CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91360a3f9b28919f',cH: 'mIcERPb1BEIVNXOh_yKYPiaJf29sfFpZD03qObIpiIg-1739798062-1.2.1.1-DUmKnr_ipKlifOyrvX5tpxd.R9OS1nLEVJg3wWmqwp8fGiOenHU4HwSboWrOhfTu',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=leadership%20theory&__cf_chl_tk=XYGfDa_xFoQqd_hV2yQMvbqd8dqen0ea22JNwEErhp8-1739798062-1.0.1.1-HPLbEoBTTrXwiGvMXBf3MjL1huZ2d9KVy0HiLgm6pzU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739798062',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=leadership%20theory&__cf_chl_f_tk=XYGfDa_xFoQqd_hV2yQMvbqd8dqen0ea22JNwEErhp8-1739798062-1.0.1.1-HPLbEoBTTrXwiGvMXBf3MjL1huZ2d9KVy0HiLgm6pzU",md: "1VXxrwvX3jHCuSu.2FjeEoHcG4vNYrNPDb_RRPHQfVw-1739798062-1.2.1.1-LYHlrBzEaZkQl.JZ602hb.0EJ_L0x6jwyT399LNRSoTxCHTD1JmN5SL.DT23BiOemw0IJKhRHGtQ5cNPk9bDzXbHTpAuRWaCuVdpu0Eaqyd2xmV2Asqr2C4k0eMP_Pw8TOdJmMWlT4QzoE7T_Nhk36xHc8Dkk9PPDxrxLYqqeMN6P5MnDmU8PK.UA3W0ghqumjocsUbzzQzo.yzaQPq79aa6TFeNIBJwYCBi4j7lHz4BuOse0RmC0_zm_LnHPRcSfRpgBDMCcrE1TIo663JoCDIjqyOIklL_.R8pQ53dhRAxTIj73Rmod9gyTYJ9WyDcABMoY_4XwZpuA3yV9z869iUe1_ARlkWaFMO4x264oWOlGDpu6cEGGUFBjCukjrNYsic.Q8nZ3fKMyTcVchRdRggKb2K8GXQQJgtkbO3S8YfGDRruk.mRHoorwQwuMd48.Rm4UrTSbL0oHwppBhpNx3_SVYmmdc6cZe6r87wHk6sq6HysZOtT.00b3.2wsfJ.7.GB2x4RPnY1EjT8DAJ7M.yvgb9_XdDMg0SSOriGm9MKYVUZpHG7d9lDPOyTDPjFTZSpFDZmZGwdK04IZp.Ew8Oc8XmQitJLEBI8uG_w2YpbBQQQEEwz.RSdcghb556.qA0X60BZrBwCyyo70mMXISFDrOPlep_.AqMcJKgIGGjXj0zYnnJmPvcMDCpp4WijpMSgQwJsh0um4PweB3htMfodFVDj0VuB5PkvZNPNLfwSNfgto7kos02ujAHJZDfXVflKzP4qT1g1VsvBe5qhNiNnh0914kCgGol316SHyJVBxBdG84ICYk0VKVofW30gLk9Qib8WNShv2vePUX4j3JcA9I1XXMSQNooDSFTk51kX06fjsZ5zpOZjttr31PgkMTE2V9GTnCNZiw.DRZjiIU2dMVrUV6jspsJnR8RyjAusPNugM0XKtD7N3kExGlros4fqU7M0DQqUQZFqKITEfDzzrvGKSUx6nWVlqagXk3gmZsfLbOSX5cSeR8r_jn43aZJoqtJvUByfYXmsvfc9Bb5rwbg2h9AofMWDX14dB.n_N4qn_2HBaW8vKOl03mYr2XQqlyJVkyC7irCNvmtjXELKqizHwkk.Qpqt166FiVWSuXXKoJ5hTGytMvBFB6HuK2nj02mKfU.qRnmYx6qG3eBkct4Xtu04fGcuZZbnCAw32j6hiAvJg2X5MnCLDC56A1zGJI.Q.egFXMCLtrdj81p95nsTsR5L1Cp5oJYErzMIdI7J0pJTZd0BW7BLxlWeFaLlk4FbTyZtE.zvASROs2dfCYcedaX0zAPD.mrXNXmFfgRNxjPKKkbrQRbmP8OmxC5swingyDuL1H8i2_LQhf2yWqB9Ndl49ja3ULeRHVFFmwhny0QEnbfh0VGU1rE6WYd40ITmti_.K99ScgsMXV_eCeAbL_jt6p.6eNv0VxNM7QEHipEUAntrELdDzF3Rocy6tmf4Q8fqWc3rscgfvdjsCQ2nFuScca_qsUmMlZm1lexlBbaO4oACdtjWT9NKBllX3.So9NnXTD_EkhdftK3qI_dyoP_waXkPOCnQt5oLusXty6LcuX25sIfVPC6y8b_TjcHL1X0Rc1co8WGwFPonU4C3U388lPRA8eRMXtMcDRMllVj7xVWJz3yzc2gaaYReACKgHrfkxrKxMTS1fcsXCJ.kOlHuAixEXvdg0fvDQPzI73.LB4e7LeuVxV87SWSvuOejKT9yUqtYPNvzrJubTXs364m4CxR7oWvqkgiXuq9OQjDRD3LljKqO6vsimZYfNuIYhkxY2CyUIXO_1XuIzzj_ombRkC8W_fr_vUD.CcS1Uhe4mv_jKa4YadCwC3N36Qja5CH0_O9fEZDGOvePChIVVx30YhOPQ87k8awp_lZ7CZL6xd5RhQSybmDUV89h1cy5nJOSy0gVuYBqS1DaQJHs3IeUYDS2KFClieU",mdrd: "Pc4WlBGB__RbsIZtcWwgtRo7NE5jqVZ.bmNs3qh69r0-1739798062-1.2.1.1-lGSblZo9HI5eJtL5QTOOZiLKiAN2xWiJqmkC401T1UkcowbIfyuE8_QwBlsGvzXz0ZQ.GlrcLdPgVl8aBtEJ1XR9FnWHtbd5oQHGzdt8R8TgOQDh3WUHqvt_mkrFlz2YBgqF128Jxdfke1vvhs3lWROzC3rqTIWV.mefISFNOOw09xKmsVuxZAEyKZ3AxwpFvIb005SLBvlemIfYttgarLOEabezztMbXFxEm7Zz4ejnH8og.aoOTKsPvBJHoLM6z1NBrEm6ck2I.MX4ylaZFbWsSkZEnE87Qe5AHa0lX4C2ATTr0uppk7s.024Q4AqGkpI8y5X3A3HnMffhdRNADJ9upLr3LqFahk_CucZv3E0CXwnZoFV9Utd9D0UYn97yjd5y0C.1vg3M0iRVhXrSLOGsu6Ipql_mnqmZjh3f2f_aPZglCqeQT6i_NGpKs0TLSvFDUMZ5Pj6388b5jUq0KW8OTRSNn98MNdEgEvcacjHYnVs59d_.08SW5nhCuD6U.aal441vaBm.v3EFW16LMeL8EaKFP6aQTQ1NV9SFBucByOT1cY_59BTh.p0eOzMYUZJeQt0xANtwcO8nnwvJsb.w4O6QZlAirFhglZAW6M0cAmCIDmU2LDFG0yaBjvTk6bvDS30uBcL2bB34qKRJcCW4FJoTb.N7p9UgM13estLJwkKVHNDQAWxP9oiREsVGaBZ9IGSlKL5XMsF9Utw81nib.4h2ihpS.5ckTPvx9U0HHOIuEjuOQh3QZ3WWIeIKq2VK.M7sTqVGoFOeeYVg6PQ7PibB2NSUdsirTib4JoHyEJD7E0NVbYk_kY0VuTtmjZg.xgV5ATJ8IvnvZDHoDVmVkmcBhZ7A_WsAJDC3wgfeAR0W1NJGBvfwCFNKDBQC.BhJEJsiXTfr4cBXPvOLI_.DTCQtKEDTbMbFy7KYqeGDOsxpfLd0QBvhgi4yohpWJnXxo5BUs54KdcYW3.e4MXa15rG.Ud8WID01n81bOQEY.EgXuW9Oze3CtZGgnpBR9aoKK3vip6d8cQE0xnmzD4D5hOlOBqw_sqtj9LBrpNPZ6ptT5xtqnamXntZ7NA3mnnqXfjMny3NF8gOO.UlGcUE43KyTb_sR_W9S1en1M7VJf.QeM8tNb8FYkLvHwinhaOFYsR0XcmfeQb1guKSyTtl3E0pJYW6p2X3hKPNNOhh4JyFJRdSNmd8O1SPHiPODOd8VpSna_FYGs61nMlEnrWV8eFACLUeBycQQmmYQF2WU.UCln9TkFRjTAVftckvXOY12xS3OT3gefiAJd2yz4BD1PG1N_ht3xgNWS__g3UGnRsew9_301VvgBFOCTQqDb6OEl62WD4qa.c9EQVfs0eXTu4Sy8QV71V6X9HSH3YOwDhSzZKmBJLJAYCLNlptOUXv9C25lFOdapfbITzxL76dYZLz2dOE0oG92s3wpKmF3iGbYp0e_.MWuHHJP2FBvmzyRXQLBumJl_UCFY2zNAlh.MO.cNGPTB14xjuBUreJftEAASGh32rzY5U1S3EhkNdPrBy4WVtS.Q60L2F.WWBZQMNFgorpvEFBSRPNxm9n2H9TdbXptI.88F9Q9IT.NkzNZEr9rsdVNn6OmKREDuCBn6Y_.Cehiwnw2PE7UrHwRWzWI.ns9KWTBa__b3mynBOcY.lwCcyteuJES7WPp0lJdLEhhir18hpsGuHbNpBNGTMjWXW0m0ioxdxYedANNGf9QihMHSvNqlw3Vz37cAT3.f8xQGDZ5LlvLRLzKWSh25BFruaHau4E8MBVlUxayJjTodW5ptLKBCoXFl6MzNX6WfZFo0xQxLEmF0cbZzLJvGY3RFDvXjFsWqUHcGQSOgl.GnkJbbJtjOWc5ra9Mo7cTUtPoioaafb0ffpAE7t9IBOkH_SkIEL3iXIL803xD_O12gSV6T_gM.JVCPt2TxLdS1YbWY9fryuPoacGCLmEcfucksD77F1YSjedRJtMw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91360a3f9b28919f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=leadership%20theory&__cf_chl_rt_tk=XYGfDa_xFoQqd_hV2yQMvbqd8dqen0ea22JNwEErhp8-1739798062-1.0.1.1-HPLbEoBTTrXwiGvMXBf3MjL1huZ2d9KVy0HiLgm6pzU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>