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href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_di_eSwatini" title="Re di eSwatini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Re di eSwatini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מלך אסוואטיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלך אסוואטיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ngwenyama" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">iNgwenyama of <span class="country-name">Eswatini</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; background-color: rgb(125,7,110); color: white;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="197" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini" title="Coat of arms of Eswatini">Arms of His Majesty the iNgwenyama of Eswatini</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Incumbent</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Mswati_III_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King_Mswati_III_2014.jpg/200px-King_Mswati_III_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King_Mswati_III_2014.jpg/300px-King_Mswati_III_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King_Mswati_III_2014.jpg/400px-King_Mswati_III_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a></span></b><br />since 25 April 1986</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None declared</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkhulunkosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mkhulunkosi (page does not exist)">Mkhulunkosi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data">Lozitha Palace, <a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a>, Eswatini</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eswatini" title="Politics of Eswatini">Politics of Eswatini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="197" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Eswatini" title="Constitution of Eswatini">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eswatini" title="Human rights in Eswatini">Human rights</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Eswatini">LGBT rights</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Monarchy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ngwenyama</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a></dd></dl></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndlovukati" title="Ndlovukati">Ndlovukati</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ndlovukati#List_of_tiNdlovukati" title="Ndlovukati">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ntfombi_of_Eswatini" title="Ntfombi of Eswatini">Ntfombi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Eswatini" title="Government of Eswatini">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Eswatini" title="List of prime ministers of Eswatini">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Russell_Dlamini" title="Russell Dlamini">Russell Dlamini</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Eswatini" title="Cabinet of Eswatini">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">Parliament</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Eswatini" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Eswatini">President</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">House of Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="List of speakers of the House of Assembly of Eswatini">Speaker</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Eswatini">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Eswatini" title="Regions of Eswatini">Regions</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inkhundla" title="Inkhundla">Tinkhundla</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Umphakatsi" title="Umphakatsi">Umphakatsi</a></i></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Eswatini" title="Elections in Eswatini">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2013_Swazi_general_election" title="2013 Swazi general election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Swazi_general_election" title="2018 Swazi general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swazi_general_election" title="2023 Swazi general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Eswatini" title="List of political parties in Eswatini">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Eswatini" title="Foreign relations of Eswatini">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Eswatini)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Eswatini)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Thuli_Dladla" title="Thuli Dladla">Thuli Dladla</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Eswatini" title="List of diplomatic missions of Eswatini">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Eswatini" title="List of diplomatic missions in Eswatini">in Eswatini</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_passport" title="Swazi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Swazi_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Swazi citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Eswatini" title="Visa policy of Eswatini">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Eswatini" title="Template:Politics of Eswatini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Eswatini" title="Template talk:Politics of Eswatini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Eswatini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Eswatini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Eswatini.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Royal_Standard_of_Eswatini.svg/220px-Royal_Standard_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Royal_Standard_of_Eswatini.svg/330px-Royal_Standard_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Royal_Standard_of_Eswatini.svg/440px-Royal_Standard_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Royal standard</figcaption></figure> <p><b>iNgwenyama</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Lion</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, pl. <i>tiNgewnyama</i>, also <i>Ingwenyama</i> or <i>Inkosi</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the title of the male <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">monarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>. In English, the title is sometimes translated as <b>King of Eswatini</b>. The iNgwenyama reigns together with the <a href="/wiki/Ndlovukati" title="Ndlovukati">Ndlovukazi</a>, a spiritual leadership position held by the iNgwenyama's mother or another female royal of high status.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current king is <a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a>, who has reigned since 1986. The annual budget allocated to the King and the royal household amounts to $61 million.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ingwenyama</i> means "Lion" in <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in an honorific sense (akin to Arabic equivalent word, <i><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">sayyid</a></i>), as opposed to <i>libhubesi</i>, used to refer to lions in the literal sense. The title is sometimes written <i>Ingwenyama</i>, <i>iNgwenyama</i>, or <i>ingweinyama</i>, with the prefix <i>i-</i> (plural <i>ti-</i>, tiNgweniyama), meaning "the king". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers">Powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The iNgweinyama owns all <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> in Eswatini except for those owned by <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">private corporations</a>. The other aspects of mining are also controlled by the iNgwenyama.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative">Administrative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The iNgwenyama can appoint 20 (out of a maximum of 31) senators in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Senate of Eswatini</a> and 10 (out of a maximum of 76) members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">House of Assembly of Eswatini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iNgwenyama is also the head of the judicial system and the Chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swazi_National_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swazi National Council (page does not exist)">Swazi National Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local officials that are responsible for the governance of Eswatini are either appointed by the iNgwenyama, or their superiors are.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuper_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuper-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other powers of the iNgwenyama include allocating land, initiating national gatherings, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disbursing" class="extiw" title="wikt:disbursing">disbursing</a> wealth, organizing social events, and taking part in rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iNgwenyama has royal praise singers called <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a>. The griots appear at public events and sing about the virtues of the Ngwenyama.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any offence against the Ngwenyama or <a href="/wiki/Ndlovukati" title="Ndlovukati">Ndlovukati</a> or their property is considered a heinous crime. It is illegal to wear the ruler's clothes, use their medicines, or be within a certain distance of them. Adultery with the Ndlovukati is treason, and the Ngwenyama can exile any citizen for any reason.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_importance">Religious importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Incwala" title="Incwala">Incwala</a>, the Ngwenyama splits the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred water</a> to the east and west to signal the end of the last year. On the second day of the Incwala, youths gather special branches and place them in a special sanctuary. The Ngwenyama then sings with his subjects in the sanctuary, thus reaffirming their loyalty. Later the Ngwenyama lights a fire. The purpose of the festival is to secure the prosperity of the Kingdom of Eswatini.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ngwenyama is also sometimes believed to be the cause of violent <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sobhuza_II" title="Sobhuza II">Sobhuza II</a> played an important role in the modernization of Eswatini. In the past, the royalist <a href="/wiki/Imbokodvo_National_Movement" title="Imbokodvo National Movement">Imbokodvo National Movement</a> consistently won the vast majority of seats while political parties were legal, thus gaining total control over the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iNgwenyama <a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a> compromised the traditional tinkundla system, replacing parts of the system with modern Eswatini institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The iNgwenyama is traditionally succeeded by one of his male sons. The heir is chosen based on the virtue of his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuper_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuper-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">List of monarchs of Eswatini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngwenyama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarwick1966" class="citation book cs1">Marwick, Brian Allan (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRU9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Ingwenyama&pg=PA313"><i>The Swazi</i></a>. CUP Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swazi&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=Brian+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRU9AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DIngwenyama%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuper, Hilda (1980 [1947]). <i>An African Aristocracy. Rank Among the Swazi</i> [facsimile reprint]. Africana Publishing Company for the International African Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndewegElgieHelmsKaarbo2020" class="citation book cs1">Andeweg, Rudy B.; Elgie, Robert; Helms, Ludger; Kaarbo, Juliet; Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (30 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07ryDwAAQBAJ&q=Ngwenyama"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Executives</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-253691-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-253691-4"><bdi>978-0-19-253691-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Executives&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-253691-4&rft.aulast=Andeweg&rft.aufirst=Rudy+B.&rft.au=Elgie%2C+Robert&rft.au=Helms%2C+Ludger&rft.au=Kaarbo%2C+Juliet&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Rommel%2C+Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07ryDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNgwenyama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812181707/http://amabhungane.co.za/article/2015-10-29-cash-splash-for-kings-wings">"amaBhungane - Cash splash for Swazi king's wings"</a>. 12 August 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amabhungane.co.za/article/2015-10-29-cash-splash-for-kings-wings">the original</a> on 12 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=amaBhungane+-+Cash+splash+for+Swazi+king%27s+wings&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famabhungane.co.za%2Farticle%2F2015-10-29-cash-splash-for-kings-wings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance-Presse2014" class="citation news cs1">France-Presse, Agence (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/14/king-mswati-iii-swaziland-increases-household-budget">"King of impoverished Swaziland increases household budget to $61m"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=King+of+impoverished+Swaziland+increases+household+budget+to+%2461m&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.aulast=France-Presse&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmay%2F14%2Fking-mswati-iii-swaziland-increases-household-budget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xapTAAAAMAAJ&q=Ngwenyama"><i>Information Circular</i></a>. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Circular&rft.date=1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxapTAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNgwenyama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEly1970" class="citation book cs1">Ely, Northcutt (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqWdlf7dWUYC&dq=Ngwenyama&pg=PA175"><i>Summary of Mining and Petroleum Laws of the World: Africa</i></a>. U.S. Bureau of Mines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summary+of+Mining+and+Petroleum+Laws+of+the+World%3A+Africa&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Mines&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ely&rft.aufirst=Northcutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqWdlf7dWUYC%26dq%3DNgwenyama%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602213525/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/swaziland/constitution-politics">"Swaziland: Constitution and Politics"</a>. <i>The Commonwealth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/swaziland/constitution-politics">the original</a> on 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commonwealth&rft.atitle=Swaziland%3A+Constitution+and+Politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecommonwealth.org%2Four-member-countries%2Fswaziland%2Fconstitution-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublications2003" class="citation book cs1">Publications, Europa (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&q=King+of+Swaziland"><i>Africa South of the Sahara 2004</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-183-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-183-4"><bdi>978-1-85743-183-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2004&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-183-4&rft.aulast=Publications&rft.aufirst=Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djj4J-AXGDaQC%26q%3DKing%2Bof%2BSwaziland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MYkAQAAIAAJ&q=Ingwenyama"><i>A Comparative Study of National Integrity Systems in 5 Southern African Countries</i></a>. Transparency International Zimbabwe. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7974-3508-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7974-3508-7"><bdi>978-0-7974-3508-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+National+Integrity+Systems+in+5+Southern+African+Countries&rft.pub=Transparency+International+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7974-3508-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MYkAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DIngwenyama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuper-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuper_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuper_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper2018" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Hilda (16 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YRBqDwAAQBAJ&q=King+of+Eswatini"><i>An African Aristocracy: Rank Among the Swazi</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-99796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-99796-9"><bdi>978-0-429-99796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+Aristocracy%3A+Rank+Among+the+Swazi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft.isbn=978-0-429-99796-9&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Hilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYRBqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DKing%2Bof%2BEswatini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDlamini2019" class="citation book cs1">Dlamini, Hlengiwe Portia (25 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q-yDwAAQBAJ&q=Ngwenyama"><i>A Constitutional History of the Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland), 1960–1982</i></a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24777-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24777-5"><bdi>978-3-030-24777-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitutional+History+of+the+Kingdom+of+Eswatini+%28Swaziland%29%2C+1960%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft.isbn=978-3-030-24777-5&rft.aulast=Dlamini&rft.aufirst=Hlengiwe+Portia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Q-yDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNgwenyama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotholm2021" class="citation book cs1">Potholm, Christian P. (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iXoDwAAQBAJ&q=Ngwenyama"><i>Swaziland: The Dynamics of Political Modernization</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-31731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-31731-4"><bdi>978-0-520-31731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swaziland%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Political+Modernization&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.isbn=978-0-520-31731-4&rft.aulast=Potholm&rft.aufirst=Christian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iXoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNgwenyama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRwelamilaAbdul-Aziz2020" class="citation book cs1">Rwelamila, Pantaleo D.; Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Rashid (22 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PksIEAAAQBAJ&q=King"><i>Improving the Performance of Construction Industries for Developing Countries: Programmes, Initiatives, Achievements and Challenges</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-28865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-28865-0"><bdi>978-1-000-28865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improving+the+Performance+of+Construction+Industries+for+Developing+Countries%3A+Programmes%2C+Initiatives%2C+Achievements+and+Challenges&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-000-28865-0&rft.aulast=Rwelamila&rft.aufirst=Pantaleo+D.&rft.au=Abdul-Aziz%2C+Abdul-Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPksIEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DKing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANgwenyama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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protests</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Eswatini" title="Flag of Eswatini"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/100px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/150px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/200px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eswatini" title="Geography of Eswatini">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Eswatini" title="Cabinet of Eswatini">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Eswatini" title="Elections in Eswatini">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Eswatini" title="Foreign relations of Eswatini">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eswatini" title="Human rights in Eswatini">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Eswatini">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ngwenyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndlovukati" title="Ndlovukati">Ndlovukati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Eswatini" title="List of prime ministers of Eswatini">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbutfo_Eswatini_Defence_Force" title="Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbutfo_Eswatini_Defence_Force#Commanders" title="Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Eswatini" title="Law enforcement in Eswatini">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">House of Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Eswatini" title="List of political parties in Eswatini">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Eswatini" title="Category:Society of Eswatini">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eswatini" title="Culture of Eswatini">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eswatini" title="Demographics of Eswatini">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Eswatini" title="Flag of Eswatini">Flag</a></li> <li><a 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