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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clear zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clear_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_and_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_and_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevention and mitigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention_and_mitigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention and mitigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention_and_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roadway_cross_section_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadway_cross_section_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Roadway cross section improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadway_cross_section_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazard_removal_or_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazard_removal_or_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hazard removal or modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazard_removal_or_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delineation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delineation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Delineation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delineation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost-effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost-effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cost-effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Run-off-road_collision&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-off-road collision">Run-off-road collision</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of single-vehicle collision</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verkehrsunfall_L261_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Verkehrsunfall_L261_04.JPG/290px-Verkehrsunfall_L261_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Verkehrsunfall_L261_04.JPG/435px-Verkehrsunfall_L261_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Verkehrsunfall_L261_04.JPG/580px-Verkehrsunfall_L261_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>A run-off-road collision with a tree in <a href="/wiki/Pinneberg_(district)" title="Pinneberg (district)">Kreis Pinneberg</a>, Germany in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>roadway departure</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also called <b>roadway excursion</b> or <b>run-off-road collision</b>) is a type of incident that occurs when a vehicle leaves the <a href="/wiki/Roadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadway">roadway</a>. Such incidents can lead to a <a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle collision">single-vehicle collision</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_consequences">Causes and consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes and consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contributing factors can include: </p> <ul><li>loss of control due to excessive or inappropriate speed<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">distraction</a></li> <li>misjudging a curve</li> <li>attempting to avoid colliding with another road user or an animal.</li></ul> <p>If the vehicle strikes a fixed object (an object that will move very little when struck, such as a tree, bridge structure or utility pole) or <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_rollover" title="Vehicle rollover">rolls over</a>, the crash is likely to result in injuries or fatalities. 2005 statistics from the US show that roadway departure crashes resulted in 31% of fatal crashes, but were only 16% of all crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roadway departure collisions where the vehicle is sliding or spinning and runs broadside into a fixed obstacle are particularly dangerous since the vehicle doors and sides provide less protection to occupants than the front of the car. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Target_fixation" title="Target fixation">Target fixation</a> is an issue for drivers, causing them to impact with objects that could be easily avoided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clear_zones">Clear zones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clear zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important concept in understanding roadway departure is the clear zone. This is the roadside area that is free of obstacles and dangerous slopes. Early research at the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Proving_Grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Proving Grounds">General Motors Proving Grounds</a> found that 80% of their test drivers stopped or regained vehicle control within 30 feet (9 m) of the edge of the travel lane. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineers</a> began to try to provide thirty feet of clear, flat ground next to rural <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>. The result was fewer crashes. Current guidance adjusts the desired clear zone width for curvature, roadside slope, speed and volume. More width is recommended on the outsides of curves, where the ground slopes down away from the road, and on high-speed, high-volume roads.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_and_mitigation">Prevention and mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prevention and mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways to reduce the consequences of roadway departure collisions. They fall into three main categories: preventing excursion incidents, minimizing the likelihood of a crash or roll-over if the vehicle travels off the shoulder, and reducing the severity of those that do occur.<sup id="cite_ref-500v6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500v6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadway_cross_section_improvements">Roadway cross section improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roadway cross section improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roadway cross section improvements include high-friction overlays, improving curve banking, and widening <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">shoulders</a> or travel lanes. The intention is to help the driver to keep the car on the roadway. They are usually expensive unless included in a highway reconstruction project. </p><p>A relatively inexpensive countermeasure is the placement of a <i>Safety Edge</i> — a 30° compacted taper on the edge of the pavement. This helps any driver that runs off the edge of the roadway to maintain control while trying to steer back onto the pavement. A vertical edge drop-off often results in overcorrection, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Head-on_collision" title="Head-on collision">head-on collision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_rollover" title="Vehicle rollover">rollover</a>, or a run-off-road collision on the far side of the road. Pavement edge drop-offs are problematic on roads where the hard shoulder is narrow or nonexistent. The safety edge adds about 1% to the pavement costs while building or resurfacing a road.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazard_removal_or_modification">Hazard removal or modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hazard removal or modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If possible, hazards should be removed, or modified to be less dangerous. Examples include tree removal, using forgiving road infrastructure or extending cross culverts out of the clear zone. Regarding forgiving road infrastructure: standards exist in different countries to crash test road infrastructure and to qualify them as being passive safe or forgiving. In the US there is MASH (the <i>Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware</i>) and in Europe, there is EN12767. Removing obstacles should be the first choice. If that is not possible, make them forgiving. As a last option, isolate the obstacle with a guard rail. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rails</a> are used to reduce the severity of roadway departure crashes by interposing a barrier that is more forgiving to vehicle occupants. The guard rail is itself a hazard and should only be used where it shields traffic from a hazard that is more dangerous than it is. It may not reduce the number of run-off-road crashes since it is longer and closer to the road than the hazard behind it. Properly designed and installed, it will reduce the severity of crashes that do occur. One study found that installing guard rail above an embankment would only reduce run-off-road crashes by only 7%. However, injury and fatal crashes were reduced by 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-October_31,_2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-October_31,_2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delineation">Delineation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delineation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where hazard removal and guard rails reduce the severity of roadway departure crashes, delineation aims to reduce the frequency of crashes by helping drivers stay on the road. It includes <a href="/wiki/Pavement_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement marking">pavement markings</a>, object markers, curve <a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">warning signs</a>, delineators, and arrows and chevrons on curves. It is used where other improvements would be too costly or ineffective, as an interim method until other improvements can be installed, and to help drivers avoid collisions with a guard rail. Signing improvements will generally reduce crashes by about 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-October_31,_2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-October_31,_2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its low cost, delineation is often the measure of choice on lower volume roads. </p><p>Some of these measures can also reduce the frequency and severity of <a href="/wiki/Head-on_collision" title="Head-on collision">head-on collisions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Median_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Median barrier">Median barriers</a> are a form of guard rail that turn head-on crashes into fixed object crashes. Curve delineation and cross-section improvements can reduce loss-of-control incidents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost-effectiveness">Cost-effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cost-effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since most roadway improvements are funded by taxes or user fees, it is important that safety improvements pay for themselves. On low-speed, low-volume local roads, expensive improvements are likely to produce less in savings than they cost, and thus divert scarce resources from locations where they could be better used. On high-speed, high-volume freeways, high-quality clear zones are worth the cost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_plunge_story" title="Bus plunge story">Bus plunge story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash testing">Crash testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_collision_types" title="Road collision types">Road collision types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road traffic safety</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highways.dot.gov/safety/RwD#:~:text=FHWA%20defines%20a%20roadway%20departure,otherwise%20leaves%20the%20traveled%20way.">"Roadway Departure Safety"</a>. <i>highways.dot.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=highways.dot.gov&rft.atitle=Roadway+Departure+Safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhighways.dot.gov%2Fsafety%2FRwD%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFHWA%2520defines%2520a%2520roadway%2520departure%2Cotherwise%2520leaves%2520the%2520traveled%2520way.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadway+departure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/177739.aspx"><i>Practices for Preventing Roadway Departures | Blurbs New | Blurbs | Publications</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practices+for+Preventing+Roadway+Departures+%7C+Blurbs+New+%7C+Blurbs+%7C+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trb.org%2FPublications%2FBlurbs%2F177739.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadway+departure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drivingtests.co.nz/resources/whats-the-difference-between-excessive-speed-and-inappropriate-speed/">"What's the difference between excessive speed and inappropriate speed"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+difference+between+excessive+speed+and+inappropriate+speed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drivingtests.co.nz%2Fresources%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-excessive-speed-and-inappropriate-speed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadway+departure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/TSF2006.PDF">"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2005, 2007, P. 54"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Highway+Traffic+Safety+Administration%2C+Traffic+Safety+Facts+2005%2C+2007%2C+P.+54.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov%2FPubs%2FTSF2006.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadway+departure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/design/dqab/hdm/chapter-10">"New York Department of Transportation Highway Design Manual"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Department+of+Transportation+Highway+Design+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.ny.gov%2Fdivisions%2Fengineering%2Fdesign%2Fdqab%2Fhdm%2Fchapter-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadway+departure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-500v6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-500v6_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2003" class="citation book cs1">Neuman, Timothy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_500v6.pdf"><i>NCHRP REPORT 500:Volume 6: A Guide for Addressing Run-Off-Road Collisions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. WASHINGTON, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-08760-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-08760-0"><bdi>0-309-08760-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NCHRP+REPORT+500%3AVolume+6%3A+A+Guide+for+Addressing+Run-Off-Road+Collisions&rft.place=WASHINGTON%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=TRANSPORTATION+RESEARCH+BOARD&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-309-08760-0&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Fnchrp%2Fnchrp_rpt_500v6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadway+departure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Highway_Administration" class="citation web cs1">Federal Highway Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovation/everydaycounts/edc-1/safetyedge.cfm">"Safety Edge Introduction - Every Day Counts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safety+Edge+Introduction+-+Every+Day+Counts&rft.au=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Finnovation%2Feverydaycounts%2Fedc-1%2Fsafetyedge.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadway+departure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-October_31,_2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-October_31,_2008_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-October_31,_2008_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors, Federal Highways Administration Report No. FHWA-SA-07-015, retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ite.org/safety/issuebriefs/Desktop%20Reference%20Complete.pdf">http://ite.org/safety/issuebriefs/Desktop%20Reference%20Complete.pdf</a>, October 31, 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">Traffic collisions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_motor_vehicle_collisions" title="Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_and_run" title="Hit and run">Hit and run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park-to-reverse" title="Park-to-reverse">Park-to-reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_memorial" title="Roadside memorial">Roadside memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_rollover" title="Vehicle rollover">Rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_extrication" title="Vehicle extrication">Vehicle extrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recovery" title="Vehicle recovery">Vehicle recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_reconstruction" title="Traffic collision reconstruction">Traffic collision reconstruction</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_crash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Car_crash.jpg/120px-Car_crash.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Car_crash.jpg/180px-Car_crash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Car_crash.jpg/240px-Car_crash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_collision_types" title="Road collision types">Road collisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-up_collision" title="Back-up collision">Back-up collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer%E2%80%93vehicle_collisions" title="Deer–vehicle collisions">Deer–vehicle collisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-on_collision" title="Head-on collision">Head-on collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackknifing" title="Jackknifing">Jackknifing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-vehicle_collision" title="Multiple-vehicle collision">Multiple-vehicle collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-end_collision" title="Rear-end collision">Rear-end collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-off-road_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-off-road collision">Run-off-road collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_collision" title="Side collision">Side collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead">Assured clear distance ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_traffic_collisions" title="Lists of traffic collisions">Lists of traffic collisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traffic_collisions_(before_2000)" title="List of traffic collisions (before 2000)">Before 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traffic_collisions_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="List of traffic collisions (2000–present)">2000–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traffic_collisions_by_death_toll" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traffic collisions by death toll">By death toll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridge_failures" title="List of bridge failures">List of bridge failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_level_crossing_crashes" title="List of level crossing crashes">List of level crossing crashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_in_traffic_collisions" title="List of people who died in traffic collisions">List of people who died in traffic collisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_handling" title="Template:Automotive handling">Template:Automotive handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Traffic_law" title="Template:Traffic law">Template:Traffic law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&oldid=1238638853">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roadway_departure&oldid=1238638853</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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