366","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohsen","surname":"Mhadhbi","slug":"mohsen-mhadhbi","fullName":"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002555","title":"Applications of Ferrites","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"d441a768b63e384fd5243a6c96c3ad22","slug":null,"bookSignature":"Maaz Khan","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12462.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":[{"id":"107765","title":"Dr.","name":"Maaz","surname":"Khan","slug":"maaz-khan","fullName":"Maaz Khan"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002554","title":"Ceramic Materials","subtitle":"Present and Future","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"a06227fbb0de058056729006ffbb5f22","slug":null,"bookSignature":"Amparo Borrell and Rut Benavente","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12461.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":[{"id":"245662","title":"Dr.","name":"Amparo","surname":"Borrell","slug":"amparo-borrell","fullName":"Amparo Borrell"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1591","title":"Infrared Spectroscopy","subtitle":"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4","slug":"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology","bookSignature":"Theophile Theophanides","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F1591.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"37194","title":"Dr.","name":"Theophile","surname":"Theophanides","slug":"theophile-theophanides","fullName":"Theophile Theophanides"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}],"ofsBooks":[]},"correction":{"item":{"id":"74392","slug":"corrigendum-to-sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternativ","title":"Corrigendum to: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns","doi":null,"datePublished":null,"correctionPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F74392.pdf","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F74392","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F74392","totalDownloads":null,"totalCrossrefCites":null,"bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F74392","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F74392","chapter":{"id":"73967","slug":"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen","signatures":"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani","dateSubmitted":"June 25th 2020","dateReviewed":"September 8th 2020","datePrePublished":"November 7th 2020","datePublished":"April 21st 2021","book":{"id":"9873","title":"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management","slug":"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management","publishedDate":"April 21st 2021","bookSignature":"Hosam M. Saleh","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F9873.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"144691","title":"Prof.","name":"Hosam","middleName":"M.","surname":"Saleh","slug":"hosam-saleh","fullName":"Hosam Saleh"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"166445","title":"Prof.","name":"Aziz","middleName":null,"surname":"Hasib","fullName":"Aziz Hasib","slug":"aziz-hasib","email":"azhasib@yahoo.fr","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"237725","title":"Prof.","name":"Reda","middleName":null,"surname":"Elkacmi","fullName":"Reda Elkacmi","slug":"reda-elkacmi","email":"redakcm@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325462","title":"Dr.","name":"Abdellah","middleName":null,"surname":"Ouigmane","fullName":"Abdellah Ouigmane","slug":"abdellah-ouigmane","email":"ouigmaneabdellah@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325463","title":"Prof.","name":"Otmane","middleName":null,"surname":"Boudouch","fullName":"Otmane Boudouch","slug":"otmane-boudouch","email":"oboudouch@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325528","title":"Prof.","name":"Mustapha","middleName":null,"surname":"Bouzaid","fullName":"Mustapha Bouzaid","slug":"mustapha-bouzaid","email":"bozidstof@yahoo.fr","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325529","title":"Prof.","name":"Mohammed","middleName":null,"surname":"Berkani","fullName":"Mohammed Berkani","slug":"mohammed-berkani","email":"m.berkani@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null}]}},"chapter":{"id":"73967","slug":"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen","signatures":"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani","dateSubmitted":"June 25th 2020","dateReviewed":"September 8th 2020","datePrePublished":"November 7th 2020","datePublished":"April 21st 2021","book":{"id":"9873","title":"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management","slug":"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management","publishedDate":"April 21st 2021","bookSignature":"Hosam M. Saleh","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F9873.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"144691","title":"Prof.","name":"Hosam","middleName":"M.","surname":"Saleh","slug":"hosam-saleh","fullName":"Hosam Saleh"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"166445","title":"Prof.","name":"Aziz","middleName":null,"surname":"Hasib","fullName":"Aziz Hasib","slug":"aziz-hasib","email":"azhasib@yahoo.fr","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"237725","title":"Prof.","name":"Reda","middleName":null,"surname":"Elkacmi","fullName":"Reda Elkacmi","slug":"reda-elkacmi","email":"redakcm@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325462","title":"Dr.","name":"Abdellah","middleName":null,"surname":"Ouigmane","fullName":"Abdellah Ouigmane","slug":"abdellah-ouigmane","email":"ouigmaneabdellah@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325463","title":"Prof.","name":"Otmane","middleName":null,"surname":"Boudouch","fullName":"Otmane Boudouch","slug":"otmane-boudouch","email":"oboudouch@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325528","title":"Prof.","name":"Mustapha","middleName":null,"surname":"Bouzaid","fullName":"Mustapha Bouzaid","slug":"mustapha-bouzaid","email":"bozidstof@yahoo.fr","position":null,"institution":null},{"id":"325529","title":"Prof.","name":"Mohammed","middleName":null,"surname":"Berkani","fullName":"Mohammed Berkani","slug":"mohammed-berkani","email":"m.berkani@gmail.com","position":null,"institution":null}]},"book":{"id":"9873","title":"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management","slug":"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management","publishedDate":"April 21st 2021","bookSignature":"Hosam M. Saleh","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F9873.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"144691","title":"Prof.","name":"Hosam","middleName":"M.","surname":"Saleh","slug":"hosam-saleh","fullName":"Hosam Saleh"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}},"ofsBook":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"1004343","leadTitle":null,"title":"Scientific Approaches to Archaeology - Excavation, Conservation and Analysis","subtitle":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"As the scientific study of past human societies through the recovery, analysis, and interpretation of material remains, archaeology provides crucial insights into the lives, cultures, and environments of ancient peoples. By examining these tangible traces of the past, archaeologists aim to reconstruct historical narratives, understand social and technological developments, and explore the interactions between humans and their surroundings. The discipline spans a wide range of time periods and regions, from prehistoric times to more recent historical epochs, and employs a variety of methods, including excavation, surveying, and laboratory analysis. Through its careful and systematic approach, archaeology plays a vital role in preserving cultural heritage and deepening our understanding of humanity's shared history. The conservation of archaeological materials is becoming increasingly important nowadays, as it is an inseparable and indispensable part of this discipline. The objects found in excavations are potentially unique and irreplaceable. In order for this archaeological heritage to be transmitted to the following generations, conservation measures must be applied appropriately without harming the integrity of these archaeological remains.\r\n\r\nThis book project is intended to cover the latest topics in archaeology and to include practical information on archaeological excavation. The book will cover the topics of recent advances in archaeology, as well as provide practical information on the conservation of finds on archaeological sites, results of the deterioration process to which archaeological objects are exposed in the burial environment, the implementation of in situ conservation interventions and, subsequently, temporary storage at the excavation site.","isbn":"978-1-83634-886-3","printIsbn":"978-1-83634-887-0","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83634-888-7","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1005955","price":0,"priceEur":null,"priceUsd":null,"oapfPrice":1400,"slug":null,"numberOfPages":0,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"isSalesforceBook":true,"isNomenclature":false,"hash":"81f8bc77b17e0b610f6820b6e82b18ca","bookSignature":"Associate Prof. Ali Duran Öcal","publishedDate":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc0000084zLaIAI\u002F0016247_TrikoderCover%20%282024-07-01%2006%3A46%3A05%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004343\u002F1729079737-616674633\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004343\u002F1729079737-616674633\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004343\u002F1732271966-859697561\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004343\u002F1732271966-859697561\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","keywords":"Archaeological Heritage, Archaeological Context, Artifacts, Deterioration, Conservation, Recovery, Historical Narratives, Excavation, Technological Developments, Surveying, Laboratory Analysis, Suitable Environment","numberOfDownloads":null,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"November 29th 2024","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"January 1st 2025","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"February 28th 2025","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"May 19th 2025","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"July 18th 2025","dateConfirmationOfParticipation":"December 27th 2024","remainingDaysToSecondStep":"a month","secondStepPassed":false,"areRegistrationsClosed":false,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":2,"editedByType":null,"kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":false,"biosketch":"Experienced researcher in the fields of archaeology, conservation, archaeometry and museography and a professor of the Department of Anthropology at the National University of Colombia and Director of the \"Ceramoteca\" Archaeology Laboratory of the University.","equalEditorOneBiosketch":null,"equalEditorTwoBiosketch":null,"equalEditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorOneBiosketch":null,"coeditorTwoBiosketch":null,"coeditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorFourBiosketch":null,"coeditorFiveBiosketch":null,"isPublished":false,"isDeactivated":false,"editors":[{"id":"600933","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Ali Duran","middleName":null,"surname":"Öcal","slug":"ali-duran-ocal","fullName":"Ali Duran Öcal","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F600933\u002F1729079733\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Born in Turkey, he graduated in Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology from Istanbul University in Turkey in 1986. He holds a Master's degree in Archaeometry (Cukurova University, Turkey); a Master's degree in Archaeological Conservation and Museography (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Mainz, Germany and a PhD in Anthropology from the National University of Colombia. Since 1982, he has carried out academic and research activities in Turkey, Germany, Luxembourg, Italy and Colombia in the field of archaeology, conservation, archaeometry and museography. He gave lectures, seminars, courses and workshops at universities, institutes and excavations in Turkey, Germany and Colombia. He has published two books and several articles on conservation, deterioration and archaeometry in journals. Currently the professor of the Department of Anthropology at the National University of Colombia and Director of the \"Ceramoteca\" Archaeology Laboratory of the University.","institutionString":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogota, Colombia","countryString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"0","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"0","institution":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"assistantEditorOne":null,"assistantEditorTwo":null,"assistantEditorThree":null,"assistantEditorFour":null,"assistantEditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"263","title":"Archaeology","slug":"archaeology"}],"chapters":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"subseries":null,"personalPublishingAssistant":{"id":"205697","firstName":"Kristina","lastName":"Kardum Cvitan","middleName":null,"title":"Ms.","imageUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fstorage\u002Fusers\u002F205697\u002Fimages\u002F5186_n.jpg","email":"kristina.k@intechopen.com","biography":"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."},"_preview":0},"regionStatistics":[{"id":"1","name":"Southern Europe","contributorCount":21370},{"id":"2","name":"Northern Europe","contributorCount":6960},{"id":"3","name":"Western Europe","contributorCount":10652},{"id":"4","name":"Northern America","contributorCount":17996},{"id":"5","name":"Eastern Asia","contributorCount":20252},{"id":"6","name":"Australia and New Zealand","contributorCount":2718}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,200","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"192,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%"}},"ofsBook_old1":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[]},"chapter":{"item":{"type":"chapter","id":"80349","title":"Utilisation of Digital Health in Early Detection and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia in Primary Health Care Facilities South Africa: Literature Review","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.101228","slug":"utilisation-of-digital-health-in-early-detection-and-treatment-of-pre-eclampsia-in-primary-health-ca","body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003EMaternal mortality remains a burden across the globe with 295,000 reported by the World Health Organisation. This burden continues to increase despite Primary Health Care (PHC) being are regarded as the cornerstone to curve the rise of maternal deaths due to pregnancy-related complications [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. One of the leading causes of maternal death is reported to be pre-eclampsia [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Pre-eclampsia is the elevation of blood pressure (> 140 systolic mmHg and > 90 mmHg diastolic) after 20 weeks of gestation with a significant amount of protein in the urine in gravid women [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. It accounts for approximately 5–11% of pregnancies and remains the leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Also, it is reported to account for approximately 63,000 yearly maternal mortality worldwide [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003EApproximately 6% of pregnancies develop mild pre-eclampsia and 1 to 2% develop severe pre-eclampsia in the United Kingdom (UK) [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, one in six women with a history of pre-eclampsia is predicted to be most likely to have pre-eclampsia in the next pregnancy. As a result, the development of digital health solutions such as mobile health initiative applications, telemonitoring and SAFE@HOME to diagnose and manage pre-eclampsia has been implemented and designed for use in health facilities and homes by health care providers and patients respectively. The digital health applications assist by providing recommendations on treatment, reassessment and referral [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p4\"\u003EDigital Health is the utilisation of digital, mobile, and wireless technologies for health [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Digital Health innovation has become of significance in Sub-Saharan Africa for the reinforcement of health care [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Digital Health initiative such as telemonitoring was applied in Parkinstan to support women at risk of developing pre-eclampsia by close monitoring of blood pressure at home for earliest signs. The use of telemonitoring could lead to early detection of pre-eclampsia and the required need for treatment and admission of women with pre-eclampsia [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. South Africa implemented mobile health initiatives such as Mom-Connect to improve foetal-maternal well-being at home by targeted communications to pregnant women with various disorders including pre-eclampsia [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Literature review methodology\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p5\"\u003EThe literature review is a survey of scholarly sources and a good literature review summarises, evaluates, synthesises and analyses to give a clear understanding knowledge of the proposed subject of the study [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The context of the study adopted a narrative literature review methodology. Narrative literature reviews identify and summarize the previously published studies, and avoid duplications; further seek new study areas [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The adopting of the narrative literature review methodology allowed the researcher to identify, evaluate, synthesise and critically analyse the published studies relevant to the topic of study. Moreover, the narrative literature review assisted with drafting an evidence-based global and national perspective picture underpinning the digital health utilisation by patients and health care providers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1 Purpose of the literature review\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EThe literature review aimed at retrieving current empirical evidence underpinning the utilisation of digital health in early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia at primary health care facilities. Consequently, acquired informed knowledge on the providers’ and patient’s views of digital health challenges and barriers. Furthermore, the literature review was subjected to identify the extensive existence of research gaps of what is currently known to develop strategies to enhance the utilisation of digital health in early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia at primary health care facilities. Making use of the practical evidence determined and identified through the literature review to expedite an ingenious background, comprehensive clinical judgement and standardised quality care for gravid women with pre-eclampsia. This was achieved by answering the following questions;\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003EWhat are the knowledge midwifery practitioners on utilisation of digital health at primary health care facilities?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003EWhat is the knowledge of gravid women on utilisation of digital health?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003EWhat are barriers to utilisation of the digital health by midwifery practitioners and gravid women?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2 Literature review sources identification\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003EA thorough literature sources review was initiated as early from August 2021 using electronic databases with peer-reviewed journals such as PubMed, google scholar, science direct, paperpile and mendeley. Moreover, other sources were also reviewed through cross-referencing of other published articles. Lastly, websites and textbooks were reviewed to identify and synthesis the literature of relevance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.3 Selection of search terms\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p11\"\u003EThe selection of literature was achieved through using several key words and various combinations of words to select the appropriately relevant literature and exclude the irrelevant literature. Truncation, phrase searching, keywords searching and Boolean operators were adopted using the nesting logic to gather extensive literature relevant to the topic. Truncation and wild card searching permit the researcher to search the roots and portion of words with the variant endings; whilst Boolean operators are based on the Boolean algebra mostly used in databases and further provide the abilities to combine variant concepts to access the relevant items. AND, OR and NOT are the basic Boolean connectors [\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Meanwhile, nesting is used to reveal search logic and the in order in which Boolean commands will be executed using parentheses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.3.1 Key words\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003EThe literature search was broadened by the use of; NOT, OR, AND, Vs, asterisk, exclamation mark and question mark. The literature search included keyword search, Boolean operators and truncation such as; (digital health AND utilisation), Digital health*, digital health vs. pre-eclampsia, digital health in primary health care facilities?, ((pre-eclampsia NOT eclampsia), (Pre-eclampsia AND primary health care facilities)), knowledge OR utilisation of digital health. Pre-eclampsia trends*, “digital health utilization in primary health care facilities”, “Digital health”. Each mechanism used with the key words search revealed an extensive literature and irrelevant literature was excluded (\u003Ca href=\"#tab1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"table\"\u003ETable 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"tab1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-content\"\u003E\u003Ctable frame=\"hsides\" rules=\"groups\"\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Ccol\u003E\u003Cthead\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Cth\u003Edigital health-related terms\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003Cth\u003Edigital health methods, digital health in primary facilities, digital health in pregnancy, digital health vs. pre-eclampsia\u003C\u002Fth\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Fthead\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003Eutilisation of digital health-related terms\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003Eknowledge of digital health, implications of digital health\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003Epre-eclampsia related terms\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003Ctd\u003Epathophysiology, perinatal and maternal outcomes\u003C\u002Ftd\u003E\u003C\u002Ftr\u003E\u003C\u002Ftbody\u003E\u003C\u002Ftable\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"table-caption\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading\"\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003EKey words search.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"text\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.3.2 Inclusion criteria\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003EThe literature review included studies published from the year January 2010 to July 2021. Moreover, the quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, narrative and systematic analysis were included in the literature. Lastly, the written English sources concentrating on and relevant to digital health utilisation in early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia were included.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E2.3.3 Exclusion criteria\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p15\"\u003ELiterature that was published before 2010 was excluded and not English-based was excluded. Moreover, literature irrelevant to digital health utilisation in early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia were excluded (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F80349\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF1.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p16\"\u003ELiterature review process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.4 Literature search findings\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p17\"\u003EThe findings of the literature search were as follows:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p18\"\u003EThe literature has a total of 47 studies of which were qualitative, quantitative, mixed research methods, systematic review, meta-analysis review and narrative review. Other 11 kinds of literature were from websites, 3 were magister curations dissertations and 1 book was also reviewed. In addition, this literature review only included literature of relevance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.5 Identified themes\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p19\"\u003EThe thorough literature review identified the following themes of the current evidence underpinning digital health utilisation;\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p20\"\u003EPrimary health care implications on maternal care\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p21\"\u003EPre-eclampsia pathophysiology and implication\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p22\"\u003EPerinatal and maternal outcomes\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p23\"\u003EEarly detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p24\"\u003EDigital health in health and maternal care\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p25\"\u003EPurpose, implications and impact of digital health\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p26\"\u003EChallenges, barriers and knowledge of digital health\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Primary health care implications on maternal care\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p27\"\u003EPrimary health care (PHC) is a whole of society approach to the well-being of persons that targets optimal health standards while warranting standardised quality and unbiased caretaking into consideration the individuals needs in the context of the prevention of illness such as pre-eclampsia and promotion of health, furthermore, interventions of the PHC across the developing countries expected to save approximately 60 millions of lives and possible upsurge the life expectancy by 3.7 years by the year 2030 [\u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p28\"\u003EThe global health community endorsed an obligation to appoint PHC as a keystone to endeavour the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by the year 2030 [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. However, with the achieved decrease in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015 by 44 and 49% correspondingly. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) pre-eclampsia included remain the cause of death accounting for 11 and 16% of maternal deaths and stillbirth amongst gravid women globally, respectively [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The aspects of classification, diagnosis and management of HDPs remains a disparity globally, therefore, leading to lack of consensus that hinders the aptitude not only to study the immediate rates of adverse effects of perinatal outcomes for the classified HDPs but also the long-term effects on the maternal and newborn’s health that survived the condition [\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p29\"\u003EA study to assess the quality of antenatal care (ANC) to detect and treat HDPs pre-eclampsia included in two-tier Nigerian establishments shown that PHC accomplished significantly worse than tertiary institutions in all elements of quality of care in assessment, diagnosis and treatment of HDPs, further substantiated that to provide optimal standard care PHC must seek to regenerate ANC programs through training to reduce disparity in quality of care [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A meta-analysis and systematic review of 34 studies in Etopia shown that the prevalence of HDPs and pre-eclampsia in Etopia were 6.82 and 4.74%. Showing that the prevalence of such conditions is relatively higher compared previously therefore further encouraging stakeholders and government to reinforce ANC practice to include identification of risk factors of HDPs at early ANC visits [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p30\"\u003EApproximately 78% of maternal deaths in South Africa at the secondary and tertiary level of care HDP emergencies such as pre-eclampsia emerged from PHC facilities and district hospitals. Moreover, such deaths were due to preventable factors at community health centres accounting for 60% of cases of maternal deaths as a result of the poor assessment, faults in diagnosing, delayed or no referrals to a higher level of care as well as non-adherence to treatment protocols and inadequate monitoring [\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. As a result of such maternal mortalities resulting from preventable factors, South Africa implemented a mobile health initiative such as mom connect to improve foetal-maternal well-being at home by targeted communications to pregnant with all kinds of disorders pre-eclampsia included and breastfeeding women via messages with the provision of information reflecting on their gestational age or postpartum period twice weekly [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_12\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Pre-eclampsia pathophysiology and implications\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p31\"\u003EPregnancy results in physiological adaptation in all the body system, however the failure of such adaptation could lead to a number of illnesses within the gravidas, such as pregnancy-induced by hypertension resulting from the failure of the trophoblast to invade the spiral arteries causing vasoconstriction and damage to the endothelial layer such as the impact on gravidas causes impact and compromise placental foetal unit likely to lead to negative perinatal outcomes [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Pre-eclampsia has multifaceted pathophysiology, abnormal placentation being the most primary cause [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia progresses in 2 stages; being abnormal placentation in the first trimester and maternal syndrome in the second and third trimester characterised by the antiangiogenic factors. A non-conclusive number of theories has been proposed for placental dysfunction; being oxidative stress, abnormal natural killer cells, genetic and environmental factors [\u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The progressive stages are as follows;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p32\"\u003EStage 1: Abnormal placentation\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p33\"\u003EIn normal placentation implantation, cytothrophoblasts invade the maternal spiral arteries, to form a maternal-foetal crossing point for nutrition and other functions. However, during pre-eclampsia development, there’s a failure of the cytothrophoblast to migrate into the spiral arteries. This leads to incomplete spiral artery remodelling causing spiral artery narrowing causing oxidative stress and placenta ischemia [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The placental ischemia will result in foetal complications such as intrauterine growth restrictions (IUGR) and intrauterine death (IUD). The oxidative stress due to decreased oxygen tension results in maternal peripheral endothelial cells dysfunction causing systemic inflammatory response leading to second stage namely; maternal syndrome [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p34\"\u003EStage 2: Maternal syndrome\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p35\"\u003EThe effects of stage result in decreased blood flow to the maternal organs leading to multi-organs failure in the maternal systems. The biological assessment will then indicate vasospasm, coagulation cascade activation and decreased plasma levels [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. As a result of the endothelial cell dysfunction, a hepatic system will be affected contributing to haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, neurological system impairment (cerebral endothelial damage) causing neurological disorders [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Moreover, the endothelial dysfunction results in renal system impairment, i.e. acute kidney failure and proteinuria [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Lastly, the endothelial dysfunction promotes microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and hyperpermability linked with low albumin levels causing pulmonary and peripheral oedema [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Pre-eclampsia is associated with the number of risk factors as outlined in the table below (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F80349\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF2.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p36\"\u003Epre-eclampsia risk factors [\u003Cxref ref-type=\"bibr\" rid=\"B21\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fxref\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_13\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. Perinatal and maternal outcomes of pre-eclampsia\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p37\"\u003EGlobally, approximately 10% of pregnant women develop hypertension during pregnancy and 2–8% of the pregnancies are complicated by pre-eclampsia [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Approximately 10–15% of direct maternal deaths leading to undesirable physiological changes in the kidneys, liver, brain, and clotting systems, further associated with poor foetal outcomes such as poor foetal growth and prematurity [\u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. More than a half-million women died during pregnancy and childbirth across the globe in 2000 and 2002. It was also estimated that half of these maternal deaths occurred in Africa (251000) and about 48% in Asia (253000) [\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p38\"\u003EIn Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a meta-analysis of 13 studies in Etopia revealed that out of 5894 women diagnosed with hypertensive disorder 4% died and 13% had HELLP syndrome. Moreover, adverse perinatal outcomes were reported with perinatal death at 25% and prevalence of low birth weight at 37% [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Hence it is of recommendations to develop strategies and policies to enhance quality maternal health services [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. As cited by [\u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] WHO estimates that the prevalence of pre-eclampsia in developing nations is seven times that of developed nations, furthermore, the rates of pre-eclampsia in African countries vary from 1.8 to 7.1%, with Nigeria prevalence varying from 2–16%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p39\"\u003EGestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are the major causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Severe pre-eclampsia remains a major burden health problem is Sub-Saharan Africa leading to undesirable perinatal and maternal outcomes [\u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are the most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with 4.1 and 4.1%, respectively; these may be due to poor-seeking behaviour, present late and with advanced disease [\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p40\"\u003EA prospective cohort study conducted at three South African tertiary hospitals to describe the maternal and perinatal outcomes on women with pre-eclampsia reported that hypertensive disorders remain a burden amongst pregnant women [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. It was also reported that the incidence of pre-eclampsia is relatively in obese women and pregnant teenagers. Further reported that obese women and pregnant teenagers were more prone to pre-eclampsia complications such as perinatal deaths and preterm deliveries [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, Nathan et al. further reported that out of 1547 women having pre-eclampsia 1% died, 0.3% had a stroke whilst approximately 9.5% progressively developed eclampsia and kidney injury at 17.6% [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Moreover, it was reported out of 1589 of the births were associated with perinatal deaths at 21 and 84.5% of stillbirths; 1308 of live births were preterm deliveries. A dissertation on factors contributing to stillbirth at Witbank hospital corroborated that hypertensive disorders pose a significant risk to the well-being of the mother and the foetus. It was reported that approximately 12% of the women admitted at Witbank hospital had stillbirths were due to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy [\u003Ca href=\"#B32\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_14\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E6. Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p41\"\u003EDetection of early-onset pre-eclampsia can be achieved through effective screening as early as the first trimester. Moreover, screening can be achieved via certain methods such as maternal history screening by combination of maternal risk factors, placental growth factor, mean arterial blood pressure and uterine artery Doppler [\u003Ca href=\"#B33\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E33\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Digital health has been introduced in maternal health to help curve maternal mortalities rise due to preventable conditions such as pre-eclampsia. A retrospective study for early prediction of pre-eclampsia using machine learning through analysis of clinical and laboratory data in previous ANC visits; revealed that a significant set of features for prediction of pre-eclampsia were identified which shown significantly elevated prediction performances of the risk of pre-eclampsia [\u003Ca href=\"#B34\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Early detection of pre-eclampsia is a global burden that should be addressed. The study developed a wearable device to monitor women at risk of pre-eclampsia using the identified risk factors and blood monitoring the prototype yielded good results for identification of the biomedical signals. However, comparison of the methodology is still to be done with another facility [\u003Ca href=\"#B35\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E35\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p42\"\u003EDigital health can overcome access limiting factors and lack of trained HCP in low-resourced settings through mHealth solutions. Studies have evidently proven mHealth can benefit pre-eclampsia women through early detection and symptoms control. mHealth has a great potential for improving clinical practice as positive results were reported on maternal health improvement through digital health [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The use of digital health such as electronic health (eHealth) showed improved efficiency and suitability of care, moreover had an effect on mortality, readmissions, and total costs [\u003Ca href=\"#B36\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, the use of digital health such as mobile technology through self-monitoring of blood pressure amongst women at risk of pre-eclampsia reduces perinatal and maternal mortalities and morbidities due to pre-eclampsia and reduces the number of hospitalisations [\u003Ca href=\"#B37\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_15\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E7. Digital health in health and maternal care\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p43\"\u003EDigital health is a comprehensive category entailing mobile health, electronic health, and telehealth and health data. It strengthens health systems through bringing such services directly to their homes and unprivileged communities; further map illness outbreaks and digital tool integration to make health care to be more productive and approachable [\u003Ca href=\"#B38\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Over the past 20 years, digital health technology has been splendidly growing to improve health and maternal health. Furthermore, the digital health technologies vary some are client-focused meaning they provide women enhanced capabilities to raise their health and risk consciousness, self-participated monitoring and management in preconception, antenatal and postnatal period. In addition, provides awareness of any pregnancy-related complications such as pre-eclampsia and treatment as well as lifestyle and health choices [\u003Ca href=\"#B39\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p44\"\u003EWhile some digital health technologies are provider-focused digital health technologies; they enable substantial management of obstetric complications during primary consultation, admission and referral process. Telemedicine and telecare are the common examples of digital systems that encompass access to specialist services behind the limitations of the clinic. In addition, the systems are developed for healthcare professionals and introduced into the high-risk patients, i.e. pre-eclampsia women [\u003Ca href=\"#B39\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Digital health innovations are not the replacements for the health system in place, however, they empower and enhance the components of the health systems to make an informed decisions and optimise health outcomes [\u003Ca href=\"#B40\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E40\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The national department of health (NDoH) on the national digital health strategy for South Africa for 2019–2024 (NDHSSA) substantiated that digital enable support for health sectors for a health life for the population through health systems strengthening to enable service delivery. Moreover, further enables effective patient care and personal empowerment needed to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), [\u003Ca href=\"#B41\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A case study to improve maternal health through digital health using mobile technology indicated that maternal mortality remains a burden across SSA. Corroborated that mobile communication encourage the provision of fast and accessible care. Moreover, it was found that digital health through mobile devices increase workplace efficiency and enable faster decision making amongst health care providers (HCP) [\u003Ca href=\"#B42\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E42\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p45\"\u003EIn South Africa the public health system distorted to more comprehensive and cohesive health systems [\u003Ca href=\"#B43\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The use of public health services across the scale of care was highest in SSA. Approximately 94% of pregnant women attended ANC and 76% attended the recommended ANC visits showing active utilisation of such services to achieve the MDG 5. However, this use of public services was linked to digital health initiatives such as mom connect [\u003Ca href=\"#B43\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_16\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E8. Purpose, implications and impact of digital health\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p46\"\u003EDigital health primarily aims to provide widespread reachable and digestible information to all stakeholders. It provides high-quality information essential to researchers, patients, health care providers, social scientists, industries and government [\u003Ca href=\"#B44\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E44\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Digital health includes variants of sets such as mobile health, telehealth, telemedicine, health information technology, wearable devices and personalised medicine. Digital health can improve the diagnosing and treating of illnesses, further heightening the rendering of health care for each person [\u003Ca href=\"#B45\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E45\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The use of digital health can assist in reaching well-informed decisions with one’s health and provide alternative options for facilitating prevention, early diagnosis of life-threatening diseases, and management of diseases outside the health care facilities. The stakeholder’s implications with regards to utilisation of digital health were that optimise patient care and personalise individual’s care through reduction of inefficiencies and costs, improved accessibility, optimal quality and more patient-oriented care [\u003Ca href=\"#B45\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E45\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B46\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E46\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p47\"\u003EA qualitative perspective of community health workers on using health mHealth to improve health care delivery in India revealed that mHealth was accepted by community health workers because it sought of improving their status in their communities [\u003Ca href=\"#B47\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E47\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. However, there was a mix of negative and positive perceptions surrounding the use and impact of the mHealth software such as underlying mistrust, socio-economic barriers in engagement and technological barriers in implementation [\u003Ca href=\"#B47\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E47\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_17\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E9. Digital health methods\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p48\"\u003EApproximately 3–10% of pregnancies are complicated by hypertensive disorders [\u003Ca href=\"#B48\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E48\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Around 30,000 women yearly due to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy [\u003Ca href=\"#B49\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E49\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. This shows that the use of digital and telehealth can considerably benefit women at risk of hypertensive disorders and ensure early detection of symptoms and treat the symptoms and improve maternal and perinatal outcomes during and after pregnancy [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B50\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E50\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A randomised controlled trial study to improve maternal and neonatal health in Bangladesh, corroborated that using digital health such as mobile can make great contributions in reducing maternal and neonatal mortalities [\u003Ca href=\"#B51\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E51\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The digital methods below will be client-focused and provider-focused from global, SSA and South Africa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p49\"\u003EHowever, below are the digital health methods used by various countries to strengthen the maternal digital health system for high risk and low-risk pregnancies;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_17_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E9.1 Mobile initiatives\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_17_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E9.1.1 International\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p50\"\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p51\"\u003EText4Baby\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p52\"\u003EText4baby is a mHealth initiative in the United States that provides timely messages to pregnant women and puerperia’s with regards to their wellbeing. Furthermore, the mHealth addressed the prenatal and postnatal being of the women with messages addressing the pregnancy, labour, nutrition and when to reach health care [\u003Ca href=\"#B52\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E52\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Text4Baby is one of the patient education strategies to help curve the rise of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality due to pre-eclampsia [\u003Ca href=\"#B53\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E53\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p53\"\u003ESmart mom\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p54\"\u003ESmart mom is a Canadian mHealth initiative focused on prenatal education on pregnant women through text messages. Smart mom guide women throughout pregnancy by the provision of evidence-based information developed by experts in maternal and child health [\u003Ca href=\"#B54\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E54\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p55\"\u003EMobile4Health\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p56\"\u003EIn response to significantly high maternal mortality rates in Bangladesh due to maternal pregnancy-related conditions such as pre-eclampsia, the Mobile4Health initiative was developed. The mobile health initiative aimed to provide pregnant women with information via messages for self-care relating to their conditions and postpartum care [\u003Ca href=\"#B42\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E42\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_18_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E9.1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p57\"\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p58\"\u003EPigia daktari\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p59\"\u003EPigia daktari is a Tanzanian telemedicine mobile app developed for use by HCP and patients to access specialised care especially for patients in communities with no specialised care. Moreover, it encourages the utilisation of referral systems and its user-friendly interactive box; it aims to identify and solve existing barriers to access and provide consistent and timely optimised health services [\u003Ca href=\"#B55\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E55\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p60\"\u003EWazazi Nipendeni\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p61\"\u003EWazazi Nipendeni is a mHealth initiative used by Tanzanian pregnant women to receive tailored messages with regards to pregnancy and gestational age as well as the health of their infant. The mHealth was implemented to reduce high Tanzania’s maternal and infant mortality ratio [\u003Ca href=\"#B56\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E56\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_19_3\" data-lvl=\"3\"\u003E\u003Ch4 class=\"heading subsection-title\"\u003E9.1.3 South Africa\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p62\"\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p63\"\u003EMom connect\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p64\"\u003EMom connect is a South African client-focused digital mHealth initiative utilised by pregnant women and puerperia’s through any mobile device integrated with maternal and child health services via messages in all 11 official languages [\u003Ca href=\"#B57\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E57\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Mom connect has registered over more than 60% of gravid women nationally and registered approximately 1.7 million subscribers since 2014, maternal health service will improve maternal health services and most patients were enthusiastic about utilisation of the mHealth [\u003Ca href=\"#B58\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E58\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p65\"\u003EEssential Medicine guidance\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p66\"\u003EEssential medicine (EM) guidance is a provider-focused digital health app initiative that encompasses 12 local clinical guidelines and decision-making tools for HCP. Moreover, EM guidance assists the HCP in accurately diagnosing and management of conditions such as pre-eclampsia utilising South Africa’s comprehensive evidence-based medicine sources [\u003Ca href=\"#B59\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E59\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_21_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E9.2 Telemedicine and telehealth\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p67\"\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p68\"\u003ESAFE@HOME\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p69\"\u003ESAFE@HOME is a digital health platform designed to monitor daily blood pressure monitoring and symptoms amongst women with chronic hypertension, history of pre-eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in the Netherlands [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The evaluation of the care telepath noted a significantly minimal admission amongst women of hypertension and suspected pre-eclampsia with the utilisation of the SAFE@HOME tele monitoring. Moreover, telemonitoring of blood pressure amongst women is feasible in high-risk patient for early detection and has the potential to change antenatal care (ANC) [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_22_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E9.3 Medical social media\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p70\"\u003ESocial media platforms are regarded as one of the digital health initiatives widely. A cross sectional study to determine how individuals used social media for evidence maternity care stated that women were highly engaged in utilising social media to access and share maternity information [\u003Ca href=\"#B60\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E60\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, the utilisation of maternal health care services was significantly higher amongst women who were exposed to mass media across countries and such women were 46–86% likely to receive ANC [\u003Ca href=\"#B61\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E61\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p71\"\u003EA study conducted in Ota, Nigeria to identify sources of maternal health awareness and examine the means of access to maternal information corroborated that the internet was the most used source to access maternal health awareness services at 49% and followed by adverts and campaigns at 30.6% [\u003Ca href=\"#B62\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E62\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In addition, apps claim to sanction for greater convenience, connectivity and efficiency. Social media such as Facebook have many users and allow women to access and share information with other moms with regards to their pregnancy [\u003Ca href=\"#B63\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E63\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_23_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E9.4 Digitised health record platforms\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p72\"\u003EDigitised health records systems are technological innovations adopted by numerous health institutions. A study indicated that the use of electronic medical records for maternal and child care and health most like improve health care; as supported by the results that the women who had prenatal care visits with the HCP who adopted the electronic health record (EHR) were most likely to have well-child visits [\u003Ca href=\"#B64\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E64\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A qualitative analysis of the user of EHR in the maternity care environment described it as being favourably, whilst other midwives are shown limited understanding of the EHR [\u003Ca href=\"#B65\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. However, a systematic review in South Africa to identify success factors for the implementation of EHRs identified social, technical and environmental barriers, i.e. lack of supporting infrastructure, political influence, legislation and regulations, user’s training and commitment, and lack of structure implementation and management [\u003Ca href=\"#B66\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E66\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_25\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E10. Challenges, barriers and knowledge of digital health\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p73\"\u003EDespite the standard benefits and implications of digital health in clinical practice to diagnose, treat, disease management and prevention and wellness; challenges and issues arose such as doctors not having adequate information for prescription and use digital health technologies [\u003Ca href=\"#B46\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E46\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A perspective review on critical perspectives on digital health technologies reported a number of complexities on patients’ perspective on the use of digital health such as telehealth; some patients felt that they had slight control over their doctors’ decision to use technologies and wish to continue using the ordinary patient-doctor model [\u003Ca href=\"#B67\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E67\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A digital health: a path to validation review conducted in the United States of America (USA) stated that the concept of digital health continues to evolve and digital health technologies are being used worldwide in medicine to diagnose, treat and clinical decision support [\u003Ca href=\"#B68\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E68\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The impact of digital health technologies on optimising individuals’ health and well-being is extraordinary as the technologies have transformed clinical practice from prevention to disease management and self-management [\u003Ca href=\"#B69\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E69\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. However, despite the uprising of digital health in clinical practice, challenges were noted during the path to validation of digital health hindering the extensive implementation of evolving approaches such as health digital scorecard and requirements-driven approach [\u003Ca href=\"#B68\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E68\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Three challenges were noted namely; conceptual, financial and organisational and operational challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p74\"\u003EIn a study conducted in the United States, lack of technical support, lack of authentication of expertise and lack of expertise usability were the barriers to implementation of digital health by patients with hypertension [\u003Ca href=\"#B70\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E70\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. There is a number of contributing factors hindering the implementation of electronic health (e-Health) programmes in Uganda such as poor coordination and communication, untrained health personnel, loss of network connection, lack of knowledge and skills about telehealth, illiterate community and people financial status [\u003Ca href=\"#B71\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E71\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A study in the implementation of digital health technology such as mHealth applications in Botswana aiming to reduce patients and HCP barriers inaccessibility to care and knowledge, respectively, indicated that numerous social and technical challenges were faced; such as cultural misalignment between the Information technology (IT) and HCP, unreliable IT, infrastructure accidental damage to mobile devices and malfunctioning mobile devices [\u003Ca href=\"#B72\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E72\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. There are unravelling barriers in adoption of digital health at the primary health care level in African Countries by health care providers such as lack of technology knowledge, lack of innovation acceptance, limited knowledge and abilities of utilisation of digital health, absence of enthusiasm and poor organisational and management level [\u003Ca href=\"#B73\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E73\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Furthermore, study conducted in Iran shown significant poor knowledge of health care providers in utilisation of digital health and most probably due to lack of training [\u003Ca href=\"#B73\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E73\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p75\"\u003EApproximately 79% of pregnant women utilising mom connect in the year 2017 asked questions related to health and others were about disrespect and abuse from the midwifery practitioners, showing significant utilisation of digital health [\u003Ca href=\"#B58\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E58\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Further showing that improper communication amongst the midwifery practitioners and gravid women can further hinder the utilisation of digital health by gravid women. However, despite the improper communications, approximately 2.5 million pregnant women registered for the digital health initiate by 2019. Evidence shows effective usage of digital health amongst pregnant women [\u003Ca href=\"#B41\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E41\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The working conditions can hinder optimal midwifery care to the patient such as the implementation of digital health; this supported [\u003Ca href=\"#B74\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E74\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] that absenteeism, shortage of staff, work overload of staff and overcrowding of patients in healthcare facilities are contributing factors to perinatal morbidity and mortality. This significantly remains a major common barrier in the provision of standardised care such as improper teaching of pregnant women such as the utilisation of mom connect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_26\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E11. Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p76\"\u003EDespite the digital health initiatives and digital health methods utilisation growing expandable across the globe, the empirical evidence pertinent to digital health utilisation to maternal health services to early detect and treat pre-eclampsia was limited. The extensive literature review showed significant extensive existence of research gaps in digital health utilisation in maternal services. Therefore, it remains within the jurisdiction of the department of health and researchers to research beyond to identify facilitators and impediments of strengthening maternal digital health systems amongst high-risk pregnant women in South Africa, to develop quality standards and more evolved digital health initiatives supporting the maternal and child health. Moreover, for South Africa to achieve the UHC goals more context-rich digital health solutions need to be developed to improve the accessibility of services and further achieve the millennium developmental goal 5.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":"digital health, early detection maternal health, pre-eclampsia","chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F80349.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F80349.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F80349\u002F1672143332\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F80349","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F80349","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F80349\u002F1512345123\u002F","totalDownloads":298,"totalViews":614,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"introChapter":null,"impactScore":1,"impactScorePercentile":70,"impactScoreQuartile":3,"hasAltmetrics":0,"dateSubmitted":"October 8th 2021","dateReviewed":"October 14th 2021","datePrePublished":"February 4th 2022","datePublished":"March 16th 2022","dateFinished":"February 4th 2022","readingETA":"0","abstract":"Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are the most prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa leading to undesirable perinatal and maternal outcomes. In South Africa, a high rate of maternal death was noted due to pre-eclampsia. However, the use of digital maternal health in South Africa has become of significance for reinforcement of health care. Digital health initiatives such as mobile health technologies were developed to improve better access to communities in low and middle-income countries. The implementation and practices of digital health seem to be growing expandable to achieve the UHC goals in the provision of care to all globally and nationally. This review aims to review existing literature on the use of digital maternal health to minimise admission of pre-eclampsia and early identification of gravid women who are at risk of developing pre-eclampsia.","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F80349","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F80349","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"noAds":0,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"10707","type":"book","title":"Primary Health Care","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Primary Health Care","slug":"primary-health-care","publishedDate":"March 16th 2022","bookSignature":"Ayşe Emel Önal","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10707.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1713445007-185414977\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1713445007-185414977\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718280443-1273426475\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718280443-1273426475\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718118079-949198343\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718118079-949198343\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":"978-1-83969-807-1","price":139,"printIsbn":"978-1-83969-806-4","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83969-808-8","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","numberOfWosCitations":0,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"25840","title":"Dr.","name":"Ayşe Emel","middleName":null,"surname":"Önal","slug":"ayse-emel-onal","fullName":"Ayşe Emel Önal"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"1132"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"80299","type":"chapter","title":"Health Promotion","slug":"health-promotion","totalDownloads":1532,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"signatures":"Florence Tochukwu Sibeudu","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"340301","title":"Dr.","name":"Florence Tochukwu","middleName":null,"surname":"Sibeudu","fullName":"Florence Tochukwu Sibeudu","slug":"florence-tochukwu-sibeudu"}]},{"id":"77582","type":"chapter","title":"Primary Care in the USA: The Long Struggle to Build its Foundational Role","slug":"primary-care-in-the-usa-the-long-struggle-to-build-its-foundational-role","totalDownloads":504,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"John Geyman","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"417658","title":"Emeritus Prof.","name":"John","middleName":null,"surname":"Geyman","fullName":"John Geyman","slug":"john-geyman"}]},{"id":"78922","type":"chapter","title":"Patient-Centred Point-of-Care Testing: A Life-Changing Technology for Remote Primary Care","slug":"patient-centred-point-of-care-testing-a-life-changing-technology-for-remote-primary-care","totalDownloads":624,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"signatures":"Brooke Spaeth, Susan Matthews and Mark Shephard","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"419830","title":"Dr.","name":"Susan","middleName":"Janet","surname":"Matthews","fullName":"Susan Matthews","slug":"susan-matthews"},{"id":"422572","title":"Prof.","name":"Mark","middleName":null,"surname":"Shephard","fullName":"Mark Shephard","slug":"mark-shephard"},{"id":"435211","title":"Dr.","name":"Brooke","middleName":null,"surname":"Spaeth","fullName":"Brooke Spaeth","slug":"brooke-spaeth"}]},{"id":"78450","type":"chapter","title":"The Newborn Baby Check","slug":"the-newborn-baby-check","totalDownloads":276,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Harishan Tharmarajah","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"418299","title":"Dr.","name":"Harishan","middleName":null,"surname":"Tharmarajah","fullName":"Harishan Tharmarajah","slug":"harishan-tharmarajah"}]},{"id":"77986","type":"chapter","title":"COVID-19 Transmission in Children: Implications for Schools","slug":"covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for-schools","totalDownloads":385,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres, Franklin Torres, Wendy Rosales-Rada, Liliana Encinales, Lil Avendaño, María Fernanda Pérez, Ivana Terán, David Vergara, Estefanie Osorio-Llanes, Paige Fierbaugh, Wendy Villamizar, Aileen Y. Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"342716","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Aileen","middleName":null,"surname":"Y. Chang","fullName":"Aileen Y. Chang","slug":"aileen-y.-chang"},{"id":"342718","title":"Dr.","name":"Evelyn","middleName":null,"surname":"Mendoza-Torres","fullName":"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres","slug":"evelyn-mendoza-torres"},{"id":"427633","title":"Dr.","name":"Franklin","middleName":null,"surname":"Torres","fullName":"Franklin Torres","slug":"franklin-torres"},{"id":"427634","title":"Dr.","name":"Wendy","middleName":null,"surname":"Rosales-Rada","fullName":"Wendy Rosales-Rada","slug":"wendy-rosales-rada"},{"id":"427635","title":"Dr.","name":"Liliana","middleName":null,"surname":"Encinales","fullName":"Liliana Encinales","slug":"liliana-encinales"},{"id":"427636","title":"Dr.","name":"Lil","middleName":null,"surname":"Avendaño","fullName":"Lil Avendaño","slug":"lil-avendano"},{"id":"427637","title":"Dr.","name":"María Fernanda","middleName":null,"surname":"Pérez","fullName":"María Fernanda Pérez","slug":"maria-fernanda-perez"},{"id":"427638","title":"Dr.","name":"Ivana","middleName":null,"surname":"Terán","fullName":"Ivana Terán","slug":"ivana-teran"},{"id":"427639","title":"Dr.","name":"David","middleName":null,"surname":"Vergara","fullName":"David Vergara","slug":"david-vergara"},{"id":"427640","title":"Dr.","name":"Estefanie","middleName":null,"surname":"Osorio-Llanes","fullName":"Estefanie Osorio-Llanes","slug":"estefanie-osorio-llanes"},{"id":"427641","title":"Dr.","name":"Paige","middleName":null,"surname":"Fierbaugh","fullName":"Paige Fierbaugh","slug":"paige-fierbaugh"},{"id":"427642","title":"Dr.","name":"Wendy","middleName":null,"surname":"Villamizar","fullName":"Wendy Villamizar","slug":"wendy-villamizar"},{"id":"457495","title":"Dr.","name":"Jairo","middleName":null,"surname":"Castellar-Lopez","fullName":"Jairo Castellar-Lopez","slug":"jairo-castellar-lopez"}]},{"id":"79824","type":"chapter","title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pediatrics","slug":"sexually-transmitted-infections-in-pediatrics","totalDownloads":435,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Diana Coronel-Martínez and Luis Augusto Moya-Barquín","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"341814","title":"M.D.","name":"Diana","middleName":null,"surname":"Leticia Coronel Martínez","fullName":"Diana Leticia Coronel Martínez","slug":"diana-leticia-coronel-martinez"},{"id":"445240","title":"Dr.","name":"Luis","middleName":null,"surname":"Augusto Moya-Barquín","fullName":"Luis Augusto Moya-Barquín","slug":"luis-augusto-moya-barquin"}]},{"id":"75767","type":"chapter","title":"Chlamydial Infection","slug":"chlamydial-infection","totalDownloads":425,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Dimitra Metallinou, Christina Nanou, Antigoni Sarantaki, Eleftheria Lazarou, Anastasia Liagkou and Katerina Lykeridou","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"343361","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Dimitra","middleName":null,"surname":"Metallinou","fullName":"Dimitra Metallinou","slug":"dimitra-metallinou"},{"id":"346832","title":"Prof.","name":"Christina","middleName":null,"surname":"Nanou","fullName":"Christina Nanou","slug":"christina-nanou"},{"id":"346833","title":"Prof.","name":"Antigoni","middleName":null,"surname":"Sarantaki","fullName":"Antigoni Sarantaki","slug":"antigoni-sarantaki"},{"id":"346835","title":"M.Sc.","name":"Eleftheria","middleName":null,"surname":"Lazarou","fullName":"Eleftheria Lazarou","slug":"eleftheria-lazarou"},{"id":"346836","title":"MSc.","name":"Anastasia","middleName":null,"surname":"Liagkou","fullName":"Anastasia Liagkou","slug":"anastasia-liagkou"},{"id":"346837","title":"Prof.","name":"Katerina","middleName":null,"surname":"Lykeridou","fullName":"Katerina Lykeridou","slug":"katerina-lykeridou"}]},{"id":"77507","type":"chapter","title":"The Effects of Multivitamin Use In Pregnancy on Mother and Fetus Health","slug":"the-effects-of-multivitamin-use-in-pregnancy-on-mother-and-fetus-health","totalDownloads":156,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Neda Taner and Gülden Zehra Omurtag","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[null]},{"id":"79058","type":"chapter","title":"Anemia during Pregnancy and Its Prevalence","slug":"anemia-during-pregnancy-and-its-prevalence","totalDownloads":829,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Sehar Zulkifal, Shumaila Sarwar, Madiha Saddique, Khalida Yaqoob, Arshia Muneer, Aisha Fatima, Ayesha Kabir, Muhammad Asad Mangat, Laiba Mateen, Zeeshan Javed and Maleeha Manzoor","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"345826","title":"Dr.","name":"Maleeha","middleName":null,"surname":"Manzoor","fullName":"Maleeha Manzoor","slug":"maleeha-manzoor"},{"id":"413988","title":"Mr.","name":"Zeeshan","middleName":null,"surname":"Javed","fullName":"Zeeshan Javed","slug":"zeeshan-javed"},{"id":"425692","title":"Ms.","name":"Shumaila","middleName":null,"surname":"Sarwar","fullName":"Shumaila Sarwar","slug":"shumaila-sarwar"},{"id":"425693","title":"Ms.","name":"Madiha","middleName":null,"surname":"Saddique","fullName":"Madiha Saddique","slug":"madiha-saddique"},{"id":"425694","title":"Ms.","name":"Khalida","middleName":null,"surname":"Yaqoob","fullName":"Khalida Yaqoob","slug":"khalida-yaqoob"},{"id":"425695","title":"Ms.","name":"Arshia","middleName":null,"surname":"Muneer","fullName":"Arshia Muneer","slug":"arshia-muneer"},{"id":"426832","title":"Ms.","name":"Aisha","middleName":null,"surname":"Fatima","fullName":"Aisha Fatima","slug":"aisha-fatima"},{"id":"428671","title":"Mr.","name":"Mohammad Asad","middleName":null,"surname":"Mangat","fullName":"Mohammad Asad Mangat","slug":"mohammad-asad-mangat"},{"id":"428675","title":"Ms.","name":"Ayesha","middleName":null,"surname":"Kabir","fullName":"Ayesha Kabir","slug":"ayesha-kabir"},{"id":"428678","title":"Ms.","name":"Sehar","middleName":null,"surname":"Zulkifal","fullName":"Sehar Zulkifal","slug":"sehar-zulkifal"},{"id":"428679","title":"Ms.","name":"Laiba","middleName":null,"surname":"Mateen","fullName":"Laiba Mateen","slug":"laiba-mateen"}]},{"id":"78212","type":"chapter","title":"Managing Polypharmacy and Deprescribing in Elderly","slug":"managing-polypharmacy-and-deprescribing-in-elderly","totalDownloads":362,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Çiğdem Apaydın Kaya","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"174121","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Çiğdem","middleName":null,"surname":"Apaydın Kaya","fullName":"Çiğdem Apaydın Kaya","slug":"cigdem-apaydin-kaya"}]},{"id":"79620","type":"chapter","title":"Use of Primary Healthcare Facilities for Care and Support of Chronic Diseases: Hypertension","slug":"use-of-primary-healthcare-facilities-for-care-and-support-of-chronic-diseases-hypertension","totalDownloads":289,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Maseabata Ramathebane, Maja Lineo and Sello Molungoa","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"319470","title":"Dr.","name":"Sello","middleName":null,"surname":"Molungoa","fullName":"Sello Molungoa","slug":"sello-molungoa"},{"id":"334836","title":"Dr.","name":"Maseabata","middleName":null,"surname":"Ramathebane","fullName":"Maseabata Ramathebane","slug":"maseabata-ramathebane"},{"id":"419353","title":"Ms.","name":"Lineo","middleName":null,"surname":"Maja","fullName":"Lineo Maja","slug":"lineo-maja"}]},{"id":"79469","type":"chapter","title":"Impact of Cardiovascular Diseases on the Outcome of Patients with COVID-19","slug":"impact-of-cardiovascular-diseases-on-the-outcome-of-patients-with-covid-19","totalDownloads":294,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Seeta Devi Akyana and Dipali Dumbre","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"338976","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Dipali","middleName":null,"surname":"Dumbre","fullName":"Dipali Dumbre","slug":"dipali-dumbre"},{"id":"417963","title":"Dr.","name":"Seeta Devi","middleName":null,"surname":"Akyana","fullName":"Seeta Devi Akyana","slug":"seeta-devi-akyana"}]},{"id":"77590","type":"chapter","title":"Aplication Arterial Oscilography to Study the Adaptive Capacity of Subject with COVID-19 in Primary Care","slug":"aplication-arterial-oscilography-to-study-the-adaptive-capacity-of-subject-with-covid-19-in-primary-","totalDownloads":306,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"signatures":"Dmytro Vakulenko, Liudmyla Vakulenko, Leonid Hryshchuk and Lesya Sas","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"418269","title":"Prof.","name":"Dmytro","middleName":null,"surname":"Vakulenko","fullName":"Dmytro Vakulenko","slug":"dmytro-vakulenko"},{"id":"418564","title":"Dr.","name":"Liudmyla","middleName":null,"surname":"Vakulenko","fullName":"Liudmyla Vakulenko","slug":"liudmyla-vakulenko"},{"id":"418627","title":"Prof.","name":"Leonid","middleName":null,"surname":"Hryshchuk","fullName":"Leonid Hryshchuk","slug":"leonid-hryshchuk"},{"id":"418628","title":"Dr.","name":"Lesya","middleName":null,"surname":"Sas","fullName":"Lesya Sas","slug":"lesya-sas"}]},{"id":"78257","type":"chapter","title":"The Need to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services to Improve Mental Health Care Services in South Africa","slug":"the-need-to-strengthen-primary-health-care-services-to-improve-mental-health-care-services-in-south-","totalDownloads":353,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Kebogile Elizabeth Mokwena and Velaphi Anthony Mokwena","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"261452","title":"Prof.","name":"Kebogile","middleName":null,"surname":"Elizabeth Mokwena","fullName":"Kebogile Elizabeth Mokwena","slug":"kebogile-elizabeth-mokwena"},{"id":"417209","title":"Mr.","name":"Velaphi","middleName":null,"surname":"Anthony Mokwena","fullName":"Velaphi Anthony Mokwena","slug":"velaphi-anthony-mokwena"}]},{"id":"78754","type":"chapter","title":"Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) in Primary Healthcare Facilities in Jordan in the Context of COVID-19","slug":"water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash-and-infection-prevention-and-control-ipc-in-primary-healthcare-fac","totalDownloads":224,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Yousef Khader, Mohamad Alyahya and Rami Saadeh","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"222299","title":"Prof.","name":"Yousef","middleName":null,"surname":"Khader","fullName":"Yousef Khader","slug":"yousef-khader"},{"id":"426981","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohamad","middleName":null,"surname":"Alyahya","fullName":"Mohamad Alyahya","slug":"mohamad-alyahya"},{"id":"426982","title":"Dr.","name":"Rami","middleName":null,"surname":"Saadeh","fullName":"Rami Saadeh","slug":"rami-saadeh"}]},{"id":"79015","type":"chapter","title":"Strategies to Enhance Compliance to Health and Safety Protocols within the South African Mining Environment","slug":"strategies-to-enhance-compliance-to-health-and-safety-protocols-within-the-south-african-mining-envi","totalDownloads":876,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Livhuwani Muthelo, Tebogo Maria Mothiba and Rambelani Nancy Malema","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"416234","title":"Mrs.","name":"Livhuwani","middleName":null,"surname":"Muthelo","fullName":"Livhuwani Muthelo","slug":"livhuwani-muthelo"},{"id":"335856","title":"Prof.","name":"Tebogo Maria","middleName":null,"surname":"Mothiba","fullName":"Tebogo Maria Mothiba","slug":"tebogo-maria-mothiba"},{"id":"425891","title":"Prof.","name":"Rambelani Nancy","middleName":null,"surname":"Malema","fullName":"Rambelani Nancy Malema","slug":"rambelani-nancy-malema"}]},{"id":"80132","type":"chapter","title":"Early Occupational Therapy Intervention: Patients’ Occupational Needs","slug":"early-occupational-therapy-intervention-patients-occupational-needs","totalDownloads":281,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Margherita Schiavi, Barbara Volta, Gilda Sandri, Erica Keeling and Maria Teresa Mascia","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"439048","title":"M.Sc.","name":"Margherita","middleName":null,"surname":"Schiavi","fullName":"Margherita Schiavi","slug":"margherita-schiavi"},{"id":"439049","title":"Prof.","name":"Maria Teresa","middleName":null,"surname":"Mascia","fullName":"Maria Teresa Mascia","slug":"maria-teresa-mascia"},{"id":"439050","title":"Dr.","name":"Gilda","middleName":null,"surname":"Sandri","fullName":"Gilda Sandri","slug":"gilda-sandri"},{"id":"439052","title":"MSc.","name":"Barbara","middleName":null,"surname":"Volta","fullName":"Barbara Volta","slug":"barbara-volta"},{"id":"446740","title":"Dr.","name":"Erica","middleName":null,"surname":"Keeling","fullName":"Erica Keeling","slug":"erica-keeling"}]},{"id":"77489","type":"chapter","title":"Telephone Consultations by Medical Scheme Patients Consulting General Medical Practitioners, South Africa","slug":"telephone-consultations-by-medical-scheme-patients-consulting-general-medical-practitioners-south-af","totalDownloads":279,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Michael Mncedisi Willie, Neo Nonyana and Sipho Kabane","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"418229","title":"Mr.","name":"Michael","middleName":"Mncedisi","surname":"Mncedisi Willie","fullName":"Michael Mncedisi Willie","slug":"michael-mncedisi-willie"},{"id":"418233","title":"Dr.","name":"Sipho","middleName":null,"surname":"Kabane","fullName":"Sipho Kabane","slug":"sipho-kabane"},{"id":"418240","title":"Mr.","name":"Neo","middleName":null,"surname":"Nonyana","fullName":"Neo Nonyana","slug":"neo-nonyana"}]},{"id":"80078","type":"chapter","title":"Evaluating A Mobile App for Data Collection in Occupational Therapy Practice","slug":"evaluating-a-mobile-app-for-data-collection-in-occupational-therapy-practice","totalDownloads":280,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Tanja Svarre, Marie Bangsgaard Bang and Tine Bieber Lunn","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"447103","title":"Mrs.","name":"Marie","middleName":null,"surname":"Bangsgaard Bang","fullName":"Marie Bangsgaard Bang","slug":"marie-bangsgaard-bang"},{"id":"447104","title":"Mrs.","name":"Tine","middleName":null,"surname":"Bieber Lunn","fullName":"Tine Bieber Lunn","slug":"tine-bieber-lunn"},{"id":"452106","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Tanja","middleName":null,"surname":"Svarre","fullName":"Tanja Svarre","slug":"tanja-svarre"}]},{"id":"80349","type":"chapter","title":"Utilisation of Digital Health in Early Detection and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia in Primary Health Care Facilities South Africa: Literature Review","slug":"utilisation-of-digital-health-in-early-detection-and-treatment-of-pre-eclampsia-in-primary-health-ca","totalDownloads":298,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Mxolisi Welcome Ngwenya, Livhuwani Muthelo, Masenyani Oupa Mbombi, Mamare Adelaide Bopape and Tebogo Maria Mothiba","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"416234","title":"Mrs.","name":"Livhuwani","middleName":null,"surname":"Muthelo","fullName":"Livhuwani Muthelo","slug":"livhuwani-muthelo"},{"id":"440326","title":"M.A.","name":"Mxolisi Welcome","middleName":null,"surname":"Ngwenya","fullName":"Mxolisi Welcome Ngwenya","slug":"mxolisi-welcome-ngwenya"},{"id":"442074","title":"Dr.","name":"Masenyani","middleName":null,"surname":"Oupa Mbombi","fullName":"Masenyani Oupa Mbombi","slug":"masenyani-oupa-mbombi"},{"id":"442075","title":"Dr.","name":"Mamare Adelaide","middleName":null,"surname":"Bopape","fullName":"Mamare Adelaide Bopape","slug":"mamare-adelaide-bopape"},{"id":"442076","title":"Dr.","name":"Tebogo Maria","middleName":null,"surname":"Mothiba","fullName":"Tebogo Maria Mothiba","slug":"tebogo-maria-mothiba"}]}]},"signatures":"Mxolisi Welcome Ngwenya, Livhuwani Muthelo, Masenyani Oupa Mbombi, Mamare Adelaide Bopape and Tebogo Maria Mothiba","authors":[{"id":"416234","title":"Mrs.","name":"Livhuwani","middleName":null,"surname":"Muthelo","fullName":"Livhuwani Muthelo","slug":"livhuwani-muthelo","email":"livhuwani.muthelo@ul.ac.za","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":{"name":"University of Limpopo","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"South Africa"}}},{"id":"440326","title":"M.A.","name":"Mxolisi Welcome","middleName":null,"surname":"Ngwenya","fullName":"Mxolisi Welcome Ngwenya","slug":"mxolisi-welcome-ngwenya","email":"xoliwelcome804@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null},{"id":"442074","title":"Dr.","name":"Masenyani","middleName":null,"surname":"Oupa Mbombi","fullName":"Masenyani Oupa Mbombi","slug":"masenyani-oupa-mbombi","email":"dummy+442074@intechopen.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null},{"id":"442075","title":"Dr.","name":"Mamare Adelaide","middleName":null,"surname":"Bopape","fullName":"Mamare Adelaide Bopape","slug":"mamare-adelaide-bopape","email":"dummy+442075@intechopen.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null},{"id":"442076","title":"Dr.","name":"Tebogo Maria","middleName":null,"surname":"Mothiba","fullName":"Tebogo Maria Mothiba","slug":"tebogo-maria-mothiba","email":"dummy+442076@intechopen.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null}],"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Literature review methodology","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2_2","title":"2.1 Purpose of the literature review","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_3_2","title":"2.2 Literature review sources identification","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_4_2","title":"2.3 Selection of search terms","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_4_3","title":"Table 1.","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_5_3","title":"2.3.2 Inclusion criteria","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_6_3","title":"2.3.3 Exclusion criteria","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_8_2","title":"2.4 Literature search findings","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_9_2","title":"2.5 Identified themes","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_11","title":"3. Primary health care implications on maternal care","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_12","title":"4. Pre-eclampsia pathophysiology and implications","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_13","title":"5. Perinatal and maternal outcomes of pre-eclampsia","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_14","title":"6. Early detection and treatment of pre-eclampsia","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_15","title":"7. Digital health in health and maternal care","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_16","title":"8. Purpose, implications and impact of digital health","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_17","title":"9. Digital health methods","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_17_2","title":"9.1 Mobile initiatives","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_17_3","title":"9.1.1 International","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_18_3","title":"9.1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_19_3","title":"9.1.3 South Africa","level":"3"},{"id":"sec_21_2","title":"9.2 Telemedicine and telehealth","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_22_2","title":"9.3 Medical social media","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_23_2","title":"9.4 Digitised health record platforms","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_25","title":"10. Challenges, barriers and knowledge of digital health","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_26","title":"11. Conclusion","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EWHO. 2021. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fmaternal-mortality\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fmaternal-mortality\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ESellers PM. Seller’s Midwifery. 3rd ed. Da Serra D, Dippenaar J. Cape Town: Juta 2018.\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B3","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B3\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ETownsend R, O’Brien P, Khalil A. Current best practice in the management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Integrated Blood Pressure Control. 2016;\u003Cbold\u003E9\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:79\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B4","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B4\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ERoss MG, Pierce JG. What is the Mortality Rate Associated With Ecclapsia? Medscape; 2019. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Femedicine.medscape.com\u002Farticle\u002F253960-overview\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Femedicine.medscape.com\u002Farticle\u002F253960-overview\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B5","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B5\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003ENational Health Services. 2018. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Fconditions\u002Fpre-eclampsia\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Fconditions\u002Fpre-eclampsia\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B6","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B6\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EDunsmuir DT, Payne BA, Cloete G, Petersen CL, Görges M, Lim J, et al. Development of mHealth applications for pre-eclampsia triage. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2014;\u003Cbold\u003E18\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(6):1857-1864\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B7","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B7\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003Evan den Heuvel JF, Lely AT, Huisman JJ, Trappenburg JC, Franx A, Bekker MN. SAFE@ HOME: Digital health platform facilitating a new care path for women at increased risk of preeclampsia–A case-control study. Pregnancy Hypertension. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E22\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:30-36\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B8","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B8\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMehl GL, Tamrat T, Bhardwaj S, Blaschke S, Labrique A. Digital health vision: Could MomConnect provide a pragmatic starting point for achieving universal health coverage in South Africa and elsewhere? BMJ Global Health. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E3\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(Suppl. 2):e000626\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B9","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B9\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EHolst C, Sukums F, Radovanovic D, Ngowi B, Noll J, Winkler AS. Sub-Saharan Africa—the new breeding ground for global digital health. The Lancet Digital Health. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E2\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(4):e160-e162\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B10","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B10\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EFeroz A, Saleem S, Seto E. Exploring perspectives, preferences and needs of a telemonitoring program for women at high risk for preeclampsia in a tertiary health facility of Karachi: A qualitative study protocol. Reproductive Health. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E17\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-7\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B11","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B11\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EMcCombes S. How to write a literature review [Thesis]. 2019. Retrieved 2021. Available at \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scribber.com\u002Fdissertation\u002Flitrature-review\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.scribber.com\u002Fdissertation\u002Flitrature-review\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B12","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B12\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EFerrari R. Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing. 2015;\u003Cbold\u003E24\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(4):230-235\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B13","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B13\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ECoughlan M, Cronin P, Ryan F. Doing a Literature Review in Nursing, Health and Social Care. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications; 2013\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B14","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B14\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EWHO. Primary Health Care. Switzerland: WHO; 2021. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fprimary-health-care\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fprimary-health-care\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B15","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B15\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EWarren CE, Hossain SMI, Ishaku S, Armbruster D, Hillman E. A primary health care model for managing pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in low-and middle-income countries. Reproductive Health. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E17\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-7\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B16","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B16\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EBrown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, Karumanchi SA, McCarthy FP, Saito S, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice. Hypertension. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E72\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:24-43\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B17","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B17\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ESalomon A, Ishaku S, Kirk KR, Warren CE. Detecting and managing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: A cross-sectional analysis of the quality of antenatal care in Nigeria. BMC Health Services Research. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E19\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-14\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B18","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B18\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ENaidoo M, Pattinson RC. An approach to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy for the primary care physician. South African Family Practice. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E62\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-6\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B19","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B19\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EUzan J, Carbonnel M, Piconne O, Asmar R, Ayoubi JM. Pre-eclampsia: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2011;\u003Cbold\u003E7\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:467\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B20","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B20\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ERana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA. Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, challenges, and perspectives. Circulation Research. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E124\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(7):1094-1112\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B21","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B21\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EBurton GJ, Redman CW, Roberts JM, Moffett A. Pre-eclampsia: Pathophysiology and clinical implications. BMJ. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E366\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:l2381\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B22","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B22\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKattah A. Preeclampsia and kidney disease: Deciphering cause and effect. Current Hypertension Reports. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E22\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(11):1-11\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B23","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B23\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EWHO. WHO | Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia. Switzerland: WHO; 2011\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B24","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B24\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ELuger RK, Kight BP. Hypertension in Pregnancy. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2017\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B25","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B25\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ELi J, Luo C, Deng R, Jacoby P, de Klerk N. Maternal mortality in Yunnan, China: Recent trends and associated factors. BJOG. 2010;\u003Cbold\u003E114\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:7\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B26","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B26\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMersha AG, Abegaz TM, Seid MA. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E19\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-12\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B27","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B27\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EOsungbade KO, Ige OK. Public health perspectives of preeclampsia in developing countries: Implication for health system strengthening. Journal of Pregnancy. 2011;\u003Cbold\u003E2011\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:481095. DOI: 10.1155\u002F2011\u002F481095\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B28","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B28\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ERivera-Romero O, Olmo A, Muñoz R, Stiefel P, Miranda ML, Beltrán LM. Mobile health solutions for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: scoping literature review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E6\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(5):e130\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B29","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B29\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMachano MM, Joho AA. Prevalence and risk factors associated with severe pre-eclampsia among postpartum women in Zanzibar: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E20\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-10\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B30","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B30\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EGemechu KS, Assefa N, Mengistie B. Prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Women’s Health (London). 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E16\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E. DOI: 10.1177\u002F745506520973105. PMID 33334273; PMCID: PMC7750906\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B31","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B31\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ENathan HL, Seed PT, Hezelgrave NL, De Greeff A, Lawley E, Conti-Ramsden F, et al. Maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes in women with pre-eclampsia cared for at facility-level in South Africa: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Global Health. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E8\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(2):20401\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B32","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B32\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMhlophe C. Factors contributing to occurrence of stillbirths in a tertiary hospital (thesis). Pretoria: University of Pretoria; 2019\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B33","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B33\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EPoon LC, Nicolaides KH. Early prediction of preeclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2014;\u003Cbold\u003E2014\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:297397\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B34","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B34\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMarić I, Tsur A, Aghaeepour N, Montanari A, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, et al. Early prediction of preeclampsia via machine learning. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E2\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(2):100100\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B35","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B35\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EEspinilla M, Medina J, García-Fernández ÁL, Campaña S, Londoño J. Fuzzy intelligent system for patients with preeclampsia in wearable devices. Mobile Information Systems. 2017;\u003Cbold\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B36","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B36\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKeasberry J, Scott IA, Sullivan C, Staib A, Ashby R. Going digital: a narrative overview of the clinical and organisational impacts of eHealth technologies in hospital practice. Australian Health Review. 2017;\u003Cbold\u003E41\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(6):646-664\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B37","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B37\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EGanapathy R, Grewal A, Castleman JS. Remote monitoring of blood pressure to reduce the risk of preeclampsia related complications with an innovative use of mobile technology. Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women’s Cardiovascular Health. 2016;\u003Cbold\u003E6\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(4):263-265\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B38","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B38\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EWHO. Towards a Global Strategy on Digital Health. Switzerland: WHO; 2020. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fbulletin\u002Fvolumes\u002F98\u002F4\u002F20-253955\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fbulletin\u002Fvolumes\u002F98\u002F4\u002F20-253955\u002Fen\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B39","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B39\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMackintosh N, Gong SQ, Hadjiconstantinou M, Verdezoto N. Digital mediation of candidacy in maternity care: Managing boundaries between physiology and pathology. Social Science & Medicine. 2021:114299\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B40","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B40\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EGovernment of Canada. Digital Health. Canada; 2020. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.grandchallenges.ca\u002Fsee-our-impact\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.grandchallenges.ca\u002Fsee-our-impact\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B41","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B41\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EDepartment of Health. National digital health strategy for South Africa 2019-2024, Pretoria. 2019. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bhfglobal.com\u002Fwpcontent\u002Fuploads\u002Fdownloads\u002Fnews\u002Fnational%20digital%20health%20strategy%20for%20south%20africa%202019-2024a.pdf\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bhfglobal.com\u002Fwpcontent\u002Fuploads\u002Fdownloads\u002Fnews\u002Fnational%20digital%20health%20strategy%20for%20south%20africa%202019-2024a.pdf\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B42","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B42\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EWest DM. Using mobile technology to improve maternal health and fight Ebola: A case study of mobile innovation in Nigeria. Center for Technological Innovation at Brookings. 2015;\u003Cbold\u003E19\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:308-312\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B43","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B43\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EPillay Y, Motsoaledi PA. Digital health in South Africa: Innovating to improve health. BMJ Glob Health. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E3\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(Suppl. 2):e000722\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B44","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B44\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EWalsh L, Hyett N, Juniper N, Li C, Rodier S, Hill S. The use of social media as a tool for stakeholder engagement in health service management and quality improvement: A scooping review. Digital Health. 2021;\u003Cbold\u003E7\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:2055207621996870\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B45","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B45\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EFood Drug Administration. What is Digital Health? 2020. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fmedical-devices\u002Fdigital-health-center-excellence\u002Fwhat-digital-health\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fmedical-devices\u002Fdigital-health-center-excellence\u002Fwhat-digital-health\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B46","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B46\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003ERonquillo Y, Meyers A, Korvek SJ. Digital Health. StatPearls: Statpearls Publishing; 2017\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B47","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B47\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EGopalakrishnan L, Buback L, Fernald L, Walker D, Diamond-Smith N, in addition to The CAS Evaluation Consortium. Using mHealth to improve health care delivery in India: A qualitative examination of the perspectives of community health workers and beneficiaries. PLoS One. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E15\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):e0227451\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B48","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B48\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMol BW, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, Magee LA, De Groot CJ, Hofmeyr GJ. Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet. 2016;\u003Cbold\u003E387\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(10022):999-1011\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B49","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B49\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS. Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;\u003Cbold\u003E384\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(9947):956-956\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B50","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B50\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EMercer L. Telehealth Enhances Management of Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy. United States: Health recovery solutions, 2021. Available from: healthrecoverysolutions.com\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B51","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B51\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ETobe RG, Haque SE, Ikegami K, Mori R. Mobile-health tool to improve maternal and neonatal health care in Bangladesh: A cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E18\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-7\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B52","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B52\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EWhittaker R, Matoff-Stepp S, Meehan J, Kendrick J, Jordan E, Stange P, et al. Text4baby: Development and implementation of a national text messaging health information service. American Journal of Public Health. 2012;\u003Cbold\u003E102\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(12):2207-2213\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B53","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B53\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ERoberts JM, August PA, Bakris G, Barton JR, Bernstein IM, Druzin M, et al. Hypertension in pregnancy: Executive summary. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;\u003Cbold\u003E122\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(5):1122-1131\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B54","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B54\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003ESmart Mom. Smart Mom Health Education. Vancouver; 2021. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flocal.infobel.ca\u002FCA103986854\u002Fsmartmom_mobile_health_education-vancouver.html\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Flocal.infobel.ca\u002FCA103986854\u002Fsmartmom_mobile_health_education-vancouver.html\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B55","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B55\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EDar es Salaam. Aga Khan Health Services in Tanzania Launches First Digital Health App. Tanzania; 2021. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.akdn.org\u002Fpress-release\u002Faga-khan-health-services-tanzania-launches-first-digital-health-app\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.akdn.org\u002Fpress-release\u002Faga-khan-health-services-tanzania-launches-first-digital-health-app\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B56","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B56\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003ETanzania’s Health Baby SMS Service Records 1M mHealth Registrations, Tanzania. 2015. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https: hitconsultant.net\u002F2015\u002F10\u002F13\u002FTanzania’s Health Baby SMS service records 1M mHealth Registrations\"\u003Ehttps: hitconsultant.net\u002F2015\u002F10\u002F13\u002FTanzania’s Health Baby SMS service records 1M mHealth Registrations\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B57","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B57\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003ENational Department of Health. 2014. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.health.gov.za\u002Fmomconnect\u002F\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.health.gov.za\u002Fmomconnect\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B58","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B58\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EPeter J, Benjamin P, LeFevre AE, Barron P, Pillay Y. Taking digital health innovation to scale in South Africa: ten lessons from MomConnect. BMJ Global Health. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E3\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(Suppl. 2):e000592\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B59","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B59\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EEMguidance. 2021. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Femguidance.com\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Femguidance.com\u002F\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B60","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B60\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EDekker RL, King S, Lester K. Social media and evidence-based maternity care: A cross-sectional survey study. The Journal of Perinatal Education. 2016;\u003Cbold\u003E25\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(2):105-115\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B61","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B61\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EFatema K, Lariscy JT. Mass media exposure and maternal healthcare utilization in South Asia. SSM-Population Health. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E11\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:100614\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B62","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B62\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EIgbinoba AO, Soola EO, Omojola O, Odukoya J, Adekeye O, Salau OP. Women’s mass media exposure and maternal health awareness in Ota, Nigeria. Cogent Social Sciences. 2020;\u003Cbold\u003E6\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1766260\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B63","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B63\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EJohnson SA. “Maternal devices”, social media and the self-management of pregnancy, mothering and child health. Societies. 2014;\u003Cbold\u003E4\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(2):330-350\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B64","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B64\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMeghea CI, Corser W, You Z. Electronic medical record use and maternal and child care and health. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2016;\u003Cbold\u003E20\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(4):819-826\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B65","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B65\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EHawley G, Jackson C, Hepworth J, Wilkinson SA. Sharing of clinical data in a maternity setting: How do paper hand-held records and electronic health records compare for completeness? BMC Health Services Research. 2014;\u003Cbold\u003E14\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-9\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B66","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B66\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKaturura MC, Cilliers L. Electronic health record system in the public health care sector of South Africa: A systematic literature review. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine. 2018;\u003Cbold\u003E10\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-8\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B67","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B67\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ELupton D. Beyond Techno-Utopia: Critical Approaches to Digital health Technologies. AG Basel, Switzerland: MDPI; 2015\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B68","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B68\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EMathews SC, McShea MJ, Hanley CL, Ravitz A, Labrique AB, Cohen AB. Digital health: A path to validation. NPJ Digital Medicine. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E2\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-9\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B69","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B69\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKostkova P. Grand challenges in digital health. Frontiers in Public Health. 2015;\u003Cbold\u003E3\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E:134\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B70","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B70\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EPalacholla RS, Fischer N, Coleman A, Agboola S, Kirley K, Felsted J, et al. Provider-and patient-related barriers to and facilitators of digital health technology adoption for hypertension management: Scoping review. JMIR Cardio. 2019;\u003Cbold\u003E3\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):e11951\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B71","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B71\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EKiberu VM, Mars M, Scott RE. Barriers and opportunities to implementation of sustainable e-Health programmes in Uganda: A literature review. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine. 2017;\u003Cbold\u003E9\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(1):1-10\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B72","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B72\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ELittman-Quinn R, Chandra A, Schwartz A, Fadlelmola FM, Ghose S, Luberti AA, et al. mHealth applications for telemedicine and public health intervention in Botswana. In: 2011 IST-Africa Conference Proceedings. Botswana: IEEE; 2011. pp. 1-11\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B73","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B73\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003EOhia C, Ongolo-Zogo P, Fawole OI. Digital health information technology utilization for enhanced health services delivery in Africa: Unravelling barriers to adoption among Primary healthcare providers. South Eastern European Journal of Public Health (SEEJPH). 2021:2\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B74","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B74\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMathebula MG. Factors contributing to high perinatal morbidity rates in Mankweng-Polokwane Complex of the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa [thesis]. University of Limpopo Limpopo; 2016\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"}],"footnotes":[],"contributors":[{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Mxolisi Welcome Ngwenya","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDepartment of Nursing Science, University of Limpopo, South Africa\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},{"corresp":"yes","contributorFullName":"Livhuwani Muthelo","address":"livhuwani.muthelo@ul.ac.za","affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDepartment of Nursing Science, University of Limpopo, South Africa\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Masenyani Oupa Mbombi","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDepartment of Nursing Science, University of Limpopo, South Africa\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Mamare Adelaide Bopape","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EDepartment of Nursing Science, University of Limpopo, South Africa\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Tebogo Maria Mothiba","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EFaculty of Health Sciences Executive Dean’s Office, University of Limpopo, South Africa\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"}],"corrections":null,"_preview":0},"book":{"id":"10707","type":"book","title":"Primary Health Care","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Primary Health Care","slug":"primary-health-care","publishedDate":"March 16th 2022","bookSignature":"Ayşe Emel Önal","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10707.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1713445007-185414977\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1713445007-185414977\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718280443-1273426475\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718280443-1273426475\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718118079-949198343\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F10707\u002F1718118079-949198343\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":"978-1-83969-807-1","price":139,"printIsbn":"978-1-83969-806-4","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83969-808-8","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","numberOfWosCitations":0,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"25840","title":"Dr.","name":"Ayşe Emel","middleName":null,"surname":"Önal","slug":"ayse-emel-onal","fullName":"Ayşe Emel Önal"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"1132"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"80299","type":"chapter","title":"Health Promotion","slug":"health-promotion","totalDownloads":1532,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"signatures":"Florence Tochukwu Sibeudu","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"340301","title":"Dr.","name":"Florence Tochukwu","middleName":null,"surname":"Sibeudu","fullName":"Florence Tochukwu Sibeudu","slug":"florence-tochukwu-sibeudu"}]},{"id":"77582","type":"chapter","title":"Primary Care in the USA: The Long Struggle to Build its Foundational Role","slug":"primary-care-in-the-usa-the-long-struggle-to-build-its-foundational-role","totalDownloads":504,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"John Geyman","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"417658","title":"Emeritus Prof.","name":"John","middleName":null,"surname":"Geyman","fullName":"John Geyman","slug":"john-geyman"}]},{"id":"78922","type":"chapter","title":"Patient-Centred Point-of-Care Testing: A Life-Changing Technology for Remote Primary Care","slug":"patient-centred-point-of-care-testing-a-life-changing-technology-for-remote-primary-care","totalDownloads":624,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"signatures":"Brooke Spaeth, Susan Matthews and Mark Shephard","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"419830","title":"Dr.","name":"Susan","middleName":"Janet","surname":"Matthews","fullName":"Susan Matthews","slug":"susan-matthews"},{"id":"422572","title":"Prof.","name":"Mark","middleName":null,"surname":"Shephard","fullName":"Mark Shephard","slug":"mark-shephard"},{"id":"435211","title":"Dr.","name":"Brooke","middleName":null,"surname":"Spaeth","fullName":"Brooke Spaeth","slug":"brooke-spaeth"}]},{"id":"78450","type":"chapter","title":"The Newborn Baby Check","slug":"the-newborn-baby-check","totalDownloads":276,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Harishan Tharmarajah","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"418299","title":"Dr.","name":"Harishan","middleName":null,"surname":"Tharmarajah","fullName":"Harishan Tharmarajah","slug":"harishan-tharmarajah"}]},{"id":"77986","type":"chapter","title":"COVID-19 Transmission in Children: Implications for Schools","slug":"covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for-schools","totalDownloads":385,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres, Franklin Torres, Wendy Rosales-Rada, Liliana Encinales, Lil Avendaño, María Fernanda Pérez, Ivana Terán, David Vergara, Estefanie Osorio-Llanes, Paige Fierbaugh, Wendy Villamizar, Aileen Y. Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"342716","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Aileen","middleName":null,"surname":"Y. Chang","fullName":"Aileen Y. Chang","slug":"aileen-y.-chang"},{"id":"342718","title":"Dr.","name":"Evelyn","middleName":null,"surname":"Mendoza-Torres","fullName":"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres","slug":"evelyn-mendoza-torres"},{"id":"427633","title":"Dr.","name":"Franklin","middleName":null,"surname":"Torres","fullName":"Franklin Torres","slug":"franklin-torres"},{"id":"427634","title":"Dr.","name":"Wendy","middleName":null,"surname":"Rosales-Rada","fullName":"Wendy Rosales-Rada","slug":"wendy-rosales-rada"},{"id":"427635","title":"Dr.","name":"Liliana","middleName":null,"surname":"Encinales","fullName":"Liliana Encinales","slug":"liliana-encinales"},{"id":"427636","title":"Dr.","name":"Lil","middleName":null,"surname":"Avendaño","fullName":"Lil Avendaño","slug":"lil-avendano"},{"id":"427637","title":"Dr.","name":"María Fernanda","middleName":null,"surname":"Pérez","fullName":"María Fernanda Pérez","slug":"maria-fernanda-perez"},{"id":"427638","title":"Dr.","name":"Ivana","middleName":null,"surname":"Terán","fullName":"Ivana Terán","slug":"ivana-teran"},{"id":"427639","title":"Dr.","name":"David","middleName":null,"surname":"Vergara","fullName":"David Vergara","slug":"david-vergara"},{"id":"427640","title":"Dr.","name":"Estefanie","middleName":null,"surname":"Osorio-Llanes","fullName":"Estefanie Osorio-Llanes","slug":"estefanie-osorio-llanes"},{"id":"427641","title":"Dr.","name":"Paige","middleName":null,"surname":"Fierbaugh","fullName":"Paige Fierbaugh","slug":"paige-fierbaugh"},{"id":"427642","title":"Dr.","name":"Wendy","middleName":null,"surname":"Villamizar","fullName":"Wendy Villamizar","slug":"wendy-villamizar"},{"id":"457495","title":"Dr.","name":"Jairo","middleName":null,"surname":"Castellar-Lopez","fullName":"Jairo Castellar-Lopez","slug":"jairo-castellar-lopez"}]},{"id":"79824","type":"chapter","title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pediatrics","slug":"sexually-transmitted-infections-in-pediatrics","totalDownloads":435,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Diana Coronel-Martínez and Luis Augusto Moya-Barquín","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"341814","title":"M.D.","name":"Diana","middleName":null,"surname":"Leticia Coronel Martínez","fullName":"Diana Leticia Coronel Martínez","slug":"diana-leticia-coronel-martinez"},{"id":"445240","title":"Dr.","name":"Luis","middleName":null,"surname":"Augusto Moya-Barquín","fullName":"Luis Augusto Moya-Barquín","slug":"luis-augusto-moya-barquin"}]},{"id":"75767","type":"chapter","title":"Chlamydial Infection","slug":"chlamydial-infection","totalDownloads":425,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Dimitra Metallinou, Christina Nanou, Antigoni Sarantaki, Eleftheria Lazarou, Anastasia Liagkou and Katerina Lykeridou","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"343361","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Dimitra","middleName":null,"surname":"Metallinou","fullName":"Dimitra Metallinou","slug":"dimitra-metallinou"},{"id":"346832","title":"Prof.","name":"Christina","middleName":null,"surname":"Nanou","fullName":"Christina Nanou","slug":"christina-nanou"},{"id":"346833","title":"Prof.","name":"Antigoni","middleName":null,"surname":"Sarantaki","fullName":"Antigoni Sarantaki","slug":"antigoni-sarantaki"},{"id":"346835","title":"M.Sc.","name":"Eleftheria","middleName":null,"surname":"Lazarou","fullName":"Eleftheria Lazarou","slug":"eleftheria-lazarou"},{"id":"346836","title":"MSc.","name":"Anastasia","middleName":null,"surname":"Liagkou","fullName":"Anastasia Liagkou","slug":"anastasia-liagkou"},{"id":"346837","title":"Prof.","name":"Katerina","middleName":null,"surname":"Lykeridou","fullName":"Katerina Lykeridou","slug":"katerina-lykeridou"}]},{"id":"77507","type":"chapter","title":"The Effects of Multivitamin Use In Pregnancy on Mother and Fetus Health","slug":"the-effects-of-multivitamin-use-in-pregnancy-on-mother-and-fetus-health","totalDownloads":156,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Neda Taner and Gülden Zehra Omurtag","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[null]},{"id":"79058","type":"chapter","title":"Anemia during Pregnancy and Its Prevalence","slug":"anemia-during-pregnancy-and-its-prevalence","totalDownloads":829,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Sehar Zulkifal, Shumaila Sarwar, Madiha Saddique, Khalida Yaqoob, Arshia Muneer, Aisha Fatima, Ayesha Kabir, Muhammad Asad Mangat, Laiba Mateen, Zeeshan Javed and Maleeha Manzoor","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"345826","title":"Dr.","name":"Maleeha","middleName":null,"surname":"Manzoor","fullName":"Maleeha Manzoor","slug":"maleeha-manzoor"},{"id":"413988","title":"Mr.","name":"Zeeshan","middleName":null,"surname":"Javed","fullName":"Zeeshan Javed","slug":"zeeshan-javed"},{"id":"425692","title":"Ms.","name":"Shumaila","middleName":null,"surname":"Sarwar","fullName":"Shumaila Sarwar","slug":"shumaila-sarwar"},{"id":"425693","title":"Ms.","name":"Madiha","middleName":null,"surname":"Saddique","fullName":"Madiha Saddique","slug":"madiha-saddique"},{"id":"425694","title":"Ms.","name":"Khalida","middleName":null,"surname":"Yaqoob","fullName":"Khalida Yaqoob","slug":"khalida-yaqoob"},{"id":"425695","title":"Ms.","name":"Arshia","middleName":null,"surname":"Muneer","fullName":"Arshia Muneer","slug":"arshia-muneer"},{"id":"426832","title":"Ms.","name":"Aisha","middleName":null,"surname":"Fatima","fullName":"Aisha Fatima","slug":"aisha-fatima"},{"id":"428671","title":"Mr.","name":"Mohammad Asad","middleName":null,"surname":"Mangat","fullName":"Mohammad Asad Mangat","slug":"mohammad-asad-mangat"},{"id":"428675","title":"Ms.","name":"Ayesha","middleName":null,"surname":"Kabir","fullName":"Ayesha Kabir","slug":"ayesha-kabir"},{"id":"428678","title":"Ms.","name":"Sehar","middleName":null,"surname":"Zulkifal","fullName":"Sehar Zulkifal","slug":"sehar-zulkifal"},{"id":"428679","title":"Ms.","name":"Laiba","middleName":null,"surname":"Mateen","fullName":"Laiba Mateen","slug":"laiba-mateen"}]},{"id":"78212","type":"chapter","title":"Managing Polypharmacy and Deprescribing in Elderly","slug":"managing-polypharmacy-and-deprescribing-in-elderly","totalDownloads":362,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Çiğdem Apaydın Kaya","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"174121","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Çiğdem","middleName":null,"surname":"Apaydın Kaya","fullName":"Çiğdem Apaydın Kaya","slug":"cigdem-apaydin-kaya"}]},{"id":"79620","type":"chapter","title":"Use of Primary Healthcare Facilities for Care and Support of Chronic Diseases: Hypertension","slug":"use-of-primary-healthcare-facilities-for-care-and-support-of-chronic-diseases-hypertension","totalDownloads":289,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Maseabata Ramathebane, Maja Lineo and Sello Molungoa","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"319470","title":"Dr.","name":"Sello","middleName":null,"surname":"Molungoa","fullName":"Sello Molungoa","slug":"sello-molungoa"},{"id":"334836","title":"Dr.","name":"Maseabata","middleName":null,"surname":"Ramathebane","fullName":"Maseabata Ramathebane","slug":"maseabata-ramathebane"},{"id":"419353","title":"Ms.","name":"Lineo","middleName":null,"surname":"Maja","fullName":"Lineo Maja","slug":"lineo-maja"}]},{"id":"79469","type":"chapter","title":"Impact of Cardiovascular Diseases on the Outcome of Patients with COVID-19","slug":"impact-of-cardiovascular-diseases-on-the-outcome-of-patients-with-covid-19","totalDownloads":294,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Seeta Devi Akyana and Dipali Dumbre","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"338976","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Dipali","middleName":null,"surname":"Dumbre","fullName":"Dipali Dumbre","slug":"dipali-dumbre"},{"id":"417963","title":"Dr.","name":"Seeta Devi","middleName":null,"surname":"Akyana","fullName":"Seeta Devi Akyana","slug":"seeta-devi-akyana"}]},{"id":"77590","type":"chapter","title":"Aplication Arterial Oscilography to Study the Adaptive Capacity of Subject with COVID-19 in Primary Care","slug":"aplication-arterial-oscilography-to-study-the-adaptive-capacity-of-subject-with-covid-19-in-primary-","totalDownloads":306,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"signatures":"Dmytro Vakulenko, Liudmyla Vakulenko, Leonid Hryshchuk and Lesya Sas","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"418269","title":"Prof.","name":"Dmytro","middleName":null,"surname":"Vakulenko","fullName":"Dmytro Vakulenko","slug":"dmytro-vakulenko"},{"id":"418564","title":"Dr.","name":"Liudmyla","middleName":null,"surname":"Vakulenko","fullName":"Liudmyla Vakulenko","slug":"liudmyla-vakulenko"},{"id":"418627","title":"Prof.","name":"Leonid","middleName":null,"surname":"Hryshchuk","fullName":"Leonid Hryshchuk","slug":"leonid-hryshchuk"},{"id":"418628","title":"Dr.","name":"Lesya","middleName":null,"surname":"Sas","fullName":"Lesya Sas","slug":"lesya-sas"}]},{"id":"78257","type":"chapter","title":"The Need to Strengthen Primary Health Care Services to Improve Mental Health Care Services in South Africa","slug":"the-need-to-strengthen-primary-health-care-services-to-improve-mental-health-care-services-in-south-","totalDownloads":353,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Kebogile Elizabeth Mokwena and Velaphi Anthony Mokwena","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"261452","title":"Prof.","name":"Kebogile","middleName":null,"surname":"Elizabeth Mokwena","fullName":"Kebogile Elizabeth Mokwena","slug":"kebogile-elizabeth-mokwena"},{"id":"417209","title":"Mr.","name":"Velaphi","middleName":null,"surname":"Anthony Mokwena","fullName":"Velaphi Anthony Mokwena","slug":"velaphi-anthony-mokwena"}]},{"id":"78754","type":"chapter","title":"Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) in Primary Healthcare Facilities in Jordan in the Context of COVID-19","slug":"water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash-and-infection-prevention-and-control-ipc-in-primary-healthcare-fac","totalDownloads":224,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Yousef Khader, Mohamad Alyahya and Rami Saadeh","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"222299","title":"Prof.","name":"Yousef","middleName":null,"surname":"Khader","fullName":"Yousef Khader","slug":"yousef-khader"},{"id":"426981","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohamad","middleName":null,"surname":"Alyahya","fullName":"Mohamad Alyahya","slug":"mohamad-alyahya"},{"id":"426982","title":"Dr.","name":"Rami","middleName":null,"surname":"Saadeh","fullName":"Rami Saadeh","slug":"rami-saadeh"}]},{"id":"79015","type":"chapter","title":"Strategies to Enhance Compliance to Health and Safety Protocols within the South African Mining Environment","slug":"strategies-to-enhance-compliance-to-health-and-safety-protocols-within-the-south-african-mining-envi","totalDownloads":876,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Livhuwani Muthelo, Tebogo Maria Mothiba and Rambelani Nancy Malema","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"416234","title":"Mrs.","name":"Livhuwani","middleName":null,"surname":"Muthelo","fullName":"Livhuwani Muthelo","slug":"livhuwani-muthelo"},{"id":"335856","title":"Prof.","name":"Tebogo Maria","middleName":null,"surname":"Mothiba","fullName":"Tebogo Maria Mothiba","slug":"tebogo-maria-mothiba"},{"id":"425891","title":"Prof.","name":"Rambelani Nancy","middleName":null,"surname":"Malema","fullName":"Rambelani Nancy Malema","slug":"rambelani-nancy-malema"}]},{"id":"80132","type":"chapter","title":"Early Occupational Therapy Intervention: Patients’ Occupational Needs","slug":"early-occupational-therapy-intervention-patients-occupational-needs","totalDownloads":281,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Margherita Schiavi, Barbara Volta, Gilda Sandri, Erica Keeling and Maria Teresa Mascia","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"439048","title":"M.Sc.","name":"Margherita","middleName":null,"surname":"Schiavi","fullName":"Margherita Schiavi","slug":"margherita-schiavi"},{"id":"439049","title":"Prof.","name":"Maria Teresa","middleName":null,"surname":"Mascia","fullName":"Maria Teresa Mascia","slug":"maria-teresa-mascia"},{"id":"439050","title":"Dr.","name":"Gilda","middleName":null,"surname":"Sandri","fullName":"Gilda Sandri","slug":"gilda-sandri"},{"id":"439052","title":"MSc.","name":"Barbara","middleName":null,"surname":"Volta","fullName":"Barbara Volta","slug":"barbara-volta"},{"id":"446740","title":"Dr.","name":"Erica","middleName":null,"surname":"Keeling","fullName":"Erica Keeling","slug":"erica-keeling"}]},{"id":"77489","type":"chapter","title":"Telephone Consultations by Medical Scheme Patients Consulting General Medical Practitioners, South Africa","slug":"telephone-consultations-by-medical-scheme-patients-consulting-general-medical-practitioners-south-af","totalDownloads":279,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Michael Mncedisi Willie, Neo Nonyana and Sipho Kabane","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"418229","title":"Mr.","name":"Michael","middleName":"Mncedisi","surname":"Mncedisi Willie","fullName":"Michael Mncedisi Willie","slug":"michael-mncedisi-willie"},{"id":"418233","title":"Dr.","name":"Sipho","middleName":null,"surname":"Kabane","fullName":"Sipho Kabane","slug":"sipho-kabane"},{"id":"418240","title":"Mr.","name":"Neo","middleName":null,"surname":"Nonyana","fullName":"Neo Nonyana","slug":"neo-nonyana"}]},{"id":"80078","type":"chapter","title":"Evaluating A Mobile App for Data Collection in Occupational Therapy Practice","slug":"evaluating-a-mobile-app-for-data-collection-in-occupational-therapy-practice","totalDownloads":280,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Tanja Svarre, Marie Bangsgaard Bang and Tine Bieber Lunn","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"447103","title":"Mrs.","name":"Marie","middleName":null,"surname":"Bangsgaard Bang","fullName":"Marie Bangsgaard Bang","slug":"marie-bangsgaard-bang"},{"id":"447104","title":"Mrs.","name":"Tine","middleName":null,"surname":"Bieber Lunn","fullName":"Tine Bieber Lunn","slug":"tine-bieber-lunn"},{"id":"452106","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Tanja","middleName":null,"surname":"Svarre","fullName":"Tanja Svarre","slug":"tanja-svarre"}]},{"id":"80349","type":"chapter","title":"Utilisation of Digital Health in Early Detection and Treatment of Pre-Eclampsia in Primary Health Care Facilities South Africa: Literature Review","slug":"utilisation-of-digital-health-in-early-detection-and-treatment-of-pre-eclampsia-in-primary-health-ca","totalDownloads":298,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Mxolisi Welcome Ngwenya, Livhuwani Muthelo, Masenyani Oupa Mbombi, Mamare Adelaide Bopape and Tebogo Maria Mothiba","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","authors":[{"id":"416234","title":"Mrs.","name":"Livhuwani","middleName":null,"surname":"Muthelo","fullName":"Livhuwani Muthelo","slug":"livhuwani-muthelo"},{"id":"440326","title":"M.A.","name":"Mxolisi Welcome","middleName":null,"surname":"Ngwenya","fullName":"Mxolisi Welcome Ngwenya","slug":"mxolisi-welcome-ngwenya"},{"id":"442074","title":"Dr.","name":"Masenyani","middleName":null,"surname":"Oupa Mbombi","fullName":"Masenyani Oupa Mbombi","slug":"masenyani-oupa-mbombi"},{"id":"442075","title":"Dr.","name":"Mamare Adelaide","middleName":null,"surname":"Bopape","fullName":"Mamare Adelaide Bopape","slug":"mamare-adelaide-bopape"},{"id":"442076","title":"Dr.","name":"Tebogo Maria","middleName":null,"surname":"Mothiba","fullName":"Tebogo Maria Mothiba","slug":"tebogo-maria-mothiba"}]}]},"subseries":null,"relatedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"12791","title":"Tertiary Care","subtitle":"Medical, Psychosocial, and Environmental Aspects","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"1efb193c61a649a35b7e2bec77385fab","slug":"tertiary-care-medical-psychosocial-and-environmental-aspects","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Ayşe Emel Önal","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12791.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"25840","title":"Dr.","name":"Ayşe Emel","surname":"Önal","slug":"ayse-emel-onal","fullName":"Ayşe Emel Önal"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"88465","title":"Redefining Tertiary Care in India","slug":"redefining-tertiary-care-in-india","signatures":"Kallakuri Sailaja and P.V. Buddha","authors":[{"id":"543518","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Sailaja","middleName":null,"surname":"Kallakuri","fullName":"Sailaja Kallakuri","slug":"sailaja-kallakuri"},{"id":"559364","title":"Prof.","name":"Buddha","middleName":null,"surname":"P.V.","fullName":"Buddha P.V.","slug":"buddha-p.v."}]},{"id":"87780","title":"Psychosocial Care","slug":"psychosocial-care","signatures":"Lucy Matsayi Aji, Ahmad Baba Muhammad and Hassan Abubakar","authors":[{"id":"525833","title":"Dr.","name":"Lucy","middleName":null,"surname":"Matsayi Aji","fullName":"Lucy Matsayi Aji","slug":"lucy-matsayi-aji"},{"id":"546260","title":"Dr.","name":"Ahmad Baba","middleName":null,"surname":"Muhammad","fullName":"Ahmad Baba Muhammad","slug":"ahmad-baba-muhammad"},{"id":"546261","title":"Dr.","name":"Hassan","middleName":null,"surname":"Abubakar","fullName":"Hassan Abubakar","slug":"hassan-abubakar"}]},{"id":"87859","title":"Delivery of Pharmaceutical Care at Tertiary Level: From Admission to Home Care","slug":"delivery-of-pharmaceutical-care-at-tertiary-level-from-admission-to-home-care","signatures":"Nour Hanah Othman, Aina Amanina Abdul Jalil, Nor Safwan Hadi Nor Afendi and Syarifah Syamimi Putri Adiba Syed Putera","authors":[{"id":"542492","title":"Dr.","name":"Nour Hanah","middleName":null,"surname":"Othman","fullName":"Nour Hanah Othman","slug":"nour-hanah-othman"},{"id":"543794","title":"Ms.","name":"Aina Amanina","middleName":null,"surname":"Abdul Jalil","fullName":"Aina Amanina Abdul Jalil","slug":"aina-amanina-abdul-jalil"},{"id":"543795","title":"Ms.","name":"Syarifah Syamimi Putri Adiba","middleName":null,"surname":"Syed Putera","fullName":"Syarifah Syamimi Putri Adiba Syed Putera","slug":"syarifah-syamimi-putri-adiba-syed-putera"},{"id":"543796","title":"Mr.","name":"Nor Safwan Hadi","middleName":null,"surname":"Nor Afendi","fullName":"Nor Safwan Hadi Nor Afendi","slug":"nor-safwan-hadi-nor-afendi"}]},{"id":"87509","title":"Microbial and Parasitic Infections in Tertiary Care: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies","slug":"microbial-and-parasitic-infections-in-tertiary-care-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-strategies","signatures":"Adekunle Olowe, Olawumi Otutu and Rita Ayanbolade Olowe","authors":[{"id":"496566","title":"Prof.","name":"Adekunle","middleName":null,"surname":"Olowe","fullName":"Adekunle Olowe","slug":"adekunle-olowe"},{"id":"524869","title":"Ms.","name":"Olawumi","middleName":null,"surname":"Otutu","fullName":"Olawumi Otutu","slug":"olawumi-otutu"},{"id":"532434","title":"Dr.","name":"Rita Ayanbolade","middleName":null,"surname":"Olowe","fullName":"Rita Ayanbolade Olowe","slug":"rita-ayanbolade-olowe"}]},{"id":"88222","title":"Diabetic Macular Edema, Clinicopathologic and Keys for Management","slug":"diabetic-macular-edema-clinicopathologic-and-keys-for-management","signatures":"Ahmed Darwish","authors":[{"id":"546287","title":"Prof.","name":"Ahmed","middleName":null,"surname":"Darwish","fullName":"Ahmed Darwish","slug":"ahmed-darwish"}]},{"id":"88850","title":"Current Perspective on the Treatment of \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter pylori\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Infection","slug":"current-perspective-on-the-treatment-of-em-helicobacter-pylori-em-infection","signatures":"Malika Taufiq and Maliha Taufiq","authors":[{"id":"532604","title":"Dr.","name":"Dr Malika","middleName":null,"surname":"Taufiq","fullName":"Dr Malika Taufiq","slug":"dr-malika-taufiq"},{"id":"536043","title":"Dr.","name":"Maliha","middleName":null,"surname":"Taufiq","fullName":"Maliha Taufiq","slug":"maliha-taufiq"}]},{"id":"83556","title":"Bowel Preparation before Elective Colorectal Surgery: Its Current Role","slug":"bowel-preparation-before-elective-colorectal-surgery-its-current-role","signatures":"Navin Kumar, Aakansha Giri Goswami, Dhiraj Mallik, Sudhir Kumar Singh, Farhanul Huda and Somprakas Basu","authors":[{"id":"438726","title":"Prof.","name":"Somprakas","middleName":null,"surname":"Basu","fullName":"Somprakas Basu","slug":"somprakas-basu"},{"id":"438729","title":"Dr.","name":"Aakansha Giri","middleName":null,"surname":"Goswami","fullName":"Aakansha Giri Goswami","slug":"aakansha-giri-goswami"},{"id":"438730","title":"Dr.","name":"Farhanul","middleName":null,"surname":"Huda","fullName":"Farhanul Huda","slug":"farhanul-huda"},{"id":"438731","title":"Dr.","name":"Navin","middleName":null,"surname":"Kumar","fullName":"Navin Kumar","slug":"navin-kumar"},{"id":"450371","title":"Dr.","name":"Sudhir Kumar","middleName":null,"surname":"Singh","fullName":"Sudhir Kumar Singh","slug":"sudhir-kumar-singh"},{"id":"483147","title":"Dr.","name":"Dhiraj","middleName":null,"surname":"Mallik","fullName":"Dhiraj Mallik","slug":"dhiraj-mallik"}]},{"id":"88851","title":"Post-Prostatectomy Urinary Incontinence","slug":"post-prostatectomy-urinary-incontinence","signatures":"Filippo Marino, Francesco Rossi and Emilio Sacco","authors":[{"id":"524526","title":"Dr.","name":"Emilio","middleName":null,"surname":"Sacco","fullName":"Emilio Sacco","slug":"emilio-sacco"},{"id":"526438","title":"Dr.","name":"Filippo","middleName":null,"surname":"Marino","fullName":"Filippo Marino","slug":"filippo-marino"},{"id":"560303","title":"Dr.","name":"Francesco","middleName":null,"surname":"Rossi","fullName":"Francesco Rossi","slug":"francesco-rossi"}]},{"id":"88564","title":"The Environmental Impact on Advanced Midwives from Underutilization in Tertiary Hospital","slug":"the-environmental-impact-on-advanced-midwives-from-underutilization-in-tertiary-hospital","signatures":"Mbulaheni Rhona Luphai","authors":[{"id":"543525","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Mbulaheni Rhona","middleName":null,"surname":"Luphai","fullName":"Mbulaheni Rhona Luphai","slug":"mbulaheni-rhona-luphai"}]}]}],"publishedBooks":[],"publishedBooksByAuthor":[]},"onlineFirst":{"chapter":{"type":"chapter","id":"86631","title":"\u003Cem\u003EThumb.CAD:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Essays on Technology, Design and Image","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.110669","slug":"-em-thumb-cad-em-essays-on-technology-design-and-image","body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003EThe text follows an essay structure, and using terms linked to the technology field allows us to deduce two brief statements: the terms, being recent and linked to information science, can generate an ambiguity or misunderstanding of its concepts. It is worth emphasizing that the use of some of these words is done to establish a bridge between the different names treated, to make connections and not to transfigure meanings between them or employ new uses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003ECurrent image consolidation scenario is reinforced by the recent proliferation of generative images conceived by Artificial Intelligence. Obtaining increasingly significant results and reaching a number of users and dissemination on a large scale, their capabilities range from obtaining images by text prompts to videos with non-real human faces and 3D spaces obtained with a simple mouse click. These transformations impact not only art the concept of authorship, plagiarism and the future of design professionals in their various fields.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p4\"\u003ESo, there is no alternative but to deal with the new “soft” infrastructures that are emerging: knowledge, program, cultural and virtual infrastructure. The demand for design and de-design in the ultra-designed, ultra-mediated world is huge, but most architects still respond to these demands in the medieval language of stoic and autonomous construction [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p5\"\u003EWhat is certain is that this new visuality does not arrive free of problems and paradoxes. At the same time that it opens us up to unprecedented and auspicious perspectives regarding our relationship with the world, it has also distanced us from the world. The way we use the computer and its interfaces today, it has paradoxically expanded the possibilities of our action in the world, and at the same time impoverished the quality of our experience of the world. Computerized representations bring us the world imagetically, but they also serve as a barrier, creating a distance between us and the represented world. And since we started to take the representations sufficiently, as if they were the world, we fall into a simulacrum cult, into a reinvented idolatry [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EIn this way, we will try to address in this text questions about the performance of design and the architect in the face of technological advances and the image and digital technology affirmation as at the momentum, the definitive instruments of communication and production.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Thumb.CAD: technical image under the finger tip\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003EThe term thumbnail designates an image with the function of intuitively assisting in the navigation of pages and content on the internet, especially for children’s and naïve users. On the internet, it has common use, which designates a miniature image use to draw attention to a particular video, link or page. For content producers in this media, it is a fundamental item that directly interferes with the search results for videos and news, as well as the possible views number and the reach (interactivity) that certain content can receive. This miniaturized image seeks to represent the possible content to be treated by the click made on it, also refining the search engines, with a more communicative, direct and why not democratic role, than would be the textual form.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003EHowever, the resource has also been used to act against this same search engine, mainly through the thumbnail image’s communicative capacity. This tactic of accessing false and sensational content can be observed at all times on platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and popularly it is called clickbait.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003EThe images start to be produced more to orient themselves from the digital platforms’ perspective with strong aesthetic and communication appeal. This indiscriminate use of image processing and digital manipulation is compounded by the sometimes-illogical way in which text and images are correlated by search engines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003EThe representations detach themselves from their referents and start to act in an erratic way, almost free recombination [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. This is added to the constant novelty sensation experienced through an infinite scroll bar, conveying an imaginary seduction experience that is not of a repetitive void, but that of constant new information [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The technical image is summarily produced by devices; it is no longer made by planes but by dots and pixels, and it is zero dimensional.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p11\"\u003EAccording to Cabral [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], photography carried out using analogue means had as its main elements: the automation of its production, the replacement speed and the ease of its distribution. With the arrival of digital means, such elements will suffer a significant displacement: the automation transmutes into immediacy; replacement speed turns into manipulation; and the ease of distribution creates omnipresence (ubiquity of a photographic universe). The most visible effect of the increase in the speed of the technical image essential characteristics is undoubtedly a generalized banalization in their use. An inflation of images will mark our daily lives and permeate all our most common activities, and they are calculated images.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003EThus, computerized representations bring us the world through images and serve as a barrier, creating a distance between us and the represented world. Canadian architects and theorists Alberto Pérez-Gómez and Louise Pelletier [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] argue that if we want to understand the current excessive image proliferation scenario, we will have to refer back to a crucial moment in the History of Western Culture, when even in Greek Theater the separation between stage and audience. With this distinction, a “distance” arises between the show, the author and the audience, making theatre a different manifestation of ancient rituals where these “distances” did not exist. Interestingly, while the ritual reinforces and corroborates specific worldviews, the theatre opens itself to experimentation with new worldviews. The establishment of this distance in the theatre will be especially characterized by three aspects: predominance of the visual (and to a lesser extent the auditory), the feasibility of a rational development (through the institution of authorship), and a bodily disengagement from most of the people involved (the audience).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003EThe thumbnail goes towards this miniaturization idea and availability at your fingertips, a latent reduction and technical devices compression, the videos length, less text and writing, attention, patience and goes on. Images transform all our desires, objectivities and conditions into them [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003EThe image return is not revolutionary news as Flusser [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] had already warned 40 years ago, but a comeback to its importance as a majority communication after the writing invention and the importance of texts. At one point, it was the writing that explained the images of the world, in the present-future it explains the text’s illustrations. The cognition and thinking abstraction are nothing but a progressive subtraction of the object’s dimensions, their roughness and imperfections.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p15\"\u003EThe visualization itself becomes a trap, and we jump between scales and engage in this centesimal universe of pixels, codes, data and zero dimensionality. Alienation starts from this moment, when we try to incorporate linear thinking into the surface thinking. Decisions, design and work gradually become semi-autonomous. The virtual is interwoven in the way of experimentation in increasingly abstract forms, but simultaneously intentional. Data are said to be disembodied and neutral but are stained and occluded somewhere. The main implication that technical images, device proliferation, automation, emulation, semi-autonomy and memetic culture always will generate is the program affirmation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p16\"\u003EThe fiercest critics fear the objectification of desire (through automation) and the dissolution of communication (through interaction).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p17\"\u003EIn this sense, a discussion on how we deal with this images production and interpretation becomes important, which will directly impact on culture, behaviour and workings, especially designers, architects and other professionals who manage the communication of their ideas with others, the world and the multiple technological devices and social media, through images.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1 The programmatic image: memetic cultures and semi-autonomy design\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p18\"\u003EIn 1936, the German philosopher and cultural theorist Walter Benjamin published one of his best-known essays, “The work of art in the age of its technical reproducibility” [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], where he analysed the impact of new technologies, in particular photography and cinema. For him, the new techniques will lead to a gradual disembodiment of thought embodied in artistic production, causing a constant loss of aesthetic affection which he called “aura” of the art object, understood by him as the character that defines the uniqueness of each work, and which is now being reproduced indefinitely due to the many technical advances.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p19\"\u003EBenjamin [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] noted that the works of art were always reproducible throughout history, with falsification by copies and moulds but with the technical emergency, the authenticity of the original is lost. In a reproduction culture, the original does not matter much, and consequently, this artwork and image “aura”, weakens and loses its charm. Sixty years later, the French sociologist Jean Baudrillard [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] remakes the argument by saying that it was no simply that the importance of the original had been lost by the proliferation of copies in our simulation culture. Instead, in this era dominated by third-order simulation, we have entered a new phase. If the second order was the moment as Benjamin observed, when the distinction between original and copy was broken, the third order is marked by the complete disappearance of any reference to the original notion and often to reality itself, giving rise to a new kind of charm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p20\"\u003ESeveral other contemporary studies seek to deepen the view of repetition and copying, giving rise to meme neologism. Coined by biologist Richard Dawkins [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] in 1976, the word meme refers to how ideas and culture (music, phrases, words, images) spread, reinforcing the argument that culture is propagated by imitation. The task of technical images is thus to establish a general code to reunify culture [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p21\"\u003EThe technical improvement allows digital reproduction to clone, emulate and cut without suffering the deterioration that usually happened in the previous mechanical era. In this memetic culture fuelled by likes, tweets and shares, it is not the original that becomes important, but the number of times it is replicated. Originality gives rise to replication and repetition as a discourse enhancement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p22\"\u003EAn obvious question is whether the memetic culture spread in digital media is linked to copyright issues and image use. How to protect these rights when a digital file can be copied, emulated and reproduced endlessly? YouTube, for example, only “monetizes” original content, and uses algorithm and the platform’s own users to identify videos that appropriate music, images and parts of other videos with protected rights, but the problem is much deeper. In 2013, the 3D print of the “Liberator” a firearm was made available online and epitomizes the potential but also the risk associated with the rapid digital file’s dissemination. Days after its publication, distribution and manufacture were banned from the public. The American government justified that there was no way to regulate the data control and possession relationships, but the print files were available in many torrents for several years until they were started to be controlled.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p23\"\u003EIt is not just a matter of dealing with the technical capacity question of replication generated by digital technologies. There are interlocking social and cultural factors that reveal or hide extreme conditions emerging from these technological capabilities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p24\"\u003EFor Weizman [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], the image goes beyond the mere representation question, but most of the things that are communicated and the decisions made, by humans or networks shared between humans and technological devices, are made through image sharing. The images, the aesthetic domain, become operationalized.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p25\"\u003ESuppose prehistoric magic ritualizes certain models and myths. Current magic ritualizes another kind of model: programs [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Technical images mean programs; they are projections that aim at their receptors and models for our behaviour [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The main implication that technical images, device proliferation, automation, emulation, semi-autonomy and memetic culture will generate is this program affirmation. Programs are characterized by systems in which chance becomes a necessity. Games in which all virtuality, even the least likely ones, will necessarily take place if played for a long time [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p26\"\u003EThere is no last device or program for all programs, behind a program there is the need for a metaprogram for its programming. It is an opening upwards and tending to the infinite [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The man-appliance relationship is then reversed, and it is we who now work in appliances function, even though we continue to deny the loss of that control. A Program affirmation and a desire for its affirmation, since the programs are getting better given their infinite possibilities amount that surpasses man’s decision-making capacity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p27\"\u003EThe device’s speech will become even more imperative, thanks precisely to these telematics and unintelligible dialogues. The devices always work more independently of the programmers’ motives. And devices that have been programmed by other devices appear more frequently [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p28\"\u003EWith digital information manipulation technologies, interactive systems can make use of automation to abstract repetitive and low-significance tasks, and thus enhance their scope; on the other hand, conversely, automation systems can now make use of interaction to become more adaptive and open.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2 Obfuscation: hidden the image and it’s programs\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p29\"\u003EObfuscation is a technique in the programming language, which aims to mask the real code meaning and intention, thus serving either as an obstacle to the base code copy\u002Fdecryption or to hide the algorithm real intention. The obfuscation method works by automatically and regularly shuffling the variables, leaving the code legibility impaired, with meaningless characters or changing the execution steps’ order.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p30\"\u003EObfuscation has some parameters that make it less or more complex, such as power (the complexity degree of the obfuscated code in relation to the original), resistance (to cyber-attacks), stealth (code camouflage with the rest of the program) and cost (runtime and overload on the obsolete system in relation to the original system). The obfuscation concept\u002Fpractice can also be used in both directions. Ambiguity on how to note is a virtual constant factor. The technique can be used to protect passwords, personal data, programming lines, anti-piracy control against hacker’s attacks, malwares and others stuff. But they also serve to monitoring, control, determine, presume, suggest, collect, and provide feedback, in short to increase the opacity of the so-called “black box system”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p31\"\u003EAccording to Glanville [\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], James Clark Maxwell was a British philosopher and mathematician, who besides having contributed to modern theories on electromagnetism used the black box concept in a pioneering way. The concept was attached to cybernetics studies by W. Ross Ashby [\u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], as an artifice that allows the observer to construct a description explaining some system behaviour. One of the best examples to illustrate the black box concept is given by Flusser [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] when analysing the camera and its operation: “The photographer when using a camera must be only part of the device competence so that the whole camera never reveals itself. The box’s darkness is the challenge. Although the photographer knows the box output and input, he does not know what is going on inside the box. The impenetrability of this system and its complexity is what can be called a black box”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p32\"\u003EConcept inserted not only in the internal machine structure such as cameras, computers and cell phones, but which is also rooted in economic, political and cultural systems, translating specific forms of suggestion and interpretation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p33\"\u003EFor Bridle [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], there is a concrete and causal relationship between the complexity of the systems we encounter every day and the opacity with which most of these systems are configured and their direct relationship with inequality, violence, populism and fundamentalism issues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p34\"\u003EWith the digital technology’s emergence, the connection between magic and technology is frequently invoked again, since the functionality of digital devices challenges the common observer’s understanding. We thus repeat the same behaviour of the primitive man in relation to the pre-scientific world: we call magic what we do not understand but which in the digital technology case is less linked to his experience as it was in the archaic sense, and more to illusionism resulting from ignorance in relation to what is programmed or, hidden in the black box [\u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p35\"\u003EThe observation of these images\u002Fdata and its programs, should not be performed uncritically, but rather explore ways to make more transparent the “black box” of the apparatus, see intentions in these programs and which are usually covered by complexity, opacity and impersonality layers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p36\"\u003EArchitecture is confined to representation, because instead of making it a philosophical problem, it has become a strategy, a space for manoeuver, a hiding place, and not a means of attack as it should be [\u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p37\"\u003ESanford Kwinter [\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] writes that the telescope and microscope invention, thus making objects on the smallest scale and those very distant visible to the human eye, were the main key in ending various historical tyrannies. Cabral [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] complements this by noting that this mobility allowed by the microscope and telescope occurs within the scope of scale, which is mainly a space question and only indirectly a question of time. The new visuality that comes with digital technologies allows us a similar mobility strategy, and the main factor that differentiates this mobility is that it does not only occur in space, but mainly in time. In some ways we can now cast our gaze back in time, simulating the past and to a certain extent, the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p38\"\u003EReturning to the questions raised, this is perhaps the great computer contribution to our culture: the possibility of making explicit the mechanisms behind complex processes. If the telescope and microscope showed us scales inaccessible to the unaided\u002Fnaked human eye, the computer can give us access to the origin of the processes and to understanding of the whole otherwise inaccessible to the unaided\u002Fnaked eye [\u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p39\"\u003ECybernetics is a possible solution for dealing with complex systems (black boxes), transforming unpredictable situations into informative ones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p40\"\u003EComplexity is a recurring theme in everything, it is mainly linked to technology and computing, information and systems theory, but it appears eventually more in other areas such as economics, design, architecture and urbanism. Among its many definitions, complexity is related to the difficulty level in forecasting the interconnections present in a system, and it is a way of thinking that can contribute to giving visibility to processes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p41\"\u003EFor a long time, everything was compared to a machine [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], and the importance of talking about machines, clouds, networks and other metaphors is a challenge that usually encompasses many understandings, many meanings, and, in a way, always ends up leading to a trivialized commonplace. The cloud is the moment metaphor, where we connect, work and store things. The cloud lands at all points and explores the ambiguous status they hold; it is able to mould itself to geographies of power due to its physical distance from the solidity of its intentions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p42\"\u003ETechnological acceleration transforms the planet, society and the individual daily, but has failed to transform our understanding of these things. The digital paradigm marks a knowledge expansion that results from the increasingly information intensity assets and their extensive dissemination that shape our reality, obscuring disciplinary boundaries [\u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. We need not only new technologies but also new metaphors: a meta-language to describe the world that complex systems have generated. New abbreviations, which at the same time recognize and deal with reality in a world in which people, politics, culture and technology and their images are all entangled [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.3 For a cybernetic design: transformations in architectural practice and design process\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p43\"\u003ECybernetics emerged at the beginning of the information age, in pre-digital communications, creating a connection between human-machine interaction and systems among themselves. As a result, cybernetics frames the world in terms of systems and their goals [\u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p44\"\u003EThe relationship between cybernetics and surveillance and control techniques has been strengthened by the continuous communication tools development and the representation of technical devices. Surveillance and control managed through large bits conglomerates, with the name of Big Data, are now interpreted by algorithms in increasingly larger volumes and collected by capture and information devices in smaller space and time intervals. Its influences range from political campaign promotion and data package sales to lobbying, as well as military strategies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p45\"\u003EWeizman [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] points out that there are two forms of violence that are getting deeper: physical and digital. This digital violence was enhanced by the isolation caused by the Corona Virus pandemic, serving as an alibi for companies to use the connection between the two, collecting data, monitoring people and guiding practices that reflect on social\u002Fpolitical space structures. Power and control (surveillance\u002Fsecurity) are paradoxical variables when technologically oriented. Technology expands power but can concentrate if it is done unevenly. And control since the more sophisticated the security devices, the more sophisticated the attacks also become.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p46\"\u003EThus, a search for attempts to solve complexity and reduce its abstraction arises. But the more one tries to explain the virtual world functioning, the more diffuse it seems to get. Flusser [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], adds: the more complex the tools, the more abstract their functions will be.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p47\"\u003EAccording to Spuybroek [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], architects have been more obsessed with shapes such as cubes, spheres and other Euclidean geometric shapes, and now they are attracted to clouds, swarms, patterns, automata, cells, rhizomes, substances, fractals, biomimetics and others concepts borrowed from fields like biology and philosophy. They start drawing less and simulating more. Proportion, perspective, typology and other arbitrary and stabilizing cultural forms are no longer the interest focus in the current digital architectural production model; this intermediation role was assumed by CAD software. A move from the generation of processes seen from the outside to the inside, propitiated by the growing importance given to the virtual dimension in architecture. Open dynamic systems bring an approach in which the meaning lies in unveiling potentialities of indeterminations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p48\"\u003EA shift in the process generation seen from the outside in, brought about by the growing importance given the dimension of the virtual in architecture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p49\"\u003EIt is good to remember that the ultra-mediated computational universe becomes dangerous when it ceases to be a heuristic device, of possibility and becomes an ideology that privileges information, technique and access to these facilities, highlighting the image above all things, as is practised in many of the so-called digital architectures and the discourse that accompany them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p50\"\u003EGraafland [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], will question if the incorporation of theories about composition, semiotics, philosophy, critical theory and the list continues, can still help in the discovery of a better design\u002Fproject quality, or if they would actually be a sum of fields belonging to a same postmodern universe that is disguised under a new discourse, in which the longing for theses interdisciplinarities is being used to put on a design and endow it with insignificant meanings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p51\"\u003EBut how to face the problems of a world formed by information and communication technologies, in which our ways of thinking are highly influenced by electronic mediation? These issues were not restricted to the “design means”, but will also influence the ways we see and experience spaces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p52\"\u003ESo, the “digital shift” as put by Mario Carpo [\u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], became larger than was initially thought, in depth and comprehensiveness in architecture. There is no way to highlight only a duality, such as between representation and production, between criticism and design, technology and art, artefact and nature and other divisions, because they are nevertheless not able to understand the full complexity. The digital shift makes their relationships liquefied, and thus other needs arise, such as avoiding taking shortcuts and resisting easy solutions [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p53\"\u003EProfession increasingly needs to deal with the communication systems, work and space acceleration. Understand that cyberspace is not on a plane so different from ours, part of a virtual life taken apart, but that new reasoning is needed more than ever to capture our relations with these digital worlds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p54\"\u003EThe architecture role idea as an intangible services producer, whether they are digital files for manufacturing, interface design or as an organization model has grown a lot. Growth that goes hand in hand with the manufacturing distributed trend that breaks with the traditional supply chain, as several companies start selling information and digitalized data that allow the production of parts instead of manufacturing and selling them physically. Some factories, like some architectural firms, are moving away from services based solely on drawings and objects to being based on information. The tendency has already been seen in objects such as lamps, clocks and shoes for another time to make artefacts and buildings. For Spuybroek [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], design becomes more about the organization among infinite possibilities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p55\"\u003EThe material aspect mentioned by Flusser [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] is no longer what gives value or involvement with a particular object, but the software, the virtuality contained therein. In architecture, because it is an object with physicality, scale and wide appropriations, the issue is more delicate, but it is not foreign to these discussions. According to Bitoni [\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], materials are no longer formed by the tool progression, as has been the case since the beginning of civilization, where from the first primitive stone tools, we continue to make more sophisticated ones. Our tools are now linguistic; language is now our hammer and saw.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p56\"\u003EThe effective progress of technological advances in architecture will not be solved without organization and rationalization, and it will be done through flexible interactions and not rigid hierarchies, requiring a behaviour that is more adaptable than mechanical.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p57\"\u003EThe essential mechanism for the eventual success of experiences with participation and indeterminacy is feedback. Some solutions go ahead and others do not, but all generate circularity. This requires greater connectivity between architects and other members of the system, to create a holistic workflow. This is the elementary design function of any nature, to improve people’s lives and meet their needs. Put that away, one of the great design tasks nowadays is to adjust connections between things that appear to be disconnected. Task is currently called designing interfaces [\u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p58\"\u003ESome architects have sought to automate the intuitive realization of their ideas through algorithms, at the risk of falling into the classic trap that tools, regardless of their nature, do not satisfy the objectives and are not even used to interpret their results in addition to computer simulations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p59\"\u003EThus, according to Gobin et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], the use of digital is once again a generalizing specialist system, and the architect’s dilemma continues as it has been since the profession’s emergence, the classic difficulty of translating from conception to representation, and representation for realization.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p60\"\u003EWhen designing ontology, the objects, operations and relationships that can be described in an information processing system are determined. This indicates which attributes are stored in files and databases, and with which objects are presented to users to interact [\u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p61\"\u003EPotentialities that seek flexible interfaces with different abstraction levels capable of gradually involving users and their autonomy and the architecture craft can thus discover other paths for the profession, providing the interfaces that generate involvement and interest in architecture and its agency, challenges that Gordon Pask [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] had already glimpsed 50 years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p62\"\u003EIt is increasingly necessary to think about new technologies in other ways and criticize them to participate significantly in this cybernetic driving. Thinking about the project not as something sealed, but as part of a system open to possible indeterminations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.4 Refactoring the image\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p63\"\u003ERefactoring is the process of modifying a system and its program to improve the internal code structure without changing its external behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p64\"\u003EThe technique improves the software conception (design) and avoids its entropy, reducing its useful life. This entropy is caused by changes with short-term objectives or changes that were not considered in the system design.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p65\"\u003EAnother feature is the ease of understanding, facilitating the maintenance and communication of their motivations, intentions and goals. When analysing the architectural design process, regardless of the tools, there are similar concepts to the refactoring importance in its various stages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p66\"\u003EThe computer must be a constructive means and not merely representational, not only be understood as a separate tool but as an organizational model, an agent capable of creating continuity in the process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p67\"\u003EThis continuity paradigm must also consider the body and the suggested spaces imbued with active, undetermined potential, but charged with trends that promote interaction as stated by Cabral Filho [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p68\"\u003ECreativity must start from dialog with the order, in language, in communication and in the community. Provoke a new consciousness emergence, a collective game strategy. After all, playing is an activity proper to human beings and tests that virtue that makes them privileged in nature: the ability to analyse a situation, weigh pros and cons and finally decide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p69\"\u003EWe need, as warned by Flusser [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], to invert the point of view when analysing the image. Not under the aspect that is usually given to detachment from reality, but from the need to ask what the image projects towards the world. Seek to break instrumental limits and implement ways to overcome obstacles in obtaining feedback and engagement. Refactor and reenchant are the available tools. Software, machines and devices will continue to be complex, but experimentation and integration can clear these conjectures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p70\"\u003EConceptual shifts can be listed at this moment as potentially revolutionary in the practice of architectural design, as a direct digital technologies dissemination result. The focus of the act of designing is no longer the object design and becomes the programming of processes that manage this object. In representation processes, the projective design strategy gives way to the construction of parameterized models, which opens up the possibility of experimentation and testing of the model before its effective construction [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p71\"\u003ETechnology is, and can be, the guide of this thought, as long as we do not privilege its output. Computers are not here to give us answers, but they are tools for asking questions [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p72\"\u003EReal literacy in relation to systems goes far beyond attempts to understand their functionality, but to reveal contextual aspects and their consequences. Guiding for information production process awareness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p73\"\u003EThe designing gesture should not be held hostage to the idiosyncrasies addition linked to a flow of pre-existing forms, but should follow a similar path to what Koolhas [\u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] proposes, that there is a technological awareness inherent in the very modernization of the process and its realization. Therefore, we must be interested not only in how things are and what they mean but also in how they become real and how this real is produced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p74\"\u003EArchitects can no longer rely on the representation domain for resistance and control regarding the profession position; new ways of thinking, processing and finally refactoring and reinventing the profession are needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.5 Storytelling: architecture and the image diffusion\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p75\"\u003EAs part of the subject, we will deal with a practical experience through storytelling. The faculty of architecture and urbanism at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora is an academic unit like many others in Brazil dedicated to training future professionals in the field. One of the biggest perceived difficulties is the creativity associated with technological resources; most of them cannot describe the process or express their ideas in different media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p76\"\u003EA couple of weeks back, in a classroom filled with architecture and urbanism students, an architecture teacher introduced the topic of artificial intelligence, authorship and its potential impact on the design field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p77\"\u003EIn order to introduce a debate on the progress of instruments such as artificial intelligence and creativity, it was proposed that each of them develop an image of a dream project, such as a house, describing it on open platforms such as Midjourney. Midjourney is a text-to-image generator powered by artificial intelligence. The tool operates within Discord app and works collaboratively. The choice of the tool was due to the results closest to the ideas formulated by the students.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p78\"\u003EThey could make use of other reference images, and also use sketches and drawings to begin from a starting point for the image generation. The students were initially sceptical, but the teacher explained how AI-powered platforms like Midjourney could revolutionize the way architects and designers create and visualize their projects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p79\"\u003ETo illustrate the point, the teacher assigned the class a creative task: each student was asked to create an image of their dream house using Midjourney The students dove into the task with enthusiasm, experimenting with different design elements and features. Some students imagined fantastical scenarios, like a floating castle in the clouds or a treehouse village nestled in a dense forest. Others dreamed up their ideal homes, complete with all the features and amenities they desired.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p80\"\u003EAs part of the assignment, each student had to create a client profile for their project. They had to consider the physical aspects of the design, as well as the personal tastes and behaviour of the supposed client. This helped the students to learn how to think about the needs and wants of their clients, and how to design spaces that would meet those needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p81\"\u003EAfter creating their designs, the students used Midjourney to generate images. The final step of the assignment was to shuffle the images and try to guess each image’s author. This was a fun and challenging way for the students to test their skills and see how their designs compared to their classmates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p82\"\u003EAs the class progressed, the teacher encouraged the students to think about how AI could be used to enhance the design process and to consider the ethical implications of relying on technology to create images.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p83\"\u003EThe students realized the potential of AI to enhance their creativity and were excited about the possibilities and obstacles for the future of their profession. They left the classroom with a new understanding of how AI could be used to augment their skills and help them create even more innovative and unexpected designs, while maintaining a critical position on the consequences of such instruments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Conclusions\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p84\"\u003EThe ultra-mediated computational universe can become dangerous according to several types of research when it is no longer a device of heuristics and possibilities, and becomes an ideology that privileges information, technique, access to these facilities and the image over the rest of all things. Decisions, design and work gradually become semi-autonomous. The virtual is interwoven in experimentation ways in increasingly abstract forms, but simultaneously intentional. Data are said to be disembodied but stained somewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p85\"\u003EIndeed, if there has been a digital revolution in the last five decades as we are led to believe, a large part of this revolution was a visualization revolution, or to be more exact, a revolution in how images are produced. A production mode that actually profoundly changes the modes of distribution and manipulation of images. Databases, digital models, multimedia presentations and others, are all more than ways of organizing data, ways of visualizing data. In the evolution of computer, we went from the calculation for the image through computer graphics to the image for communication through multimedia computers. And if the best-case scenario comes true, we will move from communication to conversational (or the truly dialogic) with the computer taken as a tool of indeterminacy [\u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p86\"\u003EWith each new version, the tendency is that the language becomes more and more simplified; the software gives a direction towards more friendly and intuitive interfaces, less apparent buttons, less text to read, more patterns and more tutorials instilled in the step-by-step of how to do it. Maybe this will lead to a trend towards a trivialization of a technical, aesthetic, linguistic and conceptual order or on the contrary, will it expand the possibilities exponentially and will new forms of production and interpretation emerge provided by these facilities?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p87\"\u003EReject technology is impossible, but the ability to articulate and design need not be limited only to their means. It is necessary to aim for syncretism, a reasonable vision and the capacities of each one to act dialogically for a legitimate mobilization. Focus on the here and now, one step back to a future better jump.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p88\"\u003EThis study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":"architecture, digital, culture, image, technology","chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F86631.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F86631.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F86631\u002F1695803523\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F86631","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F86631","cdnMediaBaseUrl":null,"totalDownloads":74,"totalViews":130,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"dateSubmitted":"December 24th 2022","dateReviewed":"February 23rd 2023","datePrePublished":"April 20th 2023","datePublished":"October 25th 2023","dateFinished":"March 22nd 2023","readingETA":"0","abstract":"This work seeks, through the use of jargon from the internet and computing to make an analogy game to situations found contemporaneously in image, digital culture and architecture, showing the intertwining between many factors that increase the complexity of tasks and demanding answers that are also compatible. The essay seeks no to argue against technology and its use, but to discuss the pitfalls of the enchantment generated by its facilities. In this way, questions arise about how to face the problems of a world moulded by accelerated information and communication technologies, in which our ways of thinking are highly influenced by electronic mediation. Finally, it is proposed to discuss a dialogical and cooperative involvement between technology and man that emphasize possibilities and reenchants our tools to reformulate the architectural practice and promote openings for emancipation.","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F86631","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F86631","signatures":"Caio Almeida, Renato César Souza and Lucas Luciano","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"noAds":0,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"12372","type":"book","title":"Digital Storytelling","subtitle":"Content and Application","fullTitle":"Digital Storytelling - Content and Application","slug":"digital-storytelling-content-and-application","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"October 25th 2023","bookSignature":"Şenay Sabah","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12372.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1713447050-448443594\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1713447050-448443594\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718282871-760949583\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718282871-760949583\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718120800-494164243\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718120800-494164243\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":"978-1-83768-780-0","printIsbn":"978-1-83768-779-4","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83768-781-7","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"193353","title":"Dr.","name":"Şenay","middleName":null,"surname":"Sabah","slug":"senay-sabah","fullName":"Şenay Sabah"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"509465","title":"Dr.","name":"Caio","middleName":null,"surname":"Almeida","fullName":"Caio Almeida","slug":"caio-almeida","email":"caio.rabite@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":null},{"id":"516475","title":"Dr.","name":"Renato César","middleName":null,"surname":"Souza","fullName":"Renato César Souza","slug":"renato-cesar-souza","email":"rcesarfs@gmail.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"516476","title":"Mr.","name":"Lucas","middleName":null,"surname":"Luciano","fullName":"Lucas Luciano","slug":"lucas-luciano","email":"lucas.luciano@arquitetura.ufjf.br","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","institution":{"name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}}],"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. Thumb.CAD: technical image under the finger tip","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2_2","title":"2.1 The programmatic image: memetic cultures and semi-autonomy design","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_3_2","title":"2.2 Obfuscation: hidden the image and it’s programs","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_4_2","title":"2.3 For a cybernetic design: transformations in architectural practice and design process","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_5_2","title":"2.4 Refactoring the image","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_6_2","title":"2.5 Storytelling: architecture and the image diffusion","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_8","title":"3. Conclusions","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_9","title":"Acknowledgments","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EKwinter S. Architectures of Time: Towards a Theory of the Event in Modernist Culture. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2002\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ECabral JSF. Um Futuro Além da Transgressão. In: Corpo e Arte: Estudos Contemporâneos. São Paulo: Org: Garcia W. Nojosa Edições; 2005. pp. 31-42\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B3","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B3\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ECardoso R. Design para um Mundo Complexo. 1st. ed. São Paulo: Cosac Naify; 2013\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B4","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B4\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ECabral JSF. Para Além do Corpo Cravado de Likes: A Revolução deverá ser lúdica! In: Revista Contraste. 6, ed. São Paulo: USP; 2020\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B5","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B5\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EPérez-Gómez A, Pelletier L. Architectural Representation and the Perspective Hinge. Cambridge: MIT Press; 1997\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B6","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B6\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EFlusser V. O Universo das Imagens Técnicas: Elogio da Superficialidade. 1st ed. São Paulo: Annablume; 2008\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B7","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B7\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EBenjamin W. A Obra de Arte na Era de Sua Reprodutibilidade Técnica. 1st ed. Porto Alegre: L& PM; 2013\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B8","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B8\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EBaudrillard J. The Perfect Crime. 1st ed. New York: Verso Press; 1996\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B9","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B9\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EDawkins R. O Gene Egoísta. 1st ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras; 2007\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B10","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B10\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EFlusser V. Filosofia da Caixa Preta: Ensaios para uma Filosofia da Fotografia. 1st ed. São Paulo: Annablume; 2011\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B11","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B11\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EWeizman E. Interview. Giselle Beiguelman, Revista Online Select TV. 2020. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.select.art.br\"\u003Ewww.select.art.br.\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E [Accessed: November 21, 2022]\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B12","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B12\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EFlusser V. Nosso programa. In: Pós- História: Vinte Instantâneos e um Modo de Usar. 1st ed. São Paulo: Annablume; 2011. pp. 25-31\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B13","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B13\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EGlanville R. Inside Every White Box There Are Two Black Boxes Trying to Get Out In: Behavioral Science. Vol. 27. Wiley Online Library; 1982\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B14","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B14\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EAshby WR. Introduction to Cybernetics. 1st ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1956\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B15","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B15\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EBridle J. New Dark Age: Technology and the End of Future. 1st ed. London: Verso; 2018\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B16","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B16\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EBaltazar AP, Cabral Filho JS. Magia Além da Ignorância: Virtualizando a Caixa Preta. In: Roscoe H, Moran P, Mucelli T, editors. FAD–Festival de Arte Digital. Belo Horizonte: Instituto Cidades Criativas; 2010. pp. 12-18\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B17","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B17\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ELavin, S. A Prática Cria a Perfeição. In: O Campo Ampliado da Arquitetura. A. Krysta Sykes (Org.). Ed. Cosac Naify, 2013, São Paulo, Brazil\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B18","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B18\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EKwinter S. The cruelty of numbers. In: Far from Equilibrium: Essays on Technology and Design Culture, Any Magazine n.10, Ed. New York: Actar-D; 1995\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B19","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B19\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ECabral, J. S. F. De Volta às Origens–Por Uma Arquitetura Sempre Contemporânea. In: Topos Revista de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, V. 1, n. 2, pp. 87-90, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 2004\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B20","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B20\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ESprecher A, Ahrens C. Adaptive knowledge in architecture: A few notes on the nature of Transdisciplinarity. In: Fol WW, Picon A, editors. Digital Property: Open-Source Architecture. Vol. 243, 1\u003Csup\u003Est\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E Ed. United Kingdom: Wiley and Sons; 2016. pp. 26-35\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B21","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B21\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EDubberly H, Pangaroo P. How Cybernetics Connects Computing, Counterculture, and Design. Walker Art Center – Hippie Modernism: The Struggle for Utopia. 2015. Available from: \u003Cext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dubberly.com\u002Farticles\u002Fcybernetics-and-counterculture.html\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.dubberly.com\u002Farticles\u002Fcybernetics-and-counterculture.html.\u003C\u002Fext-link\u003E [Accessed: August 21, 2020]\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B22","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B22\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ESpuybroek L. The Architecture of Continuity: Essays and Conversations. 1st ed. Rotterdam: V2 Publishers; 2019\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B23","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B23\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EGraafland A. Technology and architecture. In: At+D (Architecture, Technology and Design). Amsterdam: Ed. Urbanism Reading Series; 2012\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B24","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B24\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ECarpo M. Twenty years of digital design. In: The Digital Turn in Architecture (1992-2012). London: Wiley & Sons; 2012\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B25","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B25\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EBitonti FA. When matter becomes media: How our new tools are Reiventing physicality. In: AD 243;. In: Fok WW, Picon A, editors. Digital Property: Open-Source Architecture. 1st ed. Vol. 243. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley & Sons; 2016. pp. 100-107\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B26","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B26\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EGobin T, Andraos S, Schwartz T. An art of connectivity. In: Fok WW, Picon A, editors. Digital Property: Open-Source Architecture. 1st ed. Vol. N. 243. United Kingdom: Wiley and Sons; 2016. pp. 68-73\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B27","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B27\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMichalatos P. Design signals: The role of software architecture and paradigms In Design Thinking and Practice. In: Fok WW, Picon A, editors. Digital Property: Open-Source Architecture. 1st ed. Vol. 243. United Kingdom: Wiley and Sons; 2016. pp. 108-115\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B28","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B28\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EPask G. The architectural relevance of cybernetics. In: Architectural Design, September Issue N. 7\u002F6. London: John Wiley and Sons; 1969. pp. 496-496\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B29","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B29\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EKoolhas R. S, M, L, XL. 2nd ed. New York: Monacelli Press; 1997\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"}],"footnotes":[],"contributors":[{"corresp":"yes","contributorFullName":"Caio Almeida","address":"caio.rabite@gmail.com","affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Renato César Souza","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},{"corresp":null,"contributorFullName":"Lucas Luciano","address":null,"affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"}],"corrections":null},"book":{"id":"12372","type":"book","title":"Digital Storytelling","subtitle":"Content and Application","fullTitle":"Digital Storytelling - Content and Application","slug":"digital-storytelling-content-and-application","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"October 25th 2023","bookSignature":"Şenay Sabah","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12372.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1713447050-448443594\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1713447050-448443594\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718282871-760949583\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718282871-760949583\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718120800-494164243\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F12372\u002F1718120800-494164243\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":"978-1-83768-780-0","printIsbn":"978-1-83768-779-4","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83768-781-7","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"193353","title":"Dr.","name":"Şenay","middleName":null,"surname":"Sabah","slug":"senay-sabah","fullName":"Şenay Sabah"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"subsereis":null,"subseries":null},"profile":{"item":{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","middleName":null,"surname":"Vakhrushev","email":"vakhrushev-a@yandex.ru","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","position":null,"biography":"Prof. Alexander V. Vakhrushev obtained a Ph.D. in Technical Sciences from Izhevsk Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Russia, in 1982, and a DSc in Physics and Mathematics from the Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2003. Currently, he is head of the Department of Nanotechnology and Microsystems Technic, Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, and head of the Department of Modeling and Synthesis of Technological Structures, Institute of Mechanics, Udmurt Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He has received several awards, including an Academician A. F. Sidorov Prize from the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He has more than 400 publications to his credit. His research interests include multiscale mathematical modeling of physical-chemical processes into nano-hetero systems.","institutionString":"Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F140718\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","totalCites":0,"totalChapterViews":"0","outsideEditionCount":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"3","totalEditedBooks":"4","personalWebsiteUrl":null,"twitterURL":null,"linkedinURL":null,"institution":{"name":"Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Russia"}}},"booksEdited":[{"id":"10463","type":"book","slug":"nanomechanics-theory-and-application","isPublished":true,"title":"Nanomechanics","subtitle":"Theory and Application","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10463.jpg","abstract":"This book covers a wide range of research in the field of nanomechanics. Chapters address nanomodification of the surface of solids, a refined method for calculating nanomaterials with cracks, the formation of nanocomposites based on nanoparticles, and methods for the experimental determination of the mechanical parameters of nanomaterials. The book is a useful resource for engineers, technologists, and researchers interested in methods of nanomechanics and the application of advanced nanomaterials with complex behavior.","editors":[{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","surname":"Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}},{"id":"6497","type":"book","slug":"molecular-dynamics","isPublished":true,"title":"Molecular Dynamics","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6497.jpg","abstract":"This book is devoted to a description of the modeling of nanosystems and a detailed exposition of the application of molecular dynamics methods to problems from various fields of technology: material science, the formation of composite molecular complexes, and transport of nanosystems. The research results of the modeling of various nanosystems are presented: soft supramolecular nanostructures, nanosized beams of single-crystal Cu, metallic nanosized crystals, drug delivery systems, and systems stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The information from this book will be useful for engineers, technologists, researchers, and postgraduate students interested in the study of the whole complex of computer simulation based on the concept of molecular dynamics methods for the task of designing and producing nanomaterials with controlled properties.","editors":[{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","surname":"Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}},{"id":"6283","type":"book","slug":"theoretical-foundations-and-application-of-photonic-crystals","isPublished":true,"title":"Theoretical Foundations and Application of Photonic Crystals","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6283.jpg","abstract":"This book is devoted to the description of research and design of photonic crystals. Topics included in the book cover a wide range of research in the field of theoretical analysis and experimental investigation: the electromagnetic field in the photonic crystal, propagation of waves in the gyrotropic magnetophotonic crystals, low one-photon absorption, ultratransparent photonic crystals, colloidal assembly, photonic crystal application for development of all-optical computational system, design strategies for PC devices, self-organization of liquid crystalline nanostructures, and optical diodes. This book will be useful for engineers, technologists, researchers, and postgraduate students interested in the research, design, fabrication processes, and applications of photonic crystals.","editors":[{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","surname":"Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}},{"id":"5790","type":"book","slug":"nanomechanics","isPublished":true,"title":"Nanomechanics","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5790.jpg","abstract":"In recent years, nanotechnology is the basis for the development of modern production. This determined the urgency of the intensive development of the new direction of mechanics and nanomechanics, for the scientific description of nanotechnological processes and the solution of several topical nanotechnology problems. Topics included in the book cover a wide range of research in the field of nanomechanics: thermomass theory of nanosystems; deformation of nanomaterials; interface mechanics of assembly carbon nanotube; nanomechanics on surface; molecular interactions and transformations; nanomechanical sensors, nanobeams, and micromembranes; nanostructural organic and inorganic materials; green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The main goal of these works is the establishment of the nanosystem macroparameter dependence on its nanoparameters using nanomechanics. This book will be useful for engineers, technologists, and researchers interested in methods of nanomechanics and in advanced nanomaterials with complex behavior and their applications.","editors":[{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","surname":"Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}],"chaptersAuthored":[{"id":"41659","title":"The Plant Nutrition from the Gas Medium in Greenhouses: Multilevel Simulation and Experimental Investigation","slug":"the-plant-nutrition-from-the-gas-medium-in-greenhouses-multilevel-simulation-and-experimental-invest","abstract":null,"signatures":"A.V. Vakhrushev, A.Yu. Fedotov, A.A. Vakhrushev,\nV.B. Golubchikov and E.V. Golubchikov","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","surname":"Vakhrushev","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","email":"vakhrushev-a@yandex.ru"}],"book":{"id":"2635","title":"Plant Science","slug":"plant-science","productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}},{"id":"62086","title":"Introductory Chapter: Molecular Dynamics: Basic Tool of Nanotechnology Simulations for “Production 4.0” Revolution","slug":"introductory-chapter-molecular-dynamics-basic-tool-of-nanotechnology-simulations-for-production-4-0-","abstract":null,"signatures":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","surname":"Vakhrushev","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","email":"vakhrushev-a@yandex.ru"}],"book":{"id":"6497","title":"Molecular Dynamics","slug":"molecular-dynamics","productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}},{"id":"79091","title":"Formation of Nanostructures on the Solid Surface","slug":"formation-of-nanostructures-on-the-solid-surface","abstract":"Forming nanostructures on the solids surface is one of the promising nanotechnological processes. It has been established that changes in the atomic structure of the solid surface due to the nanostructures formation result both in a significant change in various physical properties of the surface, and in an increase in its durability, strength, hardness, wear resistance. There are many different methods for forming nanostructures on solid surfaces: surface modification with nano-elements (nanoparticles, fullerenes and fullerites, graphene and nanotubes), formation of a nanocomposite layer on the surface, forming quantum dots and whiskers on the surface, implanting ions into the solid surface, laser surface treatment and other processes. The above processes are very complex and for their optimization require detailed research both by experimental and theoretical methods of mathematical modeling. The aim of this chapter was to provide a comparative review of different methods of forming nanostructures on the solids surface and mathematical modeling of these processes various aspects.","signatures":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"140718","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander V.","surname":"Vakhrushev","fullName":"Alexander V. Vakhrushev","slug":"alexander-v.-vakhrushev","email":"vakhrushev-a@yandex.ru"}],"book":{"id":"10463","title":"Nanomechanics","slug":"nanomechanics-theory-and-application","productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}}],"collaborators":[{"id":"144500","title":"Prof.","name":"Rosna Mat","surname":"Taha","slug":"rosna-mat-taha","fullName":"Rosna Mat Taha","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Malaya","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}},{"id":"147406","title":"Dr.","name":"Jose Renato","surname":"Stangarlin","slug":"jose-renato-stangarlin","fullName":"Jose Renato Stangarlin","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"State University of West Paraná","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"147850","title":"Dr.","name":"Odair Jose","surname":"Kuhn","slug":"odair-jose-kuhn","fullName":"Odair Jose Kuhn","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"State University of West Paraná","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"147851","title":"Dr.","name":"Katia Regina Freitas","surname":"Schwan-Estrada","slug":"katia-regina-freitas-schwan-estrada","fullName":"Katia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"State University of Maringa","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"147852","title":"MSc.","name":"Clair Aparecida","surname":"Viecelli","slug":"clair-aparecida-viecelli","fullName":"Clair Aparecida Viecelli","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"147853","title":"MSc.","name":"Lindomar","surname":"Assi","slug":"lindomar-assi","fullName":"Lindomar Assi","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"147854","title":"Dr.","name":"Cristiane Claudia","surname":"Meinerz","slug":"cristiane-claudia-meinerz","fullName":"Cristiane Claudia Meinerz","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"State University of West Paraná","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"159017","title":"Dr.","name":"Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed","surname":"Abdul","slug":"bakrudeen-ali-ahmed-abdul","fullName":"Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Malaya","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}},{"id":"159020","title":"Dr.","name":"Sadegh","surname":"Mohajer","slug":"sadegh-mohajer","fullName":"Sadegh Mohajer","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Malaya","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}},{"id":"160265","title":"Dr.","name":"Roberto Luis","surname":"Portz","slug":"roberto-luis-portz","fullName":"Roberto Luis Portz","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Federal University of Paraná","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}}]},"generic":{"page":{"slug":"customer-complaints","title":"Customer Complaints","intro":"\u003Cp\u003ECustomer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 167-169 Great Portland Street, London, W1W 5PF, United Kingdom or via the following e-mail address: \u003Ca href=\"mailto:info@intechopen.com\"\u003Einfo@intechopen.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","metaTitle":"Customer Complaints","metaDescription":"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.","metaKeywords":null,"canonicalURL":null,"contentRaw":"[{\"type\":\"htmlEditorComponent\",\"content\":\"\u003Cp\u003EReceipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003ECustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"}]"},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003EReceipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003ECustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"}]},"successStories":{"items":[]},"authorsAndEditors":{"filterParams":{},"profiles":[{"id":"6700","title":"Dr.","name":"Abbass A.","middleName":null,"surname":"Hashim","slug":"abbass-a.-hashim","fullName":"Abbass A. Hashim","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F6700\u002F1730416759\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Sheffield Hallam University","country":{"name":"United Kingdom"}}},{"id":"54525","title":"Prof.","name":"Abdul Latif","middleName":null,"surname":"Ahmad","slug":"abdul-latif-ahmad","fullName":"Abdul Latif Ahmad","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"20567","title":"Prof.","name":"Ado","middleName":null,"surname":"Jorio","slug":"ado-jorio","fullName":"Ado Jorio","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"82663","title":"Dr.","name":"Akkinapally","middleName":"Venketeshwer","surname":"Rao","slug":"akkinapally-rao","fullName":"Akkinapally Rao","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F82663\u002F1730416025\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Akkinapally Venketeshwer Rao, Professor Emeritus, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, is an expert in diet and health. His research has focused on the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant phytochemicals in the causation and prevention of chronic diseases, with particular emphasis on the role of carotenoids and polyphenols. His research interests also include the role of prebiotics and probiotics in human health. He has more than 100 publications in scientific journals and several books and book chapters to his credit. He has had a distinguished academic career spanning more than 45 years. Dr. Rao is popularly sought after by the international media to express his opinions about nutrition and health.","institutionString":"University of Toronto","institution":{"name":"University of Toronto","country":{"name":"Canada"}}},{"id":"47940","title":"Dr.","name":"Alberto","middleName":null,"surname":"Mantovani","slug":"alberto-mantovani","fullName":"Alberto Mantovani","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanità","country":{"name":"Italy"}}},{"id":"12392","title":"Mr.","name":"Alex","middleName":null,"surname":"Lazinica","slug":"alex-lazinica","fullName":"Alex Lazinica","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F12392\u002F1730415926\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"TU Wien","country":{"name":"Austria"}}},{"id":"19816","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander","middleName":null,"surname":"Kokorin","slug":"alexander-kokorin","fullName":"Alexander Kokorin","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F19816\u002F1730416023\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR\u002FESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics","country":{"name":"Russia"}}},{"id":"62389","title":"PhD.","name":"Ali Demir","middleName":null,"surname":"Sezer","slug":"ali-demir-sezer","fullName":"Ali Demir Sezer","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F62389\u002F1730416512\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Marmara University","country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},{"id":"61051","title":"Prof.","name":"Andrea","middleName":null,"surname":"Natale","slug":"andrea-natale","fullName":"Andrea Natale","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"100762","title":"Prof.","name":"Andrea","middleName":null,"surname":"Natale","slug":"andrea-natale","fullName":"Andrea Natale","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"St David's Medical Center","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"107416","title":"Dr.","name":"Andrea","middleName":null,"surname":"Natale","slug":"andrea-natale","fullName":"Andrea Natale","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"64434","title":"Dr.","name":"Angkoon","middleName":null,"surname":"Phinyomark","slug":"angkoon-phinyomark","fullName":"Angkoon Phinyomark","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F64434\u002F1730416082\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Joseph Fourier University","country":{"name":"France"}}}],"filtersByRegion":[{"group":"region","caption":"North America","value":1,"count":16975},{"group":"region","caption":"Middle and South America","value":2,"count":13999},{"group":"region","caption":"Africa","value":3,"count":6116},{"group":"region","caption":"Asia","value":4,"count":29496},{"group":"region","caption":"Australia and Oceania","value":5,"count":2530},{"group":"region","caption":"Europe","value":6,"count":40578}],"offset":12,"limit":12,"total":183487},"chapterEmbeded":{"data":{}},"editorApplication":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"ofsBooks":{"filterParams":{"hasNoEditors":"1","sort":"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},"books":[{"type":"book","id":"14377","title":"Erectile Dysfunction","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"8c5fc5c574242f32e66a479e8011ee94","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F14377.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004710","title":"Hypoxia and Anoxia","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"57404f9ff1ccd11020b83a1a08d3de97","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcWBPIA3\u002F0016614_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A14%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004657","title":"Digital Libraries","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"f8801b3aa2280ff809e52ade07539a55","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcWAYIA3\u002F0016561_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A13%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004775","title":"Land Use Planning and Management","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"3cde1307d61ef1ff15f9f775dbe1ef62","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcX3fIAF\u002F0016679_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A13%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"14119","title":"Diseases of the Aortic Valve","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"c7b96d0a838d3231da7187b4d2d69e9a","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F14119.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"14363","title":"Space Exploration","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"847109eb6f81e58f7c1171f49d7ded30","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F14363.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004637","title":"Dynamics of the Oceans - Variability, Hydrological Cycles, and Sea Level Change","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"d17f0ede30b41566ca50dc4accff15d5","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcWAEIA3\u002F0016541_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A13%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004759","title":"Landslide","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"1148090b0d1e81bae272cb10018ab5f1","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcX3PIAV\u002F0016663_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A13%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004741","title":"Numerical Simulation","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"1e93613e8a55962f41ed1d5d21060628","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcX37IAF\u002F0016645_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A13%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004703","title":"Precision Oncology","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"de07b3eac433cafcf9e99cd3c994edb3","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcWBIIA3\u002F0016607_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A13%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"14319","title":"Midwifery","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"a4c04f7a8817183cc9773419b273f1c8","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F14319.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"14288","title":"Nuclear Disasters","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"6511333157c86b763c87c434d1e7a1e8","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"bookSignature":"","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F14288.jpg","editedByType":null,"editors":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}],"filtersByTopic":[{"group":"topic","caption":"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology","value":1,"count":37},{"group":"topic","caption":"Life Sciences","value":2,"count":16},{"group":"topic","caption":"Health Sciences","value":3,"count":37},{"group":"topic","caption":"Social Sciences and Humanities","value":4,"count":20},{"group":"topic","caption":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences","value":5,"count":5},{"group":"topic","caption":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","value":6,"count":7},{"group":"topic","caption":"Business, Management and Economics","value":7,"count":8},{"group":"topic","caption":"Chemistry","value":8,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Computer and Information Science","value":9,"count":6},{"group":"topic","caption":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","value":10,"count":7},{"group":"topic","caption":"Engineering","value":11,"count":13},{"group":"topic","caption":"Environmental Sciences","value":12,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Immunology and Microbiology","value":13,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Materials Science","value":14,"count":5},{"group":"topic","caption":"Medicine","value":16,"count":34},{"group":"topic","caption":"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials","value":17,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science","value":19,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Physics","value":20,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Psychology","value":21,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Robotics","value":22,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Social Sciences","value":23,"count":11},{"group":"topic","caption":"Agricultural Engineering","value":26,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Agricultural Science","value":27,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Plant Biology","value":41,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Biochemistry","value":43,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Cell Biology","value":47,"count":5},{"group":"topic","caption":"Genomics","value":53,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Accounting","value":62,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Business Administration","value":63,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Business Economics","value":64,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Economic Development","value":66,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Hospitality Management","value":71,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Mercantilism","value":76,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Sustainable Development","value":79,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Inorganic Chemistry","value":83,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Organic Chemistry","value":85,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Artificial Intelligence","value":87,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Human-Computer Interaction","value":91,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Information and Knowledge Engineering","value":92,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Information Technology","value":93,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing","value":95,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","value":98,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Atmospheric Sciences","value":99,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Geography","value":103,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Geology and Geophysics","value":104,"count":4},{"group":"topic","caption":"Biomedical Engineering","value":112,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering","value":116,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Energy Engineering","value":117,"count":4},{"group":"topic","caption":"Industrial Engineering and Management","value":119,"count":5},{"group":"topic","caption":"Ecology","value":126,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Environmental Management","value":130,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Applied Microbiology","value":148,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Composite Materials","value":156,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Metals and Nonmetals","value":158,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Semiconductor","value":159,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Biomedical Engineering","value":168,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine","value":170,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Cell Biology","value":171,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Dentistry","value":174,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Diagnostics","value":176,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Emergency Medicine","value":177,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Endocrinology","value":178,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Gastroenterology","value":181,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology","value":184,"count":5},{"group":"topic","caption":"Internal Medicine","value":185,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System","value":187,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Obstetrics and Gynecology","value":189,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Oncology","value":190,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","value":197,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Public Health","value":200,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Surgery","value":202,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Urology","value":204,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Material Science","value":208,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Drug Discovery","value":217,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Pharmacology","value":219,"count":2},{"group":"topic","caption":"Plasma Physics","value":229,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Industrial, Organizational and Work Psychology","value":236,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Automation","value":247,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Education","value":265,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Educational Psychology","value":266,"count":1},{"group":"topic","caption":"Humanities","value":270,"count":4},{"group":"topic","caption":"Social Policy","value":277,"count":3},{"group":"topic","caption":"Sociology","value":281,"count":2}],"offset":12,"limit":12,"total":110},"ofsBookV4":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"1004553","leadTitle":null,"title":"Mathematics - Teaching and Learning","subtitle":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"This book aims to explore effective teaching and learning strategies in mathematics education, emphasizing the importance of fostering mathematical understanding among diverse learners. Authors are welcome to present contemporary educational theories and highlight significant pedagogical approaches aimed at enhancing student engagement and achievement in mathematics. Authors can also present evidence-based practices that have transformed mathematics instruction, including differentiated teaching, collaborative learning strategies, and technology integration. Submitted chapters can address the challenges educators face, such as math anxiety and equity in access to quality mathematics education, while proposing actionable solutions. By synthesizing research findings and practical applications, this book hopes to serve as a vital resource for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers dedicated to improving mathematics teaching and learning outcomes in today’s classrooms.","isbn":"978-1-83635-138-2","printIsbn":"978-1-83635-139-9","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83635-140-5","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006771","oapfPrice":1400,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"isSalesforceBook":true,"isNomenclature":false,"hash":"9f2a0f543c6de8b2e3784f94b2f2fe34","bookSignature":"Dr. Murat Tezer","publishedDate":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000009jNZsIAM\u002F0016457_TrikoderCover%20%282024-08-21%2013%3A18%3A28%29.jpg","keywords":["Pedagogical Approaches"," Active Learning"," Curriculum Frameworks"," Inclusive Practices"," Growth Mindset"," Cognitive Psychology"," Math Anxiety"," STEM Education"," Visual Learning"," Geometry"," Problem-Solving"," Gamification"],"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"12 November 2024","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"15 December 2024","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"11 February 2025","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"02 May 2025","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"01 July 2025","dateConfirmationOfParticipation":"December 10th 2024","remainingDaysToSecondStep":"15 days","secondStepPassed":false,"areRegistrationsClosed":false,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":2,"editedByType":null,"sdgRelated":false,"biosketch":"Author of more than a hundred research publications and books or chapters about mathematics education. Executive board member of the Cyprus Educational Sciences Association.","coeditorOneBiosketch":null,"coeditorTwoBiosketch":null,"coeditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorFourBiosketch":null,"coeditorFiveBiosketch":null,"isPublished":false,"isDeactivated":false,"editors":[{"id":"299964","name":"Murat","surname":"Tezer","fullName":"Murat Tezer","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F299964\u002F1727156816\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Murat Tezer was born in Nicosia in 1972. He earned his Ph.D. in applied mathematics and computer science at Eastern Mediterranean University in 2003. He worked as a project advisor at many schools under the grant program supported by the European Union. He has written more than 100 research publications and books or chapters about mathematics education, which have been published and cited in many publications in international publishing houses. He has directed more than 40 master's or doctoral theses as an advisor. He worked as vice head of computer education and instructional technology. In 2008, he became the head of the Department of Elementary and Secondary Mathematics Education 2009-2018. He worked as vice dean of the Education Faculty of Near East University 2013-2018, and then became a professor of mathematics education. In addition, he is an executive board member of the Cyprus Educational Sciences Association.","institutionString":null,"countryString":"Cyprus","institution":{"name":"Near East University","country":{"name":"Cyprus"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"subseries":{"id":"89","series":{"id":"23","title":"Education and Human Development","issn":"2755-9513","editor":{"id":"280770","name":"Katherine","middleName":null,"surname":"Meltzoff","fullName":"Katherine Meltzoff"}}},"personalPublishingAssistant":{"id":"1004354","firstName":"Mirna","lastName":"Papuga","middleName":null,"title":"Ms.","email":"mirna.p@intechopen.com"},"_preview":0,"vEditors":[{"id":"299964","name":"Murat","surname":"Tezer","fullName":"Murat Tezer","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F299964\u002F1727156816\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Murat Tezer was born in Nicosia in 1972. He earned his Ph.D. in applied mathematics and computer science at Eastern Mediterranean University in 2003. He worked as a project advisor at many schools under the grant program supported by the European Union. He has written more than 100 research publications and books or chapters about mathematics education, which have been published and cited in many publications in international publishing houses. He has directed more than 40 master's or doctoral theses as an advisor. He worked as vice head of computer education and instructional technology. In 2008, he became the head of the Department of Elementary and Secondary Mathematics Education 2009-2018. He worked as vice dean of the Education Faculty of Near East University 2013-2018, and then became a professor of mathematics education. In addition, he is an executive board member of the Cyprus Educational Sciences Association.","institutionString":null,"countryString":"Cyprus","institution":{"name":"Near East University","country":{"name":"Cyprus"}}}],"vCoeditors":[],"editor":{"id":"299964","name":"Murat","surname":"Tezer","fullName":"Murat Tezer","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F299964\u002F1727156816\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Murat Tezer was born in Nicosia in 1972. He earned his Ph.D. in applied mathematics and computer science at Eastern Mediterranean University in 2003. He worked as a project advisor at many schools under the grant program supported by the European Union. He has written more than 100 research publications and books or chapters about mathematics education, which have been published and cited in many publications in international publishing houses. He has directed more than 40 master's or doctoral theses as an advisor. He worked as vice head of computer education and instructional technology. In 2008, he became the head of the Department of Elementary and Secondary Mathematics Education 2009-2018. He worked as vice dean of the Education Faculty of Near East University 2013-2018, and then became a professor of mathematics education. In addition, he is an executive board member of the Cyprus Educational Sciences Association.","institutionString":null,"countryString":"Cyprus","institution":{"name":"Near East University","country":{"name":"Cyprus"}}},"editorCaption":"Murat Tezer","authoredBy":"Edited by"},"relatedBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"12703","title":"Metacognition in Learning","subtitle":"New Perspectives","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"a28c95d7a631fbd52d08a8beb47cb497","slug":"metacognition-in-learning-new-perspectives","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Murat Tezer","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12703.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"299964","title":"Dr.","name":"Murat","surname":"Tezer","slug":"murat-tezer","fullName":"Murat Tezer"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"5980","title":"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century","subtitle":"Contributions of Research in Education","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"3023022a959e4709cccf3d89270f33f8","slug":"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Olga Bernad Cavero and Núria Llevot-Calvet","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5980.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"193391","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Olga","surname":"Bernad-Cavero","slug":"olga-bernad-cavero","fullName":"Olga Bernad-Cavero"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"6674","title":"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"33d1ab42e6304ea91a1ee326da9b4101","slug":"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Yehudith Weinberger and Zipora Libman","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6674.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"201297","title":"Dr.","name":"Yehudith","surname":"Weinberger","slug":"yehudith-weinberger","fullName":"Yehudith Weinberger"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"6161","title":"Advanced Learning and Teaching Environments","subtitle":"Innovation, Contents and Methods","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"20c18affe0d4b2b99d72800247328d9e","slug":"advanced-learning-and-teaching-environments-innovation-contents-and-methods","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Núria Llevot-Calvet and Olga Bernad Cavero","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6161.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"193390","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Núria","surname":"Llevot-Calvet","slug":"nuria-llevot-calvet","fullName":"Núria Llevot-Calvet"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"6936","title":"Early Childhood Education","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"f4092f476f58833b460010a63f5397dc","slug":"early-childhood-education","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Donna Farland-Smith","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6936.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"197003","title":"Dr.","name":"Donna","surname":"Farland-Smith","slug":"donna-farland-smith","fullName":"Donna Farland-Smith"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"10229","title":"Teacher Education in the 21st Century","subtitle":"Emerging Skills for a Changing World","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"b01f9136149277b7e4cbc1e52bce78ec","slug":"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Maria Jose Hernández-Serrano","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10229.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"187893","title":"Dr.","name":"Maria Jose","surname":"Hernández-Serrano","slug":"maria-jose-hernandez-serrano","fullName":"Maria Jose Hernández-Serrano"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"6929","title":"Active Learning","subtitle":"Beyond the Future","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"fe54807c3ff7c1b500127e814988f5e2","slug":"active-learning-beyond-the-future","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Sílvio Manuel Brito","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6929.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"170935","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Sílvio Manuel","surname":"Brito","slug":"silvio-manuel-brito","fullName":"Sílvio Manuel Brito"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"6586","title":"Sport Pedagogy","subtitle":"Recent Approach to Technical-Tactical Alphabetization","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"ecdd15ab29df9d59f4b4a46928b11ffe","slug":"sport-pedagogy-recent-approach-to-technical-tactical-alphabetization","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Jaime Serra-Olivares","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6586.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"221512","title":"Dr.","name":"Jaime","surname":"Serra-Olivares","slug":"jaime-serra-olivares","fullName":"Jaime Serra-Olivares"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"13174","title":"Lifelong Learning","subtitle":"Education for the Future World","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"6c07422a4c2a5a38bd915a8f6cfc4b56","slug":"lifelong-learning-education-for-the-future-world","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Filippo Gomez Paloma","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13174.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"512023","title":"Prof.","name":"Filippo","surname":"Gomez Paloma","slug":"filippo-gomez-paloma","fullName":"Filippo Gomez Paloma"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"13591","title":"Advances in Medical Education and Training","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"4d3b009e992fe17d44b59aac86949065","slug":"advances-in-medical-education-and-training","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Zouhair O. Amarin","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13591.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"101551","title":"Prof.","name":"Zouhair O.","surname":"Amarin","slug":"zouhair-o.-amarin","fullName":"Zouhair O. Amarin"}],"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}],"welcomeNews":[{"id":"416","slug":"intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217","title":"IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"February 17, 2023","isClimateNews":false,"mainMedia":{"id":"357","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F357"}},{"id":"435","slug":"intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-life-science-book-award-20230328","title":"IntechOpen Book Wins the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics Life Science Book Award","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EWe are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 28, 2023","isClimateNews":false,"mainMedia":{"id":"325","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F325"}},{"id":"514","slug":"intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-university-20240311","title":"IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","introHomepage":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","publishedDatetime":"March 11, 2024","isClimateNews":false,"mainMedia":{"id":"402","caption":"","originalUrl":"\u002Fmedia\u002Foriginal\u002F402"}}],"regionStatistics":[{"id":"1","name":"Southern Europe","contributorCount":21370},{"id":"2","name":"Northern Europe","contributorCount":6960},{"id":"3","name":"Western Europe","contributorCount":10652},{"id":"4","name":"Northern America","contributorCount":17996},{"id":"5","name":"Eastern Asia","contributorCount":20252},{"id":"6","name":"Australia and New Zealand","contributorCount":2718}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,200","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"192,000","downloads":"210M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%"}},"ofsBookEditor":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"1004781","leadTitle":null,"title":"Diabetic Foot","subtitle":null,"reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.","isbn":null,"printIsbn":null,"pdfIsbn":null,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1008133","price":0,"priceEur":null,"priceUsd":null,"oapfPrice":1400,"slug":null,"numberOfPages":0,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"isSalesforceBook":true,"isNomenclature":false,"hash":"c5cc284e6e56fbf17ae39bfa30871569","bookSignature":"","publishedDate":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000BcX3lIAF\u002F0016685_TrikoderCover%20%282024-11-05%2011%3A35%3A13%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004781\u002F1730905850-335562893\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004781\u002F1730905850-335562893\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":null,"cdnWebCoverURL300":null,"cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004781\u002F1732863395-1315447151\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1004781\u002F1732863395-1315447151\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","keywords":null,"numberOfDownloads":null,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":0,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":null,"dateEndSecondStepPublish":null,"dateEndThirdStepPublish":null,"dateEndFourthStepPublish":null,"dateEndFifthStepPublish":null,"dateConfirmationOfParticipation":null,"remainingDaysToSecondStep":null,"secondStepPassed":null,"areRegistrationsClosed":null,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":1,"editedByType":null,"kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":false,"biosketch":null,"coeditorOneBiosketch":null,"coeditorTwoBiosketch":null,"coeditorThreeBiosketch":null,"coeditorFourBiosketch":null,"coeditorFiveBiosketch":null,"isPublished":false,"isDeactivated":false,"editors":null,"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"assistantEditorOne":null,"assistantEditorTwo":null,"assistantEditorThree":null,"assistantEditorFour":null,"assistantEditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"178","title":"Endocrinology","slug":"medicine-endocrinology"}],"chapters":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"subseries":null,"personalPublishingAssistant":null,"_preview":0}},"popularBooks":{"featuredBooks":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"publish":{},"publishingProposal":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"books":{"featuredBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"11493","title":"Solar Radiation","subtitle":"Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for Energy Transition","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"0400d540d2b8fb55d4cc8590e1e58844","slug":"solar-radiation-enabling-technologies-recent-innovations-and-advancements-for-energy-transition","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Mohammadreza Aghaei and Amin Moazami","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11493.jpg","publishedDate":"November 20th 2024","numberOfDownloads":1794,"editors":[{"id":"317230","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohammadreza","middleName":null,"surname":"Aghaei","slug":"mohammadreza-aghaei","fullName":"Mohammadreza Aghaei"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002880","title":"Free Space Optics Technologies in B5G and 6G Era","subtitle":"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"cffb47b2bd4d953e1c1c70a8daf9f16d","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Jupeng Ding, Jian Song, Penghua Mu and Kejun Jia","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12762.jpg","publishedDate":"September 25th 2024","numberOfDownloads":16384,"editors":[{"id":"201885","title":"Dr.","name":"Jupeng","middleName":null,"surname":"Ding","slug":"jupeng-ding","fullName":"Jupeng Ding"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003687","title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"904f2a268c2cc521a11647bd088fecc0","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Thomas F. Heston and Charles R. Doarn","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000xzFKYQA2\u002F0015591_TrikoderCover%20%282023-06-30%2009%3A00%3A58%29.jpg","publishedDate":"November 20th 2024","numberOfDownloads":1268,"editors":[{"id":"217926","title":"Dr.","name":"Thomas F.","middleName":null,"surname":"Heston","slug":"thomas-f.-heston","fullName":"Thomas F. Heston"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"13398","title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Surgery","subtitle":"An Exploration of Current Trends, Potential Opportunities, and Evolving Threats - Volume 2","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"8b8936b5c575a28fd6a5587f3e99f89a","slug":"artificial-intelligence-in-medicine-and-surgery-an-exploration-of-current-trends-potential-opportunities-and-evolving-threats-volume-2","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Stanislaw P. Stawicki","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13398.jpg","publishedDate":"November 20th 2024","numberOfDownloads":738,"editors":[{"id":"181694","title":"Dr.","name":"Stanislaw P.","middleName":null,"surname":"Stawicki","slug":"stanislaw-p.-stawicki","fullName":"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"10623","title":"Status Epilepticus","subtitle":"Recent Advances in Epidemiology, Electroencephalography, Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Adults and Children","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"032c84bc7467a8a59ba771696bedd22e","slug":"status-epilepticus-recent-advances-in-epidemiology-electroencephalography-etiology-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-adults-and-children","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Boulenouar Mesraoua","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10623.jpg","publishedDate":"November 20th 2024","numberOfDownloads":534,"editors":[{"id":"94911","title":"Dr.","name":"Boulenouar","middleName":null,"surname":"Mesraoua","slug":"boulenouar-mesraoua","fullName":"Boulenouar Mesraoua"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"23","title":"Modern Pacemakers","subtitle":"Present and Future","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":null,"slug":"modern-pacemakers-present-and-future","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Mithilesh Kumar Das","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F23.jpg","publishedDate":"February 14th 2011","numberOfDownloads":376356,"editors":[{"id":"61931","title":"Dr.","name":"Mithilesh","middleName":"K.","surname":"Das","slug":"mithilesh-das","fullName":"Mithilesh Das"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"95","title":"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a","slug":"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Ognyan Ivanov","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F95.jpg","publishedDate":"April 26th 2011","numberOfDownloads":329139,"editors":[{"id":"22230","title":"Prof.","name":"Ognyan","middleName":null,"surname":"Ivanov","slug":"ognyan-ivanov","fullName":"Ognyan Ivanov"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"3560","title":"Advances in Landscape Architecture","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138","slug":"advances-in-landscape-architecture","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Murat Özyavuz","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F3560.jpg","publishedDate":"July 1st 2013","numberOfDownloads":271273,"editors":[{"id":"93073","title":"Dr.","name":"Murat","middleName":null,"surname":"Ozyavuz","slug":"murat-ozyavuz","fullName":"Murat Ozyavuz"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002605","title":"Simulation Modeling","subtitle":"Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"27ec38b8e08678ac69c1372aed2511f2","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Abdo Abou Jaoudé","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12518.jpg","publishedDate":"September 11th 2024","numberOfDownloads":4862,"editors":[{"id":"248271","title":"Dr.","name":"Abdo","middleName":null,"surname":"Abou Jaoudé","slug":"abdo-abou-jaoude","fullName":"Abdo Abou Jaoudé"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}},{"type":"book","id":"2160","title":"MATLAB","subtitle":"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29","slug":"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Vasilios N. Katsikis","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F2160.jpg","publishedDate":"September 26th 2012","numberOfDownloads":282161,"editors":[{"id":"12289","title":"Prof.","name":"Vasilios","middleName":"N.","surname":"Katsikis","slug":"vasilios-katsikis","fullName":"Vasilios Katsikis"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter"}}],"latestBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"1003522","title":"Correctional Facilities","subtitle":"Policies, Practices, and Challenges","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"5b89d9cf3ede2488c13d978d846216f3","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Nikolaos Stamatakis","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010Jz8jQAC\u002F0015426_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"324733","title":"Dr.","name":"Nikolaos","middleName":null,"surname":"Stamatakis","slug":"nikolaos-stamatakis","fullName":"Nikolaos Stamatakis"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003523","title":"Social Media and Modern Society","subtitle":"How Social Media Are Changing the Way We Interact with the World Around","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"45181dc2a6257acced365e2b8a8d3ed7","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Ján Višňovský and Jana Majerová","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010Jz8kQAC\u002F0015427_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"196996","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Ján","middleName":null,"surname":"Višňovský","slug":"jan-visnovsky","fullName":"Ján Višňovský"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003826","title":"Advances in Nanofiber Research","subtitle":"Properties and Uses","isOpenForSubmission":true,"hash":"b81fd47f1e036f8ffefd3437a2c0eb63","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Ing Kong","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN0rQAG\u002F0015730_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-30%2008%3A04%3A07%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"52613","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Sadia","middleName":null,"surname":"Ameen","slug":"sadia-ameen","fullName":"Sadia Ameen"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"13367","title":"Freshwater Fish","subtitle":"New Perspectives","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"2dc3f019f5688b251e8c302713893479","slug":"freshwater-fish-new-perspectives","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Heimo Mikkola","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13367.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"144330","title":"Dr.","name":"Heimo","middleName":null,"surname":"Mikkola","slug":"heimo-mikkola","fullName":"Heimo Mikkola"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003596","title":"The Role of NRF2 Transcription Factor","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"b992b62a65dd3dbecc70a74cbb8b838c","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"José Antonio Morales-Gonzalez, Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillan, Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa and Ángel Morales-González","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010KLtVQAW\u002F0015500_TrikoderCover%20%282023-11-03%2008%3A56%3A49%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"109774","title":"Dr.","name":"Jose Antonio","middleName":null,"surname":"Morales-Gonzalez","slug":"jose-antonio-morales-gonzalez","fullName":"Jose Antonio Morales-Gonzalez"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"13953","title":"Forensic Science and Molecular Anthropology","subtitle":"Topics Selected from 12th ISABS Conference on Forensic and Anthropological Genetics","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"2efa08850b13bc3e9505b6804b5ebfde","slug":"forensic-science-and-molecular-anthropology-topics-selected-from-12th-isabs-conference-on-forensic-and-anthropological-genetics","isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Dragan Primorac","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13953.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"575557","title":"Prof.","name":"Dragan","middleName":null,"surname":"Primorac","slug":"dragan-primorac","fullName":"Dragan Primorac"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1004162","title":"The Association Between Depression and Suicidal Behavior","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"538f522385078d8388f2565f137d14bc","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Francisco Manuel Morales-Rodríguez","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000003OP3lIAG\u002F0016066_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-13%2008%3A23%3A48%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"357520","title":"Prof.","name":"Francisco Manuel","middleName":null,"surname":"Morales-Rodríguez","slug":"francisco-manuel-morales-rodriguez","fullName":"Francisco Manuel Morales-Rodríguez"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003416","title":"Nonlinear Systems and Matrix Analysis","subtitle":"Recent Advances in Theory and Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"2e7f5295d7420a9add37e83c3d074b52","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Peter Y.P. Chen and Victor Martinez-Luaces","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010Jz71QAC\u002F0015320_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"453528","title":"Dr.","name":"Peter","middleName":"Y.P.","surname":"Chen","slug":"peter-chen","fullName":"Peter Chen"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1002649","title":"Macrophages","subtitle":"Molecular Pathways and Immunometabolic Processes","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"85daad6c82508cc3163964cba85caf8e","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Soraya Mezouar and Jean-Louis Mege","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12565.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"253531","title":"Dr.","name":"Soraya","middleName":null,"surname":"Mezouar","slug":"soraya-mezouar","fullName":"Soraya Mezouar"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"1003931","title":"Recent Topics on Topology","subtitle":"From Classical to Modern Applications","isOpenForSubmission":false,"hash":"a7a2d0c0bbe636cb89c0fa2e6ac184d6","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"bookSignature":"Paul Bracken","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN2YQAW\u002F0015835_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-29%2016%3A53%3A59%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"publishedDate":"November 27th 2024","editors":[{"id":"92883","title":"Dr.","name":"Paul","middleName":null,"surname":"Bracken","slug":"paul-bracken","fullName":"Paul Bracken"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}]},"booksBecomeEditor":{"books":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"subject":{"topic":{"id":"317","title":"Malacology","slug":"malacology","parent":{"id":"31","title":"Animal Biology","slug":"animal-biology"},"numberOfBooks":3,"numberOfSeries":0,"numberOfAuthorsAndEditors":94,"numberOfWosCitations":44,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":73,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":147,"videoUrl":null,"fallbackUrl":null,"description":null},"booksByTopicFilter":{"topicId":"317","sort":"-publishedDate","limit":12,"offset":0},"booksByTopicCollection":[{"type":"book","id":"10738","title":"Update on Malacology","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"2a84e581549b3720e44e989c3c0be467","slug":"update-on-malacology","bookSignature":"Sajal Ray and Soumalya Mukherjee","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F10738.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"173697","title":"Dr.","name":"Sajal","middleName":null,"surname":"Ray","slug":"sajal-ray","fullName":"Sajal Ray"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"8289","title":"Molluscs","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"875b915098303d4f668c1c81036b9d8c","slug":"molluscs","bookSignature":"Genaro Diarte-Plata and Ruth Escamilla-Montes","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F8289.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"198991","title":"Dr.","name":"Genaro","middleName":null,"surname":"Diarte-Plata","slug":"genaro-diarte-plata","fullName":"Genaro Diarte-Plata"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"5899","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","subtitle":null,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"a7f042a23fd6991a546812db126ef875","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","bookSignature":"Sajal Ray","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F5899.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"173697","title":"Dr.","name":"Sajal","middleName":null,"surname":"Ray","slug":"sajal-ray","fullName":"Sajal Ray"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}],"booksByTopicTotal":3,"childTopics":[],"seriesByTopicCollection":[],"seriesByTopicTotal":0,"mostCitedChapters":[{"id":"54507","doi":"10.5772\u002F67862","title":"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores","slug":"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores","totalDownloads":2423,"totalCrossrefCites":15,"totalDimensionsCites":28,"abstract":"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa","authors":[{"id":"200407","title":"MSc.","name":"Paulo","middleName":null,"surname":"Henriques","slug":"paulo-henriques","fullName":"Paulo Henriques"},{"id":"200915","title":"MSc.","name":"Ricardo","middleName":null,"surname":"Sousa","slug":"ricardo-sousa","fullName":"Ricardo Sousa"},{"id":"200916","title":"MSc.","name":"João","middleName":null,"surname":"Delgado","slug":"joao-delgado","fullName":"João Delgado"}]},{"id":"55399","doi":"10.5772\u002F68133","title":"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach","slug":"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach","totalDownloads":3732,"totalCrossrefCites":11,"totalDimensionsCites":26,"abstract":"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit","authors":[{"id":"201161","title":"Mr.","name":"Mudasir","middleName":null,"surname":"Dar","slug":"mudasir-dar","fullName":"Mudasir Dar"},{"id":"201162","title":"Prof.","name":"Radhakrishna S","middleName":null,"surname":"Pandit","slug":"radhakrishna-s-pandit","fullName":"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{"id":"201163","title":"Dr.","name":"Kiran D","middleName":null,"surname":"Pawar","slug":"kiran-d-pawar","fullName":"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{"id":"54666","doi":"10.5772\u002F67995","title":"Mussel as a Tool to Define Continental Watershed Quality","slug":"mussel-as-a-tool-to-define-continental-watershed-quality","totalDownloads":1564,"totalCrossrefCites":7,"totalDimensionsCites":18,"abstract":"Bivalves appear as relevant sentinel species in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment. This is particularly true in marine ecosystems. In fact, several biomonitoring frameworks in the world used mollusks since several decades on the base of contaminant accumulation (Mussel Watch, ROCCH) and\u002For biological responses called biomarker (OSPAR) measurements. In freshwater systems, zebra and quagga mussels could represent alternative sentinels, which could be seen as the counterparts of mussel marine species. This chapter presents original studies and projects underlying the interest of these freshwater mussels for water quality monitoring based on contaminant accumulation and biomarker development measurements. These sentinel species could be used as a tool for chemical\u002Fbiological monitoring of biota under the European water framework directive and for the development of effect-based monitoring tools.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Iris Barjhoux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Marc\nBonnard, Elise David, Odile Dedourge-Geffard, Elodie Geba, Emilie\nLance, Maxime Lepretre, Gabrielle Magniez, Damien Rioult,\nDominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Gaëlle Daniele, Arnaud\nSalvador, Emmanuelle Vulliet, Jean Armengaud and Alain Geffard","authors":[{"id":"14169","title":"Dr.","name":"Aurelie","middleName":null,"surname":"Bigot","slug":"aurelie-bigot","fullName":"Aurelie Bigot"},{"id":"145053","title":"Dr.","name":"Dominique","middleName":null,"surname":"Aubert","slug":"dominique-aubert","fullName":"Dominique Aubert"},{"id":"145057","title":"Prof.","name":"Isabelle","middleName":null,"surname":"Villena","slug":"isabelle-villena","fullName":"Isabelle Villena"},{"id":"199642","title":"Dr.","name":"Melissa","middleName":null,"surname":"Palos Ladeiro","slug":"melissa-palos-ladeiro","fullName":"Melissa Palos Ladeiro"},{"id":"205006","title":"Dr.","name":"Iris","middleName":null,"surname":"Barjhoux","slug":"iris-barjhoux","fullName":"Iris Barjhoux"},{"id":"205007","title":"Dr.","name":"Marc","middleName":null,"surname":"Bonnard","slug":"marc-bonnard","fullName":"Marc Bonnard"},{"id":"205008","title":"Dr.","name":"Elise","middleName":null,"surname":"David","slug":"elise-david","fullName":"Elise David"},{"id":"205009","title":"Dr.","name":"Odile","middleName":null,"surname":"Dedourge Geffard","slug":"odile-dedourge-geffard","fullName":"Odile Dedourge Geffard"},{"id":"205010","title":"MSc.","name":"Elodie","middleName":null,"surname":"Geba","slug":"elodie-geba","fullName":"Elodie Geba"},{"id":"205011","title":"Prof.","name":"Alain","middleName":null,"surname":"Geffard","slug":"alain-geffard","fullName":"Alain Geffard"},{"id":"205012","title":"Dr.","name":"Emilie","middleName":null,"surname":"Lance","slug":"emilie-lance","fullName":"Emilie Lance"},{"id":"205013","title":"MSc.","name":"Maxime","middleName":null,"surname":"Lepretre","slug":"maxime-lepretre","fullName":"Maxime Lepretre"},{"id":"205014","title":"MSc.","name":"Gabrielle","middleName":null,"surname":"Magniez","slug":"gabrielle-magniez","fullName":"Gabrielle Magniez"},{"id":"205015","title":"Dr.","name":"Gaëlle","middleName":null,"surname":"Daniele","slug":"gaelle-daniele","fullName":"Gaëlle Daniele"},{"id":"205016","title":"Prof.","name":"Emmanuelle","middleName":null,"surname":"Vulliet","slug":"emmanuelle-vulliet","fullName":"Emmanuelle Vulliet"},{"id":"205018","title":"Prof.","name":"Arnaud","middleName":null,"surname":"Salvador","slug":"arnaud-salvador","fullName":"Arnaud Salvador"},{"id":"205019","title":"Prof.","name":"Jean","middleName":null,"surname":"Armengaud","slug":"jean-armengaud","fullName":"Jean Armengaud"},{"id":"205264","title":"Dr.","name":"Damien","middleName":null,"surname":"Rioult","slug":"damien-rioult","fullName":"Damien Rioult"}]},{"id":"54501","doi":"10.5772\u002F67811","title":"Lipid Composition Modifications in the Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from the White Sea","slug":"lipid-composition-modifications-in-the-blue-mussels-mytilus-edulis-l-from-the-white-sea","totalDownloads":1648,"totalCrossrefCites":12,"totalDimensionsCites":17,"abstract":"Studying biochemical indicators in response to various environmental factors allows revealing the metabolic adaptive strategy of the organism’s tolerance and survival under a variety of environmental impacts. This review analyses both the authors’ own data and the available literature on the problem of biochemical adaptations of the lipid composition in marine bivalves, particularly blue mussels, Mytilus edulis L., to various environmental impacts. Modifications in the composition of lipids and their fatty acids in blue mussels caused by short-term (under laboratory conditions) and chronic (field monitoring) exposure to natural and human factors indicate that homeostasis is maintained in cell membranes and the organism’s energy requirements and facilitate the adaptation and tolerance of the mussels to environmental disturbances. The lipid and fatty acid composition indices in White Sea intertidal mussels which reflect their chronic exposure to a wide variety of environmental factors are discussed and compared to data on changes in the lipid composition of blue mussels exposed to some environmental factors (salinity, anoxia, metals) in aquarium experiments. The lipid profile plays an important role in the adaptation of blue mussels to new conditions in the habitat, and it can be used as a biochemical marker for indicating the organism’s physiological state.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Natalia N. Fokina, Tatiana R. Ruokolainen and Nina N. Nemova","authors":[{"id":"199037","title":"Mrs.","name":"Natalia","middleName":null,"surname":"Fokina","slug":"natalia-fokina","fullName":"Natalia Fokina"},{"id":"199478","title":"Mrs.","name":"Tatiana","middleName":null,"surname":"Ruokolainen","slug":"tatiana-ruokolainen","fullName":"Tatiana Ruokolainen"},{"id":"199479","title":"Dr.","name":"Nina","middleName":null,"surname":"Nemova","slug":"nina-nemova","fullName":"Nina Nemova"}]},{"id":"64501","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81778","title":"Immune Response of Molluscs","slug":"immune-response-of-molluscs","totalDownloads":1851,"totalCrossrefCites":13,"totalDimensionsCites":17,"abstract":"In common with other invertebrates, molluscs are known to have internal immune response against foreign particles and organisms. The innate immunity of molluscs reflects the inherent non-specific response that provides the first line of defense. Anatomic barriers, phagocytic cells, and physiological components are the main elements of the innate immune response in molluscs. It is composed of both cellular and humoral elements. The cellular components are the circulating hemocytes. Small invaders are eliminated by the phagocytic hemocytes, while large invaders are eliminated by encapsulation. The ingested foreign particles are then hemolyzed by the action of certain toxic enzymes that catalyze oxidative burst reactions capable of killing pathogens and foreign invaders. Humoral components of molluscan immunity involve nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, lectins, and the phenyloxidase system. The current chapter sheds light on the elements of the molluscan innate immune system and presents a case study of the immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis mollusc against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. The effect of the parasite on some humoral immune response parameters such as nitric oxide, phenol oxidase, and lysozyme production was investigated. In conclusion, the snail Lymnaea stagnalis exerts humoral immune response against Chaetogaster limnaei parasite. However, this response is insufficient to eliminate the parasite.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"8289","slug":"molluscs","title":"Molluscs","fullTitle":"Molluscs","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Hanan Al-Khalaifah and Afaf Al-Nasser","authors":[{"id":"269782","title":"Dr.","name":"Hanan","middleName":null,"surname":"Al-Khalaifah","slug":"hanan-al-khalaifah","fullName":"Hanan Al-Khalaifah"},{"id":"270202","title":"Dr.","name":"Afaf","middleName":null,"surname":"Al-Nasser","slug":"afaf-al-nasser","fullName":"Afaf Al-Nasser"}]}],"mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days":[{"id":"54507","title":"Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores","slug":"patellid-limpets-an-overview-of-the-biology-and-conservation-of-keystone-species-of-the-rocky-shores","totalDownloads":2423,"totalCrossrefCites":15,"totalDimensionsCites":28,"abstract":"This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective management. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosystem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to establish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa","authors":[{"id":"200407","title":"MSc.","name":"Paulo","middleName":null,"surname":"Henriques","slug":"paulo-henriques","fullName":"Paulo Henriques"},{"id":"200915","title":"MSc.","name":"Ricardo","middleName":null,"surname":"Sousa","slug":"ricardo-sousa","fullName":"Ricardo Sousa"},{"id":"200916","title":"MSc.","name":"João","middleName":null,"surname":"Delgado","slug":"joao-delgado","fullName":"João Delgado"}]},{"id":"78157","title":"Recent Trends in Freshwater Pearl Farming in India","slug":"recent-trends-in-freshwater-pearl-farming-in-india","totalDownloads":820,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"abstract":"Cultured pearls have an important place in international trade. The Vedas, the Bible, and the Koran all mentioned pearls, and they are regarded as one of the highest honours. Pearls are generated in nature when an irritant, such as a sand grain or a parasite, is swept into the pearl molluscs and lodged within it, where it is coated with micro-layers of nacre, a lustrous substance made up of 80–90 per cent aragonite crystals of CaCO3. The ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India, has created a base technology for cultivating pearls in freshwater habitats, recognising the scope and value of freshwater pearl production. Indian pond mussel, Lamellidens marginalis is the major species used in freshwater pearl aquaculture. In addition, ICAR-CIFA has pioneered a novel feature of freshwater pearl farming. The Institute has also taken the lead in disseminating freshwater pearl culture technology to the country’s fish farming communities, entrepreneurs, researchers, and students to build a sustainable model for the country’s socio-economic development. In this chapter, we will briefly cover pearls and their types, their historical significance, the spread of pearl mussels of freshwater origin in various countries, pearl biomineralisation, pearl farming techniques, and factors affecting pearl quality, among other things.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"10738","slug":"update-on-malacology","title":"Update on Malacology","fullTitle":"Update on Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Shailesh Saurabh, Sweta Pradhan and Sonal Suman","authors":[{"id":"415795","title":"Dr.","name":"Shailesh","middleName":null,"surname":"Saurabh","slug":"shailesh-saurabh","fullName":"Shailesh Saurabh"},{"id":"415797","title":"Dr.","name":"Sweta","middleName":null,"surname":"Pradhan","slug":"sweta-pradhan","fullName":"Sweta Pradhan"},{"id":"415799","title":"Ms.","name":"Sonal","middleName":null,"surname":"Suman","slug":"sonal-suman","fullName":"Sonal Suman"}]},{"id":"55399","title":"Gut Microbiome Analysis of Snails: A Biotechnological Approach","slug":"gut-microbiome-analysis-of-snails-a-biotechnological-approach","totalDownloads":3732,"totalCrossrefCites":11,"totalDimensionsCites":26,"abstract":"Mollusks are a diverse group of animals not only at the species level but also with respect to their habitat and behavior. Gastropods comprise 80% of the mollusks with approximately 62,000 living species including snails. Over the period of time, snails have evolved into marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms with a transitional shift in their feeding habits. From prehistoric times, mollusks have established an intimate relationship with humans. These animals are used as food, medicine, offering to gods and are also responsible for economic losses in the form of agricultural pests. As most of these animals feed on plant biomass, their guts have evolved to digest such lignocellulosic biomass with extraordinary efficiency. The plant fiber digestion in their guts depends predominantly on the metabolic activities of the gastro‐intestinal microflora. Besides digestive functions, the seasonal dynamic and spatial distribution of bacterial gut community largely influences cold hardiness and many other metabolic properties in snails. Here, we assessed an overview of the various bacterial populations dwelling in digestive tracts of snails. This chapter provides insights into the gut microbiome of various snails that can be exploited for various industrial applications such as biomass degradation, production of biofuel, paper, wine and laundry detergents.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Mudasir A. Dar, Kiran D. Pawar and Radhakrishna S. Pandit","authors":[{"id":"201161","title":"Mr.","name":"Mudasir","middleName":null,"surname":"Dar","slug":"mudasir-dar","fullName":"Mudasir Dar"},{"id":"201162","title":"Prof.","name":"Radhakrishna S","middleName":null,"surname":"Pandit","slug":"radhakrishna-s-pandit","fullName":"Radhakrishna S Pandit"},{"id":"201163","title":"Dr.","name":"Kiran D","middleName":null,"surname":"Pawar","slug":"kiran-d-pawar","fullName":"Kiran D Pawar"}]},{"id":"54544","title":"Possible Poecilogony Due to Discontinuous Multifactorial Inheritance in Some Mediterranean Species of Raphitoma (Mollusca, Conoidea, Raphitomidae)","slug":"possible-poecilogony-due-to-discontinuous-multifactorial-inheritance-in-some-mediterranean-species-o","totalDownloads":1842,"totalCrossrefCites":3,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"abstract":"At least 10 pairs of similar, most probably closely related, species of Raphitoma are often sampled in the same Mediterranean localities. In each pair, one member bears a planktotrophic protoconch and the other a lecithotrophic one. We propose that the phenomenon may be attributed to a simple gene that functions in conjunction with others and environmental factors to exhibit a discontinuous multifactorial inheritance leading to poecilogony. Below a threshold, the animals may produce fewer and larger germ cells, giving rise to fewer and larger eggs and large lecithotrophic embryos with large paucispiral protoconch I, while above that threshold, more and smaller germ cells leading to smaller eggs and to planktotrophic larvae with small protoconch I and large multispiral protoconch II. Preliminary measurements are in support of our hypothesis. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA markers as well as interbreeding experiments could bring an end to the existing confusion.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Thanasis Manousis, Constantinos Kontadakis, George Mbazios,\nGeorgios Polyzoulis and Sofia Galinou-Mitsoudi","authors":[{"id":"85155","title":"Dr.","name":"Sofia","middleName":null,"surname":"Galinou-Mitsoudi","slug":"sofia-galinou-mitsoudi","fullName":"Sofia Galinou-Mitsoudi"},{"id":"199094","title":"Dr.","name":"Thanasis","middleName":null,"surname":"Manousis","slug":"thanasis-manousis","fullName":"Thanasis Manousis"},{"id":"200287","title":"Prof.","name":"Sophia","middleName":null,"surname":"Galinou-Mitsoudi","slug":"sophia-galinou-mitsoudi","fullName":"Sophia Galinou-Mitsoudi"},{"id":"377102","title":"Dr.","name":"Constantinos","middleName":null,"surname":"Kontadakis","slug":"constantinos-kontadakis","fullName":"Constantinos Kontadakis"},{"id":"377103","title":"Dr.","name":"George","middleName":null,"surname":"Mbazios","slug":"george-mbazios","fullName":"George Mbazios"},{"id":"377104","title":"Dr.","name":"Georgios","middleName":null,"surname":"Polyzoulis","slug":"georgios-polyzoulis","fullName":"Georgios Polyzoulis"}]},{"id":"54857","title":"Ecology, Fishery and Aquaculture in Gulf of California, Mexico: Pen Shell Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835)","slug":"ecology-fishery-and-aquaculture-in-gulf-of-california-mexico-pen-shell-atrina-maura-sowerby-1835-","totalDownloads":2080,"totalCrossrefCites":3,"totalDimensionsCites":5,"abstract":"The pen shell Atrina maura bears economic importance in northwest Mexico. This chapter considers a review on diverse ecology, fishery, and aquaculture topics of this species, carried out in northwest Mexico. In ecology, biology, abundance, spatial prospecting, sex ratio, size structure, reproductive cycle, first maturity sizes, variation of gonadosomatic indexes and growth are discussed. In fishery, the information analysed corresponds to the structure of the organisms in the banks susceptible to capture, institutional and ecological interaction for fishing regulation, evaluation of fishing effort, improvement in fishing performance using the knowledge and attitudes of the fishermen on fisheries policies in the Gulf of California, resilience and collapse of artisanal fisheries and public politics. In aquaculture, they are long-line culture, bottom culture, reproductive cycle, growth, production of larvae and seeds, biochemistry of oocytes, nutritional quality of the muscle, evaluation of diets based on microalgae, immunology in larval and juvenile and probiotic use. The present work shows a status based on information published in theses and articles indexed 15 years ago to the date on the ecology, fishery and aquaculture in the pen shell Atrina maura carried out in the lagoon systems of northwest Mexico.","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"book":{"id":"5899","slug":"organismal-and-molecular-malacology","title":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","fullTitle":"Organismal and Molecular Malacology","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true},"signatures":"Ruth Escamilla-Montes, Genaro Diarte-Plata, Antonio Luna-\nGonzález, Jesús Arturo Fierro-Coronado, Héctor Manuel Esparza-\nLeal, Salvador Granados-Alcantar and César Arturo Ruiz-Verdugo","authors":[{"id":"198991","title":"Dr.","name":"Genaro","middleName":null,"surname":"Diarte-Plata","slug":"genaro-diarte-plata","fullName":"Genaro Diarte-Plata"},{"id":"199061","title":"Dr.","name":"Ruth","middleName":null,"surname":"Escamilla-Montes","slug":"ruth-escamilla-montes","fullName":"Ruth Escamilla-Montes"},{"id":"199062","title":"Dr.","name":"Antonio","middleName":null,"surname":"Luna-González","slug":"antonio-luna-gonzalez","fullName":"Antonio Luna-González"},{"id":"199065","title":"MSc.","name":"Jesús Arturo","middleName":null,"surname":"Fierro-Coronado","slug":"jesus-arturo-fierro-coronado","fullName":"Jesús Arturo Fierro-Coronado"},{"id":"199067","title":"Dr.","name":"Héctor Manuel","middleName":null,"surname":"Esparza-Leal","slug":"hector-manuel-esparza-leal","fullName":"Héctor Manuel Esparza-Leal"},{"id":"199080","title":"Dr.","name":"César Arturo","middleName":null,"surname":"Ruíz-Verdugo","slug":"cesar-arturo-ruiz-verdugo","fullName":"César Arturo Ruíz-Verdugo"},{"id":"205357","title":"Dr.","name":"Salvador","middleName":null,"surname":"Granados-Alcantar","slug":"salvador-granados-alcantar","fullName":"Salvador Granados-Alcantar"}]}],"onlineFirstChaptersFilter":{"topicId":"317","limit":6,"offset":0},"onlineFirstChaptersCollection":[],"onlineFirstChaptersTotal":0},"preDownload":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"subscriptionForm":{"success":null,"errors":{}},"aboutIntechopen":{},"privacyPolicy":{},"cookiePolicy":{},"recruitmentPrivacyNotice":{},"peerReviewing":{},"howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks":{},"sponsorshipBooks":{"sponsorshipBooks":[],"offset":0,"limit":8,"total":null},"allSeries":{"pteSeriesList":[],"lsSeriesList":[],"hsSeriesList":[],"sshSeriesList":[],"testimonialsList":[]},"series":{"item":{"id":"26","title":"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.107191","issn":"3029-0538","scope":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\tHumans face growing challenges in environmental sustainability. We need better materials, more effective devices, and higher computing power to conquer these challenges. Researchers have long explored the realm of science at the nanometer scale for developing novel problem-solving technologies. In the past decades, breakthroughs in multiscale computer simulation, novel hierarchical material and device structures, nanometrology, and new functionalities from interfacial and quantum size effects have enhanced our ability to utilize nanotechnology to solve real-world problems.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\tThis book series addresses important advancements in nanotechnology and nanomaterials. It showcases how nanotechnology is being continually developed and implemented in a variety of domains of science and technology. The two main topics this series covers are Nanotechnology and Nanodevices, and Nanomaterials and Nanostructures.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries\u002Fcovers\u002F26.jpg","latestPublicationDate":"November 27th, 2024","hasOnlineFirst":true,"numberOfPublishedBooks":7,"editor":{"id":"457620","title":"Prof.","name":"Jung","middleName":"Y.","surname":"Huang","slug":"jung-huang","fullName":"Jung Huang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F457620\u002F1703159109\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Jung Y. Huang, a university educator and researcher, has been working to unravel the structures and functional properties of materials and cellular events in living cells with varying optical methodologies. He has co-authored hundreds of journal papers and five book chapters. He also holds tens of patents in laser techniques and single-molecule\u002Fhyperspectral imaging and has developed architectural photonics based on hierarchically structured materials. Currently, his research focuses on the integration of artificial intelligence methodology with optics to automatically discover meaningful information from optical sensing\u002Fimaging data cubes. He has been an editorial board member and reviewer for several scientific journals. As a member of the global scientific community, he sincerely supports and endeavors to promote the spread of scientific knowledge.","institutionString":"Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution":{"name":"National Chiao Tung University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Taiwan"}}},"editorTwo":null,"editorThree":null},"subseries":{"paginationCount":2,"paginationItems":[{"id":"1","title":"Oral Health","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F1.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":true,"editor":{"id":"173955","title":"Dr.","name":"Sandra","middleName":null,"surname":"Marinho","slug":"sandra-marinho","fullName":"Sandra Marinho","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F173955\u002F1712065544\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"State University of Paraíba","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},"editorTwo":{"id":"312094","title":"Prof.","name":"Esra","middleName":null,"surname":"Guzeldemir-Akcakanat","slug":"esra-guzeldemir-akcakanat","fullName":"Esra Guzeldemir-Akcakanat","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F312094\u002F1703170864\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Guzeldemir is a periodontist with 24 years of clinical experience and a full Professor (Turkey). She received her DDS degree at Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey in 1998, Ph.D. degree and became a specialist in Periodontology at Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey in 2005, Associate Professor of Periodontology in 2011, and Professor in 2016 at Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey. Dr. Guzeldemir is both Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health and Dubai Health Authority licensed specialist periodontist. \r\nShe worked as a Research Associate at Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston, MA, USA in 2004 – 2005 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. T. Van Dyke and the University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Louisville, KY, USA in 2007 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. T. Denis F. Kinane. \r\nDr. Guzeldemir is the founder of the Department of Periodontology at Kocaeli University. She was the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Dentistry for 3 years (2019 – 2022). She also held many administrative positions at the Faculty of Dentistry and the President’s Office at Kocaeli University between 2010 and 2022. \r\nHer areas of clinic interest include aesthetic smiles, treatment of gingival recessions, and gum diseases, and gingival management around the implants. Her areas of research include genetics of periodontal diseases, the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic health, and studies related to patients' oral health-related quality of life. \r\nDr. Guzeldemir is the co-author of 4 periodontology and endodontics books published in Turkish and English. She has also been an editor and translator of a periodontics book and co-translator of one book. She has published highly cited more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals and presented more than 80 presentations in national and international meetings. She is an Editorial Board Member and an ad-hoc reviewer of many peer reviewed national and international journals. Her research was awarded national and international prizes. \r\nShe is a member of the European Federation of Periodontology, the Turkish Society of Periodontology, the Turkish Dental Association, the International Team for Implantology, and the Society of Osseointegration.","institutionString":"Kocaeli University","institution":null},"editorThree":null,"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"_topicEditors":[{"id":"173955","title":"Dr.","name":"Sandra","middleName":null,"surname":"Marinho","slug":"sandra-marinho","fullName":"Sandra Marinho","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F173955\u002F1712065544\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"State University of Paraíba","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"312094","title":"Prof.","name":"Esra","middleName":null,"surname":"Guzeldemir-Akcakanat","slug":"esra-guzeldemir-akcakanat","fullName":"Esra Guzeldemir-Akcakanat","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F312094\u002F1703170864\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Guzeldemir is a periodontist with 24 years of clinical experience and a full Professor (Turkey). She received her DDS degree at Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey in 1998, Ph.D. degree and became a specialist in Periodontology at Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey in 2005, Associate Professor of Periodontology in 2011, and Professor in 2016 at Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey. Dr. Guzeldemir is both Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health and Dubai Health Authority licensed specialist periodontist. \r\nShe worked as a Research Associate at Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston, MA, USA in 2004 – 2005 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. T. Van Dyke and the University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Louisville, KY, USA in 2007 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. T. Denis F. Kinane. \r\nDr. Guzeldemir is the founder of the Department of Periodontology at Kocaeli University. She was the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Dentistry for 3 years (2019 – 2022). She also held many administrative positions at the Faculty of Dentistry and the President’s Office at Kocaeli University between 2010 and 2022. \r\nHer areas of clinic interest include aesthetic smiles, treatment of gingival recessions, and gum diseases, and gingival management around the implants. Her areas of research include genetics of periodontal diseases, the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic health, and studies related to patients' oral health-related quality of life. \r\nDr. Guzeldemir is the co-author of 4 periodontology and endodontics books published in Turkish and English. She has also been an editor and translator of a periodontics book and co-translator of one book. She has published highly cited more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals and presented more than 80 presentations in national and international meetings. She is an Editorial Board Member and an ad-hoc reviewer of many peer reviewed national and international journals. Her research was awarded national and international prizes. \r\nShe is a member of the European Federation of Periodontology, the Turkish Society of Periodontology, the Turkish Dental Association, the International Team for Implantology, and the Society of Osseointegration.","institutionString":"Kocaeli University","institution":null}],"_associateEditors":[]},{"id":"2","title":"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F2.jpg","isOpenForSubmission":true,"editor":{"id":"179568","title":"Dr.","name":"Wen Lin","middleName":null,"surname":"Chai","slug":"wen-lin-chai","fullName":"Wen Lin Chai","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F179568\u002F1712067579\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Malaya","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}},"editorTwo":{"id":"479686","title":"Dr.","name":"Gheeseong","middleName":null,"surname":"Lim","slug":"gheeseong-lim","fullName":"Gheeseong Lim","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F479686\u002F1726227220\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Malaya","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}},"editorThree":null,"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"_topicEditors":[{"id":"179568","title":"Dr.","name":"Wen Lin","middleName":null,"surname":"Chai","slug":"wen-lin-chai","fullName":"Wen Lin Chai","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F179568\u002F1712067579\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Malaya","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}}],"_associateEditors":[{"id":"479686","title":"Dr.","name":"Gheeseong","middleName":null,"surname":"Lim","slug":"gheeseong-lim","fullName":"Gheeseong Lim","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F479686\u002F1726227220\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Malaya","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}}]}]},"overviewPageOFChapters":{"paginationCount":18,"paginationItems":[{"id":"1197634","title":"Dental Trauma and Association with Periodontium","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006978","signatures":"Kumari Abhilasha","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"totalDownloads":1,"totalCrossrefCites":null,"totalDimensionsCites":null,"authors":[{"name":"Kumari","surname":"Abhilasha"}],"book":{"title":"Dental Trauma - Expert Strategies","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzARQA0\u002F0015446_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"2","title":"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{"id":"1194049","title":"Endodontic Challenges Arising from Root Canal Morphology","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007288","signatures":"Aida Dzankovic, Samra Korac, Irmina Tahmiscija and Naida Hadziabdic","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"totalDownloads":4,"totalCrossrefCites":null,"totalDimensionsCites":null,"authors":[{"name":"Naida","surname":"Hadziabdic"},{"name":"Aida","surname":"Dzankovic"},{"name":"Irmina","surname":"Tahmiščija"},{"name":"Samra","surname":"Korać"}],"book":{"title":"Human Teeth - The Intersection of Science, Disease, and Clinical Practice","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN0zQAG\u002F0015738_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-30%2008%3A04%3A07%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"1","title":"Oral Health"}}},{"id":"1202693","title":"Global Trends and Projection of Caries of Permanent Teeth Incidence from 1990 to 2030: A Modeling Study","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007720","signatures":"Fatemeh Shabazi","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"totalDownloads":10,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"authors":[{"name":"Fatemeh","surname":"Shahbazi"}],"book":{"title":"Human Teeth - The Intersection of Science, Disease, and Clinical Practice","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000011YN0zQAG\u002F0015738_TrikoderCover%20%282023-10-30%2008%3A04%3A07%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"1","title":"Oral Health"}}},{"id":"1198119","title":"“Socket Oriented” Tooth Repositioning in Traumatic Dental Injuries","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007308","signatures":"Tak On Ryan Tse","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"totalDownloads":8,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"authors":[{"name":"Ryan Tak On","surname":"Tse"}],"book":{"title":"Dental Trauma - Expert Strategies","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzARQA0\u002F0015446_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"2","title":"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},"overviewPagePublishedBooks":{"paginationCount":20,"paginationItems":[{"type":"book","id":"6668","title":"Dental Caries","subtitle":"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F6668.jpg","slug":"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"September 19th 2018","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Zühre Akarslan","hash":"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba","volumeInSeries":1,"fullTitle":"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management","editors":[{"id":"171887","title":"Prof.","name":"Zühre","middleName":null,"surname":"Akarslan","slug":"zuhre-akarslan","fullName":"Zühre Akarslan","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F171887\u002F1701682674\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.","institutionString":"Gazi University","institution":{"name":"Gazi University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"7139","title":"Current Approaches in Orthodontics","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7139.jpg","slug":"current-approaches-in-orthodontics","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"April 10th 2019","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner","hash":"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a","volumeInSeries":2,"fullTitle":"Current Approaches in Orthodontics","editors":[{"id":"42847","title":"Dr.","name":"Belma","middleName":null,"surname":"Işik","slug":"belma-isik","fullName":"Belma Işik","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F42847\u002F1730196481\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Prof. Dr. Belma Işik Aslan obtained a Ph.D. in Orthodontic Education from Gazi University, Turkey, in 2005. In 2006, she visited the Providence Hospital Institute for Craniofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, USA, for three months as an observer. She was appointed as an associate professor in 2014 and as a professor in 2021. She still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has thirty-six journal articles, one book, twelve book chapters, and forty conference proceedings to her credit. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and the Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society.","institutionString":"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics","institution":{"name":"Gazi University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"7572","title":"Trauma in Dentistry","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7572.jpg","slug":"trauma-in-dentistry","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"July 3rd 2019","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Serdar Gözler","hash":"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9","volumeInSeries":3,"fullTitle":"Trauma in Dentistry","editors":[{"id":"204606","title":"Dr.","name":"Serdar","middleName":null,"surname":"Gözler","slug":"serdar-gozler","fullName":"Serdar Gözler","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F204606\u002F1604448294\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpeg","biography":"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.","institutionString":"Istanbul Aydin University","institution":{"name":"Istanbul Aydın University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"7060","title":"Gingival Disease","subtitle":"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7060.jpg","slug":"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"October 23rd 2019","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani","hash":"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41","volumeInSeries":4,"fullTitle":"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention","editors":[{"id":"240870","title":null,"name":"Alaa Eddin Omar","middleName":null,"surname":"Al Ostwani","slug":"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani","fullName":"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F240870\u002F1726494916\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Islamic University of Science and Technology","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"India"}}}]}]},"openForSubmissionBooks":{"paginationCount":2,"paginationItems":[{"id":"1004548","title":"Dentures - Present State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000009jNZnIAM\u002F0016452_TrikoderCover%20%282024-08-21%2013%3A18%3A28%29.jpg","hash":"c3fba65ee7e88d90490004dc87347201","secondStepPassed":false,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":2,"submissionDeadline":"December 24th 2024","isOpenForSubmission":true,"isPublished":false,"editors":[{"id":"180569","title":"Dr.","name":"Lavinia Cosmina","surname":"Ardelean","slug":"lavinia-cosmina-ardelean","fullName":"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"id":"1004627","title":"Salivary Analysis - Characteristics and Biomarkers in Human Health Research","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc00000ARk04IAD\u002F0016531_TrikoderCover%20%282024-09-23%2014%3A51%3A16%29.jpg","hash":"d37ab090fe6d1bc87f942e0671b67e17","secondStepPassed":false,"currentStepOfPublishingProcess":2,"submissionDeadline":"December 31st 2024","isOpenForSubmission":true,"isPublished":false,"editors":[{"id":"211498","title":"Dr.","name":"Juan","surname":"Aitken-Saavedra","slug":"juan-aitken-saavedra","fullName":"Juan Aitken-Saavedra"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null}]},"onlineFirstChapters":{"paginationCount":24,"paginationItems":[{"id":"1186591","title":"Recent Trends of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Emerging Biomedical Application","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007653","signatures":"Ajay Kumar Tiwari, Saket Jha, Ram Raseele Awasthi, Abhimanyu Kumar Singh, Abhishek Kumar Bhardwaj and Sharad Kumar Tripathi","slug":null,"totalDownloads":11,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Abhishek","surname":"Bhardwaj"},{"name":"AJAY","surname":"TIWARI"},{"name":"Saket","surname":"Jha"},{"name":"Ram Raseele","surname":"Awasthi"},{"name":"Abhimanyu Kumar","surname":"Singh"},{"name":"Sharad","surname":"Tripathi"}],"book":{"title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles - Fundamentals and Applications","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzAHQA0\u002F0015436_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"1195936","title":"Development of Nanostructured BiVO\u003Csub\u003E4\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E Photoelectrodes for the Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Wastewaters","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007605","signatures":"Prabhakarn Arunachalam, Mabrook S. Amer, Maged N. Shaddad and Abdullah M. Al-Mayouf","slug":null,"totalDownloads":13,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Abdullah M.","surname":"Al-Mayouf"},{"name":"Mabrook S.","surname":"Amer"},{"name":"Prabhakarn","surname":"Arunachalam"},{"name":"Maged","surname":"N Shaddad"}],"book":{"title":"Recent Progress and Development on Nanostructures","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004049bIAA\u002F0016095_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-26%2007%3A36%3A47%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"1180094","title":"Review of Synthesis, Characteristics, and Applications of Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006886","signatures":"Hadba Hussain","slug":null,"totalDownloads":27,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Hadba","surname":"Hussain"}],"book":{"title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles - Fundamentals and Applications","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzAHQA0\u002F0015436_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"1194594","title":"Carbon Nanomaterials for Neural Interfaces: Synthesis, Properties and Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006603","signatures":"Shahab Ahmadi Seyedkhani","slug":null,"totalDownloads":22,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Shahab","surname":"Ahmadi Seyedkhani"}],"book":{"title":"Recent Progress and Development on Nanostructures","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004049bIAA\u002F0016095_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-26%2007%3A36%3A47%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"1198817","title":"Recent Advances in Mechano-Bactericidal Nanostructured Surfaces for Biomedical Implants and Frequently Touched Surface Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007269","signatures":"Henry Agbe and Samuel Kwofie","slug":null,"totalDownloads":33,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Henry","surname":"Agbe"}],"book":{"title":"Recent Progress and Development on Nanostructures","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004049bIAA\u002F0016095_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-26%2007%3A36%3A47%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"89717","title":"Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.115470","signatures":"Jaime Gonzalez Cuadra, Abderrahim Lahlahi, Samuel Porcar, Robinson Cadena, Santiago Toca, Diego Fraga and Juan Carda","slug":"zinc-oxide-thin-films-synthesis-and-photocatalytic-applications","totalDownloads":38,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Jaime","surname":"Gonzalez Cuadra"},{"name":"Abderrahim","surname":"Lahlahi"},{"name":"Samuel","surname":"Porcar"},{"name":"Robinson","surname":"Cadena"},{"name":"Santiago","surname":"Toca"},{"name":"Diego","surname":"Fraga Chiva"},{"name":"Juan","surname":"Carda"}],"book":{"title":"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials Annual Volume 2024","coverURL":null,"subseries":null}},{"id":"1195022","title":"Green Synthesis–Mediated Nanoparticles: Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity and Genomics Analysis","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006905","signatures":"Akamu J. Ewunkem, Niore Johnson, A’lyiha F. Beard, Zahirah J. Williams, Ilunga Tshimanga, Brittany Justice, Dinesh K. Singh and Jeffery Meixner","slug":null,"totalDownloads":16,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Akamu","surname":"Ewunkem"},{"name":"Brittany","surname":"Justice"},{"name":"Niore","surname":"Johnson"},{"name":"Zahirah","surname":"Williams"},{"name":"A'lyiha","surname":"Beard"},{"name":"Ilunga","surname":"Tshimanga"},{"name":"Jeffery","surname":"Meixner"},{"name":"Dinesh","surname":"Singh"}],"book":{"title":"Recent Progress and Development on Nanostructures","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004049bIAA\u002F0016095_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-26%2007%3A36%3A47%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"1186494","title":"Defect-Induced Ferromagnetism in ZnO Nanoparticles","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006296","signatures":"Bhagaban Kisan and Rajat Kumar Das","slug":null,"totalDownloads":14,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Bhagaban","surname":"Kisan"},{"name":"Rajat","surname":"Das"}],"book":{"title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles - Fundamentals and Applications","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzAHQA0\u002F0015436_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"1175937","title":"Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Application on Rice Yield and Quality","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006107","signatures":"Norollah Kheyri","slug":null,"totalDownloads":16,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Norollah","surname":"Kheyri"}],"book":{"title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles - Fundamentals and Applications","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzAHQA0\u002F0015436_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}},{"id":"1198461","title":"Nanostructured Diamond Sensors Detect Emerging Contaminants","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006609","signatures":"Xiaoxi Yuan, Feng Yang and Hongdong Li","slug":null,"totalDownloads":15,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"name":"Xiaoxi","surname":"Yuan"},{"name":"Feng","surname":"Yang"},{"name":"Hongdong","surname":"Li"}],"book":{"title":"Recent Progress and Development on Nanostructures","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004049bIAA\u002F0016095_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-26%2007%3A36%3A47%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"97","title":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures"}}}]},"subseriesFiltersForOFChapters":[{"caption":"Nanomaterials and Nanostructures","value":97,"count":18,"group":"subseries"}],"publishedBooks":{"paginationCount":26,"paginationItems":[{"type":"book","id":"1003687","title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000xzFKYQA2\u002F0015591_TrikoderCover%20%282023-06-30%2009%3A00%3A58%29.jpg","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"November 20th 2024","editedByType":null,"bookSignature":"Thomas F. Heston and Charles R. Doarn","hash":"904f2a268c2cc521a11647bd088fecc0","volumeInSeries":26,"fullTitle":"A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine","editors":[{"id":"217926","title":"Dr.","name":"Thomas F.","middleName":null,"surname":"Heston","slug":"thomas-f.-heston","fullName":"Thomas F. Heston","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F217926\u002F1730961524\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Washington State University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"14229","title":"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Annual Volume 2024","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F14229.jpg","slug":"bioinformatics-and-medical-informatics-annual-volume-2024","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"July 31st 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Slawomir Wilczynski","hash":null,"volumeInSeries":25,"fullTitle":"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Annual Volume 2024","editors":[{"id":"351533","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Slawomir","middleName":null,"surname":"Wilczynski","slug":"slawomir-wilczynski","fullName":"Slawomir Wilczynski","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F351533\u002F1722402677\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Medical University of Silesia","institution":{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Poland"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"13017","title":"Human Gait","subtitle":"Recent Findings and Research","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13017.jpg","slug":"human-gait-recent-findings-and-research","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"June 5th 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Manuel Domínguez-Morales and Francisco Luna-Perejón","hash":"4e73999f7acd86b0d4f13876e8e95de6","volumeInSeries":24,"fullTitle":"Human Gait - Recent Findings and Research","editors":[{"id":"144865","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Manuel Jesus","middleName":null,"surname":"Domínguez-Morales","slug":"manuel-jesus-dominguez-morales","fullName":"Manuel Jesus Domínguez-Morales","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F144865\u002F1732021846\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Seville","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Spain"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12826","title":"Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12826.jpg","slug":"novel-biomaterials-for-tissue-engineering","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"June 5th 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Petrica Vizureanu and Madalina Simona Baltatu","hash":"b1172ec40a91b44bd4ad7bcc7e1d3c0b","volumeInSeries":23,"fullTitle":"Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering","editors":[{"id":"12354","title":"Prof.","name":"Petrica","middleName":null,"surname":"Vizureanu","slug":"petrica-vizureanu","fullName":"Petrica Vizureanu","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F12354\u002F1720604236\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Romania"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12620","title":"Recent Scientific and Therapeutic Advances in Allograft","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12620.jpg","slug":"recent-scientific-and-therapeutic-advances-in-allograft","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"April 3rd 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Norihide Fukushima","hash":"bf21b2b719ead3f25501ffe821b4979e","volumeInSeries":22,"fullTitle":"Recent Scientific and Therapeutic Advances in Allograft","editors":[{"id":"284629","title":"Dr.","name":"Norihide","middleName":null,"surname":"Fukushima","slug":"norihide-fukushima","fullName":"Norihide Fukushima","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F284629\u002F1718873056\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Senri Kinran University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Japan"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12825","title":"New Advances in Biosensing","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12825.jpg","slug":"new-advances-in-biosensing","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"March 13th 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Selcan Karakuş","hash":"25ce8c20d04afdbe7ca290019f9a935d","volumeInSeries":21,"fullTitle":"New Advances in Biosensing","editors":[{"id":"206110","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Selcan","middleName":null,"surname":"Karakuş","slug":"selcan-karakus","fullName":"Selcan Karakuş","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F206110\u002F1732625041\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"13264","title":"Biotechnology","subtitle":"Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Annual Volume 2023","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13264.jpg","slug":"biotechnology-biosensors-biomaterials-and-tissue-engineering-annual-volume-2023","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"June 14th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez","hash":null,"volumeInSeries":20,"fullTitle":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Annual Volume 2023","editors":[{"id":"126286","title":"Dr.","name":"Luis","middleName":null,"surname":"Jesús Villarreal-Gómez","slug":"luis-jesus-villarreal-gomez","fullName":"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F126286\u002F1703169901\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":"Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexico","institution":{"name":"Autonomous University of Baja California","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Mexico"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12393","title":"Trends in Assistive Technologies","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12393.jpg","slug":"trends-in-assistive-technologies","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"May 10th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Alejandro Rafael Garcia-Ramirez","hash":"df3939810b55b8be95aee9ea50efa05a","volumeInSeries":19,"fullTitle":"Trends in Assistive Technologies","editors":[{"id":"184021","title":"Prof.","name":"Alejandro Rafael","middleName":null,"surname":"Garcia Ramirez","slug":"alejandro-rafael-garcia-ramirez","fullName":"Alejandro Rafael Garcia Ramirez","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F184021\u002F1683699088\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":"Universidade do Vale do Itajaí","institution":{"name":"Universidade do Vale do Itajaí","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Brazil"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11452","title":"Cryopreservation","subtitle":"Applications and Challenges","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11452.jpg","slug":"cryopreservation-applications-and-challenges","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"February 8th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Marian Quain","hash":"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0","volumeInSeries":18,"fullTitle":"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges","editors":[{"id":"300385","title":"Dr.","name":"Marian","middleName":null,"surname":"Quain","slug":"marian-quain","fullName":"Marian Quain","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F300385\u002F1697196658\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Ghana","institution":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11453","title":"Biomimetics","subtitle":"Bridging the Gap","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11453.jpg","slug":"biomimetics-bridging-the-gap","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"January 25th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Ziyad S. Haidar","hash":"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d","volumeInSeries":17,"fullTitle":"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap","editors":[{"id":"222709","title":"Prof.","name":"Ziyad S.","middleName":null,"surname":"Haidar","slug":"ziyad-s.-haidar","fullName":"Ziyad S. Haidar","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F222709\u002F1717194432\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"University of the Andes","institution":{"name":"University of the Andes","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Chile"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11449","title":"Telehealth and Telemedicine","subtitle":"The Far-Reaching Medicine for Everyone and Everywhere","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11449.jpg","slug":"telehealth-and-telemedicine-the-far-reaching-medicine-for-everyone-and-everywhere","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"January 25th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Tang-Chuan Wang","hash":"71545975025beddf27aa2931e0af5408","volumeInSeries":16,"fullTitle":"Telehealth and Telemedicine - The Far-Reaching Medicine for Everyone and Everywhere","editors":[{"id":"201262","title":"Dr.","name":"Tang-Chuan","middleName":null,"surname":"Wang","slug":"tang-chuan-wang","fullName":"Tang-Chuan Wang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F201262\u002F1727089436\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.gif","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"China Medical University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Taiwan"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11451","title":"Molecular Docking","subtitle":"Recent Advances","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11451.jpg","slug":"molecular-docking-recent-advances","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"January 25th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Erman Salih Istifli","hash":"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329","volumeInSeries":15,"fullTitle":"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances","editors":[{"id":"179007","title":"Dr.","name":"Erman Salih","middleName":null,"surname":"Istifli","slug":"erman-salih-istifli","fullName":"Erman Salih Istifli","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F179007\u002F1693916144\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Cukurova University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null}]},"subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks":[{"group":"subseries","caption":"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics","value":8,"count":5},{"group":"subseries","caption":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering","value":9,"count":7},{"group":"subseries","caption":"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics","value":7,"count":14}],"publicationYearFilters":[{"group":"publicationYear","caption":"2024","value":2024,"count":6},{"group":"publicationYear","caption":"2023","value":2023,"count":6},{"group":"publicationYear","caption":"2022","value":2022,"count":3},{"group":"publicationYear","caption":"2021","value":2021,"count":4},{"group":"publicationYear","caption":"2019","value":2019,"count":4},{"group":"publicationYear","caption":"2018","value":2018,"count":3}],"authors":{"paginationCount":945,"paginationItems":[{"id":"530489","title":"Dr.","name":"Guilherme","middleName":null,"surname":"Lechuga","slug":"guilherme-lechuga","fullName":"Guilherme Lechuga","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F530489\u002F1718792426\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Currently is a CNPq postdoctoral fellow in the Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS) at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ). Dr. Lechuga received a BS. Degree in Biomedicine from the Fluminense Federal University (UFF) and an MS. and Ph.D. in Science and Biotechnology from UFF with experience in cell biology and biochemistry techniques for application to preclinical drug development studies. One line of his research is focused on studying metabolic targets against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Another applies data mining to direct rational drug design and the repositioning of existing drugs to treat infectious diseases affecting neglected, under-served populations. In addition, he is currently working on the study of heme and iron dysmetabolism in COVID-19.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation","country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"217006","title":"Prof.","name":"Salvatore","middleName":"Giovanni","surname":"De-Simone","slug":"salvatore-de-simone","fullName":"Salvatore De-Simone","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F217006\u002F1712699934\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone obtained a BSc in Biomedical Sciences from the Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil in 1976, and an MSc and DSc in Biochemistry from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1980 and 1986, respectively. He was a visiting researcher at the Laboratory of Genetic Recombination, Institut d'Hematologie-Centre Hayem Hospital Saint Louis, France in 1987; Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University, USA in 1988–1989; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany in 1990. He was a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Brazil in 1984–2012. He was Chief of the Biochemistry of Protein and Peptides Laboratory and Coordinator of the Peptide Synthesis Platform at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil, from 1992 to 2012. He is a permanent member of the Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, UFF, and the Post-Graduation Program in Parasitic Disease, FIOCRUZ. He is the primary advisor of more than forty master’s and thirty doctorate candidates and more than twenty-seven visiting researchers. Dr. De-Simone coordinates seventeen national and international symposiums and courses and thirty-five research projects sponsored by national and international agencies. He is an advisor of Brazilian universities and projects for several national and international agencies and an ad hoc reviewer for more than fifty international journals. He is also a guest editor of special issues of the International Journal of Molecular Science and Toxins. Furthermore, Dr. De-Simone is a specialist in science and technology production and innovation in health for the Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), FIOCRUZ; a member of the National Institute of Neglected Population Disease (IDN-Pd) of Brazil; a scientist at the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); and a researcher for the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq|).","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation","country":{"name":"Brazil"}}},{"id":"169552","title":"Prof.","name":"Nihal","middleName":null,"surname":"Dogan","slug":"nihal-dogan","fullName":"Nihal Dogan","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F169552\u002F1724307273\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Prof. Dr Nihal Dogan has worked in the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Turkey, since 1986. Her master’s and Ph.D. thesis focused on the diagnosis and sero-epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. She was a visiting researcher on the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica at the University of Virginia, USA, in 2003 and an observer researcher working on trypanosomes at the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad De Chile, in 2016. She was appointed a professor in 2008 and is the leading academic in the field of parasitology, with expertise in the epidemiology of parasitic diseases. Her research interests include medical ethics; seroepidemiological surveys; intestinal, blood, tissue, and ocular parasites; vector-borne diseases; and zoonotic parasites. Her research has been published in more than 40 national and international journals. She also made 85 poster presentations, plus many oral presentations and keynote speeches at international and national congresses. She has written numerous book chapters on infectious diseases, clinical parasitology, and clinical microbiology, as well as medical microbiology laboratory applications and manuals.","institutionString":"Eskisehir Osmangazi University","institution":null},{"id":"511397","title":"Dr.","name":"Sachin","middleName":"Namdeo","surname":"Kothawade","slug":"sachin-kothawade","fullName":"Sachin Kothawade","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F511397\u002F1712122570\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Sachin Namdeo Kothawade \nDesignation: Associate Professor\nQualification: M.Pharm, PhD \nContact: 7768097206\nE-mail Id: sachin.kothawade23@gmail.com \nDate of joining: 22nd August 2022\nResearch Area: Nanotechnology, Solubility enhancement\nTotal experience in Years: Teaching:15 Years, Industry: 00, Research: 00\nPapers published: National: 20, International: 03, Review: 07\nPapers presented in conferences: National:\t 02, International: 02\nBook Published: 09 \nPatents (Filed\u002FPublished\u002FGranted): Published: 01 \nProfessional Memberships: Lifetime Member of APTI (MA\u002FLM-1972) \nHonours\u002FAwards\u002FAchievements: \nGrants Received (Research\u002FS&T\u002FConference): Research Grant: Received the grant of rupees 2 Lakh for research project entitled 'Preparation and In-Vitro Characterization of Telmisartan Solid Dispersions” under SPPU, Pune during the period October 2010 to October 2012.\nCore Competency Area: Research Skill Development, Communication Skill\nCitation Indices: H-Index: 06, i10-Index: 02, No. of Citations: 87 \nORCID ID: 0000-0002-8143-856X\nSCOPUS ID: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scopus.com\u002Fauthid\u002Fdetail.uri?authorId=36113705100\nLinkedIn Profile: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fsachin-kothawade-78222620\u002F \nGoogle Scholar Link: https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fcitations?hl=en&user=CcKhqAUAAAAJ","institutionString":"RSM's N N Sattha College of Pharmacy, Ahmednagar-414001, MH, India","institution":null},{"id":"455161","title":"Dr.","name":"Abdulaziz","middleName":null,"surname":"Aloufﬁ","slug":"abdulaziz-alouf","fullName":"Abdulaziz Aloufﬁ","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F455161\u002F1728462063\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Abdulaziz Alouffi is an associate research professor at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia. He obtained a DVM from Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham, UK, with a thesis focused on understanding the roles of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in human resistance to infection with metazoan parasites (e.g., Schistosoma spp.) and how this knowledge can be exploited for vaccination. Currently, Dr. Alouffi is working on zoonoses, using different diagnostic methods, such as a metagenomics approach, to identify zoonotic diseases. In addition, he is using technology to find new targets for the development of more efficient vaccines against zoonotic disease.","institutionString":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","institution":{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","country":{"name":"Saudi Arabia"}}},{"id":"442086","title":"Dr.","name":"Danielle","middleName":null,"surname":"Graham","slug":"danielle-graham","fullName":"Danielle Graham","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F442086\u002F1724655721\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Danielle Graham received her Ph.D. in Poultry Science from the University of Arkansas in 2021. She is now an Assistant Professor in the Poultry Science Department at the University of Arkansas focusing on avian intestinal health and parasitology research. She has experience working with bacterial, parasitic, and viral enteropathogens. Much of her group’s current research has been related to Enterococcus cecorum infections in young broiler chickens, investigating formaldehyde fumigation alternatives, and identifying novel strategies to mitigate or control protozoal diseases, such as coccidiosis and histomonosis.","institutionString":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","institution":{"name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"514799","title":"Prof.","name":"Ebtesam","middleName":"M.","surname":"Al Olayan","slug":"ebtesam-al-olayan","fullName":"Ebtesam Al Olayan","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F514799\u002F1706001220\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Doctor Ebtsam Al-Olayan is a Professor of Parasitology at the Department College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. She is also a supervisor of Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, at King Saud University. Dr. Al-Olayan has been involved in research of parasitic diseases and vaccines. She has received several awards and is an academic reviewer for many journals. She has registered several patents and has more than eighty-eight publications to her credit.","institutionString":"King Saud University","institution":{"name":"King Saud University","country":{"name":"Saudi Arabia"}}},{"id":"73465","title":"Dr.","name":"Guillermo","middleName":null,"surname":"Téllez-Isaías","slug":"guillermo-tellez-isaias","fullName":"Guillermo Téllez-Isaías","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F73465\u002F1730271226\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias received his DVM degree and his MS degree in Veterinary Sciences from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and his PhD from Texas A&M University. He worked as a Professor at UNAM for 16 years, 8 as head of the Avian Medicine Department at the College of Veterinary Medicine. Tellez was President of the National Poultry Science Association of Mexico and is a member of the Mexican Veterinary Academy and the Mexican National Research System. Currently, he works as a Research Professor at the Center of Excellence in Poultry Science at the University of Arkansas. His research is focused on poultry gastrointestinal models to evaluate the beneficial effects of functional foods to enhance intestinal health and disease resistance.","institutionString":"Gut Health LLC, USA","institution":null},{"id":"510740","title":"Dr.","name":"Luís Manuel Madeira","middleName":null,"surname":"de Carvalho","slug":"luis-manuel-madeira-de-carvalho","fullName":"Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F510740\u002F1706001002\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Doctor Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho is a Full Professor of Parasitology, Parasitic and Wildlife Diseases at the Integrated Master of Veterinary Medicine (MIMV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal. His main areas of interest in teaching and research focus on helminths of domestic animals, exotic pets, and wildlife, namely concerning gastrointestinal and vector-borne parasites as zoonotic agents, interconnected with ecosystem health and conservation medicine. He has more than 200 scientific publications to his credit and has coordinated and\u002For collaborated in more than 30 research projects concerning parasitology of domestic animals and wildlife. He has supervised around 180 graduate works, including intern and undergraduate reports, master’s dissertations, Ph.D. theses, and training at the Parasitology and Parasitological Diseases Laboratory. He is also a reviewer of several international journals.","institutionString":"University of Lisbon","institution":{"name":"University of Lisbon","country":{"name":"Portugal"}}},{"id":"209746","title":"Dr.","name":"Saeed","middleName":null,"surname":"El-Ashram","slug":"saeed-el-ashram","fullName":"Saeed El-Ashram","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F209746\u002F1732706402\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Doctor Saeed El-Ashram is a professor at Kafrelsheikh University,\nEgypt, and Foshan University, China, and a research professor\nat Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biology Medicine Co., Ltd., China. His\nprimary research focus is to understand how the animal immune\nsystem recognizes and responds to parasitic infections with and\u002F\nor without a microbial community. Some of these infections, such\nas toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, alveolar echinococcosis, and\nfascioliasis, cause significant diseases in humans, while others, including cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis, represent a substantial financial burden for food producers.\nDr. El-Ashram has more than 140 journal publications to his credit, holds several\nregistered patents, and is an academic editor and reviewer.","institutionString":"Kafr El-Sheikh University","institution":{"name":"Kafrelsheikh University","country":{"name":"Egypt"}}},{"id":"519490","title":"Dr.","name":"Abeer","middleName":null,"surname":"M. Abdalhamed","slug":"abeer-m.-abdalhamed","fullName":"Abeer M. Abdalhamed","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F519490\u002F1715360309\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Abeer M Abdalhamed\nAss. Professor\nNational Research Center- Cairo\nEgypt\nBiography\nDr. Abeer Mostafa Abdalhamed has completed his PhD from Cairo University. Currently, she is Associate Professor of infectious Diseases at National Research Center (NRC) – Cairo – Egypt. She worked as a lecturer of Microbiology and Virology at Collage of Medicine and Applied Medical sciences – 2010-2015. Dr. Abeer Mostafa Abdalhamed worked as Assistant professor and head of Medical laboratory Science department at Shaqra University. She has published more than 27 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member and reviewer in many journals .\nResearch Interest\nMolecular and Immunological diagnosis of human and animals diseases.","institutionString":"NRC","institution":null},{"id":"72288","title":"Dr.","name":"Arli Aditya","middleName":null,"surname":"Parikesit","slug":"arli-aditya-parikesit","fullName":"Arli Aditya Parikesit","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F72288\u002F1706865204\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Prof.Dr. rer. nat. Arli Aditya is Vice Rector of Research and Innovation at Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (I3L). He obtained bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia. In order to pursue a degree in bioinformatics, Prof. Parikesit accepted an offer from DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) to conduct doctorate research at the Bioinformatics Group, Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics, University of Leipzig, Germany. His doctoral research is focused on the utilization of modern protein domain annotation techniques in the three domains of life. In addition, Prof. Parikesit is also an expert on immunoinformatics, bioinformatics algorithms, structural bioinformatics, silico drug design, and in silico transcriptomics. Currently, he is devising a pipeline to apply his expertise to COVID-19 drug and vaccine designs.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences","country":{"name":"Indonesia"}}},{"id":"277501","title":"Dr.","name":"Elena","middleName":null,"surname":"Dantes","slug":"elena-dantes","fullName":"Elena Dantes","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F277501\u002F1693378833\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Elena Danteș is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Romania, where she is also the head of the Research and Innovation Department. With her specialization in pulmonology, Dr. Danteș has expertise in bronchology, special pulmonary function tests, somnology, and health management. Dr. Danteș is actively involved in scientific research and has participated in international grants and multicenter clinical trials, with particular emphasis on obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, lung cancer, and tuberculosis. She is leading the project \\\"Establishment and Development of the South-East Regional Center for Research Career Guidance - Ad Augusta.\\\" Her accomplishments include several leadership positions (hospital medical director, department head, and county coordinator for the National Programme for Prevention, Surveillance and Control of Tuberculosis). Dr. Danteș has contributed significantly to science through her publications, including books and book chapters. In addition, her articles in prestigious databases, as well as her lectures and expert opinions, have had a lasting impact on the field of pulmonology in Romania.","institutionString":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta","institution":{"name":"Ovidius University","country":{"name":"Romania"}}},{"id":"189892","title":"Dr.","name":"Elena","middleName":null,"surname":"Dumea","slug":"elena-dumea","fullName":"Elena Dumea","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F189892\u002F1693378835\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Elena Dumea is the head of Department 4 - Medical Clinical\nDisciplines II and a university lecturer at “Ovidius” University\nof Constanta, Romania. She also serves as the medical director at\nthe Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital Constanta. Dr. Dumea\nobtained her medical degree from Iasi, Romania, and completed\nher residency in infectious diseases and epidemiology at Constanta. Her Ph.D. research focused on HIV and viral hepatitis\nB co-infection, which she pursued at the University “Carol Davila,” Bucharest. Dr.\nDumea’s research interests encompass a wide range of areas, including HIV infection,\nviral hepatitis, emerging infectious diseases, antibacterial activity, bacterial drug\nresistance, molecular microbiology, and epidemiology in relation to microbiota. She\nhas made significant contributions to the field through the publication of numerous\ninternational research articles, books, book chapters, and congress proceedings, all\ncentered around infectious diseases and immunocompromised hosts. Dr. Dumea’s\nscholarly work demonstrates her dedication to advancing knowledge and understanding in the field of infectious diseases, particularly in the context of HIV, viral hepatitis, and related topics.","institutionString":"Ovidius University of Constanta","institution":null},{"id":"527297","title":"Mr.","name":"Victor","middleName":"Agevi","surname":"Agevi Muhoma","slug":"victor-agevi-muhoma","fullName":"Victor Agevi Muhoma","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F527297\u002F1703015374\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Agevi Victor Muhoma is a highly analytical research and laboratory technologist with over 8 years of exemplary and successful experience. He has a strong passion for understanding how things work and why things happen. His extensive experience spans across clinical & medical, veterinary, and wildlife research settings. Victor has consistently been recognized for his performance excellence and contribution to success in laboratory and research environments. He possesses strong communication skills and excels at working positively with diverse scientific teams. His expertise lies in molecular diagnostics, serology, hematology, parasitology, in vitro & in vivo formulations and stimulations, viral & microbial culture, tick & Glossina spp rearing and identification, vaccine research\u002Fproduction processes, research, and project management. Victor is a reliable individual who is committed to delivering exceptional results.\nVictor\\'s research interests include veterinary entomology, focusing on Trypanosomiasis, Glossina species, and tick-borne diseases. He is also interested in immunology, veterinary and human vaccine development processes, including diseases such as East Coast Fever, heartwater, and cervical cancer. He is involved in one health research, studying zoonotic viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Additionally, Victor conducts research on human papilloma oncology, HIV prevalence, immunosurveillance, prenatal and drug resistance. He is experienced in laboratory animal modeling programs and small lab animal care, as well as veterinary, clinical, and medical molecular and serological diagnostics. He also has knowledge in plant tissue culture and integrated pest management activities, quality control and assurance, and laboratory management systems.\nVictor obtained his BSc in Biomedical Science (Medical Laboratory Science with IT) from Maseno University in December 2015. He has also completed various trainings and short courses in security and crime management, neglected tropical diseases in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, immunization, and prenatal mother HIV\u002FAIDS transmission.\nCurrently, Victor works as a Research Technologist at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization VSRI Muguga North. His responsibilities include collecting samples and analyzing data using serological tests and nucleic acid extraction techniques. He performs molecular diagnostic techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Gel Electrophoresis, and cultures viruses and microbes. Victor also rears, identifies, and dissects ticks, as well as inoculates, produces, characterizes, and fills vaccines. He liaises with stakeholders and external researchers, supervises and mentors junior researchers, and ensures project deadlines are met. He is responsible for laboratory equipment maintenance, result preparation and organization, database updating, and communication of findings. Victor also contributes to scientific presentations and publications.\nPrior to his current role, Victor worked as a Laboratory Technologist Intern at the Trypanosomiasis Research Centre-KALRO-TRC Alupe, where he conducted hematological, serological, and biochemical testing, as well as Glossina spp dissection and strains identification. He also served as a Field Assistant Volunteer at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-FCR-Kitale, promoting integrated pest management activities and providing technical training to farmers. Victor has also worked as a Molecular Biologist Contract at the Institute of Primate Research, where he conducted studies on fertility control, spermicidal development, and in vitro fertilization techniques. He was also involved in the molecular characterization of Baboon Papilloma Virus (BPV). Additionally, he volunteered as a Research Assistant at the Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (KEMRI-CDC), where he conducted sample analysis, STIs analysis, and participated in various research projects.\nVictor possesses a diverse range of skills, including expertise in molecular biology techniques, laboratory management, cell culture and tissue analysis, animal handling and care, data analysis, and research design","institutionString":"Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization","institution":null},{"id":"543693","title":"B.Sc.","name":"Nunekpeku","middleName":null,"surname":"Xorlali","slug":"nunekpeku-xorlali","fullName":"Nunekpeku Xorlali","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F45.124\u002Fauthor.svg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Ghana","country":{"name":"Ghana"}}},{"id":"520015","title":"Dr.","name":"Amir","middleName":null,"surname":"Afzal","slug":"amir-afzal","fullName":"Amir Afzal","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F520015\u002F1710055781\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":"Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad (Pakistan)","institution":null},{"id":"503144","title":"Dr.","name":"Saurabh","middleName":"Krishna","surname":"Krishna Misra","slug":"saurabh-krishna-misra","fullName":"Saurabh Krishna Misra","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F503144\u002F1726812862\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":"Autonomous State Medical College Kaushambi UP","institution":null},{"id":"189561","title":"Dr.","name":"Mihaela Laura","middleName":null,"surname":"Vică","slug":"mihaela-laura-vica","fullName":"Mihaela Laura Vică","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F189561\u002F1680680794\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Mihaela Laura Vică, MSc, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Cell and Molecular Biology Department, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania, where she obtained her Ph.D. in Medicine. She obtained her MSc in Cellular Biology from the Faculty of Biology, “Babeş-Bolyai” University, Romania. Since 2006, Dr. Vică has been involved in scientific research activities, coordinating an international cooperation research project and participating in more than thirty national and international conferences where she received five awards. She has published two books, two book chapters, and more than fifty research papers in international journals. Her areas of research are microbiology and molecular biology.","institutionString":"‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy","institution":{"name":"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy","country":{"name":"Romania"}}},{"id":"76041","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Pier Paolo","middleName":null,"surname":"Piccaluga","slug":"pier-paolo-piccaluga","fullName":"Pier Paolo Piccaluga","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F76041\u002F1732711260\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Pier Paolo Piccaluga is an Associate Professor of Pathology in the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University School of Medicine, Italy, as well as co-founder and Executive Physician at the Biobank of Research, IRCCS S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Italy. He has been responsible for the Molecular Hematopathology Laboratory there for many years. \nIn 2018, he was appointed to teach at Queen Mary University of London, UK, and Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya. He has also been teaching at the University of Nairobi and the University of Botswana since 2023. Dr. Piccaluga \nis the author of several international journal publications and has presented at national and international conferences. He is involved in several clinical trials and research projects. He is also the winner of several prizes for study and research. Dr. Piccaluga is editor-in-chief of several journals, including World Journal of Hematology, Digital Medicine and Healthcare Technology, Advances in Precision Medicine, and Journal of Cancer Biomoleculars and Therapeutics.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Bologna","country":{"name":"Italy"}}},{"id":"444803","title":"Dr.","name":"Abu","middleName":null,"surname":"Huraira","slug":"abu-huraira","fullName":"Abu Huraira","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F444803\u002F1684607082\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Abuhuraira is a dedicated radiology student and passionate author based in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Currently pursuing studies at Government College University Faisalabad, he has shown a deep interest in the field of medical research.\n\nAbuhuraira's academic journey in radiology has provided him with a solid foundation in understanding medical imaging techniques and their application in diagnosing and treating various conditions. Alongside his studies, he has actively engaged in research, aiming to contribute valuable insights to the field.\n\nAs an author, Abuhuraira's work primarily revolves around scientific research. His writing explores topics related to radiology, focusing on advancements, techniques, and emerging trends in medical imaging. He strives to disseminate knowledge and bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, ultimately improving patient care.\n\nDriven by curiosity and a thirst for knowledge, Abuhuraira is constantly seeking opportunities to expand his expertise and connect with professionals in the field. Through his participation in author panels, he hopes to share his experiences, exchange ideas, and inspire fellow students and researchers to delve deeper into the fascinating world of radiology.\n\nWith a firm belief in the power of research and education, Abuhuraira envisions a future where innovative imaging technologies and evidence-based practices enhance healthcare outcomes. He is committed to making a meaningful contribution to the field of radiology and strives to create a positive impact on the lives of patients and the medical community","institutionString":"GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD PAKISTAN","institution":null},{"id":"178641","title":"Dr.","name":"Samuel","middleName":null,"surname":"Okware","slug":"samuel-okware","fullName":"Samuel Okware","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F178641\u002F1712122578\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Samuel Okware is a public health specialist with a Ph.D. in Emerging Infections. He pioneered HIV research and control in Sub-Saharan Africa. His work on HIV\u002FAIDS led to the earliest strategies for HIV prevention, which resulted in significant declines in incidence among key populations. He has spent many years coordinating and leading national public health programs against communicable diseases in Uganda. He served on several technical advisory committees, including the WHO Expert Committee on Research and Development. He is the Director General of the Uganda National Health Research Organization, which coordinates health research in the country. He has received several awards in recognition of his contribution to HIV prevention and control. Dr. Okware has published extensively on HIV and remerging infections.","institutionString":"Busitema University","institution":null},{"id":"505347","title":"M.D.","name":"Mehmet Besir","middleName":null,"surname":"Akpinar","slug":"mehmet-besir-akpinar","fullName":"Mehmet Besir Akpinar","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F505347\u002F1688542012\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Istinye University","country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},{"id":"514185","title":"MSc.","name":"Glenda B.","middleName":null,"surname":"Obra","slug":"glenda-b.-obra","fullName":"Glenda B. Obra","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F514185\u002F1683092856\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Currently, a Supervising Science Research Specialist at the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology. Specializing in entomology, she has devoted research to studying the applications of radiation against pests that damage crops, which include controlling the infestation of mangoes, a technique that made fruit flies in Guimaras Island sterile to prevent their reproduction.\nShe was among the winners of the Presidential Lingkod Bayan Award for her role in the development of irradiation as a quarantine treatment for the mango pulp weevil, which is now certified under the US Federal Register.\nHer team is currently developing techniques that sterilize mosquitos such as Aedes aegypti, the vector for the dreaded dengue virus. Ms. Obra was conferred the rank of Career Scientist I by the Civil Service Commission.","institutionString":"Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Quezon City","institution":null},{"id":"196452","title":"Dr.","name":"Newman","middleName":null,"surname":"Osafo","slug":"newman-osafo","fullName":"Newman Osafo","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F196452\u002F1702457955\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Newman Osafo is a pharmacist, senior lecturer, and researcher with the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi Ghana. He holds a PhD in Pharmacology with a research interest mainly in inflammation pharmacology. He is a member of various international scientific research societies in the area of natural drug research and pharmacology, a member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Ghana, and a fellow of the Africa Science Leadership Programme. He has several publications in reputable peer-reviewed journals and has also authored a number of book chapters on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. Newman serves as an editorial and review board member of some scholarly journals and has been an ad hoc reviewer for over thirty reputable journals in his field.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","country":{"name":"Ghana"}}},{"id":"94330","title":"Prof.","name":"Alexander","middleName":null,"surname":"Julianov","slug":"alexander-julianov","fullName":"Alexander Julianov","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F94330\u002F1698871741\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Trakia University","country":{"name":"Bulgaria"}}},{"id":"508647","title":"Dr.","name":"Francisco","middleName":"J.","surname":"López-Font","slug":"francisco-lopez-font","fullName":"Francisco López-Font","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F508647\u002F1721944260\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute","institution":null},{"id":"481403","title":"Dr.","name":"Asdren","middleName":null,"surname":"Zajmi","slug":"asdren-zajmi","fullName":"Asdren Zajmi","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F481403\u002F1677051280\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Management and Science University","country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}},{"id":"498865","title":"Dr.","name":"Shirley Gee Hoon","middleName":null,"surname":"Tang","slug":"shirley-gee-hoon-tang","fullName":"Shirley Gee Hoon Tang","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F498865\u002F1677051307\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"National University of Malaysia","country":{"name":"Malaysia"}}},{"id":"224171","title":"Prof.","name":"Josphert N.","middleName":null,"surname":"Kimatu","slug":"josphert-n.-kimatu","fullName":"Josphert N. Kimatu","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F224171\u002F1695901450\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Prof. Josphert Ngui Kimatu is an associate professor in the School of Sciences and Computing, Department of Life Science, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU). He has a Ph.D. in Plant Molecular Epigenetics from Northeast Normal University (NENU), China; an MPhil in Forestry Pathology from Moi University, Kenya; a bachelor’s degree in Botany and Zoology from Moi University, Kenya; and a PGDE from Maseno University, Kenya. He trained in post-harvest management in maize, legumes, and rice in a four-module certificate course at Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Sydney University, Australia; and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. He has a certificate in Molecular Diagnostics from the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kimatu received a training certificate in integrated pest management and pesticide safety (IPM) from the Soybean Innovation Lab, and a training certificate in COVID-19 from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"South Eastern Kenya University","country":{"name":"Kenya"}}}]}},"subseries":{"item":{"id":"104","type":"subseries","title":"Agronomy and Horticulture","keywords":"Genetic Resources of Plants, Breeding and Genetics, Adaptability, Agro-technology, Water-use Efficiency, Nutrition Management, Preventing Resistance in Pest Management, Diseases and Weeds, Innovative and Eco-friendly Methods in Postharvest Handling, Processing and Quality of Products","scope":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\tAgronomy and horticualture are both branches of agriculture. Agronomy deals with field crop production and soil management, while horticulture deals with the production of edible fruits, vegetables, flowers, herbs, and ornamental plants that are used by people for food, medicinal purposes, and aesthetic gratification. Both are highly important for the agro-industrial complex. The health of the country's population depends on the quality of field crops and horticultural products. On the one hand, the world population is increasing, causing an increase in the demand for food products. On the other hand, the two most important resources of production, soil and water, are decreasing in quality and quantity. As a result, the production of field crops and horticultural products is becoming increasingly difficult. In addition, pests, diseases, and weeds are threatening the world's food production due to the long-standing and ever-expanding resistance problem in crop protection. Nearly 30% of produced field crops, fruits, and vegetables never reach consumers because of postharvest losses. Therefore, the prevention of postharvest losses is highly important for sustainability. It would reduce the pressure on soil and water for production and increase the availability of food for consumers. Seed crises, problems in transportation, wheat crises, and global fertilizer shortages are additional problems. \u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\tFood production is becoming more difficult day by day. Therefore, new adaptive plant genotypes and technologies as well as environmentally friendly crop cultivation techniques are increasingly being used to produce organic products. New requirements for different varieties of crops; the acceleration of plant cultivation; eco-friendly and sustainable ways of pest, disease, and weed management; innovative and eco-friendly techniques for prevention of postharvest losses; and the intensification of agricultural production have led to new scientific directions in horticulture. This topic focuses on solutions to problems in agronomy and horticulture. Particular attention is paid to reducing economic losses and increasing the efficiency of environmentally friendly production and ensuring storage and delivery of both fresh and processed horticultural products with specified quality parameters to consumers.\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E","coverUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fseries_topics\u002Fcovers\u002F104.jpg","hasOnlineFirst":true,"hasPublishedBooks":true,"annualVolume":104,"isSalesforceSubseries":true,"editor":{"id":"178185","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Ibrahim","middleName":null,"surname":"Kahramanoglu","slug":"ibrahim-kahramanoglu","fullName":"Ibrahim Kahramanoglu","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F178185\u002F1727941083\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"İbrahim Kahramanoğlu is an associate professor at the Faculty of Agriculture, European University of Lefke, Northern Cyprus. He is an expert in horticultural production, postharvest biology and technology, and good agricultural practices. His main research interests are postharvest physiology and handling of fruits, natural and novel technologies for handling and storage, digital and precision farming (agri 4.0) for sustainability, and value-adding to horticultural crops. He has authored various books, book chapters, conference papers, and scientific publications related to his experience.","institutionString":"European University of Lefke, N.Cyprus","institution":{"name":"European University of Lefke","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},"editorTwo":{"id":"301984","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Murat","middleName":null,"surname":"Helvaci","slug":"murat-helvaci","fullName":"Murat Helvaci","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F301984\u002F1703173028\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Murat Helvacı is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Agriculture, European University of Lefke, Northern Cyprus. He graduated from the European University of Lefke, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies with the title of Agricultural Engineer in 2011, and completed his master's degree there in 2014. After completing his undergraduate education, he worked as an Agricultural Engineer in Güzelyurt Prodagro Traiding LTD for about 2 years. He started working as a Research Assistant at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies at the European University of Lefke, from which he graduated, in 2015. He completed his doctorate in 2018 and has been working as lecturer (Assistant Professor) in the Department of Horticulture at the European University of Lefke since 2019. He is expert in pest management, olive production and organic farming. He has authored three book chapters, published more than 25 scientific publications related to his experience and attended several international conferences where he presented his research findings.","institutionString":"European University of Lefke, Turkey, N. Cyprus","institution":{"name":"European University of Lefke","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},"editorThree":{"id":"285526","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Olga","middleName":null,"surname":"Panfilova","slug":"olga-panfilova","fullName":"Olga Panfilova","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F285526\u002F1703173026\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Olga Panfilova, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, is employed at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), as a full Senior researcher in the Laboratory of berry breeding and variety studies. Her academic and scientific opus is orientated towards horticulture, breeding and various related studies, agricultural technology, plant physiology and biochemistry, plant anatomy and morphology, plant introduction, adaptivity of plants, drought resistance, heat resistance, and winter hardiness among other.","institutionString":"Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding","institution":null},"associateEditorOne":null,"associateEditorTwo":null,"associateEditorThree":null,"series":{"id":"29","title":"Agricultural Sciences","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.107194","issn":"3029-052X"},"editorialBoard":null,"_topicEditors":[{"id":"178185","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Ibrahim","middleName":null,"surname":"Kahramanoglu","slug":"ibrahim-kahramanoglu","fullName":"Ibrahim Kahramanoglu","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F178185\u002F1727941083\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"İbrahim Kahramanoğlu is an associate professor at the Faculty of Agriculture, European University of Lefke, Northern Cyprus. He is an expert in horticultural production, postharvest biology and technology, and good agricultural practices. His main research interests are postharvest physiology and handling of fruits, natural and novel technologies for handling and storage, digital and precision farming (agri 4.0) for sustainability, and value-adding to horticultural crops. He has authored various books, book chapters, conference papers, and scientific publications related to his experience.","institutionString":"European University of Lefke, N.Cyprus","institution":{"name":"European University of Lefke","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}}],"_associateEditors":[{"id":"301984","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Murat","middleName":null,"surname":"Helvaci","slug":"murat-helvaci","fullName":"Murat Helvaci","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F301984\u002F1703173028\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Murat Helvacı is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Agriculture, European University of Lefke, Northern Cyprus. He graduated from the European University of Lefke, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies with the title of Agricultural Engineer in 2011, and completed his master's degree there in 2014. After completing his undergraduate education, he worked as an Agricultural Engineer in Güzelyurt Prodagro Traiding LTD for about 2 years. He started working as a Research Assistant at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies at the European University of Lefke, from which he graduated, in 2015. He completed his doctorate in 2018 and has been working as lecturer (Assistant Professor) in the Department of Horticulture at the European University of Lefke since 2019. He is expert in pest management, olive production and organic farming. He has authored three book chapters, published more than 25 scientific publications related to his experience and attended several international conferences where he presented his research findings.","institutionString":"European University of Lefke, Turkey, N. Cyprus","institution":{"name":"European University of Lefke","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Turkey"}}},{"id":"285526","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Olga","middleName":null,"surname":"Panfilova","slug":"olga-panfilova","fullName":"Olga Panfilova","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F285526\u002F1703173026\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Olga Panfilova, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, is employed at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), as a full Senior researcher in the Laboratory of berry breeding and variety studies. Her academic and scientific opus is orientated towards horticulture, breeding and various related studies, agricultural technology, plant physiology and biochemistry, plant anatomy and morphology, plant introduction, adaptivity of plants, drought resistance, heat resistance, and winter hardiness among other.","institutionString":"Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding","institution":null}]},"onlineFirstChapters":{"paginationCount":6,"paginationItems":[{"id":"1195105","title":"Decellularized Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration: Techniques and Applications","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007748","signatures":"Esmaeil Biazar","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":29,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"authors":[{"name":"esmaeil","surname":"biazar"}],"book":{"title":"Advances in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004049aIAA\u002F0016094_TrikoderCover%20%282024-02-26%2007%3A36%3A47%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"9","title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}},"subseries":null},{"id":"1205931","title":"Nature’s Impostors: Electrochemical Detection of Sildenafil in Natural Products","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007562","signatures":"John J. Castillo","slug":null,"isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":17,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"authors":[{"name":"John","surname":"Castillo"}],"book":{"title":"Current Developments in Biosensor Applications and Smart Strategies","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa04Tc000004ioDaIAI\u002F0016130_TrikoderCover%20%282024-03-13%2010%3A43%3A57%29.jpg","subseries":{"id":"9","title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}},"subseries":null},{"id":"89721","title":"Biosafety of Implantoplasty in the Treatment of Peri-Implantitis","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.115528","signatures":"Jorge Toledano-Serrabona, Octavi Camps-Font, Javier Gil, Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón, Cosme Gay-Escoda and Mª. Ángeles Sánchez-Garcés","slug":"biosafety-of-implantoplasty-in-the-treatment-of-peri-implantitis","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":25,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"authors":null,"book":{"title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2024","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11405.jpg","subseries":{"id":"9","title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}},"subseries":null},{"id":"89632","title":"Gold Nanoparticles: Methods of Production and Applications in Diagnostics and Transport Drug Delivery","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.115153","signatures":"Yana A. Gromova and Tatyana I. Shabatina","slug":"gold-nanoparticles-methods-of-production-and-applications-in-diagnostics-and-transport-drug-delivery","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":20,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"authors":null,"book":{"title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2024","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11405.jpg","subseries":{"id":"9","title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}},"subseries":null},{"id":"89300","title":"Designing Gold Nanoparticles to Enhance Colorimetric Perception in Biomedicine","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.114859","signatures":"D. Keith Roper","slug":"designing-gold-nanoparticles-to-enhance-colorimetric-perception-in-biomedicine","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":38,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"authors":null,"book":{"title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2024","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11405.jpg","subseries":{"id":"9","title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}},"subseries":null},{"id":"88895","title":"Principles and Advancements of Microelectrode Arrays in Brain-Machine Interfaces","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.113875","signatures":"Shahab Ahmadi Seyedkhani, Raheleh Mohammadpour and Azam Irajizad","slug":"principles-and-advancements-of-microelectrode-arrays-in-brain-machine-interfaces","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"totalDownloads":216,"totalCrossrefCites":1,"totalDimensionsCites":3,"authors":null,"book":{"title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2024","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11405.jpg","subseries":{"id":"9","title":"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}},"subseries":null}]},"publishedBooks":{"paginationCount":14,"paginationItems":[{"type":"book","id":"13260","title":"Business Ethics","subtitle":"The Competitive Advantage of Trust and Reputation","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13260.jpg","slug":"business-ethics-the-competitive-advantage-of-trust-and-reputation","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"October 23rd 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"John Walsh","hash":"ad3534042fb13c79270452041b3b9d1a","volumeInSeries":23,"fullTitle":"Business Ethics - The Competitive Advantage of Trust and Reputation","editors":[{"id":"564418","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"John","middleName":null,"surname":"Walsh","slug":"john-walsh","fullName":"John Walsh","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F564418\u002F1730362629\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Krirk University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Thailand"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"1003578","title":"Corporate Governance","subtitle":"Evolving Practices and Emerging Challenges","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzB1QAK\u002F0015482_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"September 4th 2024","editedByType":null,"bookSignature":"Tahir Mumtaz Awan","hash":"08c07a1c315d53c3a24a722a7e4a02c1","volumeInSeries":21,"fullTitle":"Corporate Governance - Evolving Practices and Emerging Challenges","editors":[{"id":"328852","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Tahir Mumtaz","middleName":null,"surname":"Awan","slug":"tahir-mumtaz-awan","fullName":"Tahir Mumtaz Awan","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F328852\u002F1730279582\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"COMSATS University Islamabad","institution":{"name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Pakistan"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"1003716","title":"Multidisciplinary Teamwork in Healthcare","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000xzFL1QAM\u002F0015620_TrikoderCover%20%282023-06-30%2009%3A00%3A58%29.jpg","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"July 10th 2024","editedByType":null,"bookSignature":"Neil E. Grunberg","hash":"634fbaa3f5f6b29f0566b8d5bddc57fc","volumeInSeries":19,"fullTitle":"Multidisciplinary Teamwork in Healthcare","editors":[{"id":"191531","title":"Dr.","name":"Neil E.","middleName":null,"surname":"Grunberg","slug":"neil-e.-grunberg","fullName":"Neil E. Grunberg","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F191531\u002F1718865350\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12857","title":"Innovation","subtitle":"Research and Development for Human, Economic and Institutional Growth","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12857.jpg","slug":"innovation-research-and-development-for-human-economic-and-institutional-growth","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"March 13th 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Luigi Aldieri","hash":"4825379f7a735b7629f132fba4183b96","volumeInSeries":17,"fullTitle":"Innovation - Research and Development for Human, Economic and Institutional Growth","editors":[{"id":"246585","title":"Prof.","name":"Luigi","middleName":null,"surname":"Aldieri","slug":"luigi-aldieri","fullName":"Luigi Aldieri","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F246585\u002F1710314360\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"University of Salerno","institution":{"name":"University of Salerno","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Italy"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"13171","title":"Organizational Culture","subtitle":"Cultural Change and Technology","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13171.jpg","slug":"organizational-culture-cultural-change-and-technology","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"January 31st 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Muddassar Sarfraz and Wasi Ul Hassan Shah","hash":"fdb401c9838ec732cb6a4715dfedccb7","volumeInSeries":16,"fullTitle":"Organizational Culture - Cultural Change and Technology","editors":[{"id":"260655","title":"Dr.","name":"Muddassar","middleName":null,"surname":"Sarfraz","slug":"muddassar-sarfraz","fullName":"Muddassar Sarfraz","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F260655\u002F1721034365\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Zhejiang Shuren University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"China"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12370","title":"International Business","subtitle":"New Insights on Changing Scenarios","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12370.jpg","slug":"international-business-new-insights-on-changing-scenarios","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"January 31st 2024","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Slimane Ed-Dafali, Elahe Hosseini and Samim Al-Azad","hash":"970f3e395260e98b9b3aef15a48b18ae","volumeInSeries":15,"fullTitle":"International Business - New Insights on Changing Scenarios","editors":[{"id":"418514","title":"Dr.","name":"Muhammad","middleName":null,"surname":"Mohiuddin","slug":"muhammad-mohiuddin","fullName":"Muhammad Mohiuddin","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F418514\u002F1727083507\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Université Laval","institution":{"name":"Université Laval","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Canada"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"13959","title":"Business and Management Annual Volume 2023","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13959.jpg","slug":"business-and-management-annual-volume-2023","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"December 20th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Vito Bobek and Tatjana Horvat","hash":null,"volumeInSeries":13,"fullTitle":"Business and Management Annual Volume 2023","editors":[{"id":"128342","title":"Prof.","name":"Vito","middleName":null,"surname":"Bobek","slug":"vito-bobek","fullName":"Vito Bobek","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F128342\u002F1731653221\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum","institution":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11604","title":"Data and Decision Sciences","subtitle":"Recent Advances and Applications","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11604.jpg","slug":"data-and-decision-sciences-recent-advances-and-applications","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"October 25th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Tien M. Nguyen","hash":"903cff59a7191fb4aa83cc9da9b266d8","volumeInSeries":9,"fullTitle":"Data and Decision Sciences - Recent Advances and Applications","editors":[{"id":"210657","title":"Dr.","name":"Tien M.","middleName":"Manh","surname":"Nguyen","slug":"tien-m.-nguyen","fullName":"Tien M. Nguyen","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F210657\u002F1701976861\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":"California State University, Fullerton","institution":{"name":"California State University, Fullerton","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12140","title":"Entrepreneurship","subtitle":"New Insights","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12140.jpg","slug":"entrepreneurship-new-insights","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"September 27th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Mohammad Nurul Hasan Reza, Elahe Hosseini and Slimane Ed-Dafali","hash":"bfba3f51e228f9f7cc902c53c209ff52","volumeInSeries":8,"fullTitle":"Entrepreneurship - New Insights","editors":[{"id":"418514","title":"Dr.","name":"Muhammad","middleName":null,"surname":"Mohiuddin","slug":"muhammad-mohiuddin","fullName":"Muhammad Mohiuddin","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F418514\u002F1727083507\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Université Laval","institution":{"name":"Université Laval","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Canada"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"13178","title":"Leadership for Sustainable and Educational Advancement","subtitle":"Advancing Great Leaders and Leadership","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F13178.jpg","slug":"leadership-for-sustainable-and-educational-advancement-advancing-great-leaders-and-leadership","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"May 3rd 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Joseph Crawford","hash":"f2c0744dc530f16ee00da26a7076d0be","volumeInSeries":6,"fullTitle":"Leadership for Sustainable and Educational Advancement - Advancing Great Leaders and Leadership","editors":[{"id":"420133","title":"Dr.","name":"Joseph","middleName":null,"surname":"Crawford","slug":"joseph-crawford","fullName":"Joseph Crawford","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F420133\u002F1689764730\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"University of Tasmania","institution":{"name":"University of Tasmania","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Australia"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"12141","title":"Leadership","subtitle":"Advancing Great Leaders and Leadership","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12141.jpg","slug":"leadership-advancing-great-leaders-and-leadership","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"May 3rd 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Joseph Crawford","hash":"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1","volumeInSeries":5,"fullTitle":"Leadership - Advancing Great Leaders and Leadership","editors":[{"id":"420133","title":"Dr.","name":"Joseph","middleName":null,"surname":"Crawford","slug":"joseph-crawford","fullName":"Joseph Crawford","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F420133\u002F1689764730\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"University of Tasmania","institution":{"name":"University of Tasmania","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Australia"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11602","title":"Corporate Social Responsibility in the 21st Century","subtitle":null,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11602.jpg","slug":"corporate-social-responsibility-in-the-21st-century","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"May 3rd 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Muddassar Sarfraz","hash":"e3be182f32c4d9b8e44e95e86ee1366b","volumeInSeries":4,"fullTitle":"Corporate Social Responsibility in the 21st Century","editors":[{"id":"260655","title":"Dr.","name":"Muddassar","middleName":null,"surname":"Sarfraz","slug":"muddassar-sarfraz","fullName":"Muddassar Sarfraz","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F260655\u002F1721034365\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Zhejiang Shuren University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"China"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11603","title":"People Management","subtitle":"Highlighting Futures","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11603.jpg","slug":"people-management-highlighting-futures","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"April 26th 2023","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Diana Dias and Carla Magalhães","hash":"982c56a5fb4684d966f8f5e76b2638f5","volumeInSeries":3,"fullTitle":"People Management - Highlighting Futures","editors":[{"id":"450553","title":"Prof.","name":"Diana","middleName":null,"surname":"Da Silva Dias","slug":"diana-da-silva-dias","fullName":"Diana Da Silva Dias","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F450553\u002F1730368665\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Universidade Lusófona","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Portugal"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null},{"type":"book","id":"11392","title":"Leadership in a Changing World","subtitle":"A Multidimensional Perspective","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11392.jpg","slug":"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective","isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"May 11th 2022","editedByType":"Edited by","bookSignature":"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali","hash":"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02","volumeInSeries":1,"fullTitle":"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective","editors":[{"id":"418514","title":"Dr.","name":"Muhammad","middleName":null,"surname":"Mohiuddin","slug":"muhammad-mohiuddin","fullName":"Muhammad Mohiuddin","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F418514\u002F1727083507\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Université Laval","institution":{"name":"Université Laval","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Canada"}}}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null}]},"testimonialsList":[{"id":"8","text":"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.","author":{"id":"202192","name":"Catrin","surname":"Sian Rutland","institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F202192\u002F1732711297\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"catrin-sian-rutland","institution":{"id":"134","name":"University of Nottingham","country":{"id":null,"name":"United Kingdom"}}}},{"id":"18","text":"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.","author":{"id":"71579","name":"Berend","surname":"Olivier","institutionString":"Utrecht University","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F71579\u002F1717203971\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","slug":"berend-olivier","institution":{"id":"253","name":"Utrecht University","country":{"id":null,"name":"Netherlands"}}}},{"id":"27","text":"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.","author":{"id":"175967","name":"Manuel","surname":"Gonzalez Ronquillo","institutionString":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F175967\u002F1703170921\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","slug":"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo","institution":{"id":"6221","name":"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México","country":{"id":null,"name":"Mexico"}}}}]},"submityourwork":{"pteSeriesList":[],"lsSeriesList":[],"hsSeriesList":[],"sshSeriesList":[],"subseriesList":[],"annualVolumeBook":{},"thematicCollection":[],"selectedSeries":null,"selectedSubseries":null},"seriesLanding":{"item":null,"publishedBooks":null,"onlineFirstChapters":null,"ofChaptersTotal":null,"ofChaptersOffset":0,"ofChaptersLimit":2},"libraryRecommendation":{"success":null,"errors":{},"institutions":[]},"climateChangeHub":{"climateChangeHubBooks":[],"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChapters":[],"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChaptersTotal":null,"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChaptersOffset":0,"sustainableDevelopmentSeriesChaptersLimit":6,"environmentalSciencesSeriesChapters":[],"environmentalSciencesSeriesChaptersOffset":0,"environmentalSciencesSeriesChaptersLimit":6,"environmentalSciencesSeriesChaptersTotal":null,"sustainableDevelopmentSeries":{},"environmentalSciencesSeries":{},"climateNews":{},"articlesAndIssues":[]},"sdgHub":{"sustainableDevelopmentSeries":{},"environmentalSciencesSeries":{},"kuSelectBooks":[],"sdgOpenAccessBooks":[],"sdgArticles":[],"sdgNews":[],"sdgStats":{}},"womenInScience":{"womenInScienceBooks":[],"womenInScienceSeries":[],"openAccessBooks":[],"openAccessChapters":[],"womenInScienceIssues":[],"editorialBoardMembers":[],"firstSixEditors":[],"otherSixEditors":[]},"userSession":{"userSessionRefresh":0,"userSession":{"email":null,"uid":null}},"test":{"test1":{}},"institution":{"institution":{},"statistics":{},"books":[],"articles":[],"mostDownloadedChapters":[],"mostCitedChapters":[],"latestChapters":[],"authors":[]},"institutionAuthorsAndEditors":{"institution":{},"authorsAndEditors":[],"offset":0,"limit":12,"total":null},"openScienceHub":{"openScienceBooks":[],"openScienceChapters":[],"openScienceArticles":[],"topics":[]},"kuHub":{"filterParams":{},"kuHubGroup":[{"group":"","count":64},{"group":"2024","count":6},{"group":"2023","count":8},{"group":"02_2019_2021","count":49},{"group":"01_2020","count":1}],"featuredBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"12697","title":"New Topics in Emerging Markets","subtitle":null,"hash":"f80eaa78b043f18e577902e428189b9d","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12697.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"128342","name":"Vito","surname":"Bobek","fullName":"Vito Bobek","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F128342\u002F1731653221\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum","countryString":"Austria","institution":null}]},{"type":"book","id":"11433","title":"The Changing Tide of Immigration and Emigration During the Last Three Centuries","subtitle":null,"hash":"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11433.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"77112","name":"Ingrid","surname":"Muenstermann","fullName":"Ingrid Muenstermann","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F77112\u002F1715157772\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"countryString":"Australia","institution":{"name":"Flinders University","country":{"name":"Australia"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"11440","title":"An International Collection of Multidisciplinary Approaches to Violence and Aggression","subtitle":null,"hash":"7f1d671b6a9e4df140f63d940ee2a1e1","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11440.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"287692","name":"Catherine","surname":"Lewis","fullName":"Catherine Lewis","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F287692\u002F1684919648\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":null,"countryString":"United Kingdom","institution":{"name":"London Metropolitan University","country":{"name":"United Kingdom"}}}]}],"kuBooks":[{"type":"book","id":"12134","title":"Post-COVID Tourism","subtitle":"Tendencies and Management Approaches","hash":"bb510c876f827a1df7960a523a4b5db3","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12134.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"215338","name":"Rui Alexandre","surname":"Castanho","fullName":"Rui Alexandre Castanho","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F215338\u002F1730375266\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":"WSB University, Dabrowa Górnicza-Poland and VALORIZA Research Center, IPP, Portalegre-Portugal","countryString":"Portugal","institution":null}]},{"type":"book","id":"12864","title":"Gender Inequality","subtitle":"Issues, Challenges and New Perspectives","hash":"a067f2fb29cb18a5152d0f8b09bcec15","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12864.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"348038","name":"Feyza","surname":"Bhatti","fullName":"Feyza Bhatti","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F348038\u002F1717570081\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Girne American University","countryString":"Cyprus","institution":{"name":"Girne American University","country":{"name":"Cyprus"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"1002950","title":"Burnout Syndrome","subtitle":"Characteristics and Interventions","hash":"c22583b3d19a49c3bfaf2ff092b85384","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000yuj6DQAQ\u002F0014854_TrikoderCover%20%282024-05-28%2011%3A03%3A25%29.jpg","editedByType":null,"isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"262071","name":"Robert W.","surname":"Motta","fullName":"Robert W. Motta","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F262071\u002F1715759022\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"countryString":"United States of America","institution":{"name":"Hofstra University","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"12840","title":"Conception and Family Planning","subtitle":"New Aspects","hash":"96a3826e1afdf8094da5876cdd9603da","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12840.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"48837","name":"Panagiotis","surname":"Tsikouras","fullName":"Panagiotis Tsikouras","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F48837\u002F1726041371\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Democritus University of Thrace","countryString":"Greece","institution":{"name":"Democritus University of Thrace","country":{"name":"Greece"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"1002565","title":"Global Warming","subtitle":"A Concerning Component of Climate Change","hash":"8dbe353dbb67bc07a394b2109b4d40a1","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12474.jpg","editedByType":null,"isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"246694","name":"Vinay","surname":"Kumar","fullName":"Vinay Kumar","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F246694\u002F1727103167\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"countryString":"United States of America","institution":{"name":"University of the Incarnate Word","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"12697","title":"New Topics in Emerging Markets","subtitle":null,"hash":"f80eaa78b043f18e577902e428189b9d","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F12697.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"128342","name":"Vito","surname":"Bobek","fullName":"Vito Bobek","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F128342\u002F1731653221\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum","countryString":"Austria","institution":null}]},{"type":"book","id":"11433","title":"The Changing Tide of Immigration and Emigration During the Last Three Centuries","subtitle":null,"hash":"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11433.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"77112","name":"Ingrid","surname":"Muenstermann","fullName":"Ingrid Muenstermann","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F77112\u002F1715157772\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"countryString":"Australia","institution":{"name":"Flinders University","country":{"name":"Australia"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"11487","title":"Flood Risk in a Climate Change Context","subtitle":"Exploring Current and Emerging Drivers","hash":"c829bdd1a2a84b4b2c31ce5eaab865e2","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11487.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"450075","name":"Tiago Miguel","surname":"Ferreira","fullName":"Tiago Miguel Ferreira","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F450075\u002F1689145814\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":"University of the West of England","countryString":"United Kingdom","institution":{"name":"University of the West of England","country":{"name":"United Kingdom"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"11440","title":"An International Collection of Multidisciplinary Approaches to Violence and Aggression","subtitle":null,"hash":"7f1d671b6a9e4df140f63d940ee2a1e1","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11440.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"287692","name":"Catherine","surname":"Lewis","fullName":"Catherine Lewis","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F287692\u002F1684919648\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","institutionString":null,"countryString":"United Kingdom","institution":{"name":"London Metropolitan University","country":{"name":"United Kingdom"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"11573","title":"Current Topics in SARS-CoV-2\u002FCOVID-19","subtitle":"Two Years After","hash":"d0ffb5d8717a408890f7888f21d91713","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11573.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"131400","name":"Alfonso J.","surname":"Rodriguez-Morales","fullName":"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F131400\u002F1732715702\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"Fundación Universitaria Autónoma De Las Américas","countryString":"Colombia","institution":{"name":"Fundación Universitaria Autónoma De Las Américas","country":{"name":"Colombia"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"11778","title":"Correctional Facilities and Correctional Treatment","subtitle":"International Perspectives","hash":"a933550a6966a04e4677a4c0aea8f5b2","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11778.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"198691","name":"Rui","surname":"Abrunhosa Gonçalves","fullName":"Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F198691\u002F1679467897\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":"University of Minho","countryString":"Portugal","institution":{"name":"University of Minho","country":{"name":"Portugal"}}}]},{"type":"book","id":"11095","title":"Social Work","subtitle":"Perspectives on Leadership and Organisation","hash":"12dcddfd27f6a5e7b2359efc141424a8","kuFlag":true,"coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F11095.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","isPublished":true,"editors":[{"id":"306136","name":"Maria","surname":"Wolmesjö","fullName":"Maria Wolmesjö","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F306136\u002F1721313157\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"countryString":"Sweden","institution":{"name":"University of Borås","country":{"name":"Sweden"}}}]}],"ofsBooks":[],"offset":12,"limit":12,"total":64},"risingStars":{"ofsBooks":[],"topics":[]},"cart":{"showSidebar":false,"order_token":null,"validationErrors":{},"countries":[],"shippingCountries":[],"area_codes":[],"userProfileRefresh":0,"userProfile":{"name":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","email":"","contributor":false},"order":{"contact":{"first_name":"","last_name":"","email":"","country":""},"billing":{"full_name":"","invoice":"name","institution":"","vat":"","street":"","address1":"","address2":"","city":"","zip":"","phone_country_code":"","phone_area_code":"","phone_number":""},"shipping":{"same_shipping_address":false,"full_name":"","street":"","address1":"","address2":"","city":"","zip":"","country":"","phone_country_code":"","phone_area_code":"","phone_number":""}},"items":[],"countryVat":0,"vat":0,"vatAmount":0,"discount":0,"discountAmount":0,"totalQuantity":0,"regularSubtotalAmount":0,"subtotalAmount":0,"totalAmount":0,"orderdata":{"items":[],"order_number":"","invoice":{"payment_method":"","invoice_number":"","proforma_invoice_number":"","vat":0,"vatAmount":0,"discount":0,"discountAmount":0,"subtotalAmount":0,"totalAmount":0},"contact":{"first_name":"","last_name":"","email":""},"shipping":{"same_shipping_address":false,"street":"","address1":"","address2":"","full_name":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","city":"","country":"","zip":""},"billing":{"street":"","address1":"","address2":"","full_name":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","city":"","zip":""},"order_status":"","status":"","promo_code":"","promo_code_discount":""}},"route":{"name":"contactUs","path":"\u002Fcontact-us","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"\u002Fcontact-us","meta":{},"from":{"name":null,"path":"\u002F","hash":"","query":{},"params":{},"fullPath":"\u002F","meta":{}}}};(function(){var s;(s=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(s);}());</script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/manifest.9e39f07c30703fbe4900.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/88.8568d182a784fda166fa.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/1.c3d94f0bdd5c2d3fc036.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/0.80249b514f5360c122be.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/vendors~app.52b324948046b5df06f8.js" defer></script><script src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/45.124/js/app.06c67aa800c293c0908d.js" defer></script> </div> <script data-cookieconsent="preferences">(function(d){var s = d.createElement("script");s.setAttribute("data-account", "EYg6VAKWE6");s.setAttribute("src", "https://cdn.userway.org/widget.js");(d.body || d.head).appendChild(s);})(document)</script><noscript>Please ensure Javascript is enabled for purposes of <a href="https://userway.org">website accessibility</a></noscript> </body> </html>