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<button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1949 establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zones_of_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zones_of_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Zones of occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zones_of_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDR_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDR_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>GDR identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDR_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remembrance_of_the_Third_Reich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance_of_the_Third_Reich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Remembrance of the Third Reich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrance_of_the_Third_Reich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Wende_(German_reunification)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Wende_(German_reunification)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>Die Wende</i> (German reunification)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Wende_(German_reunification)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>State symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Presidential standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_service_flags_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_service_flags_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>War and service flags and symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_service_flags_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_emblems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Political and social emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Pioneer_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Pioneer_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Young Pioneer programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Pioneer_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ernst_Thälmann_Pioneer_Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ernst_Thälmann_Pioneer_Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ernst_Thälmann_Pioneer_Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Uniform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_German_Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_German_Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Free German Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_German_Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membership_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniform_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.3</span> <span>Uniform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Administrative districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_of_Third_World_socialist_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_Third_World_socialist_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Support of Third World socialist countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_Third_World_socialist_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Germany_and_the_Middle_East_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Germany_and_the_Middle_East_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>East Germany and the Middle East conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Germany_and_the_Middle_East_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_military_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_military_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Soviet military occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_military_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_People's_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_People's_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>National People's Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_People's_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Border troops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Stasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_groups_of_the_working_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_groups_of_the_working_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.5</span> <span>Combat groups of the working class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_groups_of_the_working_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscientious_objection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientious_objection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.6</span> <span>Conscientious objection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientious_objection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Totalitarianism_and_repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totalitarianism_and_repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Totalitarianism and repression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totalitarianism_and_repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumption_and_jobs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption_and_jobs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consumption and jobs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption_and_jobs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_atheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_atheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>State atheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_atheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_care_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_care_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Child care system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_care_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Censorship_in_the_music_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_in_the_music_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Censorship in the music sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_in_the_music_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Television and radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_and_public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_and_public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Official and public holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_and_public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decrepit_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decrepit_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Decrepit infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decrepit_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authoritarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authoritarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Authoritarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authoritarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ostalgie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostalgie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ostalgie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostalgie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Electoral consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">East Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Демократ Джэрмэн Республикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Демократ Джэрмэн Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Demokratiese_Republiek" title="Duitse Demokratiese Republiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitse Demokratiese Republiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik" title="Deutsche Demokratische Republik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Demokratische Republik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85_%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ምሥራቅ ጀርመን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምሥራቅ ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانيا الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_Alemana" title="Republica Democratica Alemana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Democratica Alemana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_Alemana" title="República Democrática Alemana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Democrática Alemana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_Demokratik_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Almaniya Demokratik Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya Demokratik Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="آلمان دموکراتیک جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان دموکراتیک جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Kangin" title="Jerman Kangin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman Kangin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পূর্ব জার্মানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-tek" title="Tang-tek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang-tek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Германия Демократик Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия Демократик Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германская Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германская Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германска демократична република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германска демократична република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Demokratische_Republik" title="Deitsche Demokratische Republik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitsche Demokratische Republik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Istočna Njemačka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istočna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratel_Alamagn" title="Republik Demokratel Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Demokratel Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A0tica_Alemanya" title="República Democràtica Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Democràtica Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Германи Демократиллĕ Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи Демократиллĕ Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Alemanya" title="East Alemanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="East Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_republika" title="Německá demokratická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německá demokratická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_Alemana" title="República Democrática Alemana – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="República Democrática Alemana" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Ddemocrataidd_yr_Almaen" title="Gweriniaeth Ddemocrataidd yr Almaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Ddemocrataidd yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR" title="DDR – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DDR" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik" title="Deutsche Demokratische Republik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Demokratische Republik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska_demokratiska_republika" title="Nimska demokratiska republika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska demokratiska republika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_Demokraatlik_Vabariik" title="Saksa Demokraatlik Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa Demokraatlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λαοκρατική Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαοκρατική Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_Alemana" title="República Democrática Alemana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Democrática Alemana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Germanio" title="Orienta Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbrica_Democr%C3%A1tica_Alemana" title="Repúbrica Democrática Alemana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Repúbrica Democrática Alemana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniako_Errepublika_Demokratikoa" title="Alemaniako Errepublika Demokratikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniako Errepublika Demokratikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="آلمان شرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysturt%C3%BDskland" title="Eysturtýskland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eysturtýskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_allemande" title="République démocratique allemande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République démocratique allemande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtske_Demokratyske_Republyk" title="Dútske Demokratyske Republyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútske Demokratyske Republyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in_Thoir" title="An Ghearmáin Thoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin Thoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan_Hiar" title="Yn Ghermaan Hiar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan Hiar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt_an_Ear" title="A' Ghearmailt an Ear – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt an Ear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_Alem%C3%A1" title="República Democrática Alemá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Democrática Alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="東德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%8F%85" title="동독 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동독" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերմանիայի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիայի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पूर्व जर्मनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्व जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmska_demokratiska_republika" title="Němska demokratiska republika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska demokratiska republika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka_Demokratska_Republika" title="Njemačka Demokratska Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka Demokratska Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estal_Germania" title="Estal Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Estal Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratic_German" title="Republica Democratic German – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Republica Democratic German" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Democratic_Republica" title="German Democratic Republica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="German Democratic Republica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Германы Демократон Республикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Германы Демократон Республикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austur-%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Austur-Þýskaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austur-Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Democratica_Tedesca" title="Repubblica Democratica Tedesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Democratica Tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמניה המזרחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה המזרחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_W%C3%A9tan" title="Jerman Wétan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman Wétan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიის დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Германия Демократиялық Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия Демократиялық Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kidemokrasia_ya_Kijerumani" title="Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_Demokrat%C3%AEk_a_Almanyay%C3%AA" title="Komara Demokratîk a Almanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komara Demokratîk a Almanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81" title="ເຢຍລະມັນຕາເວັນອອກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຢຍລະມັນຕາເວັນອອກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_democratica_Germanica" title="Res publica democratica Germanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica democratica Germanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_Demokr%C4%81tisk%C4%81_Republika" title="Vācijas Demokrātiskā Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas Demokrātiskā Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsch_Demokratesch_Republik" title="Däitsch Demokratesch Republik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch Demokratesch Republik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германиядин Демократиядин Республика – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германиядин Демократиядин Республика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_Demokratin%C4%97_Respublika" title="Vokietijos Demokratinė Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos Demokratinė Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Democratega_Tedesca" title="Repubbrica Democratega Tedesca – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Democratega Tedesca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Democratische_Rippubliek" title="Duitse Democratische Rippubliek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitse Democratische Rippubliek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_Democratega_Todesca" title="Republega Democratega Todesca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega Democratega Todesca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_Demokratikus_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Német Demokratikus Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német Demokratikus Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Источна Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Источна Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Dem%C3%B4kratika_Alem%C3%A0na" title="Repoblika Demôkratika Alemàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika Demôkratika Alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="കിഴക്കൻ ജർമ്മനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിഴക്കൻ ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पूर्व जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूर्व जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიაშ დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المانيا الشرقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا الشرقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شرقی آلمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شرقی آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Зүүн Герман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүүн Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျာမန်ဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်ဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_Democratische_Republiek" title="Duitse Democratische Republiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse Democratische Republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पूर्व जर्मनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूर्व जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ドイツ民主共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ民主共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германин Демократин Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Германин Демократин Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR" title="DDR – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DDR" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98st-Tyskland" title="Øst-Tyskland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øst-Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_tyske_demokratiske_republikken" title="Den tyske demokratiske republikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den tyske demokratiske republikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_Alemanda" title="Republica Democratica Alemanda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica Democratica Alemanda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_Demokratik_Respublikasi" title="Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="چڑھدا جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چڑھدا جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Demokratiko_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Republika Demokratiko Alemán – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Republika Demokratiko Alemán" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%81_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ختيځ جرمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختيځ جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8F" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ខាងកើត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ខាងកើត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Democr%C3%A0tica_Alman-a" title="Repùblica Democràtica Alman-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Repùblica Democràtica Alman-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsche_Demokraatsche_Republiek" title="Düütsche Demokraatsche Republiek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsche Demokraatsche Republiek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecka_Republika_Demokratyczna" title="Niemiecka Republika Demokratyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemiecka Republika Demokratyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha_Oriental" title="Alemanha Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik" title="Deutsche Demokratische Republik – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Deutsche Demokratische Republik" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democrat%C4%83_German%C4%83" title="Republica Democrată Germană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Democrată Germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_Dimukratiku_Republika" title="Aliman Dimukratiku Republika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aliman Dimukratiku Republika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германска демократична република – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Германска демократична република" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Германская Демократическая Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германская Демократическая Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%94%D0%A0" title="ГДР – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="ГДР" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Democr%C3%A0tica_Tedesca" title="Repùblica Democràtica Tedesca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica Democràtica Tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="East Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aast-D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Aast-Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aast-Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania_Lindore" title="Gjermania Lindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania Lindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%C3%B9bblica_Dimucr%C3%A0tica_Tidesca" title="Ripùbblica Dimucràtica Tidesca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ripùbblica Dimucràtica Tidesca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemeck%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_republika" title="Nemecká demokratická republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecká demokratická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ka_demokrati%C4%8Dna_republika" title="Nemška demokratična republika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemška demokratična republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymjecko_Dymokratyczno_Republika" title="Mjymjecko Dymokratyczno Republika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymjecko Dymokratyczno Republika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ئەڵمانیای ڕۆژھەڵات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیای ڕۆژھەڵات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Источна Немачка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источна Немачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Istočna Njemačka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_demokraattinen_tasavalta" title="Saksan demokraattinen tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan demokraattinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sttyskland" title="Östtyskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östtyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Alemanya" title="Silangang Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Silangang Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இடாய்ச்சு மக்களாட்சிக் குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடாய்ச்சு மக்களாட்சிக் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Германия Демократик Республикасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия Демократик Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="తూర్పు జర్మనీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తూర్పు జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศเยอรมนีตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนีตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷумҳурии Демократии Олмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Демократии Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Almanya" title="Doğu Almanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Німецька Демократична Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька Демократична Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مشرقی جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Democr%C3%A0tega_Todesca" title="Repùblega Democràtega Todesca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Democràtega Todesca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne_do_Levant" title="Almagne do Levant – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne do Levant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinirangan_Alemanya" title="Sinirangan Alemanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinirangan Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7" title="东德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="מזרח דייטשלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מזרח דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cl%C3%A0o%C3%B2r%C3%B9n_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ìlàoòrùn Jẹ́mánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìlàoòrùn Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_Almanyayo_Demokratik" title="Cumhuriyetê Almanyayo Demokratik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyetê Almanyayo Demokratik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/GDR_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="GDR (disambiguation)">GDR (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country that existed from 1949 to 1990. 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">German Democratic Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1949–1990</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of East Germany"><img alt="Flag of East Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Germany" title="Flag of East Germany">Flag</a><br />(1959–1990)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_arms_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1955–1990) of East Germany"><img alt="Emblem (1955–1990) of East Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/State_arms_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/85px-State_arms_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/State_arms_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/128px-State_arms_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/State_arms_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg/170px-State_arms_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_East_Germany" title="National emblem of East Germany">Emblem</a><br />(1955–1990)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!</span></span>"<br />("<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Auferstanden_aus_Ruinen" title="Auferstanden aus Ruinen">Auferstanden aus Ruinen</a></span></span>"<br />("Risen from Ruins")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-GDR_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Europe-GDR_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Europe-GDR_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Europe-GDR_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Europe-GDR_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Europe-GDR_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Europe-GDR_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Germany_1956-1990.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_Germany_1956-1990.svg/250px-East_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_Germany_1956-1990.svg/375px-East_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/East_Germany_1956-1990.svg/500px-East_Germany_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of the East Germany (dark green)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_Germany&params=52_31_N_13_24_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°24′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.517°N 13.400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.517; 13.400</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DDR_German" title="DDR German">German</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (in parts of <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Dresden" title="Bezirk Dresden">Bezirk Dresden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Cottbus" title="Bezirk Cottbus">Bezirk Cottbus</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>See <a href="#Religion">Religion in East Germany</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>East German</li><li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Germany" title="Politics of East Germany">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED Leader</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946–1950<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950–1971 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1971–1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state of East Germany">Head of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1960 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl" title="Sabine Bergmann-Pohl">Sabine Bergmann-Pohl</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_Government_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of Government of East Germany">Head of Government</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1964 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">Lothar de Maizière</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Chamber">Volkskammer</a></i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_States" title="Chamber of States">Länderkammer</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany#1949_constitution" title="Constitution of East Germany">Original constitution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 uprising</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 June 1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany#1968_constitution" title="Constitution of East Germany">Socialist constitution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 1968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Treaty,_1972" title="Basic Treaty, 1972">Basic Treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">FRG</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1972</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_335" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 335">Admitted</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">18 September 1973</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 October 1989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Final Settlement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">108,875 km<sup>2</sup> (42,037 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,388,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,068,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,111,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">149/km<sup>2</sup> (385.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1989 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$525.29 billion<sup id="cite_ref-WID_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WID-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$26,631<sup id="cite_ref-WID_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WID-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1990 formula)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.953<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_German_mark" title="East German mark">East German mark</a> (1949–1990), officially named: <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Mark</i></span> (1949–1964)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark der Deutschen Notenbank</i></span> (1964–1967)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mark der DDR</i></span> (1967–1990)</li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a></i></span> (from 1 July 1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_East_Germany" title="Telephone numbers in East Germany">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in the German Democratic Republic">+37</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DD" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:DD">DD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.dd" title=".dd">.dd</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet occupation zone in Germany</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">Federal Republic of Germany</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">The initial <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_East_Germany" title="Flag of East Germany">Flag of East Germany</a> (GDR) adopted in 1949 was identical to that of West Germany (FRG). In 1959, the government of this country issued a new version of the flag bearing the national emblem, serving to distinguish East from West.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>East Germany</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ostdeutschland</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɔstˌdɔʏtʃlant]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a3\/De-Ostdeutschland.ogg\/De-Ostdeutschland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Ostdeutschland.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/De-Ostdeutschland.ogg/De-Ostdeutschland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Ostdeutschland.ogg" title="File:De-Ostdeutschland.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), officially known as the <b>German Democratic Republic</b> (<b>GDR</b>; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈdɔʏtʃə<span class="wrap"> </span>demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁepuˈbliːk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/De-Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik.ogg\/De-Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Deutsche Demokratische Republik.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/De-Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik.ogg/De-Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Deutsche_Demokratische_Republik.ogg" title="File:De-Deutsche Demokratische Republik.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <b>DDR</b>), was a country in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> from <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany#1949_constitution" title="Constitution of East Germany">its formation</a> on 7 October 1949 until <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">its reunification</a> with <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> on 3 October 1990. Until 1989, it was generally viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> and described itself as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist</a> "workers' and peasants' state".<sup id="cite_ref-MajorOsmond_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MajorOsmond-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Germany" title="Economy of East Germany">economy of the country</a> was <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">centrally planned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">state-owned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the GDR had to pay substantial war reparations to the Soviets, its economy became the most successful in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_stats_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_stats-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before its establishment, the country's territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)" title="Berlin Declaration (1945)">Berlin Declaration</a> abolishing German sovereignty in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet-occupied zone</a>, bounded on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder-Neiße line</a>. The GDR was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED), a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a>, before being democratized and liberalized in 1989 as a result of the pressure against communist governments brought by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. This paved the way for East Germany's reunification with the West. Unlike the government of West Germany, the SED did not see its state as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> (1871–1945) and abolished the goal of unification in the constitution (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany#1974_amendments" title="Constitution of East Germany">1974</a>). The SED-ruled GDR was often described as a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_satellite_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet satellite state">Soviet satellite state</a>; historians described it as an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UPNE_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPNE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographically the GDR bordered the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> to the southeast, and West Germany to the southwest and west. Internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of <a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied occupation of Berlin">Allied-occupied Berlin</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, which was also administered as the country's <i>de facto</i> capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> known collectively as <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> (<i>de facto</i> part of the FRG). Emigration to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">West</a> was a significant problem as many emigrants were well-educated young people; such emigration <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">weakened</a> the state economically. In response, the GDR government fortified its <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">inner German border</a> and later built the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people <a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">attempting to flee</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were killed by border guards or <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 numerous social, economic, and political forces in the GDR and abroad, one of the most notable being peaceful protests starting in the city of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> and the establishment of a government committed to liberalization. The following year, <a href="/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election" title="1990 East German general election">a free and fair election</a> was held in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and international negotiations between the four former Allied countries and the two German states commenced. The negotiations led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Final Settlement treaty</a>, which replaced the Potsdam Agreement on the status and borders of a future, reunited Germany. The GDR ceased to exist when its five states ("Länder") joined the Federal Republic of Germany under Article 23 of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a>, and its capital <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> united with <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> on 3 October 1990. Several of the GDR's leaders, notably its last communist leader <a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a>, were later prosecuted for offenses committed during the GDR era.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h2></div> <p>The official name was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i></span> (German Democratic Republic), usually abbreviated to <i>DDR</i> (GDR). Both terms were used in East Germany, with increasing usage of the abbreviated form, especially since East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners to be foreigners following the promulgation of its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany_(1968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of East Germany (1968)">second constitution</a> in 1968. West Germans, the western media and statesmen initially avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like <i>Ostzone</i> (Eastern Zone),<sup id="cite_ref-zeit49_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeit49-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sowjetische Besatzungszone</i></span> (Soviet Occupation Zone; often abbreviated to <i>SBZ</i>) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sogenannte DDR</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "so-called GDR".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The centre of political power in East Berlin was – in the West – referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Pankow" title="Pankow">Pankow</a></i> (the seat of command of the Soviet forces in Germany was in <a href="/wiki/Karlshorst" title="Karlshorst">Karlshorst</a>, a district in the East of Berlin).<sup id="cite_ref-zeit49_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeit49-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, however, the abbreviation "DDR" was also increasingly used colloquially by West Germans and West German media.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When used by West Germans, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westdeutschland</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>) was a term almost always in reference to the geographic region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Germany">Western Germany</a> and not to the area within the boundaries of the Federal Republic of Germany. However, this use was not always consistent and West Berliners frequently used the term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westdeutschland</i></span> to denote the Federal Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before World War II, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostdeutschland</i></span> (eastern Germany) was used to describe all the territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Elbia" title="East Elbia">East Elbia</a>), as reflected in the works of sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Germany" title="History of East Germany">History of East Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Sector_Germany.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Soviet_Sector_Germany.png/220px-Soviet_Sector_Germany.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Soviet_Sector_Germany.png/330px-Soviet_Sector_Germany.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Soviet_Sector_Germany.png/440px-Soviet_Sector_Germany.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>On the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, the Allies jointly occupied Germany west of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>, later forming these occupied territories into two independent countries. Light grey: territories annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union; dark grey: West Germany (formed from the US, UK and French occupation zones, including <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>); red: East Germany (formed from the Soviet occupation zone, including <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Explaining the internal impact of the GDR government from the perspective of German history in the long term, historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_A._Ritter" title="Gerhard A. Ritter">Gerhard A. Ritter</a> (2002) has argued that the East German state was defined by two dominant forces – <a href="/wiki/Soviet_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet communism">Soviet communism</a> on the one hand, and German traditions filtered through the interwar experiences of German communists on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout its existence GDR consistently grappled with the influence of the more prosperous West, against which East Germans continually measured their own nation. The notable transformations instituted by the communist regime were particularly evident in the abolition of capitalism, the overhaul of industrial and agricultural sectors, the militarization of society, and the political orientation of both the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Germany" title="Education in East Germany">educational system</a> and the media. </p><p>On the other hand, the new regime made relatively few changes in the historically independent domains of the sciences, the engineering professions,<sup id="cite_ref-ritter2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritter2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185–189">: 185–189 </span></sup> the Protestant churches,<sup id="cite_ref-ritter2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritter2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> and in many bourgeois lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-ritter2_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritter2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> Social policy, says Ritter, became a critical legitimization tool in the last decades and mixed socialist and traditional elements about equally.<sup id="cite_ref-ritter2_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritter2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> during World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, i.e., the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), and the Soviet Union (USSR), agreed on dividing a defeated <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> into <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">occupation zones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on dividing Berlin, the German capital, among the Allied powers as well. Initially, this meant the formation of three zones of occupation, i.e., American, British, and Soviet. Later, a French zone was carved out of the US and British zones.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949_establishment">1949 establishment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"><span style="color:white;">Eastern Bloc</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/240px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><span style="color:white;">Republics</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR"><span style="color:white;">USSR</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ruling communist party, known as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED), formed on 21 April 1946 from <a href="/wiki/Merger_of_the_KPD_and_SPD_into_the_Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger of the KPD and SPD into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany">the merger</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD) and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two former parties were notorious rivals when they were active before the Nazis consolidated all power and criminalized them, and official East German and Soviet histories portrayed this merger as a voluntary pooling of efforts by the socialist parties and symbolic of the new friendship of German socialists after defeating their common enemy; however, there is much evidence that the merger was more troubled than commonly portrayed, and that the Soviet occupation authorities applied great pressure on the SPD's eastern branch to merge with the KPD, and the communists, who held a majority, had virtually total control over policy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SED remained the ruling party for the entire duration of the East German state. It had close ties with the Soviets, which maintained <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany" title="Group of Soviet Forces in Germany">military forces in East Germany</a> until the dissolution of the Soviet regime in 1991 (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> continued to maintain forces in the territory of the former East Germany until 1994), with the purpose of countering <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> bases in West Germany. </p><p>As West Germany was reorganized and gained independence from its occupiers (1945–1949), the GDR was established in East Germany in October 1949. The emergence of the two sovereign states solidified the 1945 division of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March 1952, (in what would become known as the "<a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a>") the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, issued a proposal to reunify Germany with a policy of neutrality, with no conditions on economic policies and with guarantees for "the rights of man and basic freedoms, including freedom of speech, press, religious persuasion, political conviction, and assembly" and free activity of democratic parties and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West demurred; reunification was not then a priority for the <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> of West Germany, and the NATO powers declined the proposal, asserting that Germany should be able to join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and that such a negotiation with the Soviet Union would be seen as a capitulation. </p><p>In 1949 the Soviets turned control of East Germany over to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a> (1876–1960), who became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the German Democratic Republic">President of the GDR</a> and held the office until his death, while the <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> assumed most executive authority. Socialist leader <a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a> (1894–1964) became <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_East_Germany" title="Council of Ministers of East Germany">prime minister</a> until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of East Germany denounced West German failures in accomplishing <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> and renounced ties to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> past, imprisoning many former Nazis and preventing them from holding government positions. The SED set a primary goal of ridding East Germany of all traces of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> between 180,000 and 250,000 people were sentenced to imprisonment on political grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zones_of_occupation">Zones of occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet occupation zone of Germany</a></div> <p>In the Yalta and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam</a> conferences of 1945, the Allies established their joint military occupation and administration of Germany via the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> (ACC), a four-power (US, UK, USSR, France) <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military government</a> effective until the restoration of German sovereignty. In eastern Germany, the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ – <i>Sowjetische Besatzungszone</i>) comprised the five states (<i>Länder</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disagreements over the policies to be followed in the occupied zones quickly led to a breakdown in cooperation between the four powers, and the Soviets administered their zone without regard to the policies implemented in the other zones. The Soviets withdrew from the ACC in 1948; subsequently, as the other three zones were increasingly unified and granted self-government, the Soviet administration instituted a separate socialist government in its zone.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png/170px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png/255px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png/340px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1949.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>West Germany (blue) comprised the Western Allies' zones, excluding disputed <a href="/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (protectorate)">Saarland</a> (purple); the Soviet zone, East Germany (red) surrounded West Berlin (yellow).</figcaption></figure> <p>Seven years after the Allies' 1945 <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> on common German policies, the USSR via the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a> (10 March 1952) proposed <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">superpower disengagement</a> from Central Europe, which the three Western Allies (the United States, France, the United Kingdom) rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, a Communist proponent of reunification, died in early March 1953. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenty Beria">Lavrenty Beria</a>, the First Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR, pursued German reunification, but he was removed from power that same year before he could act on the matter. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, rejected reunification as equivalent to returning East Germany for annexation to the West; hence reunification was off the table until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin wall</a> in 1989. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Berlin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/West_and_East_Berlin.svg/220px-West_and_East_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/West_and_East_Berlin.svg/330px-West_and_East_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/West_and_East_Berlin.svg/440px-West_and_East_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">West and East Berlin with the Berlin Wall</div></figcaption></figure> <p>East Germany regarded East Berlin as its capital, and the Soviet Union and the rest of the Eastern Bloc diplomatically recognized East Berlin as the capital. However, the Western Allies disputed this recognition, considering the entire city of Berlin to be <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied territory</a> governed by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>. According to Margarete Feinstein, East Berlin's status as the capital was largely unrecognized by the West and by most Third World countries.<sup id="cite_ref-German_Democratic_Republic_page_78_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German_Democratic_Republic_page_78-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the ACC's authority was rendered moot by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, East Berlin's status as occupied territory largely became a <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a>, and the Soviet sector of Berlin became fully integrated into the GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deepening Cold War conflict between the Western Powers and the Soviet Union over the unresolved status of West Berlin led to the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a> (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949). The Soviet army initiated the blockade by halting all Allied rail, road, and water traffic to and from West Berlin. The Allies countered the Soviets with the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a> (1948–49) of food, fuel, and supplies to West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition">Partition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Germany" title="Category:History of Germany">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of <span class="fn org label">Germany</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany" title="List of historic states of Germany">Historic states</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_queens" title="List of German queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_empresses" title="List of Holy Roman empresses">Empresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs_in_1918" title="List of German monarchs in 1918">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediatised_houses" title="Mediatised houses">Mediatised</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Eastward settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">Sectionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">Mediatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1871–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1933</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1933–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Contemporary Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Ostgebiete</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1945–1949/1952</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1944–1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West</a>–<a class="mw-selflink selflink">East</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">division</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New states</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">Modern history</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 1990</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 21 April 1946 the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands</i></span> – KPD) and the part of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands</i></span> – SPD) in the Soviet zone merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED – <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands</i></span>), which then won the <a href="/wiki/1946_Soviet_occupation_zone_state_elections" title="1946 Soviet occupation zone state elections">elections of October 1946</a>. The SED government <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a> infrastructure and industrial plants. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-3301,_Berlin,_DDR-Gr%C3%BCndung,_Wahl_Pieck,_Grotewohl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-3301%2C_Berlin%2C_DDR-Gr%C3%BCndung%2C_Wahl_Pieck%2C_Grotewohl.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-3301%2C_Berlin%2C_DDR-Gr%C3%BCndung%2C_Wahl_Pieck%2C_Grotewohl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-3301%2C_Berlin%2C_DDR-Gr%C3%BCndung%2C_Wahl_Pieck%2C_Grotewohl.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-3301%2C_Berlin%2C_DDR-Gr%C3%BCndung%2C_Wahl_Pieck%2C_Grotewohl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-3301%2C_Berlin%2C_DDR-Gr%C3%BCndung%2C_Wahl_Pieck%2C_Grotewohl.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-19000-3301%2C_Berlin%2C_DDR-Gr%C3%BCndung%2C_Wahl_Pieck%2C_Grotewohl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>GDR leaders: President <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a>, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1948 the <a href="/wiki/German_Economic_Commission" title="German Economic Commission">German Economic Commission</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Wirtschaftskomission</i></span>–DWK) under its chairman <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rau" title="Heinrich Rau">Heinrich Rau</a> assumed administrative authority in the Soviet occupation zone, thus becoming the predecessor of an East German government.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 October 1949 the SED established the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i></span> (German Democratic Republic – GDR), based on a socialist political constitution establishing its control of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Fascism">Anti-Fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(East_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (East Germany)">National Front of the German Democratic Republic</a> (NF, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik</i></span>), an omnibus alliance of every party and mass organisation in East Germany. The NF was established to stand for election to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskammer</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Chamber">People's Chamber</a>), the East German parliament. The first and only president of the German Democratic Republic was <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a>. However, after 1950, political power in East Germany was held by the First Secretary of the SED, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MajorOsmond_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MajorOsmond-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opvolger_van_Pieck,_Walter_Ulbricht,_Bestanddeelnr_911-5926_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opvolger_van_Pieck%2C_Walter_Ulbricht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5926_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Opvolger_van_Pieck%2C_Walter_Ulbricht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5926_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opvolger_van_Pieck%2C_Walter_Ulbricht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5926_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Opvolger_van_Pieck%2C_Walter_Ulbricht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5926_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opvolger_van_Pieck%2C_Walter_Ulbricht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5926_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Opvolger_van_Pieck%2C_Walter_Ulbricht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_911-5926_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="3181" /></a><figcaption> SED First Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>, 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 June 1953, workers constructing the new <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stalinallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinallee">Stalinallee</a></i></span> boulevard in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> according to the GDR's officially promulgated <a href="/wiki/The_Sixteen_Principles_of_Urban_Design" title="The Sixteen Principles of Urban Design">Sixteen Principles of Urban Design</a>, rioted against a 10% production-quota increase. Initially a labour protest, the action soon included the general populace, and on 17 June similar protests occurred throughout the GDR, with more than a million people <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">striking</a> in some 700 cities and towns. Fearing anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolution</a>, on 18 June 1953 the government of the GDR enlisted the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Occupation_Forces_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany">Soviet Occupation Forces</a> to aid the police in ending the riot; some fifty people were killed and 10,000 were jailed (see <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of 1953 in East Germany">Uprising of 1953 in East Germany</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="I don't understand the transition between the previous paragraph and this one. (January 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> owed to the Soviets impoverished the Soviet Zone of Occupation and severely weakened the East German economy. In the 1945–46 period the Soviets confiscated and transported to the USSR approximately 33% of the industrial plant and by the early 1950s had extracted some US$10 billion in reparations in agricultural and industrial products.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_M._Naimark_1949,_pp._167-9_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_M._Naimark_1949,_pp._167-9-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poverty of East Germany, induced or deepened by reparations, provoked the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">Republikflucht</a></i></span> ("desertion from the republic") to West Germany, further weakening the GDR's economy. Western economic opportunities induced a <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>. In response, the GDR closed the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">inner German border</a>, and on the night of 12 August 1961, East German soldiers began erecting the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1220-401,_Erich_Honecker_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1220-401%2C_Erich_Honecker_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1220-401%2C_Erich_Honecker_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1220-401%2C_Erich_Honecker_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1220-401%2C_Erich_Honecker_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1220-401%2C_Erich_Honecker_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R1220-401%2C_Erich_Honecker_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>, head of state (1971–1989)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1971, Ulbricht was removed from leadership after Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> supported his ouster;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a> replaced him. While the Ulbricht government had experimented with liberal reforms, the Honecker government reversed them. The new government introduced a new <a href="/wiki/East_German_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="East German Constitution">East German Constitution</a> which defined the German Democratic Republic as a "republic of workers and peasants".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, East Germany claimed an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a> for all of Germany, a claim supported by most of the Communist bloc. It claimed that West Germany was an illegally-constituted <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of NATO. However, from the 1960s onward, East Germany began recognizing itself as a separate country from West Germany and shared the legacy of the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">united German state of 1871–1945</a>. This was formalized in 1974 when the reunification clause was removed from the revised East German constitution. West Germany, in contrast, maintained that it was the only legitimate government of Germany. From 1949 to the early 1970s, West Germany maintained that East Germany was an illegally constituted state. It argued that the GDR was a Soviet puppet-state, and frequently referred to it as the "Soviet occupation zone". West Germany's allies shared this position until 1973. East Germany was recognized primarily by socialist countries and by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab bloc">Arab bloc</a>, along with some "scattered sympathizers".<sup id="cite_ref-time_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a> (1955), West Germany did not establish (formal) diplomatic ties with any country – except the Soviets – that recognized East German sovereignty. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0801-026,_Helsinki,_KSZE-Konferenz,_Schlussakte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0801-026%2C_Helsinki%2C_KSZE-Konferenz%2C_Schlussakte.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0801-026%2C_Helsinki%2C_KSZE-Konferenz%2C_Schlussakte.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0801-026%2C_Helsinki%2C_KSZE-Konferenz%2C_Schlussakte.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0801-026%2C_Helsinki%2C_KSZE-Konferenz%2C_Schlussakte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0801-026%2C_Helsinki%2C_KSZE-Konferenz%2C_Schlussakte.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0801-026%2C_Helsinki%2C_KSZE-Konferenz%2C_Schlussakte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption> Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>, Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and Austrian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Bruno Kreisky</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Act</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1970s, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i></span> ("Eastern Policy") of "Change Through Rapprochement" of the pragmatic government of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">FRG</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, established normal diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/East_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bloc">East Bloc</a> states. This policy saw the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">Treaty of Moscow</a> (August 1970), the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> (December 1970), the <a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a> (September 1971), the <a href="/wiki/Transit_Agreement_(1972)" title="Transit Agreement (1972)">Transit Agreement</a> (May 1972), and the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Treaty_(1972)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Treaty (1972)">Basic Treaty</a> (December 1972), which relinquished any separate claims to an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a> over Germany as a whole and established normal relations between the two Germanies. Both countries were admitted into the United Nations on 18 September 1973. This also increased the number of countries recognizing East Germany to 55, including the US, UK and France, though these three still refused to recognize East Berlin as the capital, and insisted on a specific provision in the UN resolution accepting the two Germanies into the UN to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-time_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a <i>de facto</i> government within a single German nation and a <i>de jure</i> state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognize the GDR <i>de jure</i> as a sovereign state under international law; but it fully acknowledged that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the <i>de facto</i> and <i>de jure</i> government, but also the sole <i>de jure</i> legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Germanies each relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally; which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations <i>de jure</i> in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Final Act</a>. </p><p>This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> in 1973;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular, the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Travel between the GDR and Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary became visa-free from 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDR_identity">GDR identity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg/200px-Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg/300px-Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg/400px-Karl_Marx_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> monument in <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> (renamed <i>Karl-Marx-Stadt</i> from 1953 to 1990)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0816-002,_Leipzig,_Karl-Marx-Platz,_Brunnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0816-002%2C_Leipzig%2C_Karl-Marx-Platz%2C_Brunnen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0816-002%2C_Leipzig%2C_Karl-Marx-Platz%2C_Brunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0816-002%2C_Leipzig%2C_Karl-Marx-Platz%2C_Brunnen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0816-002%2C_Leipzig%2C_Karl-Marx-Platz%2C_Brunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0816-002%2C_Leipzig%2C_Karl-Marx-Platz%2C_Brunnen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0816-002%2C_Leipzig%2C_Karl-Marx-Platz%2C_Brunnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/City-Hochhaus_Leipzig" title="City-Hochhaus Leipzig">Uni-Riese</a> (<i>University Giant</i>) in 1982. Built in 1972, it was once part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">Karl-Marx-University</a> and is Leipzig's tallest building.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning, the newly formed GDR tried to establish its own separate identity.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the imperial and military legacy of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, the SED repudiated continuity between Prussia and the GDR. The SED destroyed a number of symbolic relics of the former <a href="/wiki/Prussian_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian aristocracy">Prussian aristocracy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junker</a> manor-houses were torn down, the <a href="/wiki/City_Palace,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="City Palace, Berlin">Berliner Stadtschloß</a> was razed and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin" title="Palace of the Republic, Berlin">Palace of the Republic</a> was built in its place, and the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Frederick_the_Great" title="Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great">equestrian statue of Frederick the Great</a> was removed from East Berlin. Instead, the SED focused on the progressive heritage of German history, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a>'s role in the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> of 1524–1525 and the role played by the heroes of the class struggle during Prussia's industrialization. Other notable figures and reformers from Prussian history such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Karl Freiherr vom Stein</a> (1757–1831), <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a> (1750–1822), <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> (1767–1835), and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_Scharnhorst" title="Gerhard von Scharnhorst">Gerhard von Scharnhorst</a> (1755–1813) were upheld by the SED as examples and role models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remembrance_of_the_Third_Reich">Remembrance of the Third Reich</h4></div><p> The communist regime of the GDR based its legitimacy on the struggle of anti-fascist militants. A form of <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_Resistance" title="Buchenwald Resistance">resistance "cult"</a> was established in the Buchenwald camp memorial site, with the creation of a museum in 1958, and the annual celebration of the Buchenwald oath taken on 19 April 1945 by the prisoners who pledged to fight for peace and freedom. In the 1990s, the 'state anti-fascism' of the GDR gave way to the 'state anti-communism' of the FRG. From then on, the dominant interpretation of GDR history, based on the concept of totalitarianism, led to the equivalence of communism and Nazism.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf shows, with the help of the newspaper <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></span>, how the national memorials of <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a> were politically instrumentalised <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Germany&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> in the GDR, particularly during the celebrations of the liberation of the concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although officially built in opposition to the 'fascist world' in West Germany, in 1954, 32% of public administration employees were former members of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. However, in 1961, the share of former NSDAP members among the senior Interior Ministry administration staff was less than 10% in the GDR, compared to 67% in the FRG.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in West Germany, a work of memory on the resurgence of Nazism was carried out, this was not the case in the East. Indeed, as Axel Dossmann, professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, notes, "this phenomenon was completely hidden. For the state-SED (the East German communist party), it was impossible to admit the existence of neo-Nazis, since the foundation of the GDR was to be an anti-fascist state. The Stasi kept an eye on them, but they were considered to be outsiders or thick-skinned bullies. These young people grew up hearing double talk. At school, it was forbidden to talk about the Third Reich and, at home, their grandparents told them how, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, we had the first motorways." On 17 October 1987, thirty or so skinheads violently threw themselves into a crowd of 2,000 people at a rock concert in the Zionskirche without the police intervening.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the writer <a href="/wiki/Freya_Klier" title="Freya Klier">Freya Klier</a> received a death threat for writing an essay on <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> in the GDR. SPDA Vice President <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Thierse" title="Wolfgang Thierse">Wolfgang Thierse</a>, for his part, complained in <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> about the rise of the extreme right in the everyday life of the inhabitants of the former GDR, in particular the terrorist group NSU, with the German journalist Odile Benyahia-Kouider explaining that "it is no coincidence that the neo-Nazi party NPD has experienced a renaissance via the East".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian Sonia Combe observes that until the 1990s, the majority of West German historians described the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> in June 1944 as an "invasion", exonerated the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> of its responsibility for the genocide of the Jews and fabricated the myth of a diplomatic corps that "did not know". On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> was never a taboo in the GDR. The Nazis' crimes were the subject of extensive film, theatre and literary productions. In 1991, 16% of the population in West Germany and 6% in East Germany had antisemitic prejudices. In 1994, 40% of West Germans and 22% of East Germans felt that too much emphasis was placed on the genocide of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Pfeil" title="Ulrich Pfeil">Ulrich Pfeil</a>, nevertheless, recalls the fact that anti-fascist commemoration in the GDR had "a hagiographic and indoctrination character".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the case of the memory of the protagonists of the German labour movement and the victims of the camps, it was "staged, censored, ordered" and, during the 40 years of the regime, was an instrument of legitimisation, repression and maintenance of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Wende_(German_reunification)"><span id="Die_Wende_.28German_reunification.29"></span><i>Die Wende</i> (German reunification)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Die_Wende" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Wende">Die Wende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1104-437,_Berlin,_Demonstration_am_4._November.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1104-437%2C_Berlin%2C_Demonstration_am_4._November.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1104-437%2C_Berlin%2C_Demonstration_am_4._November.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1104-437%2C_Berlin%2C_Demonstration_am_4._November.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1104-437%2C_Berlin%2C_Demonstration_am_4._November.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1104-437%2C_Berlin%2C_Demonstration_am_4._November.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1104-437%2C_Berlin%2C_Demonstration_am_4._November.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption> Demonstration on <a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz" title="Alexanderplatz">Alexanderplatz</a> in East Berlin on 4 November 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1989, following widespread public anger over the faking of results of local government elections, many GDR citizens applied for exit visas or <a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">left the country</a> contrary to GDR laws. The impetus for this exodus of East Germans was the removal of the electrified fence along <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>'s border with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> on 2 May 1989. Although formally the Hungarian frontier was still closed, many East Germans took the opportunity to enter Hungary via <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and then make the illegal crossing from Hungary to Austria and to West Germany beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Judt612_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judt612-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July, 25,000 East Germans had crossed into Hungary;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of them did not attempt the risky crossing into Austria but remained instead in Hungary or claimed asylum in West German embassies in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> or <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. </p><p>The opening of a border gate between Austria and Hungary at the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a> on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction leading to the end of the GDR and disintegration of the Eastern Bloc. It was the largest mass escape from East Germany since the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The idea of opening the border at a ceremony came from <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, who proposed it to <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_N%C3%A9meth" title="Miklós Németh">Miklós Németh</a>, then Hungarian Prime Minister, who promoted the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patrons of the picnic, Habsburg and Hungarian Minister of State <a href="/wiki/Imre_Pozsgay" title="Imre Pozsgay">Imre Pozsgay</a>, who did not attend the event, saw the planned event as an opportunity to test <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s reaction to an opening of the border on the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. In particular, it tested whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by the Paneuropean Union through posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a>, which was then headed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a>, distributed thousands of brochures inviting GDR citizens to a picnic near the border at Sopron (near Hungary's border with Austria).<sup id="cite_ref-Hilde_Szabo_2014_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilde_Szabo_2014-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Die_Zeit_2014_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Die_Zeit_2014-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local Sopron organizers knew nothing of possible GDR refugees, but envisaged a local party with Austrian and Hungarian participation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams. Thus the barrier of the Eastern Bloc was broken. Tens of thousands of East Germans, alerted by the media, made their way to Hungary, which was no longer ready to keep its borders completely closed or force its border troops to open fire on escapees. The GDR leadership in East Berlin did not dare to completely lock down their own country's borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilde_Szabo_2014_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilde_Szabo_2014-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Die_Zeit_2014_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Die_Zeit_2014-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next major turning point in the exodus came on 10 September 1989, when Hungarian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a> announced that his country would no longer restrict movement from Hungary into Austria. Within two days, 22,000 East Germans crossed into Austria; tens of thousands more did so in the following weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Judt612_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judt612-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other GDR citizens <a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">demonstrated against the ruling party</a>, especially in the city of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. The Leipzig demonstrations became a weekly occurrence, with a turnout of 10,000 people at the first demonstration on 2 October, peaking at an estimated 300,000 by the end of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-Judt613_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judt613-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests were surpassed in East Berlin, where half a million demonstrators turned out against the regime on 4 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Judt613_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judt613-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a>, conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra</a>, led local negotiations with the government and held town meetings in the concert hall.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstrations eventually led Erich Honecker to resign in October; he was replaced by a slightly more moderate communist, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The massive demonstration in East Berlin on 4 November coincided with Czechoslovakia formally opening its border to West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Judt614_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judt614-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the West more accessible than ever before, 30,000 East Germans made the crossing via Czechoslovakia in the first two days alone. To try to stem the outward flow of the population, the SED proposed a law loosening travel restrictions. When the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskammer</i></span> rejected it on 5 November, the Cabinet and <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> of the GDR resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Judt614_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judt614-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left only one avenue open for Krenz and the SED: completely abolishing travel restrictions between East and West. </p><p>On 9 November 1989, a few sections of the Berlin Wall were opened, resulting in thousands of East Germans crossing freely into West Berlin and West Germany for the first time in nearly 30 years. Krenz resigned a month later, and the SED opened negotiations with the leaders of the incipient Democratic movement, <a href="/wiki/Neues_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neues Forum">Neues Forum</a>, to schedule free elections and begin the process of democratization. As part of this process, the SED eliminated the clause in the East German constitution guaranteeing the Communists leadership of the state. The change was approved in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskammer</i></span> on 1 December 1989 by a vote of 420 to 0.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudt2005615_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudt2005615-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Alliance_for_Germany.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Logo_of_the_Alliance_for_Germany.png/220px-Logo_of_the_Alliance_for_Germany.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Logo_of_the_Alliance_for_Germany.png 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Germany" title="Alliance for Germany">Alliance for Germany</a> coalition, which was led by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)">Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>East Germany held <a href="/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election" title="1990 East German general election">its last election in March 1990</a>. The winner was <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Germany" title="Alliance for Germany">Alliance for Germany</a>, a coalition headed by the East German branch of West Germany's <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a>, which advocated speedy reunification. Negotiations (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_With_Respect_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany">2+4</a> Talks) were held involving the two German states and the former <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, which led to agreement on the conditions for German unification. By a two-thirds vote in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a></i></span> on 23 August 1990, the German Democratic Republic declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany. The five original <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">East German states</a> that had been abolished in the 1952 redistricting were restored.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 October 1990, the five states officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany, while East and West Berlin united as a third city-state (in the same manner as <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>). On 1 July, a currency union preceded the political union: the "Ostmark" was abolished, and the Western German "Deutsche Mark" became the common currency. </p><p>Although the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskammer</i></span>'s declaration of accession to the Federal Republic had initiated the process of reunification, the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms, conditions and qualifications, some of which involved amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990 – that is, through a binding agreement between the former Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic, now recognising each other as separate sovereign states in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was then voted into effect prior to the agreed date for Unification by both the Volkskammer and the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities, effecting on the one hand the extinction of the GDR, and on the other the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. </p><p>The great economic and socio-political inequalities between the former Germanies required government subsidies for the full integration of the German Democratic Republic into the Federal Republic of Germany. Because of the resulting <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> in the former East Germany, the causes of the failure of this integration continue to be debated. Some western commentators claim that the depressed eastern economy is a natural aftereffect of a demonstrably inefficient <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>. But many East German critics contend that the <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock-therapy</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, the artificially high <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate of exchange">rate of exchange</a> offered for the <a href="/wiki/East_German_mark" title="East German mark">Ostmark</a>, and the speed with which the entire process was implemented did not leave room for East German enterprises to adapt.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Germany" title="Politics of East Germany">Politics of East Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/East Germany">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22East+Germany%22">"East Germany"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22East+Germany%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22East+Germany%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22East+Germany%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22East+Germany%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22East+Germany%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/170px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/255px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/340px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>SED logotype: the Communist–Social Democrat handshake of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a>, establishing the SED in 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M0925-406,_New_York,_Fahnen_vor_dem_UNO-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M0925-406%2C_New_York%2C_Fahnen_vor_dem_UNO-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M0925-406%2C_New_York%2C_Fahnen_vor_dem_UNO-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M0925-406%2C_New_York%2C_Fahnen_vor_dem_UNO-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M0925-406%2C_New_York%2C_Fahnen_vor_dem_UNO-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M0925-406%2C_New_York%2C_Fahnen_vor_dem_UNO-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M0925-406%2C_New_York%2C_Fahnen_vor_dem_UNO-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>GDR flag at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>There were four periods in East German political history.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included: 1949–1961, which saw the building of socialism; 1961–1970 after the Berlin Wall closed off escape was a period of stability and consolidation; 1971–1985 was termed the <a href="/wiki/Honecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Honecker">Honecker</a> Era, and saw closer ties with West Germany; and 1985–1990 saw the decline and extinction of East Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany" title="Constitution of East Germany">Constitution of East Germany</a></div> <p>The ruling political party in East Germany was the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a>, SED). It was created in 1946 through the Soviet-directed merger of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD) and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) in the Soviet-controlled zone. However, the SED quickly transformed into a full-fledged Communist party as the more independent-minded Social Democrats were pushed out.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Potsdam Agreement committed the Soviets to support a democratic form of government in Germany, though the Soviets' understanding of democracy was radically different from that of the West.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other Soviet-bloc countries, <a href="/wiki/Bloc_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc party (politics)">non-communist political parties</a> were allowed. Nevertheless, every political party in the GDR was forced to join the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(East_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (East Germany)">National Front of Democratic Germany</a>, a broad coalition of parties and mass political organisations, including: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a>, CDU), which merged with the West German <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> after reunification.</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Farmers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany">Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany</a>, DBD). The party merged with the West German <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> after reunification.</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Germany">Liberal Democratic Party of Germany</a>, LDPD), merged with the West German <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">FDP</a> after reunification.</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_(East_Germany)" title="National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany)">National Democratic Party of Germany</a>, NDPD), merged with the West German <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">FDP</a> after reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin,_Palast_der_Republik_--_um_1990_--_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik_--_um_1990_--_2.jpg/220px-Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik_--_um_1990_--_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik_--_um_1990_--_2.jpg/330px-Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik_--_um_1990_--_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik_--_um_1990_--_2.jpg/440px-Berlin%2C_Palast_der_Republik_--_um_1990_--_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4980" data-file-height="3283" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the Republic (Berlin)">Palast der Republik</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_DDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Berlin_DDR.jpg/220px-Berlin_DDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Berlin_DDR.jpg/330px-Berlin_DDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Berlin_DDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Poster with the inscription "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berlin – Hauptstadt der DDR</i></span>", 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>The member parties were almost completely subservient to the SED and had to accept its "<a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">leading role</a>" as a condition of their existence. However, the parties did have representation in the Volkskammer and received some posts in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Volkskammer also included representatives from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mass_movement_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass movement (politics)">mass organisations</a></i> like the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freie Deutsche Jugend</i></span> or <i>FDJ</i>), or the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Free German Trade Union Federation">Free German Trade Union Federation</a>. There was also a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Women%27s_Federation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Women's Federation of Germany">Democratic Women's Federation of Germany</a>, with seats in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskammer</i></span>. </p><p>Important non-parliamentary mass organisations in East German society included the German Gymnastics and Sports Association (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund</i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/DTSB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTSB">DTSB</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Solidarity" title="People's Solidarity">People's Solidarity</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkssolidarität</i></span>), an organisation for the elderly. Another society of note was the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_German-Soviet_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for German-Soviet Friendship">Society for German-Soviet Friendship</a>. </p><p>After the fall of Socialism, the SED was renamed the "<a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">Party of Democratic Socialism</a>" (PDS) which continued for a decade after reunification before merging with the West German <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Social_Justice_%E2%80%93_The_Electoral_Alternative" title="Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative">WASG</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Left_Party_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Party (Germany)">Left Party</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Linke</i></span>). The Left Party continues to be a political force in many parts of Germany, albeit drastically less powerful than the SED.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_symbols">State symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/East Germany">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The flag of the German Democratic Republic consisted of three horizontal stripes in the traditional German-democratic colors black-red-gold with the national coat of arms of the GDR in the middle, consisting of hammer and compass, surrounded by a wreath of corn as a symbol of the alliance of workers, peasants and intelligentsia. First drafts of Fritz Behrendt's coat of arms contained only a hammer and wreath of corn, as an expression of the workers' and peasants' state. The final version was mainly based on the work of Heinz Behling. </p><p>By law of 26 September 1955, the state coat of arms with hammer, compass and wreath of corn was determined, as the state flag continues black-red-gold. By law of 1 October 1959, the coat of arms was inserted into the state flag. Until the end of the 1960s, the public display of this flag in the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin was regarded as a violation of the constitution and public order and prevented by police measures (cf. the Declaration of the Interior Ministers of the Federation and the Länder, October 1959). It was not until 1969 that the Federal Government decreed "that the police should no longer intervene anywhere against the use of the flag and coat of arms of the GDR." </p><p>At the request of the DSU, the first freely elected People's Chamber of the GDR decided on 31 May 1990 that the GDR state coat of arms should be removed within a week in and on public buildings. Nevertheless, until the official end of the republic, it continued to be used in a variety of ways, for example on documents. </p><p>The text Resurrected from Ruins of the National Anthem of the GDR is by Johannes R. Becher, the melody by Hanns Eisler. From the beginning of the 1970s to the end of 1989, however, the text of the anthem was no longer sung due to the passage "Deutschland einig Vaterland". </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_(1950%E2%80%931953).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provisional coat of arms of the GDR (12 January 1950 to 28 May 1953)"><img alt="Provisional coat of arms of the GDR (12 January 1950 to 28 May 1953)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281950%E2%80%931953%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281950%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281950%E2%80%931953%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281950%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281950%E2%80%931953%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281950%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Provisional coat of arms of the GDR<br />(12 January 1950 to 28 May 1953)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_(1953%E2%80%931955).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provisional coat of arms of the GDR (28 May 1953 to 26 September 1955)"><img alt="Provisional coat of arms of the GDR (28 May 1953 to 26 September 1955)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg/118px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg/176px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg/235px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Provisional coat of arms of the GDR<br />(28 May 1953 to 26 September 1955)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_(1955%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the GDR (26 September 1955 to 2 October 1990)"><img alt="Coat of arms of the GDR (26 September 1955 to 2 October 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931990%29.svg/117px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931990%29.svg/176px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931990%29.svg/235px-Coat_of_arms_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the GDR<br />(26 September 1955 to 2 October 1990)<br /></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the GDR (7 October 1949 to 1 October 1959)"><img alt="Flag of the GDR (7 October 1949 to 1 October 1959)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/180px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/240px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the GDR<br /> (7 October 1949 to 1 October 1959)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Ensign_of_East_Germany_(1959%E2%80%931973).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commercial flag (1959–1973)"><img alt="Commercial flag (1959–1973)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Civil_Ensign_of_East_Germany_%281959%E2%80%931973%29.svg/120px-Civil_Ensign_of_East_Germany_%281959%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Civil_Ensign_of_East_Germany_%281959%E2%80%931973%29.svg/180px-Civil_Ensign_of_East_Germany_%281959%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Civil_Ensign_of_East_Germany_%281959%E2%80%931973%29.svg/240px-Civil_Ensign_of_East_Germany_%281959%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commercial flag<br /> (1959–1973)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the GDR (1 October 1959 to 3 October 1990)"><img alt="Flag of the GDR (1 October 1959 to 3 October 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/180px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/240px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the GDR<br /> (1 October 1959 to 3 October 1990)<br /></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_standard">Presidential standard</h4></div> <p>The first standard of the president had the shape of a rectangular flag in the colors black-red-gold with the inscription "President" in yellow in the red stripe, as well as "D.D.R." (contrary to the official abbreviation with dots) in the stripe below in black letters. The flag was surrounded by a stripe of yellow color. An original of the standard is in the German Historical Museum in Berlin. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_(1951%E2%80%931953).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential standard 1951–1953 (The emblem was already introduced on 12 January 1950, the standard was adopted on 29 January 1951.)"><img alt="Presidential standard 1951–1953 (The emblem was already introduced on 12 January 1950, the standard was adopted on 29 January 1951.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281951%E2%80%931953%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281951%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281951%E2%80%931953%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281951%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281951%E2%80%931953%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281951%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">Presidential</a> standard 1951–1953<br /> (The emblem was already introduced on 12 January 1950, the standard was adopted on 29 January 1951.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_(1953%E2%80%931955).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential standard 1953–1955 (The emblem of the GDR was changed on 28 May 1953 and already resembled the final coat of arms of 1955.)"><img alt="Presidential standard 1953–1955 (The emblem of the GDR was changed on 28 May 1953 and already resembled the final coat of arms of 1955.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281953%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presidential standard 1953–1955<br />(The emblem of the GDR was changed on 28 May 1953 and already resembled the final coat of arms of 1955.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_(1955%E2%80%931960).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the president 1955–1960 (The standard was maintained until 7 September 1960, when Wilhelm Pieck died and the presidency was abolished.)"><img alt="Standard of the president 1955–1960 (The standard was maintained until 7 September 1960, when Wilhelm Pieck died and the presidency was abolished.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931960%29.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931960%29.svg/172px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931960%29.svg/229px-Flag_of_the_President_of_East_Germany_%281955%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standard of the president 1955–1960<br />(The standard was maintained until 7 September 1960, when Wilhelm Pieck died and the presidency was abolished.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the chairman of the Council of State 1960–1990"><img alt="Standard of the chairman of the Council of State 1960–1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standard of the chairman of the Council of <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">State</a> 1960–1990</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_and_service_flags_and_symbols">War and service flags and symbols</h4></div> <p>The flags of the military units of the GDR bore the national coat of arms with a wreath of two olive branches on a red background in the black-red-gold flag. </p><p>The flags of the People's Navy for combat ships and boats bore the coat of arms with olive branch wreath on red, for auxiliary ships and boats on blue flag cloth with a narrow and centrally arranged black-red-gold band. As Gösch, the state flag was used in a reduced form. </p><p>The ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast on the Baltic Sea and the boats of the border troops of the GDR on the Elbe and Oder carried a green bar on the Liekjust like the service flag of the border troops. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_NVA_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Service flag of the National People's Army"><img alt="Service flag of the National People's Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Service flag of the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_warships_of_VM_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Service flag for combat ships and boats of the People's Navy"><img alt="Service flag for combat ships and boats of the People's Navy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_warships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_warships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_warships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_warships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_warships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_warships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Service flag for combat ships and boats of the People's Navy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_auxiliary_ships_of_VM_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Service flag for auxiliary ships and boats of the People's Navy"><img alt="Service flag for auxiliary ships and boats of the People's Navy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_auxiliary_ships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_auxiliary_ships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_auxiliary_ships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_auxiliary_ships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_auxiliary_ships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_auxiliary_ships_of_VM_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Service flag for auxiliary ships and boats of the People's Navy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_German_post_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutsche Post (1955–1973)"><img alt="Service flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_German_post_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_German_post_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_German_post_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_German_post_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_German_post_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_German_post_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post_of_the_GDR" title="Deutsche Post of the GDR">Deutsche Post</a> (1955–1973)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_border_brigade_coast_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Service flag for ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast"><img alt="Service flag for ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_border_brigade_coast_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_border_brigade_coast_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_border_brigade_coast_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_border_brigade_coast_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_border_brigade_coast_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_border_brigade_coast_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Service flag for ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_boats_of_border_troops_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Service flag of the border troops"><img alt="Service flag of the border troops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_boats_of_border_troops_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_boats_of_border_troops_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_boats_of_border_troops_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_boats_of_border_troops_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_boats_of_border_troops_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_boats_of_border_troops_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Service flag of the border troops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ministry of State Security (Stasi), East Germany, until 1990"><img alt="Flag of the Ministry of State Security (Stasi), East Germany, until 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flagge_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.svg/68px-Flagge_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flagge_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.svg/102px-Flagge_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flagge_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.svg/135px-Flagge_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the Ministry of State Security (Stasi), East Germany, until 1990</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) (Stasi) of the GDR (until 1990)"><img alt="Emblem of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) (Stasi) of the GDR (until 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Stasi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) (Stasi) of the GDR (until 1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_NVA_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic (from 1956 until 1990)"><img alt="Coat of arms of National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic (from 1956 until 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> of the German Democratic Republic (from 1956 until 1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_NVA_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Ground Forces of National People's Army (1956–1990)"><img alt="Emblem of the Ground Forces of National People's Army (1956–1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emblem_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emblem_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emblem_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Emblem_of_the_Ground_Forces_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the Ground Forces of <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> (1956–1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Volksmarine_NVA_mit_KM_Orden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The coat of arms of the People's Navy with the Order of Karl Marx (between 1956 and 1990)"><img alt="The coat of arms of the People's Navy with the Order of Karl Marx (between 1956 and 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wappen_Volksmarine_NVA_mit_KM_Orden.svg/75px-Wappen_Volksmarine_NVA_mit_KM_Orden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wappen_Volksmarine_NVA_mit_KM_Orden.svg/113px-Wappen_Volksmarine_NVA_mit_KM_Orden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wappen_Volksmarine_NVA_mit_KM_Orden.svg/150px-Wappen_Volksmarine_NVA_mit_KM_Orden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Volksmarine" title="Volksmarine">People's Navy</a> with the Order of Karl Marx (between 1956 and 1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_aircraft_NVA_(East_Germany)_before_1959.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Air Force of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic before 1959 (until 1956 the People's Police Air of the GDR)"><img alt="Emblem of Air Force of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic before 1959 (until 1956 the People's Police Air of the GDR)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_aircraft_NVA_%28East_Germany%29_before_1959.svg/120px-Emblem_of_aircraft_NVA_%28East_Germany%29_before_1959.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_aircraft_NVA_%28East_Germany%29_before_1959.svg/180px-Emblem_of_aircraft_NVA_%28East_Germany%29_before_1959.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_aircraft_NVA_%28East_Germany%29_before_1959.svg/240px-Emblem_of_aircraft_NVA_%28East_Germany%29_before_1959.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of Air Force of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic before 1959 (until 1956 the People's Police Air of the GDR)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_aircraft_of_NVA_(East_Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of aircraft of National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic (1959–1990)"><img alt="Emblem of aircraft of National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic (1959–1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Emblem_of_aircraft_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_aircraft_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Emblem_of_aircraft_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/180px-Emblem_of_aircraft_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Emblem_of_aircraft_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg/240px-Emblem_of_aircraft_of_NVA_%28East_Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of aircraft of <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> of the German Democratic Republic (1959–1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vehicle_roundel_of_Border_Troops_of_GDR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Grenztruppen used for vehicles (1949–1990)"><img alt="Emblem of the Grenztruppen used for vehicles (1949–1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vehicle_roundel_of_Border_Troops_of_GDR.svg/120px-Vehicle_roundel_of_Border_Troops_of_GDR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vehicle_roundel_of_Border_Troops_of_GDR.svg/180px-Vehicle_roundel_of_Border_Troops_of_GDR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vehicle_roundel_of_Border_Troops_of_GDR.svg/240px-Vehicle_roundel_of_Border_Troops_of_GDR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Border_Troops_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic">Grenztruppen</a> used for vehicles (1949–1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkspolizei_Bereitschaft_roundel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The national ensign of the GDR Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (from 1962 to 1990)"><img alt="The national ensign of the GDR Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (from 1962 to 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Volkspolizei_Bereitschaft_roundel.svg/120px-Volkspolizei_Bereitschaft_roundel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Volkspolizei_Bereitschaft_roundel.svg/179px-Volkspolizei_Bereitschaft_roundel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Volkspolizei_Bereitschaft_roundel.svg/239px-Volkspolizei_Bereitschaft_roundel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The national ensign of the GDR Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (from 1962 to 1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Combat Groups of the Working Class coat of arms of the fighting groups of the working class, without oak leaves (between 1953 and 1990)"><img alt="Combat Groups of the Working Class coat of arms of the fighting groups of the working class, without oak leaves (between 1953 and 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wappen_Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse.svg/120px-Wappen_Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wappen_Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse.svg/180px-Wappen_Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wappen_Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse.svg/240px-Wappen_Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Combat_Groups_of_the_Working_Class" title="Combat Groups of the Working Class">Combat Groups of the Working Class</a> coat of arms of the fighting groups of the working class, without oak leaves (between 1953 and 1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Warsaw Treaty Organization or "Warsaw Pact" (14 May 1955)"><img alt="Logo of the Warsaw Treaty Organization or "Warsaw Pact" (14 May 1955)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/101px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/151px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/201px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the Warsaw Treaty Organization or "<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>" (14 May 1955)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_and_social_emblems">Political and social emblems</h4></div> <p>After being a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Thälmann Pioneers</a>, which was for schoolchildren ages 6 to 14, East German youths would usually join the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">FDJ</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1950–1990)"><img alt="Emblem of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1950–1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/99px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/148px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/198px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (1950–1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_der_SED.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1950–1990)"><img alt="Flag of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1950–1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_der_SED.svg/120px-Flagge_der_SED.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_der_SED.svg/180px-Flagge_der_SED.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_der_SED.svg/240px-Flagge_der_SED.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (1950–1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Free German Youth"><img alt="Emblem of the Free German Youth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/94px-Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/141px-Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/187px-Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_der_Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Free German Youth"><img alt="Flag of the Free German Youth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flagge_der_Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/120px-Flagge_der_Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flagge_der_Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/180px-Flagge_der_Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flagge_der_Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/240px-Flagge_der_Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation Emblem (13 December 1948 – August 1990)"><img alt="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation Emblem (13 December 1948 – August 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg/75px-Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg/113px-Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg/150px-Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</a> Emblem (13 December 1948 – August 1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wimpel_Junge_Pioniere.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation Flag (13 December 1948 – August 1990)"><img alt="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation Flag (13 December 1948 – August 1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wimpel_Junge_Pioniere.svg/120px-Wimpel_Junge_Pioniere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wimpel_Junge_Pioniere.svg/180px-Wimpel_Junge_Pioniere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wimpel_Junge_Pioniere.svg/240px-Wimpel_Junge_Pioniere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</a> Flag (13 December 1948 – August 1990)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Pioneer_programs">Young Pioneer programs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg/170px-Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg/255px-Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg/340px-Pionierorganisation_Ernst_Thaelmann-Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Pionierorganisation Ernst Thälmann, founded on 13 December 1948</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ernst_Thälmann_Pioneer_Organisation"><span id="Ernst_Th.C3.A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation"></span>Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</a></div> <p><i>Young Pioneers</i> and the <i>Thälmann Pioneers</i>, was a youth organisation of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 in East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were named after <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a>, the former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>, who was executed at the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group was a subdivision of the <i>Freie Deutsche Jugend</i> (FDJ, <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a>), East Germany's <a href="/wiki/Youth_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth movement">youth movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded on 13 December 1948 and broke apart in 1989 on <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plum_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plum-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly all schoolchildren between ages 6 and 14 were organised into Young Pioneer or Thälmann Pioneer groups, with the organisations having "nearly two million children" collectively by 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-plum_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plum-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pioneer group was loosely based on <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a>, but organised in such a way as to teach schoolchildren aged 6 – 14 socialist ideology and prepare them for the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freie Deutsche Jugend</i></span>, the FDJ.<sup id="cite_ref-plum_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plum-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The program was designed to follow the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> Pioneer program <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization">Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization</a>. The pioneers' slogan was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Für Frieden und Sozialismus seid bereit – Immer bereit</i></span>" ("For peace and socialism be ready – always ready"). This was usually shortened to "Be ready – always ready". This was recited at the raising of the flag. One person said the first part, "Be ready!": this was usually the pioneer leader, the teacher or the head of the local pioneer group. The pioneers all answered "Always ready", stiffening their right hand and placing it against their forehead with the thumb closest and their little finger facing skywards.<sup id="cite_ref-plum_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plum-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006436_010_Demonstrationszug_-_Pioniere,_Fanfarenbl%C3%A4ser,_Tr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006436_010_Demonstrationszug_-_Pioniere%2C_Fanfarenbl%C3%A4ser%2C_Tr.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006436_010_Demonstrationszug_-_Pioniere%2C_Fanfarenbl%C3%A4ser%2C_Tr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006436_010_Demonstrationszug_-_Pioniere%2C_Fanfarenbl%C3%A4ser%2C_Tr.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006436_010_Demonstrationszug_-_Pioniere%2C_Fanfarenbl%C3%A4ser%2C_Tr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006436_010_Demonstrationszug_-_Pioniere%2C_Fanfarenbl%C3%A4ser%2C_Tr.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006436_010_Demonstrationszug_-_Pioniere%2C_Fanfarenbl%C3%A4ser%2C_Tr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation Parade in 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Pioneer groups would often have massive parades, honoring and celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> success of their nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Membership">Membership</h5></div> <p>Membership in the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers was formally voluntary. On the other hand, it was taken for granted by the state and thus by the school as well as by many parents. In practice, the initiative for the admission of all students in a class came from the school. As the membership quota of up to 98 percent of the students (in the later years of the GDR) shows, the six- or ten-year-olds (or their parents) had to become active on their own in order not to become members. Nevertheless, there were also children who did not become members. Rarely, students were not admitted because of poor academic performance or bad behavior "as a punishment" or excluded from further membership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Uniform">Uniform</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniform_of_the_East_German_Young_Pioneers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Uniform_of_the_East_German_Young_Pioneers.jpg/220px-Uniform_of_the_East_German_Young_Pioneers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Uniform_of_the_East_German_Young_Pioneers.jpg/330px-Uniform_of_the_East_German_Young_Pioneers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Uniform_of_the_East_German_Young_Pioneers.jpg/440px-Uniform_of_the_East_German_Young_Pioneers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>The pioneers' uniform consisted of white shirts and blouses bought by their parents, along with blue trousers or skirts until the 1970s and on special occasions. But often the only thing worn was the most important sign of the future socialist – the triangular <a href="/wiki/Neckerchief" title="Neckerchief">necktie</a>. At first this was blue, but from 1973, the Thälmann pioneers wore a red necktie like the pioneers in the Soviet Union, while the Young Pioneers kept the blue one. Pioneers wore their uniforms at political events and state holidays such as the workers' demonstrations on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>, as well as at school festivals and pioneer events.<sup id="cite_ref-plum_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plum-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pioneer clothing consisted of white blouses and shirts that could be purchased in sporting goods stores. On the left sleeve there was a patch with the embroidered emblem of the pioneer organization and, if necessary, a rank badge with stripes in the color of the scarf. These rank badges were three stripes for Friendship Council Chairmen, two stripes for Group Council Chairmen and Friendship Council members, one stripe for all other Group Council members. In some cases, symbols for special functions were also sewn on at this point, for example a red cross for a boy paramedic. Dark blue trousers or skirts were worn and a dark blue cap served as a headgear with the pioneer emblem as a cockade. At the beginning of the 1970s, a windbreaker/blouson and a dark red leisure blouse were added. </p><p>However, the pioneer clothing was only worn completely on special occasions, such as flag appeals, commemoration days or festive school events, but it was usually not prescribed. </p><p>From the 1960s, the requirement of trousers/skirt was dispensed with in many places, and the dress code was also relaxed with regard to the cap. For pioneer afternoons or other activities, often only the triangular scarf was worn. In contrast to the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries, a blue scarf was common in the GDR. It was not until 1973, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the organization, that the red scarf was introduced for the Thälmann pioneers, while the young pioneers remained with the blue scarf. The change of color of the scarf was solemnly designed in the pioneer organization. </p><p>From 1988 there was an extended clothing range, consisting of a Nicki in the colors white, light yellow, turquoise or pink (with an imprint of the symbol of the pioneer organization), long and short trousers with a snap belt and, for the colder months, a lined windbreaker in red for girls and gray for boys. </p><p>Suitable pioneers were trained as paramedics; after their training, they wore the badge "Young Paramedic". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Music">Music</h5></div> <p>The Pioneer songs were sung at any opportunity, including the following titles: </p> <ul><li>"Wir tragen die Blaue Fahne" – "We Carry the Blue Flag"</li> <li>"<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_kleine_Trompeter" class="extiw" title="de:Der kleine Trompeter">Unser kleiner Trompeter</a>" – "Our Little Trumpeter"</li> <li>"Thälmann-Lied" – "Thälmann Song"</li> <li>"Pioniermarsch" – "Pioneers' March"</li> <li>"Der Volkspolizist" – " The People's Policeman"</li> <li>"Jetzt bin ich Junger Pionier" – "Now I Am a Young Pioneer"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Unsere_Heimat" title="Unsere Heimat">Unsere Heimat</a>" – "Our <a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a>"</li> <li>"Die Heimat hat sich schön gemacht" – "Our Homeland Has Smartened Itself Up"</li> <li>"Auf zum Sozialismus" – "Onwards to Socialism"</li> <li>"Kleine weiße Friedenstaube" – "Little White Dove of Peace"</li> <li>"Lied der jungen Naturforscher" – "Song of the Young Nature Researchers"</li> <li>"Wenn Mutti früh zur Arbeit geht" – "When Mother Goes to Work in the Morning"</li> <li>"Gute Freunde" – "Good Friends"</li> <li>"Hab'n Se nicht noch Altpapier" – "Got Any Waste Paper?"</li> <li>"Pioniere voran!" – "Onwards, Pioneers!"</li> <li>"Laßt Euch grüßen, Pioniere" – "Greetings, Pioneers"</li> <li>"Immer lebe die Sonne" – "<a href="/wiki/May_There_Always_Be_Sunshine" title="May There Always Be Sunshine">May There Always Be Sunshine</a>"</li> <li>"Friede auf unserer Erde" – "Peace on Our Earth"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_German_Youth">Free German Youth</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/170px-Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/255px-Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg/340px-Freie_Deutsche_Jugend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ) was founded on 7 March 1946 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook,_Mary_1989_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook,_Mary_1989-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a></div> <p>Freie Deutsche Jugend, organization was meant for young people, both male and female, between the ages of 14 and 25 and comprised about 75% of the young population of former East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981–1982, this meant 2.3 million members.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Thälmann Pioneers</a>, which was for schoolchildren ages 6 to 14, East German youths would usually join the FDJ.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friesack,_Tag_der_Republik,_Friesack_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Friesack%2C_Tag_der_Republik%2C_Friesack_1969.jpg/220px-Friesack%2C_Tag_der_Republik%2C_Friesack_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Friesack%2C_Tag_der_Republik%2C_Friesack_1969.jpg/330px-Friesack%2C_Tag_der_Republik%2C_Friesack_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Friesack%2C_Tag_der_Republik%2C_Friesack_1969.jpg/440px-Friesack%2C_Tag_der_Republik%2C_Friesack_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>FDJ Organisation Parade in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>The FDJ increasingly developed into an instrument of communist rule and became a member of the 'democratic bloc' in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulbrook,_Mary_1989_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulbrook,_Mary_1989-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the FDJ's focus of 'happy youth life', which had characterised the 1940s, was increasingly marginalised following <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>'s emphasis of the 'accelerated construction of socialism' at the 4th Parliament and a radicalisation of SED policy in July 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, a more severe anti-religious agenda, whose aim was to obstruct the Church youths' work, grew within the FDJ, ultimately reaching a high point in mid-April 1953 when the FDJ newspaper <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Junge Welt</i></span> reported on details of the 'criminal' activities of the 'illegal' <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Junge Gemeinden</i></span> FDJ gangs were sent to church meetings to heckle those inside and school tribunals interrogated or expelled students who refused to join the FDJ for religious reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0521-414,_Berlin,_XII._Parlament_der_FDJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0521-414%2C_Berlin%2C_XII._Parlament_der_FDJ.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0521-414%2C_Berlin%2C_XII._Parlament_der_FDJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0521-414%2C_Berlin%2C_XII._Parlament_der_FDJ.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0521-414%2C_Berlin%2C_XII._Parlament_der_FDJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0521-414%2C_Berlin%2C_XII._Parlament_der_FDJ.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0521-414%2C_Berlin%2C_XII._Parlament_der_FDJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>East Berlin: XII Parliament of the FDJ during the opening in the Great Hall of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin" title="Palace of the Republic, Berlin">Palace of the Republic</a> in 1985.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Membership_2">Membership</h5></div> <p>Upon request, the young people were admitted to the FDJ from the age of 14. Membership was voluntary according to the statutes, but non-members had to fear considerable disadvantages in admission to secondary schools as well as in the choice of studies and careers and were also exposed to strong pressure from line-loyal teachers to join the organization. By the end of 1949, around one million young people had joined it, which corresponded to almost a third of the young people. Only in Berlin, where other youth organizations were also admitted due to the four-power status, the proportion of FDJ members in youth was limited to just under 5 percent in 1949. In 1985, the organization had about 2.3 million members, corresponding to about 80 percent of all GDR youths between the ages of 14 and 25. Most young people tacitly ended their FDJ membership after completing their apprenticeship or studies when they entered the workforce. However, during the period of military service in the NVA, those responsible (political officer, FDJ secretary) attached great importance to reviving FDJ membership. The degree of organisation was much higher in urban areas than in rural areas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_ps_000054_%5E_Pionierhaus_%5E_Zwickau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fotothek_df_ps_000054_%5E_Pionierhaus_%5E_Zwickau.jpg/170px-Fotothek_df_ps_000054_%5E_Pionierhaus_%5E_Zwickau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fotothek_df_ps_000054_%5E_Pionierhaus_%5E_Zwickau.jpg/255px-Fotothek_df_ps_000054_%5E_Pionierhaus_%5E_Zwickau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fotothek_df_ps_000054_%5E_Pionierhaus_%5E_Zwickau.jpg/340px-Fotothek_df_ps_000054_%5E_Pionierhaus_%5E_Zwickau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Pioneer choir "August Bebel" Zwickau of the pioneer house "Wilhelm Pieck" in Zwickau (Schwanenschloß)</figcaption></figure> <p>The FDJ clothing was the blue FDJ shirt ("blue shirt") – for girls the blue FDJ blouse – with the FDJ emblem of the rising sun on the left sleeve. The greeting of the FDJers was "friendship". Until the end of the GDR, the income-dependent membership fee was between 0.30 and 5.00 marks per month. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Music_2">Music</h5></div> <p>The Festival of Political Songs (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Festival des politischen Liedes</i>) was one of the largest music events in East Germany, held between 1970 and 1990. It was hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a> and featured international artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Uniform_2">Uniform</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blauhemd_FDJ-Hemd_GDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blauhemd_FDJ-Hemd_GDR.jpg/170px-Blauhemd_FDJ-Hemd_GDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blauhemd_FDJ-Hemd_GDR.jpg/255px-Blauhemd_FDJ-Hemd_GDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blauhemd_FDJ-Hemd_GDR.jpg/340px-Blauhemd_FDJ-Hemd_GDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Uniform of the FDJ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-06_0000347.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fotothek_df_n-06_0000347.jpg/170px-Fotothek_df_n-06_0000347.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fotothek_df_n-06_0000347.jpg/255px-Fotothek_df_n-06_0000347.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fotothek_df_n-06_0000347.jpg/340px-Fotothek_df_n-06_0000347.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Members with the uniform of the FDJ</figcaption></figure> <p>The blue shirt (also: FDJ shirt or FDJ blouse) was since 1948 the official organizational clothing of the GDR youth organization Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ). On official occasions, FDJ members had to wear their blue shirts. The FDJ shirt – an FDJ blouse for girls – was a long-sleeved shirt of blue color with a folding collar, epaulettes and chest pockets. On the left sleeve was the FDJ symbol of the rising sun sewn up. Until the 1970s, the blue shirts were only made of cotton, later there was a cheaper variant made of polyester mixture. </p><p>The epaulettes of the blue shirt, in contrast to epaulettes on military uniforms, did not serve to make visible rank or unit membership, but were used at most to put a beret through. Official functions in the FDJ, for example FDJ secretary of a school or apprentice class, had no rank badges and could not be read on the FDJ shirt. However, the members of the FDJ order groups officially wore the FDJ shirt together with a red armband during their missions. </p><p>From the 1970s onwards, official patches and pins were issued for certain events, which could be worn on the FDJ shirt. There was no fixed wearing style. The orders and decorations that ordinary FDJ members received until the end of their membership at the age of 19 to 24 – usually the badge of good knowledge – were usually not worn. As a rule, only full-time FDJ members on the way to the nomenklatura at an older age achieved awards, which were also worn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_districts">Administrative districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of East Germany">Administrative divisions of East Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany" title="List of leaders of administrative divisions of East Germany">List of leaders of administrative divisions of East Germany</a></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 480px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DDR_Bezirke.png/480px-DDR_Bezirke.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="613" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DDR_Bezirke.png/720px-DDR_Bezirke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DDR_Bezirke.png/960px-DDR_Bezirke.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1379" /></span></span><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:394px; top:547px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Germany_labelled_map" title="about this map"><img alt="about this map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/20px-Circle-information.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/30px-Circle-information.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/40px-Circle-information.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:329px; top:283px"><b><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">Berlin</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:329px; top:383px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Cottbus" title="Bezirk Cottbus">Cottbus</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:329px; top:462px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Dresden" title="Bezirk Dresden">Dresden</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:69px; top:462px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Erfurt" title="Bezirk Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:359px; top:327px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt" title="Bezirk Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:512px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Gera" title="Bezirk Gera">Gera</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:165px; top:414px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Halle" title="Bezirk Halle">Halle</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:230px; top:512px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Karl-Marx-Stadt" title="Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt">Karl-Marx-Stadt</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:225px; top:430px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Leipzig" title="Bezirk Leipzig">Leipzig</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134px; top:312px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Magdeburg" title="Bezirk Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:249px; top:162px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:231px; top:292px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Potsdam" title="Bezirk Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:231px; top:85px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Rostock</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:144px; top:167px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Schwerin" title="Bezirk Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:78px; top:536px"><b><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Suhl" title="Bezirk Suhl">Suhl</a></b></div> </div> <p>Until 1952, East Germany comprised the capital, <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> (though legally it was not fully part of the GDR's territory), and the five <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mecklenburg_(1945%E2%80%931952)" title="State of Mecklenburg (1945–1952)">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (in 1947 renamed Mecklenburg), <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg (1945–1952)">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt_(1945%E2%80%931952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxony-Anhalt (1945–1952)">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (named Province of Saxony until 1946), <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, their post-war territorial demarcations approximating the pre-war German demarcations of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">Middle German</a> <i>Länder</i> (states) and <i>Provinzen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">provinces of Prussia</a>). The western parts of two provinces, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania_Province_(1815-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania Province (1815-1945)">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, the remainder of which were annexed by Poland, remained in the GDR and were attached to Mecklenburg and Saxony, respectively. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_German_Administrative_Reform_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="East German Administrative Reform of 1952">East German Administrative Reform of 1952</a> established 14 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span> (districts) and <i>de facto</i> disestablished the five <i>Länder</i>. The new <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span>, named after their district centres, were as follows: (i) <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, (ii) <a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a>, and (iii) <a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> created from the <i>Land</i> (state) of Mecklenburg; (iv) <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, (v) <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a>, and (vii) <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a> from Brandenburg; (vi) <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> and (viii) <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a> from Saxony-Anhalt; (ix) <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, (xi) <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, and (xii) <a href="/wiki/Karl-Marx-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl-Marx-Stadt">Karl-Marx-Stadt</a> (Chemnitz until 1953 and again from 1990) from Saxony; and (x) <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, (xiii) <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a>, and (xiv) <a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a> from Thuringia. </p><p>East Berlin was made the country's 15th <i>Bezirk</i> in 1961 but retained special legal status until 1968, when the residents approved the new (draft) constitution. Despite the city as a whole being legally under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>, and diplomatic objections of the Allied governments, the GDR administered the <i>Bezirk</i> of Berlin as part of its territory. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_East_Germany" title="Foreign relations of East Germany">Foreign relations of East Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support_of_Third_World_socialist_countries">Support of Third World socialist countries</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018,_Berlin,_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1014-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Staatsoberhaupt_Angolas_an_der_Grenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Angola's <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eduardo_dos_Santos" title="José Eduardo dos Santos">José Eduardo dos Santos</a> during his visit to East Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>After receiving wider international diplomatic recognition in 1972–73, the GDR began active cooperation with Third World socialist governments and <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">national liberation movements</a>. While the USSR was in control of the overall strategy and Cuban armed forces were involved in the actual combat (mostly in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">People's Republic of Angola</a> and socialist <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a>), the GDR provided experts for military hardware maintenance and personnel training, and oversaw creation of secret security agencies based on its own Stasi model. </p><p>Already in the 1960s, contacts were established with Angola's <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a>, Mozambique's <a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">PAIGC</a> in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde. In the 1970s official cooperation was established with other socialist states, such as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">People's Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">People's Republic of Benin</a>. </p><p>The first military agreement was signed in 1973 with the People's Republic of the Congo. In 1979 friendship treaties were signed with Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia. </p><p>It was estimated that altogether, 2,000–4,000 DDR military and security experts were dispatched to Africa. In addition, representatives from African and Arab countries and liberation movements underwent military training in the GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Germany_and_the_Middle_East_conflict">East Germany and the Middle East conflict</h4></div> <p>East Germany pursued an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> policy; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Jeffrey Herf</a> argues that East Germany was waging an undeclared war on <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herf_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herf-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Herf, "the Middle East was one of the crucial battlefields of the global Cold War between the Soviet Union and the West; it was also a region in which East Germany played a salient role in the Soviet bloc's antagonism toward Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While East Germany saw itself as an "anti-fascist state", it regarded <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as a "fascist state"<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and East Germany strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) in its armed struggle against Israel. In 1974, the GDR government recognized the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PLO declared the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian state</a> on 15 November 1988 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>, and the GDR recognized the state prior to reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After becoming a member of the UN, East Germany "made excellent use of the UN to wage political warfare against Israel [and was] an enthusiastic, high-profile, and vigorous member" of the anti-Israeli majority of the General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Herf_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herf-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a>, due to its wealth of unexploited natural resources, was sought out as an ally of East Germany, with Iraq being the first Arab country to recognise East Germany on 10 May 1969, paving the way for other <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> states to later do the same. East Germany attempted to play a decisive role in mediating the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> and supported the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front</a>. The East German government also attempted to foster close relations with the Ba'athist regime of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> during the early years of Assad's regime and, as it did in Iraq, used its influence to minimise tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> and the Ba'athist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h4></div> <p>During the Cold War, especially during its early years, the East German government attempted to build closer diplomatic relations and trade links between <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and East Germany. By the 1950s, East Germany had become Iceland's fifth largest trading partner. East German influence in Iceland significantly declined in the 1970s and 1980s following a schism between the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and the Icelandic Socialist Party over the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, along with free market economic reforms implemented by Iceland during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_military_occupation">Soviet military occupation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany" title="Group of Soviet Forces in Germany">Group of Soviet Forces in Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/East Germany">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nva-ehrenwache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nva-ehrenwache.jpg/170px-Nva-ehrenwache.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nva-ehrenwache.jpg/255px-Nva-ehrenwache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nva-ehrenwache.jpg/340px-Nva-ehrenwache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>East German <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Guard_mounting" title="Guard mounting">changing-of-the-guard ceremony</a> in East Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>The government of East Germany had control over a large number of military and paramilitary organisations through various ministries. Chief among these was the Ministry of National Defence. Because of East Germany's proximity to the West during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1945–92), its military forces were among the most advanced of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. Defining what was a military force and what was not is a matter of some dispute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_People's_Army"><span id="National_People.27s_Army"></span>National People's Army</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a></div> <p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationale Volksarmee</i></span> (NVA) was the largest military organisation in East Germany. It was formed in 1956 from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kasernierte_Volkspolizei" title="Kasernierte Volkspolizei">Kasernierte Volkspolizei</a></i></span> (Barracked People's Police), the military units of the regular police (<a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a>), when East Germany joined the Warsaw Pact. From its creation, it was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(East_Germany)" title="Ministry of National Defence (East Germany)">Ministry of National Defence (East Germany)</a>. It was an all-volunteer force until an eighteen-month <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> period was introduced in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was regarded by NATO officers as the best military in the Warsaw Pact.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NVA consisted of the following branches: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army" title="Land Forces of the National People's Army">Land Forces of the National People's Army</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksmarine" title="Volksmarine">Volksmarine</a></i></span> – People's Navy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_National_People%27s_Army" title="Air Forces of the National People's Army">Air Forces of the National People's Army</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_troops">Border troops</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Border_Troops_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic">Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic</a></div> <p>The border troops of the Eastern sector were originally organised as a police force, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Grenzpolizei</i></span>, similar to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">Bundesgrenzschutz</a></i></span> in West Germany. It was controlled by the Ministry of the Interior. Following the remilitarisation of East Germany in 1956, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Grenzpolizei</i></span> was transformed into a military force in 1961, modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a>, and transferred to the Ministry of National Defense, as part of the National People's Army. In 1973, it was separated from the NVA, but it remained under the same ministry. At its peak, it numbered approximately 47,000 men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft">Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft" title="Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft">Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft</a></div> <p>After the NVA was separated from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei" title="Volkspolizei">Volkspolizei</a></i></span> in 1956, the Ministry of the Interior maintained its own public order barracked reserve, known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft" title="Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft">Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (VPB)</a></i></span>. These units were, like the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kasernierte Volkspolizei</i></span>, equipped as motorised infantry, and they numbered between 12,000 and 15,000 men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stasi">Stasi</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></div> <p>The Ministry of State Security (Stasi) included the <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky_Guards_Regiment" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment">Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment</a>, which was mainly involved with facilities security and plain clothes events security. They were the only public-facing wing of the Stasi. The Stasi numbered around 90,000 men, the Guards Regiment around 11,000–12,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combat_groups_of_the_working_class">Combat groups of the working class</h4></div> <p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppen_der_Arbeiterklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse">Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse</a></i></span> (combat groups of the working class) numbered around 400,000 for much of their existence, and were organised around factories. The KdA was the political-military instrument of the SED; it was essentially a "party Army". All KdA directives and decisions were made by the ZK's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politbüro</a></i></span>. They received their training from the Volkspolizei and the Ministry of the Interior. Membership was voluntary, but SED members were required to join as part of their membership obligation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conscientious_objection">Conscientious objection</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_in_East_Germany" title="Conscientious objection in East Germany">Conscientious objection in East Germany</a></div> <p>Every man was required to serve eighteen months of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">compulsory military service</a>. For the medically unqualified and <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>, there were the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Baueinheiten" class="mw-redirect" title="Baueinheiten">Baueinheiten</a></i></span> (construction units) or the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkshygienedienst</i></span> (people's sanitation service), both established in 1964, two years after the introduction of conscription, in response to political pressure by the national <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> Protestant Church upon the GDR's government. In the 1970s, East German leaders acknowledged that former <a href="/wiki/Construction_soldier" title="Construction soldier">construction soldiers</a> and sanitation service soldiers were at a disadvantage when they rejoined the civilian sphere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totalitarianism_and_repression">Totalitarianism and repression</h3></div> <p>There is general consensus among academics that the GDR fulfilled most of the criteria to be considered a totalitarian state.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is, however, ongoing debate as to whether the more positive aspects of the regime can sufficiently dilute the harsher aspects so as to make the totalitarian tag seem excessive. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Mary Fulbrook</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even those who are most critical of the concept admit that the regime possessed most, if not all, of the objective traits associated with the term, i.e., rule by a single party or elite that dominated the state machinery; that centrally directed and controlled the economy; mass communication, and all forms of social and cultural organisation; that espoused an official, all-encompassing, utopian (or, depending on one's point of view, dystopian) ideology; and that used physical and mental terror and repression to achieve its goals, mobilise the masses, and silence opposition- all of which was made possible by the buildup of a vast state security service.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The state security service (SSD) was commonly known as the Stasi, and it was fundamental to the socialist leadership's attempts to reach their historical goal. It was an open secret in the GDR that the Stasi read people's mail and tapped phone calls.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also employed a vast network of unofficial informers who would spy on people more directly and report to their Stasi handlers. These collaborators were hired in all walks of life and had access to nearly every organisation in the country. At the end of the GDR in 1990 there were approximately 109,000 still active informants at every grade.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repressive measures carried out by the Stasi can be roughly divided into two main chronological groupings: pre and post 1971, when Honecker came to power. According to the historian Nessim Ghouas, "There was a change in how the Stasi operated under Honecker in 1971. The more brutal aspects of repression seen in the Stalinist era (torture, executions, and physical repression descending from the GDR's earlier days) was changed with a more selective use of power."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more direct forms of repression such as arrest and torture could mean significant international condemnation for the GDR. However, the Stasi still needed to paralyse and disrupt what it considered to be 'hostile-negative'<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forces (internal domestic enemies) if the socialist goal was to be properly realised. A person could be targeted by the Stasi for expressing politically, culturally, or religiously incorrect views; for performing hostile acts; or for being a member of a group which was considered sufficiently counter-productive to the socialist state to warrant intervention. As such, writers, artists, youth sub-cultures, and members of the church were often targeted.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If after preliminary research the Stasi found an individual warranted action against them then they would open an 'operational case'<sup id="cite_ref-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in regard to them. There were two desirable outcomes for each case: that the person was either arrested, tried, and imprisoned for an ostensibly justified reason, or if this could not be achieved that they were debilitated through the application of <a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a> (in German, "decomposition") methods.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Honecker era, Zersetzung became the primary method of Stasi repression, due in large part to an ambition to avoid political fallout from wrongful arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Mike Dennis says "Between 1985–1988, the Stasi conducted about 4,500 to 5,000 OVs (operational cases) per year."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zersetzung methods varied and were tailored depending on the individual being targeted. They are known to have included sending offensive mail to a person's house, the spreading of malicious rumours, banning them from traveling, sabotaging their career, breaking into their house and moving objects around etc. These acts frequently led to unemployment, social isolation, and poor mental health. Many people had various forms of mental or nervous breakdown. Similarly to physical imprisonment, Zersetzung methods had the effect of paralysing a person's ability to operate but with the advantage of the source being unknown or at least unprovable. There is ongoing debate as to whether weaponised <a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">directed energy devices</a>, such as X-ray transmitters, were used in combination with the psychological warfare methods of Zersetzung.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 135,000 children were educated in special residential homes; the worst of them was <a href="/wiki/Torgau" title="Torgau">Torgau</a> penal institution (till 1975).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Rehabilitation_Council_for_Torture_Victims" title="International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims">International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims</a> considers that there are between 300,000 and 500,000 victims of direct physical torture, Zersetzung, and gross human rights violations due to the Stasi.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victims of historical Zersetzung can now draw a special pension from the German state.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Germany" title="Economy of East Germany">Economy of East Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDR_economy-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DDR_economy-en.svg/300px-DDR_economy-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="496" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DDR_economy-en.svg/450px-DDR_economy-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DDR_economy-en.svg/600px-DDR_economy-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>Map of the East German economy, 8/1990</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0619-306,_Trabant_601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0619-306%2C_Trabant_601.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0619-306%2C_Trabant_601.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0619-306%2C_Trabant_601.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0619-306%2C_Trabant_601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0619-306%2C_Trabant_601.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0619-306%2C_Trabant_601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trabant" title="Trabant">Trabant</a> automobile was a profitable product made in the German Democratic Republic.</figcaption></figure> <p>The East German economy began poorly because of the devastation caused by the Second World War, the loss of so many young soldiers, the disruption of business and transportation, the Allied bombing campaigns that decimated cities, and reparations owed to the USSR. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> dismantled and transported to Russia the infrastructure and industrial plants of the Soviet Zone of Occupation. By the early 1950s, the reparations were paid in agricultural and industrial products; and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, with its coal mines and <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, an important natural port, were given to Poland by the decision of Stalin and in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_M._Naimark_1949,_pp._167-9_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_M._Naimark_1949,_pp._167-9-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The socialist <a href="/wiki/Centrally_planned_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrally planned economy">centrally planned economy</a> of the German Democratic Republic was like that of the USSR. In 1950, the GDR joined the <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">COMECON</a> trade bloc. In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> (state) enterprises earned 97% of the net national income. To ensure stable prices for goods and services, the state paid 80% of basic supply costs. The estimated 1984 per capita income was $9,800 ($22,600 in 2015 dollars) (this is based on an unreal official exchange rate). In 1976, the average annual growth of the GDP was 5 percent. This made the East German economy the richest in all of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> until reunification in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_stats_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_stats-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable East German exports were <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">photographic cameras</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Praktica" title="Praktica">Praktica</a> brand; automobiles under the <a href="/wiki/Trabant" title="Trabant">Trabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_(marque)" title="Wartburg (marque)">Wartburg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Industrieverband_Fahrzeugbau" title="Industrieverband Fahrzeugbau">IFA</a> brands; hunting rifles, <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">wristwatches</a>. </p><p>Until the 1960s, East Germans endured shortages of basic foodstuffs such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>. East Germans with friends or relatives in the West (or with any access to a <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a>) and the necessary <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Staatsbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatsbank">Staatsbank</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_currency_account" title="Foreign currency account">foreign currency account</a> could afford Western products and export-quality East German products via <a href="/wiki/Intershop" title="Intershop">Intershop</a>. Consumer goods also were available, by post, from the Danish <a href="/wiki/Jauerfood" title="Jauerfood">Jauerfood</a>, and Genex companies. </p><p>The government used money and prices as political devices, providing highly subsidised prices for a wide range of basic goods and services, in what was known as "the second pay packet".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the production level, artificial prices made for a system of semi-barter and resource hoarding. For the consumer, it led to the substitution of GDR money with time, barter, and hard currencies. The socialist economy became steadily more dependent on financial infusions from hard-currency loans from West Germany. East Germans, meanwhile, came to see their soft currency as worthless relative to the Deutsche Mark (DM).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic issues would also persist in East Germany after the reunification of the west and the east. According to Manfred Görtemaker, "In 1991 alone, 153 billion DM had to be transferred to eastern Germany to secure incomes, support businesses and improve infrastructure. [...] From 1991 to 1999, this resulted in a total of 1.634 trillion [DM]. [...] The sums were so large that public debt in Germany more than doubled. [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption_and_jobs">Consumption and jobs</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 15px"> <caption align="right"><b>Growth in GDP per capita in East and West Germany</b><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><b>East Germany</b> </td> <td><b>West Germany</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945–1960 </td> <td align="right">6.2 </td> <td align="right">10.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950–1960 </td> <td align="right">6.7 </td> <td align="right">8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960–1970 </td> <td align="right">2.7 </td> <td align="right">4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970–1980 </td> <td align="right">2.6 </td> <td align="right">2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–1989 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td> <td align="right">1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total 1950–1989</b> </td> <td align="right">3.1 </td> <td align="right">4.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Loyalty to the SED was a primary criterion for getting a good job – professionalism was secondary to political criteria in personnel recruitment and development.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1963 with a series of secret international agreements, East Germany recruited workers from <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian People's Republic">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>. They numbered more than 100,000 by 1989. Many, such as future politician Zeca Schall (who emigrated from Angola in 1988 as a contract worker) stayed in Germany after the Wende.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(East_Germany)" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)">Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interflug" title="Interflug">Interflug</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc</a></div> <p>By the mid-1980s, East Germany possessed a well-developed communications system. There were approximately 3.6 million telephones in usage (21.8 for every 100 inhabitants), and 16,476 <a href="/wiki/Teletypewriter_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletypewriter message">Telex</a> stations. Both of these networks were run by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post_der_DDR" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Post der DDR">Deutsche Post der DDR</a> (East German Post Office). East Germany was assigned telephone country code <a href="/wiki/%2B37" class="mw-redirect" title="+37">+37</a>; in 1991, several months after reunification, East German telephone exchanges were incorporated into country code +49. </p><p>An unusual feature of the telephone network was that, in most cases, <a href="/wiki/Direct_distance_dialing" title="Direct distance dialing">direct distance dialing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance call">long-distance calls</a> was not possible. Although <a href="/wiki/Area_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes">area codes</a> were assigned to all major towns and cities, they were only used for switching international calls. Instead, each location had its own list of dialing codes with shorter codes for <a href="/wiki/Local_call" title="Local call">local calls</a> and longer codes for long-distance calls. After unification, the existing network was largely replaced, and area codes and dialing became standardised. </p><p>In 1976 East Germany inaugurated the operation of a ground-based radio station at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenwalde" title="Fürstenwalde">Fürstenwalde</a> for the purpose of relaying and receiving communications from Soviet satellites and to serve as a participant in the international telecommunications organization established by the Soviet government, <a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0807-017,_Leipzig,_Familienszene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0807-017%2C_Leipzig%2C_Familienszene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0807-017%2C_Leipzig%2C_Familienszene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0807-017%2C_Leipzig%2C_Familienszene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0807-017%2C_Leipzig%2C_Familienszene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0807-017%2C_Leipzig%2C_Familienszene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0807-017%2C_Leipzig%2C_Familienszene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A woman and her husband, both medical students, and their triplets in East Germany in 1984. The GDR had state policies to encourage births among educated women.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,388,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,188,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,068,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,740,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,028,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">DESTATIS</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The East German population declined by three million people throughout its forty-one year history, from 19 million in 1948 to 16 million in 1990; of the 1948 population, some four million <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans">were deported</a> from the lands east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a>, which made the home of millions of Germans part of Poland and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in contrast from Poland, which increased during that time; from 24 million in 1950 (a little more than East Germany) to 38 million (more than twice of East Germany's population). This was primarily a result of emigration – about one quarter of East Germans left the country before the Berlin Wall was completed in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after that time, East Germany had very low birth rates,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for a recovery in the 1980s when the birth rate in East Germany was considerably higher than in West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="70pt">Average population (thousand)<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="70pt">Live births </th> <th width="70pt">Deaths </th> <th width="70pt">Natural change </th> <th width="70pt">Crude birth rate (per 1,000) </th> <th width="70pt">Crude death rate (per 1,000) </th> <th width="70pt">Natural change (per 1,000) </th> <th width="70pt"><a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">Total fertility rate</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td> </td> <td>188,679</td> <td>413,240</td> <td style="color: red">−224,561 </td> <td>10.2</td> <td>22.4</td> <td style="color: red">−12.1</td> <td>1.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td> </td> <td>247,275</td> <td>358,035</td> <td style="color: red">−110,760 </td> <td>13.1</td> <td>19.0</td> <td style="color: red">−5.9</td> <td>1.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td> </td> <td>243,311</td> <td>289,747</td> <td style="color: red">−46,436 </td> <td>12.7</td> <td>15.2</td> <td style="color: red">−2.4</td> <td>1.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td> </td> <td>274,022</td> <td>253,658</td> <td>20,364 </td> <td>14.5</td> <td>13.4</td> <td style="color: red">1.1</td> <td>2.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>18,388 </td> <td>303,866</td> <td>219,582</td> <td>84,284 </td> <td>16.5</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>4.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>18,350 </td> <td>310,772</td> <td>208,800</td> <td>101,972 </td> <td>16.9</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>5.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>18,300 </td> <td>306,004</td> <td>221,676</td> <td>84,328 </td> <td>16.6</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>4.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td>18,112 </td> <td>298,933</td> <td>212,627</td> <td>86,306 </td> <td>16.4</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>4.7</td> <td style="color: blue">2.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td>18,002 </td> <td>293,715</td> <td>219,832</td> <td>73,883 </td> <td>16.3</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>4.1</td> <td style="color: blue">2.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>17,832 </td> <td>293,280</td> <td>214,066</td> <td>79,215 </td> <td>16.3</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>4.4</td> <td style="color: blue">2.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>17,604 </td> <td>281,282</td> <td>212,698</td> <td>68,584 </td> <td>15.8</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>3.9</td> <td style="color: blue">2.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>17,411 </td> <td>273,327</td> <td>225,179</td> <td>48,148 </td> <td>15.6</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>2.7</td> <td style="color: blue">2.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td>17,312 </td> <td>271,405</td> <td>221,113</td> <td>50,292 </td> <td>15.6</td> <td>12.7</td> <td>2.9</td> <td style="color: blue">2.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>17,286 </td> <td>291,980</td> <td>229,898</td> <td>62,082 </td> <td>16.9</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>3.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>17,188 </td> <td>292,985</td> <td>233,759</td> <td>59,226 </td> <td>16.9</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>3.4</td> <td style="color: blue">2.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>17,079 </td> <td>300,818</td> <td>222,739</td> <td>78,079 </td> <td>17.6</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>4.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>17,136 </td> <td>297,982</td> <td>233,995</td> <td>63,987 </td> <td>17.4</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>3.7</td> <td style="color: blue">2.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td>17,181 </td> <td>301,472</td> <td>222,001</td> <td>79,471 </td> <td>17.6</td> <td>12.9</td> <td>4.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>17,004 </td> <td>291,867</td> <td>226,191</td> <td>65,676 </td> <td>17.1</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>3.9</td> <td style="color: blue">2.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>17,040 </td> <td>281,058</td> <td>230,254</td> <td>50,804 </td> <td>16.5</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>3.0</td> <td style="color: blue">2.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>17,071 </td> <td>267,958</td> <td>225,663</td> <td>42,295 </td> <td>15.7</td> <td>13.2</td> <td>2.5</td> <td style="color: blue">2.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td>17,090 </td> <td>252,817</td> <td>227,068</td> <td>25,749 </td> <td>14.8</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>1.5</td> <td style="color: blue">2.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>17,087 </td> <td>245,143</td> <td>242,473</td> <td>2,670 </td> <td>14.3</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>0.1</td> <td style="color: blue">2.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>17,075 </td> <td>238,910</td> <td>243,732</td> <td style="color: red">−4,822 </td> <td>14.0</td> <td>14.3</td> <td style="color: red">−0.3</td> <td style="color: blue">2.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>17,068 </td> <td>236,929</td> <td>240,821</td> <td style="color: red">−3,892 </td> <td>13.9</td> <td>14.1</td> <td style="color: red">−0.2</td> <td style="color: blue">2.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>17,054 </td> <td>234,870</td> <td>234,953</td> <td style="color: red">−83 </td> <td>13.8</td> <td>13.8</td> <td style="color: red">−0.0</td> <td style="color: blue">2.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>17,011 </td> <td>200,443</td> <td>234,425</td> <td style="color: red">−33,982 </td> <td>11.7</td> <td>13.7</td> <td style="color: red">−2.0</td> <td>1.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>16,951 </td> <td>180,336</td> <td>231,960</td> <td style="color: red">−51,624 </td> <td>10.6</td> <td>13.7</td> <td style="color: red">−3.0</td> <td>1.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>16,891 </td> <td>179,127</td> <td>229,062</td> <td style="color: red">−49,935 </td> <td>10.6</td> <td>13.5</td> <td style="color: red">−3.0</td> <td>1.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>16,820 </td> <td>181,798</td> <td>240,389</td> <td style="color: red">−58,591 </td> <td>10.8</td> <td>14.3</td> <td style="color: red">−3.5</td> <td>1.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>16,767 </td> <td>195,483</td> <td>233,733</td> <td style="color: red">−38,250 </td> <td>11.6</td> <td>13.9</td> <td style="color: red">−2.3</td> <td>1.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>16,758 </td> <td>223,152</td> <td>226,233</td> <td style="color: red">−3,081 </td> <td>13.3</td> <td>13.5</td> <td style="color: red">−0.2</td> <td>1.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>16,751 </td> <td>232,151</td> <td>232,332</td> <td style="color: red">−181 </td> <td>13.9</td> <td>13.9</td> <td style="color: red">−0.0</td> <td>1.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>16,740 </td> <td>235,233</td> <td>232,742</td> <td>2,491 </td> <td>14.0</td> <td>13.9</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>16,740 </td> <td>245,132</td> <td>238,254</td> <td>6,878 </td> <td>14.6</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>1.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>16,706 </td> <td>237,543</td> <td>232,244</td> <td>5,299 </td> <td>14.2</td> <td>13.9</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>1.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>16,702 </td> <td>240,102</td> <td>227,975</td> <td>12,127 </td> <td>14.4</td> <td>13.7</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>16,701 </td> <td>233,756</td> <td>222,695</td> <td>11,061 </td> <td>14.0</td> <td>13.3</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>16,660 </td> <td>228,135</td> <td>221,181</td> <td>6,954 </td> <td>13.6</td> <td>13.2</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>1.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>16,640 </td> <td>227,648</td> <td>225,353</td> <td>2,295 </td> <td>13.7</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>1.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>16,640 </td> <td>222,269</td> <td>223,536</td> <td style="color: red">−1,267 </td> <td>13.4</td> <td>13.5</td> <td style="color: red">−0.1</td> <td>1.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>16,661 </td> <td>225,959</td> <td>213,872</td> <td>12,087 </td> <td>13.6</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>16,675 </td> <td>215,734</td> <td>213,111</td> <td>2,623 </td> <td>12.9</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>1.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>16,434 </td> <td>198,992</td> <td>205,711</td> <td style="color: red">−6,789 </td> <td>12.0</td> <td>12.4</td> <td style="color: red">−0.4</td> <td>1.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>16,028 </td> <td>178,476</td> <td>208,110</td> <td style="color: red">−29,634 </td> <td>11.1</td> <td>12.9</td> <td style="color: red">−1.8</td> <td style="color: red">1.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"><b>Source:</b><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19860910300NR_Rostock_N%C3%B6rdliche_Altstadt_Auf_der_Huder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/19860910300NR_Rostock_N%C3%B6rdliche_Altstadt_Auf_der_Huder.jpg/220px-19860910300NR_Rostock_N%C3%B6rdliche_Altstadt_Auf_der_Huder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/19860910300NR_Rostock_N%C3%B6rdliche_Altstadt_Auf_der_Huder.jpg/330px-19860910300NR_Rostock_N%C3%B6rdliche_Altstadt_Auf_der_Huder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/19860910300NR_Rostock_N%C3%B6rdliche_Altstadt_Auf_der_Huder.jpg/440px-19860910300NR_Rostock_N%C3%B6rdliche_Altstadt_Auf_der_Huder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption>Hanseatic-themed <a href="/wiki/Plattenbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattenbau">panel blocks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>'s city center in September 1986, at the time East Germany's largest coastal and port city, and the sixth largest city in the country</figcaption></figure> <p>(1988 populations) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> (1,200,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (556,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (520,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Marx-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl-Marx-Stadt">Karl-Marx-Stadt</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (314,437) (Chemnitz until 1953, reverted to original name in 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (290,579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (253,990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle (Saale)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (236,044)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (220,016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (142,862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (134,834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (130,685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (128,639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (121,749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (108,010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (103,867)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Germany" title="Christianity in East Germany">Christianity in East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion in Germany</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in East Germany, 1950</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:85%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">85%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkBlue; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unaffiliated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LightGrey; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in East Germany, 1989</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:25%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">25%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkBlue; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unaffiliated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LightGrey; width:70%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">70%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Religion became contested ground in the GDR, with the governing communists promoting <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>, although some people remained loyal to Christian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, the state authorities established a <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_for_Church_Affairs" title="State Secretary for Church Affairs">State Secretariat for Church Affairs</a> to handle the government's contact with churches and with religious groups;<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the SED remained officially atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, 85% of the GDR citizens were <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, while 10% were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>. In 1961, the renowned philosophical theologian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> claimed that the Protestant population in East Germany had the most admirable Church in Protestantism, because the communists there had not been able to win a spiritual victory over them.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1989, membership in the Christian churches had dropped significantly. Protestants constituted 25% of the population, Catholics 5%. The share of people who considered themselves non-religious rose from 5% in 1950 to 70% in 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_atheism">State atheism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion in Germany</a></div> <p>When it first came to power, the Communist party asserted the compatibility of Christianity and Marxism–Leninism and sought Christian participation in the building of socialism. At first, the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a> received little official attention. In the mid-1950s, as the Cold War heated up, atheism became a topic of major interest for the state, in both domestic and foreign contexts. University chairs and departments devoted to the study of scientific atheism were founded and much literature (scholarly and popular) on the subject was produced. This activity subsided in the late 1960s amid perceptions that it had started to become counterproductive. Official and scholarly attention to atheism renewed beginning in 1973, though this time with more emphasis on scholarship and on the training of cadres than on propaganda. Throughout, the attention paid to atheism in East Germany was never intended to jeopardise the cooperation that was desired from those East Germans who were religious.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_der_Evangelischen_Kirchen_in_der_DDR" class="extiw" title="de:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR">Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0613-039,_Sitzung_des_Martin-Luther-Komitees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0613-039%2C_Sitzung_des_Martin-Luther-Komitees.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0613-039%2C_Sitzung_des_Martin-Luther-Komitees.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0613-039%2C_Sitzung_des_Martin-Luther-Komitees.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0613-039%2C_Sitzung_des_Martin-Luther-Komitees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0613-039%2C_Sitzung_des_Martin-Luther-Komitees.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0613-039%2C_Sitzung_des_Martin-Luther-Komitees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>A 1980 meeting between representatives of the BEK and Erich Honecker</figcaption></figure> <p>East Germany, historically, was majority <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>) from the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> onwards. In 1948, freed from the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi-oriented</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United churches</a> from most parts of Germany came together as the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD) at the Conference of Eisenach (<i>Kirchenversammlung von Eisenach</i>). </p><p>In 1969, the regional Protestant churches in East Germany and <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broke away from the EKD and formed the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_Protestant_Churches_in_the_German_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation of Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Federation of Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_der_Evangelischen_Kirchen_in_der_DDR" class="extiw" title="de:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR">de</a>]</span></i> (German: <i lang="de">Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR</i>, BEK), in 1970 also joined by the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> <i>Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde</i>. In June 1991, following the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, the BEK churches again merged with the EKD ones. </p><p>Between 1956 and 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> of the East German Lutheran churches gradually changed its relations with the state from hostility to cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the founding of the GDR in 1949, the Socialist Unity Party sought to weaken the influence of the church on the rising generation. The church adopted an attitude of confrontation and distance toward the state. Around 1956 this began to develop into a more neutral stance accommodating conditional loyalty. The government was no longer regarded as illegitimate; instead, the church leaders started viewing the authorities as installed by God and, therefore, deserving of obedience by Christians. But on matters where the state demanded something which the churches felt was not in accordance with the will of God, the churches reserved their right to say no. There were both structural and intentional causes behind this development. Structural causes included the hardening of Cold War tensions in Europe in the mid-1950s, which made it clear that the East German state was not temporary. The loss of church members also made it clear to the leaders of the church that they had to come into some kind of dialogue with the state. The intentions behind the change of attitude varied from a traditional liberal Lutheran acceptance of secular power to a positive attitude toward socialist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_R._Bowers_1982,_pp_73-86_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_R._Bowers_1982,_pp_73-86-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Stolpe" title="Manfred Stolpe">Manfred Stolpe</a> became a lawyer for the Brandenburg Protestant Church in 1959 before taking up a position at church headquarters in Berlin. In 1969 he helped found the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR</i></span> (BEK), where he negotiated with the government while at the same time working within the institutions of this Protestant body. He won the regional elections for the Brandenburg state assembly at the head of the SPD list in 1990. Stolpe remained in the Brandenburg government until he joined the federal government in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the Protestant state churches (German: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Landeskirchen</a></i>) united in the EKD/BEK and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> there was a number of smaller Protestant bodies, including Protestant <a href="/wiki/Free_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Churches">Free Churches</a> (German: <i lang="de">Evangelische Freikirchen</i>) united in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_the_Free_Protestant_Churches_in_the_German_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher_Gemeinden_in_der_DDR" class="extiw" title="de:Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in der DDR">de</a>]</span> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_the_Free_Protestant_Churches_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in Germany (page does not exist)">Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in Germany</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_Freier_evangelischer_Gemeinden_in_Deutschland" class="extiw" title="de:Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden in Deutschland">de</a>]</span>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_(Germany)" title="Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany)">Free Lutheran Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutheran Church</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_the_Reformed_Churches_in_the_German_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation of the Reformed Churches in the German Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Federation of the Reformed Churches in the German Democratic Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> also had its presence as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine</i></span>. There were also other Protestants such as <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventists">Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0710-035,_Dresden,_Katholikentreffen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0710-035%2C_Dresden%2C_Katholikentreffen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0710-035%2C_Dresden%2C_Katholikentreffen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0710-035%2C_Dresden%2C_Katholikentreffen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0710-035%2C_Dresden%2C_Katholikentreffen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0710-035%2C_Dresden%2C_Katholikentreffen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0710-035%2C_Dresden%2C_Katholikentreffen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katholikentag" title="Katholikentag">Katholikentag</a>, Dresden, 1987<br />(left to right) Bishop <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lehmann" title="Karl Lehmann">Karl Lehmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinals</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schaffran" title="Gerhard Schaffran">Gerhard Schaffran</a>, Joseph Ratzinger (the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Meisner" title="Joachim Meisner">Joachim Meisner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The smaller Catholic Church in eastern Germany had a fully functioning episcopal hierarchy in full accord with the Vatican. During the early postwar years, tensions were high. The Catholic Church as a whole (and particularly the bishops) resisted both the East German state and Marxist–Leninist ideology. The state allowed the bishops to lodge protests, which they did on issues such as abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_R._Bowers_1982,_pp_73-86_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen_R._Bowers_1982,_pp_73-86-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1945, the Church did fairly well in integrating Catholic exiles from lands to the east (which mostly became part of Poland) and in adjusting its institutional structures to meet the needs of a church within an officially atheist society. This meant an increasingly hierarchical church structure, whereas in the area of religious education, press, and youth organisations, a system of temporary staff was developed, one that took into account the special situation of <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Germany" title="Caritas Germany">Caritas</a>, a Catholic charity organisation. By 1950, therefore, there existed a Catholic subsociety that was well adjusted to prevailing specific conditions and capable of maintaining Catholic identity.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With a generational change in the episcopacy taking place in the early 1980s, the state hoped for better relations with the new bishops, but the new bishops instead began holding unauthorised mass meetings, promoting international ties in discussions with theologians abroad, and hosting ecumenical conferences. The new bishops became less politically oriented and more involved in pastoral care and attention to spiritual concerns. The government responded by limiting international contacts for bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (September 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>List of apostolic administrators: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Erfurt" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Erfurt">Erfurt-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Görlitz">Görlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Magdeburg" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration_of_Schwerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administration of Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_care_system">Child care system</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDR_Schulsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DDR_Schulsystem.svg/220px-DDR_Schulsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="486" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DDR_Schulsystem.svg/330px-DDR_Schulsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DDR_Schulsystem.svg/440px-DDR_Schulsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>East German schoolsystem</figcaption></figure> <p>About 600,000 children and youth were subordinate to East German residential child care system. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Germany" title="Culture of East Germany">Culture of East Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/East Germany">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>East Germany's culture was strongly influenced by communist thought and was marked by an attempt to define itself in opposition to the west, particularly West Germany and the United States. Critics of the East German state<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have claimed that the state's commitment to Communism was a hollow and cynical tool, <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavellian</a> in nature, but this assertion has been challenged by studies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2014)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> that have found that the East German leadership was genuinely committed to the advance of scientific knowledge, economic development, and social progress. However, Pence and Betts argue, the majority of East Germans over time increasingly regarded the state's ideals to be hollow, though there was also a substantial number of East Germans who regarded their culture as having a healthier, more authentic mentality than that of West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GDR culture and politics were limited by the harsh <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Germany" title="Censorship in East Germany">censorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ed_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the music of the FRG, the freedom of art was less restricted by private-sector guidelines, but by guidelines from the state and the SED. Nevertheless, many musicians strove to explore the existing boundaries. Despite the state's support for music education, there were politically motivated conflicts with the state, especially among rock, blues and folk musicians and songwriters, as well as composers of so-called serious music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_3">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz in Germany">Jazz in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0321-0204-001,_Berlin,_Volksb%C3%BChne,_Oktoberklub,_Hartmut_K%C3%B6nig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0321-0204-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Volksb%C3%BChne%2C_Oktoberklub%2C_Hartmut_K%C3%B6nig.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0321-0204-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Volksb%C3%BChne%2C_Oktoberklub%2C_Hartmut_K%C3%B6nig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0321-0204-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Volksb%C3%BChne%2C_Oktoberklub%2C_Hartmut_K%C3%B6nig.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0321-0204-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Volksb%C3%BChne%2C_Oktoberklub%2C_Hartmut_K%C3%B6nig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0321-0204-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Volksb%C3%BChne%2C_Oktoberklub%2C_Hartmut_K%C3%B6nig.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-F0321-0204-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Volksb%C3%BChne%2C_Oktoberklub%2C_Hartmut_K%C3%B6nig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Oktoberklub</i> in 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0115-047,_Berlin,_Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel_bei_Autogrammstunde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0115-047%2C_Berlin%2C_Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel_bei_Autogrammstunde.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0115-047%2C_Berlin%2C_Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel_bei_Autogrammstunde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0115-047%2C_Berlin%2C_Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel_bei_Autogrammstunde.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0115-047%2C_Berlin%2C_Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel_bei_Autogrammstunde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0115-047%2C_Berlin%2C_Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel_bei_Autogrammstunde.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-W0115-047%2C_Berlin%2C_Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel_bei_Autogrammstunde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Pop singer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Frank Schöbel">Frank Schöbel</a> (center) giving autographs in 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>A special feature of GDR culture is the broad spectrum of German rock bands. The <a href="/wiki/Puhdys" title="Puhdys">Puhdys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karat_(band)" title="Karat (band)">Karat</a> were some of the most popular mainstream bands in East Germany. Like most mainstream acts, they were members of the SED, appeared in state-run popular youth magazines such as <i>Neues Leben</i> and <i>Magazin</i>. Other popular rock bands were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wir_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wir (band) (page does not exist)">Wir</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wir_(Band)" class="extiw" title="de:Wir (Band)">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/City_(band)" title="City (band)">City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silly_(band)" title="Silly (band)">Silly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pankow_(German_band)" title="Pankow (German band)">Pankow</a>. Most of these artists recorded on the state-owned <a href="/wiki/AMIGA_(label)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIGA (label)">AMIGA</a> label. All were required to open live performances and albums with the East German national anthem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">Schlager</a>, which was very popular in the west, also gained a foothold early on in East Germany, and numerous musicians, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Christian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Christian (page does not exist)">Gerd Christian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Christian" class="extiw" title="de:Gerd Christian">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwe_Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwe Jensen (page does not exist)">Uwe Jensen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Jensen_(Schlagers%C3%A4nger)" class="extiw" title="de:Uwe Jensen (Schlagersänger)">de</a>]</span>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Schulze-Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Schulze-Gerlach (page does not exist)">Hartmut Schulze-Gerlach</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut_Schulze-Gerlach" class="extiw" title="de:Hartmut Schulze-Gerlach">de</a>]</span> gained national fame. From 1962 to 1976, an international schlager festival was held in <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, garnering participants from between 18 and 22 countries each year.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> held a similar international festival for schlager musicians from 1971 until shortly before reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a national schlager contest hosted yearly in Magdeburg from 1966 to 1971 as well.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bands and singers from other socialist countries were popular, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Czerwone_Gitary" title="Czerwone Gitary">Czerwone Gitary</a> from Poland known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rote Gitarren</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-rote-gitarren_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rote-gitarren-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deutsche-mugge_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsche-mugge-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech <a href="/wiki/Karel_Gott" title="Karel Gott">Karel Gott</a>, the Golden Voice from Prague, was beloved in both German states.<sup id="cite_ref-ddr-tanzmusik_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ddr-tanzmusik-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungarian band <a href="/wiki/Omega_(band)" title="Omega (band)">Omega</a> performed in both German states, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a> band <a href="/wiki/Korni_Grupa" title="Korni Grupa">Korni Grupa</a> toured East Germany in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-deutsche-mugge2_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deutsche-mugge2-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West German television and radio could be received in many parts of the East. The Western influence led to the formation of more "underground" groups with a decisively western-oriented sound. A few of these bands – the so-called <a href="/wiki/Die_anderen_Bands" title="Die anderen Bands">Die anderen Bands</a> ("the other bands") – were <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Skeptiker" title="Die Skeptiker">Die Skeptiker</a></i></span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Art (page does not exist)">Die Art</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Art" class="extiw" title="de:Die Art">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Feeling_B" title="Feeling B">Feeling B</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> culture reached the ears of the East German youth. With videos such as <i><a href="/wiki/Beat_Street" title="Beat Street">Beat Street</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Style" title="Wild Style">Wild Style</a></i>, young East Germans were able to develop a hip hop culture of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Germans accepted hip hop as more than just a music form. The entire street culture surrounding rap entered the region and became an outlet for oppressed youth.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of the GDR was invested in both promoting the tradition of German <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, and in supporting composers to write new works in that tradition. Notable East German composers include <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dessau" title="Paul Dessau">Paul Dessau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Meyer" title="Ernst Hermann Meyer">Ernst Hermann Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wagner-R%C3%A9geny" title="Rudolf Wagner-Régeny">Rudolf Wagner-Régeny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwaen" title="Kurt Schwaen">Kurt Schwaen</a>. </p><p>The birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (1685–1750), <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>, was rendered as a museum about him, featuring more than three hundred instruments, which, in 1980, received some 70,000 visitors. In Leipzig, the Bach archive contains his compositions and correspondence and recordings of his music.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies1977_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1977-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governmental support of classical music maintained some 168 publicly funded concert, opera, chamber, and radio orchestras, such as <a href="/wiki/Gewandhausorchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Gewandhausorchester">Gewandhausorchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomanerchor" title="Thomanerchor">Thomanerchor</a> in Leipzig; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskapelle_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden">Sächsische Staatskapelle</a> in Dresden; and <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Sinfonie_Orchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner Sinfonie Orchester">Berliner Sinfonie Orchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatsoper Unter den Linden">Staatsoper Unter den Linden</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Masur" title="Kurt Masur">Kurt Masur</a> was their prominent conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Censorship_in_the_music_sector">Censorship in the music sector</h4></div> <p>All productions were subject to <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Germany" title="Censorship in East Germany">censorship</a>. Texts had to be submitted and shows approved in advance; performances were watched. No one was exempt from this, not even famous artists with connections to the highest circles of the SED government. Under this pressure, strategies were developed to bring critical texts to the audience despite censorship. For example, Heinz Quermann always deliberately built an extreme gag into his entertainment programme so that the censors would have something to cut and the other gags would be less critically scrutinised. <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Danz" title="Tamara Danz">Tamara Danz</a> of Silly founded the term "green elephant" (<i>grüner Elefant</i>) for such passages. </p><p>At the beginning of the 1960s, the youth of the GDR were also under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">Beatles</a> and their music. In the beginning, this music was still tolerated and supported by the GDR leadership, especially with the help of the FDJ. The high point of this era was 1965, when GDR bands not only got radio and television appearances, but were even allowed to make recordings. However, the SED realised that it could not control this movement, which was basically rebellious and oriented towards the West, and steer it in a direction it liked. The <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Beat_Revolt" title="Leipzig Beat Revolt">Leipzig Beat Revolt</a> was a response, that most of the bands were therefore simply banned, the others were strictly controlled. For example, Thomas Natschinski's band had to change its English name "Team 4" to the German name "Thomas Natschinski and his group". Other bands were not so conformist. Renft in particular was repeatedly banned from performing and later also the blues rock band Freygang, whose members went into hiding and then played under pseudonyms. </p><p>Even convinced socialists like the singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Biermann" title="Wolf Biermann">Wolf Biermann</a> were banned from performing because they had different ideas of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> than the SED realised. In 1976, Wolf Biermann was allowed to tour in the West and this was immediately taken as an opportunity to denaturalise him and refuse him permission to return. Numerous artists protested against this and were forced to leave the country – some after serving prison sentences – including members of <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Renft_Combo" title="Klaus Renft Combo">Renft</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Krug" title="Manfred Krug">Manfred Krug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nina_Hagen" title="Nina Hagen">Nina Hagen</a>. Other artists left voluntarily. <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Fischer" title="Veronika Fischer">Veronika Fischer</a>, for example, did not return from a performance in West Berlin in 1981, whereupon her songs were no longer allowed to be played by GDR radio stations. </p><p>West German productions were also subject to censorship in East Germany. For example, the song by <a href="/wiki/Udo_J%C3%BCrgens" title="Udo Jürgens">Udo Jürgens</a> Es war einmal ein Luftballon (Once Upon a Time There Was a Balloon) was put on the Index because of the line, "They know no borders, the balloons of the world". It was not until 1987 that Udo Jürgens was allowed to perform again in the GDR. <a href="/wiki/Udo_Lindenberg" title="Udo Lindenberg">Udo Lindenberg</a>, for example, had similar problems. Despite all his efforts (such as his song Sonderzug nach Pankow (Special Train to Pankow)), he was only allowed to perform once before the fall of the Wall, at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin" title="Palace of the Republic, Berlin">Palast der Republik</a> on the occasion of the event "Rock für den Frieden" (Rock for Peace) on 25 October 1983. </p><p>In the 1980s, censorship seemed to loosen up. Lyrics about the longing for freedom (including Albatros by Karat) became possible. But it was only in the course of the peaceful revolution that songs by Veronika Fischer were heard on the radio again in October 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertolt-Brecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bertolt-Brecht.jpg/170px-Bertolt-Brecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bertolt-Brecht.jpg/255px-Bertolt-Brecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bertolt-Brecht.jpg/340px-Bertolt-Brecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Playwright <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> (1898–1956)</figcaption></figure> <p>East German theatre was originally dominated by <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, who brought back many artists out of exile and reopened the <i><a href="/wiki/Theater_am_Schiffbauerdamm" title="Theater am Schiffbauerdamm">Theater am Schiffbauerdamm</a></i> with his <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimesTynan_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesTynan-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, other influences tried to establish a "working-class theatre", played for the working class by the working class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After Brecht's death, conflicts began to arise between his family (around <a href="/wiki/Helene_Weigel" title="Helene Weigel">Helene Weigel</a>) and other artists about Brecht's legacy, including <a href="/wiki/Slatan_Dudow" title="Slatan Dudow">Slatan Dudow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Geschonneck" title="Erwin Geschonneck">Erwin Geschonneck</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Strittmatter" title="Erwin Strittmatter">Erwin Strittmatter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hacks" title="Peter Hacks">Peter Hacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benno_Besson" title="Benno Besson">Benno Besson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Palitzsch" title="Peter Palitzsch">Peter Palitzsch</a><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ekkehard_Schall" title="Ekkehard Schall">Ekkehard Schall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the Swiss director <a href="/wiki/Benno_Besson" title="Benno Besson">Benno Besson</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theater_(Berlin)" title="Deutsches Theater (Berlin)">Deutsches Theater</a> successfully toured Europe and Asia including Japan with <i>The Dragon</i> by <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Schwartz" title="Evgeny Schwartz">Evgeny Schwartz</a>. In the 1960s, he became the Intendant of the <a href="/wiki/Volksb%C3%BChne" title="Volksbühne">Volksbühne</a> often working with <a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, a parallel theatre scene sprung up, creating theatre "outside of Berlin" in which artists played at provincial theatres. For example, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sodann" title="Peter Sodann">Peter Sodann</a> founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neues_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neues Theater (page does not exist)">Neues Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halle/Saale" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle/Saale">Halle/Saale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Castorf" title="Frank Castorf">Frank Castorf</a> at the theater <a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Theatre and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> had high status in the GDR, which allowed it to be very proactive. This often brought it into confrontation with the state. Benno Besson once said, "In contrast to artists in the west, they took us seriously, we had a bearing."<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Friedrichstadt-Palast" title="Friedrichstadt-Palast">Friedrichstadt-Palast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> is the last major building erected by the GDR, making it an exceptional architectural testimony to how Germany overcame its former division. Here, Berlin's great <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">revue</a> tradition lives on, today bringing viewers state-of-the-art shows.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volksb%C3%BChBerlJan08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Volksb%C3%BChBerlJan08.JPG/220px-Volksb%C3%BChBerlJan08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Volksb%C3%BChBerlJan08.JPG/330px-Volksb%C3%BChBerlJan08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Volksb%C3%BChBerlJan08.JPG/440px-Volksb%C3%BChBerlJan08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volksb%C3%BChne" title="Volksbühne">Volksbühne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Important theatres include the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theater_(Berlin)" title="Deutsches Theater (Berlin)">Deutsches Theater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Maxim-Gorki-Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim-Gorki-Theater">Maxim Gorki Theater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Volksb%C3%BChne" title="Volksbühne">Volksbühne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_radio">Television and radio</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1109-022,_Berlin,_Sandm%C3%A4nnchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1109-022%2C_Berlin%2C_Sandm%C3%A4nnchen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1109-022%2C_Berlin%2C_Sandm%C3%A4nnchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1109-022%2C_Berlin%2C_Sandm%C3%A4nnchen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1109-022%2C_Berlin%2C_Sandm%C3%A4nnchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1109-022%2C_Berlin%2C_Sandm%C3%A4nnchen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-U1109-022%2C_Berlin%2C_Sandm%C3%A4nnchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Behrendt" title="Gerhard Behrendt">Gerhard Behrendt</a> with character from the stop-animation series <i><a href="/wiki/Sandm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Sandmännchen">Sandmännchen</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Television and radio in East Germany were state-run industries; the <i><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_der_DDR" title="Rundfunk der DDR">Rundfunk der DDR</a></i> was the official radio broadcasting organisation from 1952 until unification. The organization was based in the <i>Funkhaus Nalepastraße</i> in East Berlin. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fernsehfunk" title="Deutscher Fernsehfunk">Deutscher Fernsehfunk</a></i> (DFF), from 1972 to 1990 known as <i>Fernsehen der DDR</i> or DDR-FS, was the state television broadcaster from 1952. Reception of Western broadcasts was widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooke_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <p>The prolific cinema of East Germany was headed by the <a href="/wiki/DEFA" title="DEFA">DEFA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Deutsche Film AG</i>, which was subdivided in different local groups, for example <i>Gruppe Berlin</i>, <i>Gruppe <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg" title="Babelsberg">Babelsberg</a></i> or <i>Gruppe <a href="/wiki/Johannisthal_(Berlin)" title="Johannisthal (Berlin)">Johannisthal</a></i>, where the local teams shot and produced films. The East German industry became known worldwide for its productions, especially children's movies (<i><a href="/wiki/Das_kalte_Herz" class="mw-redirect" title="Das kalte Herz">Das kalte Herz</a></i>, film versions of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> fairy tales and modern productions such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Schulgespenst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Das Schulgespenst (page does not exist)">Das Schulgespenst</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Beyer" title="Frank Beyer">Frank Beyer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_the_Liar_(1975_film)" title="Jacob the Liar (1975 film)">Jakob der Lügner</a></i> (Jacob the Liar), about <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCnf_Patronenh%C3%BClsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fünf Patronenhülsen">Fünf Patronenhülsen</a></i> (Five Cartridges), about resistance against fascism, became internationally famous.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films about daily life, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Paul_and_Paula" title="The Legend of Paul and Paula">Die Legende von Paul und Paula</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Heiner_Carow" title="Heiner Carow">Heiner Carow</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Sunny" title="Solo Sunny">Solo Sunny</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wolf" title="Konrad Wolf">Konrad Wolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kohlhaase" title="Wolfgang Kohlhaase">Wolfgang Kohlhaase</a>, were very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film industry was remarkable for its production of <i><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></i>, or Western-like movies. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a> in these films often took the role of displaced people who fight for their rights, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">North American westerns</a> of the time, where they were often either not mentioned at all or are portrayed as the villains. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavs</a> were often cast as Native Americans because of the small number of Native Americans in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Gojko_Miti%C4%87" title="Gojko Mitić">Gojko Mitić</a> was well known in these roles, often playing the righteous, kindhearted and charming <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chief</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_Great_Bear" title="The Sons of Great Bear">Die Söhne der großen Bärin</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mach" title="Josef Mach">Josef Mach</a>). He became an honorary <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> chief when he visited the United States in the 1990s, and the television crew accompanying him showed the tribe one of his movies. American actor and singer <a href="/wiki/Dean_Reed" title="Dean Reed">Dean Reed</a>, an expatriate who lived in East Germany, also starred in several films. These films were part of the phenomenon of Europe producing alternative films about the colonization of the Americas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cinemas in the GDR also showed foreign films. Czechoslovak and Polish productions were more common, but certain western movies were shown, though the numbers of these were limited because it cost foreign exchange to buy the licences. Further, films representing or glorifying what the state viewed as capitalist ideology were not bought. Comedies enjoyed great popularity, such as the Danish <i><a href="/wiki/Olsen-banden" class="mw-redirect" title="Olsen-banden">Olsen Gang</a></i> or movies with the French comedian <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Fun%C3%A8s" title="Louis de Funès">Louis de Funès</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, several films depicting life in the GDR have been critically acclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most notable were <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Bye_Lenin!" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Bye Lenin!">Good Bye Lenin!</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Becker_(director,_born_1954)" title="Wolfgang Becker (director, born 1954)">Wolfgang Becker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Others" title="The Lives of Others">Das Leben der Anderen</a></i> (The Lives of Others) by <a href="/wiki/Florian_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck">Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck</a> (won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for bestberg Film in a Foreign Language) in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-test_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alles_auf_Zucker!" title="Alles auf Zucker!">Alles auf Zucker!</a></i> (Go for Zucker) by Dani Levi. Each film is heavily infused with cultural nuances unique to life in the GDR.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <p>East Germany was very successful in the sports of <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weight-lifting</a>, swimming, gymnastics, track and field, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, and winter sports. The success is largely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_East_Germany" title="Doping in East Germany">doping</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Manfred_H%C3%B6ppner" title="Manfred Höppner">Manfred Höppner</a>, a sports doctor, described as the architect of East Germany's state-sponsored drug program.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0615-0011,_X._Fu%C3%9Fball-WM,_DDR-Nationalmannschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0615-0011%2C_X._Fu%C3%9Fball-WM%2C_DDR-Nationalmannschaft.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0615-0011%2C_X._Fu%C3%9Fball-WM%2C_DDR-Nationalmannschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0615-0011%2C_X._Fu%C3%9Fball-WM%2C_DDR-Nationalmannschaft.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0615-0011%2C_X._Fu%C3%9Fball-WM%2C_DDR-Nationalmannschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0615-0011%2C_X._Fu%C3%9Fball-WM%2C_DDR-Nationalmannschaft.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0615-0011%2C_X._Fu%C3%9Fball-WM%2C_DDR-Nationalmannschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_national_football_team" title="East Germany national football team">East German football team</a> lining up before a match against Australia on 15 June 1974</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a> were the most detected doping substances in <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>-accredited laboratories for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development and implementation of a state-supported sports doping program helped East Germany, with its small population, to become a world leader in sport during the 1970s and 1980s, winning a large number of Olympic and world gold medals and records.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor for success was the furtherance system for young people in the GDR. Sports teachers at school were encouraged to look for certain talents in children of ages 6 to 10. For older pupils it was possible to attend grammar schools with a focus on sports (for example sailing, football and swimming). </p><p>Sports clubs were highly subsidized, especially sports in which it was possible to get international fame. For example, the major leagues for ice hockey and basketball just included 2 teams each. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> was the most popular sport. Club football teams such as <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Dresden" title="Dynamo Dresden">Dynamo Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Magdeburg" title="1. FC Magdeburg">1. FC Magdeburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena" title="FC Carl Zeiss Jena">FC Carl Zeiss Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Lokomotive_Leipzig" title="1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig">1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/BFC_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="BFC Dynamo">BFC Dynamo</a> had successes in European competition. Many East German players such as <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Sammer" title="Matthias Sammer">Matthias Sammer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kirsten" title="Ulf Kirsten">Ulf Kirsten</a> became integral parts of the reunified national football team. </p><p>The East and the West also competed via sport. GDR athletes dominated several Olympic sports; the <a href="/wiki/SV_Dynamo" title="SV Dynamo">SV Dynamo</a> club of the security agencies won more than 200 Olympic medals. Of special interest was the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_v_West_Germany_(1974_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="East Germany v West Germany (1974 FIFA World Cup)">only football match</a> between the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germany national football team">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_national_football_team" title="East Germany national football team">German Democratic Republic</a>, a first-round match during the <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974 FIFA World Cup</a>, which the East won 1–0; but West Germany, the host, went on to win the World Cup.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Germany had a revolutionary technology for two-stroke engines called <a href="/wiki/Expansion_chamber" title="Expansion chamber">expansion chamber</a>, allowing them to win motorcycle races with little competition. Racer <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Degner" title="Ernst Degner">Ernst Degner</a> defected to Japan, taking the technology secret with him over to Suzuki. After the defection, East German motorcycle racing effectively ended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_and_public_holidays">Official and public holidays</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>English name </th> <th>German name </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 January </td> <td>New Year's Day </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neujahr</i></span></i> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>March–April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Karfreitag</i></span></i> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>March–April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostersonntag</i></span></i> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>March–April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostermontag</i></span></i> </td> <td>Was not an official holiday after 1967. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a>/May Day </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tag der Arbeit</i></span></i> (name in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">FRG</a>) </td> <td>The official name was <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen</i></span></i> (approx. 'International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers') </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tag der Befreiung</i></span></i> </td> <td>The translation means "Day of Liberation" </td></tr> <tr> <td>April–June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension Day</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vatertag/Christi Himmelfahrt</i></span></i> </td> <td>Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter. Was not an official holiday after 1967. </td></tr> <tr> <td>May–June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfingstmontag</i></span></i> </td> <td>50 days after Easter Sunday </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(East_Germany)" title="Republic Day (East Germany)">Republic Day</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tag der Republik</i></span></i> </td> <td>National holiday </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag" title="Buß- und Bettag">Day of Repentance and Prayer</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Buß- und Bettag</i></span></i> </td> <td>Wednesday before <a href="/wiki/Totensonntag" title="Totensonntag">Totensonntag</a>. Originally a Protestant feast day, it was demoted as an official holiday in 1967. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 December </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">First Day of Christmas</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">1. Weihnachtsfeiertag</i></span></i> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 December </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Second Day of Christmas</a> </td> <td><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">2. Weihnachtsfeiertag</i></span></i> </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decrepit_infrastructure">Decrepit infrastructure</h3></div> <p>Almost all East German highways, railroads, sewage systems and public buildings were in a state of disrepair at the time of reunification, as little was done to maintain infrastructure in the GDR's last decades. Unified German public spending has had to pour more than $2 trillion into the former East Germany, to make up for the region's neglect and malaise and bring it up to a minimal standard.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greifswald_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant">Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant</a> narrowly avoided a <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a>-scale meltdown in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All East German nuclear power plants had to be shut down after reunification, because they did not meet Western safety standards.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</h3></div> <p>German historian <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Kocka" title="Jürgen Kocka">Jürgen Kocka</a> in 2010 summarized the consensus of most recent scholarship: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Conceptualizing the GDR as a dictatorship has become widely accepted, while the meaning of the concept dictatorship varies. Massive evidence has been collected that proves the repressive, undemocratic, illiberal, nonpluralistic character of the GDR regime and its ruling party.<sup id="cite_ref-UPNE_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPNE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostalgie">Ostalgie</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ostalgie" title="Ostalgie">Ostalgie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_btw_linke17z_endg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Karte_btw_linke17z_endg.svg/220px-Karte_btw_linke17z_endg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Karte_btw_linke17z_endg.svg/330px-Karte_btw_linke17z_endg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Karte_btw_linke17z_endg.svg/440px-Karte_btw_linke17z_endg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zweitstimme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zweitstimme (page does not exist)">party votes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweitstimme" class="extiw" title="de:Zweitstimme">de</a>]</span> for Die Linke in the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 federal election</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostalgie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ostalgie.jpg/220px-Ostalgie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ostalgie.jpg/330px-Ostalgie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ostalgie.jpg/440px-Ostalgie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A booth selling East German and communist-themed memorabilia in Berlin</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Many East Germans initially regarded the dissolution of the GDR positively,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this reaction partly turned sour.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Germans often acted as if they had "won" and East Germans had "lost" in unification, leading many East Germans (<i>Ossis</i>) to resent West Germans (<i>Wessis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Ascher_Barnstone" title="Deborah Ascher Barnstone">Deborah Ascher Barnstone</a> wrote, "East Germans resent the wealth possessed by West Germans; West Germans see the East Germans as lazy opportunists who want something for nothing. East Germans find 'Wessis' arrogant and pushy, West Germans think the 'Ossis' are lazy good-for-nothings."<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, many East German women found the West more appealing, and left the region never to return, leaving behind an underclass of poorly educated and jobless men.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the people who stayed in East Germany, a majority of them (57%) defend the GDR,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 49% of those polled saying that "The GDR had more good sides than bad sides. There were some problems, but life was good there", while 8% oppose all criticism of East Germany and say that "Life there was happier and better than in reunified Germany today".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2014, the vast majority of residents in the former GDR prefer to live in a unified Germany. However, a feeling of nostalgia persists among some, termed "<a href="/wiki/Ostalgie" title="Ostalgie">Ostalgie</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend</a> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ost</i></span> "east" and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nostalgie</i></span> "nostalgia"). This was depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Becker_(director,_born_1954)" title="Wolfgang Becker (director, born 1954)">Wolfgang Becker</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Lenin!" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodbye Lenin!">Goodbye Lenin!</a></i>. According to <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Schroeder" title="Klaus Schroeder">Klaus Schroeder</a>, a historian and political scientist at the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a>, some of the original residents of the GDR "still feel they don't belong or that they're strangers in unified Germany" as life in the GDR was "just more manageable". He warns German society should watch out in case Ostalgie results in a distortion and romanticization of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, a poll found that 40% of Germans living in the former East Germany identify as East Germans rather than German, which 52% identified as.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_consequences">Electoral consequences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw17afd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Btw17afd.svg/220px-Btw17afd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Btw17afd.svg/330px-Btw17afd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Btw17afd.svg/440px-Btw17afd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zweitstimme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zweitstimme (page does not exist)">party votes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweitstimme" class="extiw" title="de:Zweitstimme">de</a>]</span> for AfD in the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 federal election</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany_-_Results.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany_-_Results.svg/220px-2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany_-_Results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany_-_Results.svg/330px-2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany_-_Results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany_-_Results.svg/440px-2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany_-_Results.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>AfD in the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany">2024 European Parliament election in Germany</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The divide between the East and the West can be seen in contemporary German elections. The left-wing populist <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Die Linke</a> party (which has roots in the SED) continues to have a stronghold and occasionally wins a plurality in the East, such as in the German State of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> where it remains one of the major parties.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region also sees disproportionate support for the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a>, a right-wing populist party, particularly in the state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. This is in stark distinction from the West where the more centrist parties such as the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> dominate. </p><p>The far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a> (NPD) was represented in the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Free State of Saxony">Saxon State Parliament</a> from <a href="/wiki/2004_Saxony_state_election" title="2004 Saxony state election">2004</a> to <a href="/wiki/2014_Saxony_state_election" title="2014 Saxony state election">2014</a>. In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern the NPD was represented from <a href="/wiki/2006_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="2006 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">2006</a> to <a href="/wiki/2016_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="2016 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">2016</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_2">Demographics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germans_without_a_migrant_background_(2016).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Germans_without_a_migrant_background_%282016%29.svg/220px-Germans_without_a_migrant_background_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Germans_without_a_migrant_background_%282016%29.svg/330px-Germans_without_a_migrant_background_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Germans_without_a_migrant_background_%282016%29.svg/440px-Germans_without_a_migrant_background_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of Germans without a migrant background (2016)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are more migrants in former West Germany than in former East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-katapult-magazin.de_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katapult-magazin.de-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bpb.de_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpb.de-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laenderdaten.de_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laenderdaten.de-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the new states have populations where 90-95% of people do not have a migrant background.<sup id="cite_ref-katapult-magazin.de_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katapult-magazin.de-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bpb.de_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpb.de-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laenderdaten.de_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laenderdaten.de-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_2">Religion</h3></div> <p>As of 2009, more Germans are non-believers in <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">Eastern Germany</a> than <a href="/wiki/Old_states_of_Germany" title="Old states of Germany">Western Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Germany is perhaps the least religious region in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-godless_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godless-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atheistic_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atheistic-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An explanation for this, popular in other regions, is the aggressive <a href="/wiki/State_atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="State atheist">state atheist</a> policies of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a>. However, the enforcement of atheism existed only for the first few years. After that, the state allowed churches to have a relatively high level of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-nogod_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nogod-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atheism is embraced by Germans of all ages, though irreligion is particularly common among younger Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-onlyold_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlyold-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership of East Germany">Leadership of East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_relations" title="Inner German relations">Inner German relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_German_reunification" title="Economic history of the German reunification">Economic history of the German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland-GDR_Society" title="Scotland-GDR Society">Scotland-GDR Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partially recognised</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The SED's leaders went by different names. Until 1950, there were two co-chairmen, after which the office of General Secretary, titled First Secretary between 1953 and 1976, was established.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet occupation zone of Germany</a>, before the GDR's foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jointly as Chairmen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">October–December</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dissolved by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkskammer</i></span> on 8 December 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population statistics according to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a></i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although <a href="/wiki/.dd" title=".dd">.dd</a> was reserved as corresponding <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO code</a> for East Germany, it was not entered to the root before the country was reunited with the west.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The use of the abbreviation <i>BRD</i> (FRG) for West Germany, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span> (<i>Federal Republic of Germany</i>), on the other hand, was never accepted in West Germany since it was considered a political statement. Thus <i>BRD</i> (FRG) was a term used by East Germans, or by West Germans who held a pro-East-German view. Colloquially, West Germans called West Germany simply Germany (reflecting West Germany's claim to represent the whole of Germany), or alternatively the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesrepublik</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesgebiet</i></span> (Federal Republic or Federal Territory, respectively), referring to the country and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesbürger</i></span> (Federal citizen) for its citizens, with the adjective <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">bundesdeutsch</i></span> (Federal German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the economist Jörg Roesler – see: Jörg Roesler: Ein Anderes Deutschland war möglich. Alternative Programme für das wirtschaftliche Zusammengehen beider deutscher Staaten, in: <a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Forschungen_zur_Geschichte_der_Arbeiterbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung">Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung</a>, No. II/2010, pp. 34–46. Historian Ulrich Busch argued that the currency union came too early; see Ulrich Busch: Die Währungsunion am 1. Juli 1990: Wirtschaftspolitische Fehlleistung mit Folgen, in: <a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Forschungen_zur_Geschichte_der_Arbeiterbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung">Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung</a>, No. II/2010, pp. 5–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'In the age of detente, the Stasi's main method of combating subversive activity was 'operational decomposition' (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">operative Zersetzung</i></span>) which was the central element in what Hubertus Knabe has called a system of 'quiet repression' (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">lautlose Unterdrukung</i></span>). This was not a new departure as 'dirty tricks' had been widely used in the 1950s and 1960s. The distinctive feature was the primacy of operational decomposition over other methods of repression in a system to which historians have attached labels such as post-totalitarianism and modern dictatorship.'cite book </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Eastern churches were the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Anhalt">Evangelical Church of Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin,_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia#Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia">Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia#Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (EKiBB, East Ambit, for East Berlin and Brandenburg), <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Silesia">Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church#Evangelical_Church_in_Greifswald" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Evangelical Church in Greifswald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Mecklenburg" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_of_Saxony" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony">Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Church_Province_of_Saxony" title="Evangelical Church of the Church Province of Saxony">Evangelical Church of the Church Province of Saxony</a> (KPS), <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Thuringia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of the Union">Evangelical Church of the Union</a> (East Region, for EKiBB-East Ambit, Görlitz, Greifswald and KPS, and since 1970 for Anhalt too).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This quote has no cross-referencing to ground its authenticity. For a detailed overview of the issues of Brecht's legacy after his death within the Berliner Ensemble, see David Barnett, <i>A History of the Berliner Ensemble</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2015), 146–70. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05979-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05979-5">978-1-107-05979-5</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113231041/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/Indikatoren/LangeReihen/Bevoelkerung/lrbev03.html">"Bevölkerungsstand"</a> [Population level] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/Indikatoren/LangeReihen/Bevoelkerung/lrbev03.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand&rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FZahlenFakten%2FIndikatoren%2FLangeReihen%2FBevoelkerung%2Flrbev03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WID-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WID_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WID_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wid.world/world/#agdpro_p0p100_z/DD/last/eu/k/p/yearly/a/false/6676.3185/35000/curve/false/country">"GDR"</a>. World Inequality Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDR&rft.pub=World+Inequality+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwid.world%2Fworld%2F%23agdpro_p0p100_z%2FDD%2Flast%2Feu%2Fk%2Fp%2Fyearly%2Fa%2Ffalse%2F6676.3185%2F35000%2Fcurve%2Ffalse%2Fcountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">"Human Development Report 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i>. January 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202144055/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+1990&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F219%2Fhdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104112107/http://internet.robert-scheck.de/tld-dd/">"Top-Level-Domain .DD"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internet.robert-scheck.de/tld-dd/">the original</a> on 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top-Level-Domain+.DD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternet.robert-scheck.de%2Ftld-dd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MajorOsmond-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MajorOsmond_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MajorOsmond_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajorOsmond2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Major" title="Patrick Major">Major, Patrick</a>; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). <i>The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6289-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6289-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Workers%27+and+Peasants%27+State%3A+Communism+and+Society+in+East+Germany+Under+Ulbricht+1945%E2%80%9371&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6289-6&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Osmond%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter E. Quint. <i>The Imperfect Union: Constitutional Structures of German Unification</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2012, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Econ_stats-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_stats_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_stats_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109185421/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_n4_v110/ai_7373809">"Business America. (27 February 1989). German Democratic Republic: long history of sustained economic growth continues; 1989 may be an advantageous year to consider this market – Business Outlook Abroad: Current Reports from the Foreign Service"</a>. <i>Business America</i>. 1989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1052/is_n4_v110/ai_7373809">the original</a> on 9 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+America&rft.atitle=Business+America.+%2827+February+1989%29.+German+Democratic+Republic%3A+long+history+of+sustained+economic+growth+continues%3B+1989+may+be+an+advantageous+year+to+consider+this+market+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BBusiness+Outlook+Abroad%3A+Current+Reports+from+the+Foreign+Service.&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1052%2Fis_n4_v110%2Fai_7373809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Dietrich_Erdmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Dietrich Erdmann (page does not exist)">Karl Dietrich Erdmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Erdmann" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Dietrich Erdmann">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Kocka" title="Jürgen Kocka">Jürgen Kocka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_J._Mommsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang J. Mommsen">Wolfgang J. Mommsen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Bl%C3%A4nsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes Blänsdorf (page does not exist)">Agnes Blänsdorf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Bl%C3%A4nsdorf" class="extiw" title="de:Agnes Blänsdorf">de</a>]</span>. <i>Towards a Global Community of Historians: the International Historical Congresses and the International Committee of Historical Sciences 1898–2000</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>, 2005, p. 314. ("However the collapse of the Soviet empire, associated with the disintegration of the Soviet satellite regimes in East-Central Europe, including the German Democratic Republic, brought about a dramatic change of agenda.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPNE-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPNE_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPNE_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocka2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Kocka" title="Jürgen Kocka">Kocka, Jürgen</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8mo4uP3SQMC&pg=PA37"><i>Civil Society & Dictatorship in Modern German History</i></a>. UPNE. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-866-5"><bdi>978-1-58465-866-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320043228/http://books.google.com/books?id=j8mo4uP3SQMC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Society+%26+Dictatorship+in+Modern+German+History&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-866-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8mo4uP3SQMC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreuss" class="citation journal cs1">Preuss, Evelyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17812963">"The Wall You Will Never Know"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Perspecta:_The_Yale_Architectural_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal">Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2000/0907/none/0093/index.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Krenz%2C+Schabowski+und+Kleiber+hatten+sich+nichts+mehr+zu+sagen&rft.date=2008-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlinonline.de%2Fberliner-zeitung%2Farchiv%2F.bin%2Fdump.fcgi%2F2000%2F0907%2Fnone%2F0093%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeit49-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zeit49_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeit49_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin_Korrespondent1949" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berlin Korrespondent (June 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1949/22/nationale-front-in-der-ostzone">"Nationale Front in der Ostzone"</a> [National Front in the Eastern Zone]. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111023236/http://www.zeit.de/1949/22/nationale-front-in-der-ostzone">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Nationale+Front+in+der+Ostzone&rft.date=1949-06&rft.au=Berlin+Korrespondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1949%2F22%2Fnationale-front-in-der-ostzone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45935352.html">"Vom Sogenannten"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>. 21 October 1968. p. 65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203124606/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-45935352.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Vom+Sogenannten&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1968-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-45935352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gQMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Facts about Germany: The Federal Republic of Germany, 1959 – Germany (West)</i></a>. 1959. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221170436/https://books.google.com/books?id=9gQMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+about+Germany%3A+The+Federal+Republic+of+Germany%2C+1959+%E2%80%93+Germany+%28West%29&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gQMAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildenthal" class="citation book cs1">Wildenthal, Lora. <i>The Language of Human Rights in West Germany</i>. p. 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Human+Rights+in+West+Germany&rft.pages=210&rft.aulast=Wildenthal&rft.aufirst=Lora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornfieldHodson2002" class="citation book cs1">Cornfield, Daniel B.; Hodson, Randy (2002). <i>Worlds of Work: Building an International Sociology of Work</i>. Springer. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46605-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46605-8"><bdi>0-306-46605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+of+Work%3A+Building+an+International+Sociology+of+Work&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-46605-8&rft.aulast=Cornfield&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft.au=Hodson%2C+Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollak2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pollak, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251114867">"Ein Text in seinem Kontext"</a> [A text in its context]. <i>Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie</i> (in German). <b>30</b>: 3–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11614-006-0033-6">10.1007/s11614-006-0033-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1011-0070">1011-0070</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147022466">147022466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%96sterreichische+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Soziologie&rft.atitle=Ein+Text+in+seinem+Kontext&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=3-21&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147022466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1011-0070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11614-006-0033-6&rft.aulast=Pollak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F251114867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaranowski1995" class="citation book cs1">Baranowski, Shelley (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfeX8QS7DeMC&pg=PA187"><i>The Sanctity of Rural Life: Nobility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 187–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536166-7"><bdi>978-0-19-536166-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201040241/https://books.google.de/books?id=cfeX8QS7DeMC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanctity+of+Rural+Life%3A+Nobility%2C+Protestantism%2C+and+Nazism+in+Weimar+Prussia&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536166-7&rft.aulast=Baranowski&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfeX8QS7DeMC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt, Carl</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx0uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Political Romanticism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-49869-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-49869-2"><bdi>978-1-351-49869-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223111735/https://books.google.de/books?id=Sx0uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Romanticism&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-49869-2&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSx0uDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Each spring, millions of workmen from all parts of western Russia arrived in eastern Germany, which, in political language, is called East Elbia." from <i>The Stronghold of Junkerdom</i>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Sylvester_Viereck" title="George Sylvester Viereck">George Sylvester Viereck</a>. Viereck's, Volume 8. Fatherland Corporation, 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_A._Ritter" title="Gerhard A. Ritter">Ritter, Gerhard A.</a> (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2002_2_2_ritter.pdf">"Die DDR in der deutschen Geschichte"</a> [The GDR in German history] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>50</b> (2): 171–172. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116143839/https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2002_2_2_ritter.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>Die Geschichte der DDR ist im wesentlichen zwischen zwei Polen einzubetten. Den einen Pol bildet die Sowjetisierung [...] Den anderen Pol bildeten deutsche Traditionen, vor allem die Vorstellungen der kommunistischen Arbeiterbewegung.</q> [The history of the GDR is essentially embedded between two poles. Sovietization formed one pole [...] German traditions formed the other pole, above all the ideas of the communist workers' movement.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Die+DDR+in+der+deutschen+Geschichte&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-172&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifz-muenchen.de%2Fheftarchiv%2F2002_2_2_ritter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritter2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritter2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritter2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritter2_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritter2_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_A._Ritter" title="Gerhard A. Ritter">Ritter, Gerhard A.</a> (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2002_2_2_ritter.pdf">"Die DDR in der deutschen Geschichte"</a> [The GDR in German history] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>50</b> (2): 171–200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116143839/https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/2002_2_2_ritter.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>In der Sozialpolitik hielten sich die Kontinuitäten und die Brüche mit der deutschen Tradition etwa die Waage. [...] Seit Mitte der sechziger Jahre, vor allem aber in der Ära Honecker, in der die 'Einheit von Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik' zum Leitprinzip erhoben wurde, wurde die Sozialpolitik die wohl wichtigste Legitimationsgrundlage des Staates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Die+DDR+in+der+deutschen+Geschichte&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-200&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifz-muenchen.de%2Fheftarchiv%2F2002_2_2_ritter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514081136/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWyalta.htm">"Yalta Conference"</a>. <i>spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWyalta.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk&rft.atitle=Yalta+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2F2WWyalta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2008" class="citation web cs1">Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (18 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/107189.htm">"Allied Occupation of Germany, 1945-52"</a>. <i>2001-2009.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001-2009.state.gov&rft.atitle=Allied+Occupation+of+Germany%2C+1945-52&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft.aulast=Department+Of+State.+The+Office+of+Electronic+Information&rft.aufirst=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fcwr%2F107189.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the discussion about Social Democrats joining the SED see Steffen Kachel, Entscheidung für die SED 1946 – ein Verrat an sozialdemokratischen Idealen?, in: <i><a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Forschungen_zur_Geschichte_der_Arbeiterbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung">Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung</a></i>, No. I/2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply a full or month-and-year "|date=" of publication, or use "|year=year not specified" for intentional omission.">date missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiftung_Haus_der_Geschichte_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdg.de/lemo/html/Nachkriegsjahre/PolitischerNeubeginn/sed.html">"LeMO Kapitel: Zwangsvereinigung zur SED"</a> [LeMO Chapter: Forced Association to the SED]. <i>hdg.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614213527/http://www.hdg.de/lemo/html/Nachkriegsjahre/PolitischerNeubeginn/sed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdg.de&rft.atitle=LeMO+Kapitel%3A+Zwangsvereinigung+zur+SED&rft.au=Stiftung+Haus+der+Geschichte+der+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdg.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2FNachkriegsjahre%2FPolitischerNeubeginn%2Fsed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect17.htm">Anna M. Cienciala "History 557 Lecture Notes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620054515/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect17.htm">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteininger1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Steininger" title="Rolf Steininger">Steininger, Rolf</a> (1990). <i>The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Question%3A+The+Stalin+Note+of+1952+and+the+Problem+of+Reunification&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Steininger&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Gary. "Review of Hoffmann, Dierk: <i>Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964): Eine politische Biographie</i>" H-German, H-Net Reviews. November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31618">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017042506/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31618">Archived</a> 17 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gomez Gutiérrez, J.J. & Bruschi, V. (2003). "Socialist Unity Party of Germany". In N. Schlager (Ed.), <i>St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide: Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact.</i> St. James Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://communistcrimes.org/en/political-prisoners-german-democratic-republic">"Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic"</a>. <i>Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic | Communist Crimes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+prisoners+in+the+German+Democratic+Republic+%7C+Communist+Crimes&rft.atitle=Political+prisoners+in+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunistcrimes.org%2Fen%2Fpolitical-prisoners-german-democratic-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peterson" title="Edward N. Peterson">Peterson, Edward N.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38207545"><i>Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949</i></a>. New York: P. Lang. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-3948-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-3948-7"><bdi>0-8204-3948-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38207545">38207545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Commands+and+German+Resistance%3A+The+Soviet+Occupation%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38207545&rft.isbn=0-8204-3948-7&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Edward+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F38207545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peterson" title="Edward N. Peterson">Peterson, Edward N.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38207545"><i>Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949</i></a>. New York: P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-3948-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-3948-7"><bdi>0-8204-3948-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38207545">38207545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Commands+and+German+Resistance%3A+The+Soviet+Occupation%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38207545&rft.isbn=0-8204-3948-7&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Edward+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F38207545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_G._Stokes" title="Raymond G. Stokes">Stokes, Raymond G.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51480817"><i>Constructing Socialism: Technology and Change in East Germany 1945–1990</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7299-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7299-5"><bdi>0-8018-7299-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51480817">51480817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Socialism%3A+Technology+and+Change+in+East+Germany+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51480817&rft.isbn=0-8018-7299-5&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51480817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggenthaler2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ruggenthaler, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26924047">"The 1952 Stalin Note on German Unification: The Ongoing Debate"</a>. <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 172–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00145">10.1162/JCWS_a_00145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26924047">26924047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1952+Stalin+Note+on+German+Unification%3A+The+Ongoing+Debate&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=172-212&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26924047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00145&rft.aulast=Ruggenthaler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26924047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-German_Democratic_Republic_page_78-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-German_Democratic_Republic_page_78_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Feinstein, Margarete Myers (2001). <i>State Symbols: The Quest for Legitimacy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1959</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391041035" title="Special:BookSources/9780391041035"><bdi>9780391041035</bdi></a>. <q>... claims of East Berlin as the capital of the GDR, ... East Berlin was not recognized by the West and most Third World countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Symbols%3A+The+Quest+for+Legitimacy+in+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany+and+the+German+Democratic+Republic%2C+1949%E2%80%931959&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780391041035&rft.aulast=Feinstein&rft.aufirst=Margarete+Myers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrookPort2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Fulbrook, Mary</a>; Port, Andrew I. (2013). <i>Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857459756" title="Special:BookSources/9780857459756"><bdi>9780857459756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+East+German%3A+Socialist+Structures+and+Sensibilities+after+Hitler&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780857459756&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Port%2C+Andrew+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaydock2000" class="citation book cs1">Haydock, Michael D. (2000). <i>City Under Siege: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948–1949</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Under+Siege%3A+The+Berlin+Blockade+and+Airlift%2C+1948%E2%80%931949&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Haydock&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeitz1997">Weitz 1997</a>, p. 350 Following a Soviet order in February 1948, the German Economic Commission became a nascent state structure for all intents and purposes, with competence far beyond the economy proper; it gained the power to issue orders and directives to all German organs within the Soviet Occupation Zone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCauley1983">McCauley 1983</a>, p. 38 The DWK had become the <i>de facto</i> government of the Soviet zone. Its chairman was Heinrich Rau (SED), and four of his six deputies were also SED members.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,894998,00.html">East Berlin 17 June 1953: Stones Against Tanks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123034004/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,894998,00.html">Archived</a> 23 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Welle</i></span>. Retrieved 16 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaras1975" class="citation journal cs1">Baras, Victor (1975). "Beria's Fall and Ulbricht's Survival". <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Studies">Soviet Studies</a></i>. <b>27</b> (3): 381–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668137508411013">10.1080/09668137508411013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=Beria%27s+Fall+and+Ulbricht%27s+Survival&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=381-395&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668137508411013&rft.aulast=Baras&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_M._Naimark_1949,_pp._167-9-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_M._Naimark_1949,_pp._167-9_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_M._Naimark_1949,_pp._167-9_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_M._Naimark" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman M. Naimark">Norman M. Naimark</a>. <i>The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949.</i> Harvard University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-78405-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-78405-7">0-674-78405-7</a> pp. 167–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor_(historian)" title="Frederick Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Frederick</a> (2006). <i>Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961–1989</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060786137" title="Special:BookSources/9780060786137"><bdi>9780060786137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+Wall%3A+A+World+Divided%2C+1961%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780060786137&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllinsonLeamanParkesTolkiehn2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allinson" title="Mark Allinson">Allinson, Mark</a>; Leaman, Jeremy; Parkes, Stuart; Tolkiehn, Barbara (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osIeBAAAQBAJ"><i>Contemporary Germany: Essays and Texts on Politics, Economics & Society</i></a> (in German). London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87977-0"><bdi>978-1-317-87977-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Germany%3A+Essays+and+Texts+on+Politics%2C+Economics+%26+Society&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87977-0&rft.aulast=Allinson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Parkes%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Tolkiehn%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosIeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrisch1979" class="citation journal cs1">Krisch, Henry (December 1979). "Soviet-GDR Relations in the Honecker Era". <i>East Central Europe</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 152–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633079X00150">10.1163/187633079X00150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Soviet-GDR+Relations+in+the+Honecker+Era&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152-172&rft.date=1979-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633079X00150&rft.aulast=Krisch&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218025533/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903634,00.html">"East Germany: The Price of Recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i>. 1 January 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903634,00.html">the original</a> on 18 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=East+Germany%3A+The+Price+of+Recognition&rft.date=1973-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C903634%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1991" class="citation cs2">Quint, Peter E. (1991), <i>The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, p. 14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperfect+Union%3B+Constitutional+Structures+for+German+Unification&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKommers2012" class="citation cs2">Kommers, Donald P. (2012), <i>The Constitutional Jursiprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany</i>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>, p. 308</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Jursiprudence+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kommers&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=589">"Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152049/https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=589">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Law%3A+Foreign+Law+Translations+1973&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.utexas.edu%2Ftransnational%2Fforeign-law-translations%2Fgerman%2Fcase.php%3Fid%3D589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuelow2011" class="citation book cs1">Zuelow, Eric G. E. (2011). <i>Touring Beyond the Nation: A Transnational Approach to European Tourism History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6656-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-6656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Touring+Beyond+the+Nation%3A+A+Transnational+Approach+to+European+Tourism+History&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6656-1&rft.aulast=Zuelow&rft.aufirst=Eric+G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Priestland" title="David Priestland">David Priestland</a>, <i>Red Flag: A History of Communism</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombe2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Combe, Sonia (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2020/04/COMBE/61583">"À Buchenwald, les antifascistes ont perdu la guerre mémorielle"</a> [In Buchenwald, the anti-fascists have lost the memory war]. <i>Le Monde diplomatique</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=%C3%80+Buchenwald%2C+les+antifascistes+ont+perdu+la+guerre+m%C3%A9morielle&rft.date=2020-04&rft.aulast=Combe&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2020%2F04%2FCOMBE%2F61583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillack-Graf2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012). <i>Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung 'Neues Deutschland' über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen</i> [<i>GDR politics of remembrance. Shown in the report of the daily newspaper 'Neues Deutschland' on the national memorial sites in Buchenwald, Ravensbrück and Sachsenhausen</i>] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. pp. 2–3, 88–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-63678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-63678-7"><bdi>978-3-631-63678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungspolitik+der+DDR.+Dargestellt+an+der+Berichterstattung+der+Tageszeitung+%27Neues+Deutschland%27+%C3%BCber+die+Nationalen+Mahn-+und+Gedenkst%C3%A4tten+Buchenwald%2C+Ravensbr%C3%BCck+und+Sachsenhausen&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=2-3%2C+88-91&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-631-63678-7&rft.aulast=Tillack-Graf&rft.aufirst=Anne-Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombe2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Combe, Sonia (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2021/01/COMBE/62660">"Antisémite, l'Allemagne de l'Est ?"</a> [Anti-Semite, East Germany?]. <i>Le Monde diplomatique</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Antis%C3%A9mite%2C+l%27Allemagne+de+l%27Est+%3F&rft.date=2021-01&rft.aulast=Combe&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2021%2F01%2FCOMBE%2F62660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenyahia-Kouider2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benyahia-Kouider, Odile (2013). <i>L'Allemagne paiera</i> [<i>Germany will pay</i>] (in French). pp. 166–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Allemagne+paiera&rft.pages=166-167&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Benyahia-Kouider&rft.aufirst=Odile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenyahia-Kouider2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Odile_Benyahia-Kouider" title="Odile Benyahia-Kouider">Benyahia-Kouider, Odile</a> (2013). <i>L'Allemagne paiera</i> [<i>Germany Will Pay</i>] (in French). p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Allemagne+paiera&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Benyahia-Kouider&rft.aufirst=Odile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeil2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Pfeil" title="Ulrich Pfeil">Pfeil, Ulrich</a> (9 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/themen/deutschlandarchiv/307645/die-ddr-als-zankapfel-in-forschung-und-politik/#footnode48-48">"Die DDR als Zankapfel in Forschung und Politik"</a> [The GDR as a Bone of Contention in Research and Politics]. <i><a href="/wiki/Bundeszentrale_f%C3%BCr_politische_Bildung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung">Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung</a></i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische+Bildung&rft.atitle=Die+DDR+als+Zankapfel+in+Forschung+und+Politik&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.aulast=Pfeil&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fthemen%2Fdeutschlandarchiv%2F307645%2Fdie-ddr-als-zankapfel-in-forschung-und-politik%2F%23footnode48-48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judt612-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judt612_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judt612_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJudt2005">Judt 2005</a>, p. 612</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050419213613/http://www.germannotes.com/hist_east_wall.shtml">"The Berlin Wall (1961–89)"</a>. <i>German Notes</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Berlin+Wall+%281961%E2%80%9389%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germannotes.com%2Fhist_east_wall.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilde_Szabo_2014-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hilde_Szabo_2014_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilde_Szabo_2014_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabo1999" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szabo, Hilde (16 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/welt-europa/weltpolitik/364731_Die-Berliner-Mauer-begann-im-Burgenland-zu-broeckeln.html">"Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln"</a> [The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland]. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung" title="Wiener Zeitung">Wiener Zeitung</a></i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiener+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Die+Berliner+Mauer+begann+im+Burgenland+zu+br%C3%B6ckeln&rft.date=1999-08-16&rft.aulast=Szabo&rft.aufirst=Hilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wienerzeitung.at%2Fnachrichten%2Fwelt-europa%2Fweltpolitik%2F364731_Die-Berliner-Mauer-begann-im-Burgenland-zu-broeckeln.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahodynsky2014" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lahodynsky, Otmar (9 August 2014). 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Vienna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Presse&rft.atitle=DDR-Massenflucht%3A+Ein+Picknick+hebt+die+Welt+aus+den+Angeln&rft.date=2014-08-17&rft.aulast=Roser&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diepresse.com%2F3855470%2Fddr-massenflucht-ein-picknick-hebt-die-welt-aus-den-angeln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank,_Michael_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank, Michael (journalist) (page does not exist)">Frank, Michael (journalist)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frank" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Frank">de</a>]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/paneuropaeisches-picknick-mit-dem-picknickkorb-in-die-freiheit-1.170802-0">"Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit"</a> [Pan-European picnic – With the picnic basket to freedom]. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a></i> (in German). 17 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Paneurop%C3%A4isches+Picknick+%E2%80%93+Mit+dem+Picknickkorb+in+die+Freiheit&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fpaneuropaeisches-picknick-mit-dem-picknickkorb-in-die-freiheit-1.170802-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judt613-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judt613_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judt613_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJudt2005">Judt 2005</a>, p. 613</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnton1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Darnton, Robert</a> (1992). <i>Berlin Journal</i>. 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(September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/potsdam-conf">"The Potsdam Conference, 1945"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(11 February 2005). <i>Antifascism & the Historical Identity of East German Youth, 1961–1989</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63683865">63683865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Antifascism+%26+the+Historical+Identity+of+East+German+Youth%2C+1961%E2%80%931989&rft.inst=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63683865&rft.aulast=Plum&rft.aufirst=Catherine+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulbrook,_Mary_1989-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook,_Mary_1989_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulbrook,_Mary_1989_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Fulbrook, Mary</a> (1995). <i>Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR 1949–1989</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Dictatorship%3A+Inside+the+GDR+1949%E2%80%931989&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/de%7Dfdj.html">"Free German Youth 1949–1990 (East Germany)"</a>. Flagspot.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+German+Youth+1949%E2%80%931990+%28East+Germany%29&rft.pub=Flagspot.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflagspot.net%2Fflags%2Fde%257Dfdj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurich2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jurich, Dirk (2006). <i>Staatssozialismus und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung: eine empirische Studie</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="LIT Verlag Münster">LIT Verlag Münster</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3825898938" title="Special:BookSources/3825898938"><bdi>3825898938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staatssozialismus+und+gesellschaftliche+Differenzierung%3A+eine+empirische+Studie&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3825898938&rft.aulast=Jurich&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/tp.htm">"The Rules of the Thälmann Pioneers"</a>. Calvin.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rules+of+the+Th%C3%A4lmann+Pioneers&rft.pub=Calvin.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calvin.edu%2Facademic%2Fcas%2Fgpa%2Ftp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2004" class="citation book cs1">McDougall, Alan (2004). <i>Youth Politics in East Germany: The Free German Youth Movement, 1946–1968</i>. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+Politics+in+East+Germany%3A+The+Free+German+Youth+Movement%2C+1946%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Historical+Monographs&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2004" class="citation book cs1">McDougall, Alan (2004). <i>Youth Politics in East Germany: The Free German Youth Movement, 1946–1968</i>. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 43–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+Politics+in+East+Germany%3A+The+Free+German+Youth+Movement%2C+1946%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Historical+Monographs&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein1990" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOoyp-1UOH4C&pg=PA184"><i>Moscow's Third World Strategy</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02332-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02332-8"><bdi>0-691-02332-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201040239/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOoyp-1UOH4C&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow%27s+Third+World+Strategy&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-691-02332-8&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Alvin+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOoyp-1UOH4C%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herf-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herf_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herf_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Herf, Jeffrey</a> (2016). <i>Undeclared Wars with Israel: East Germany and the West German Far Left, 1967–1989</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08986-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08986-0"><bdi>978-1-107-08986-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undeclared+Wars+with+Israel%3A+East+Germany+and+the+West+German+Far+Left%2C+1967%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08986-0&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2014" class="citation journal cs1">Herf, Jeffrey (2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'At War with Israel': East Germany's Key Role in Soviet Policy in the Middle East". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a></i>. <b>16</b> (2): 129–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00450">10.1162/JCWS_a_00450</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57566994">57566994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=%27At+War+with+Israel%27%3A+East+Germany%27s+Key+Role+in+Soviet+Policy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-163&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00450&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57566994%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtojerusalemt00laqu"><i>The Road to Jerusalem: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i></a></span>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtojerusalemt00laqu/page/215">215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-568360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-568360-0"><bdi>978-0-02-568360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Jerusalem%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-02-568360-0&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtojerusalemt00laqu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Israel's struggle in the UN</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlinerkolleg.com/en/blog/gdr-and-plo-east-germanys-palestine-policy">"The GDR and the PLO: East Germany's Palestine Policy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505054314/http://www.berlinerkolleg.com/en/blog/gdr-and-plo-east-germanys-palestine-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+GDR+and+the+PLO%3A+East+Germany%27s+Palestine+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlinerkolleg.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fgdr-and-plo-east-germanys-palestine-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrentin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Trentin, Massimiliano (17 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740802222155">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tough negotiations'. The two Germanys in Syria and Iraq, 1963–74"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_History_(journal)" title="Cold War History (journal)">Cold War History</a></i>. <b>8</b> (3): 353–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682740802222155">10.1080/14682740802222155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218576332">218576332</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(6 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713999929">"Targeting the Periphery: The Role of Iceland in East German Foreign Policy, 1949–89"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_History_(journal)" title="Cold War History (journal)">Cold War History</a></i>. <b>1</b> (3): 113–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713999929">10.1080/713999929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153852878">153852878</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789205558" title="Special:BookSources/9781789205558"><bdi>9781789205558</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrades+in+Arms%3A+Military+Masculinities+in+East+German+Culture&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781789205558&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_8irDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolsten1996" class="citation book cs1">Solsten, Eric; et al. (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division) (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/96020927/"><i>Germany: A country study</i></a>. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. pp. 169–170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%3A+Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress.+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Solsten&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F96020927%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrainor1988" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_E._Trainor" title="Bernard E. Trainor">Trainor, Bernard E.</a> (8 November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/08/world/east-german-military-warsaw-pact-s-finest.html">"East German Military: Warsaw Pact's Finest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801003742/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/08/world/east-german-military-warsaw-pact-s-finest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+Stasi+files%3A+Germany%27s+600-million-piece+puzzle&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.aulast=Goehler&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F11%2F07%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fstasi-files-east-germany-secret-police%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehler" class="citation web cs1">Koehler, John O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/koehler-stasi.html?_r=1">"Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police"</a>. <i>The New York 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<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785330278" title="Special:BookSources/9781785330278"><bdi>9781785330278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+East+German%3A+Socialist+Structures+and+Sensibilities+After+Hitler&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Berghahn+books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781785330278&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook2015" class="citation book cs1">Fulbrook, Mary (2015). <i>Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Berghahn books">Berghahn books</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785330278" title="Special:BookSources/9781785330278"><bdi>9781785330278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+East+German%3A+Socialist+Structures+and+Sensibilities+After+Hitler&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Berghahn+books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781785330278&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhouas2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghouas, Nessim (2004). <i>The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cuvillier_Verlag" title="Cuvillier Verlag">Cuvillier Verlag</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3898739880" title="Special:BookSources/3898739880"><bdi>3898739880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conditions%2C+Means+and+Methods+of+the+MfS+in+the+GDR%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Post+and+Telephone+Control&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cuvillier+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3898739880&rft.aulast=Ghouas&rft.aufirst=Nessim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaeser2003" class="citation journal cs1">Glaeser, Andreas (2003). "Power/Knowledge Failure: Epistemic Practices and Ideologies of the Secret Police in Former East Germany". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Analysis_(journal)" title="Social Analysis (journal)">Social Analysis</a></i>. <b>47</b> (1): 10–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2F015597703782353023">10.3167/015597703782353023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Analysis&rft.atitle=Power%2FKnowledge+Failure%3A+Epistemic+Practices+and+Ideologies+of+the+Secret+Police+in+Former+East+Germany&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-26&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2F015597703782353023&rft.aulast=Glaeser&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhouas2004" class="citation book cs1">Ghouas, Nessim (2004). <i>The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cuvillier_Verlag" title="Cuvillier Verlag">Cuvillier Verlag</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3898739880" title="Special:BookSources/3898739880"><bdi>3898739880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conditions%2C+Means+and+Methods+of+the+MfS+in+the+GDR%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Post+and+Telephone+Control&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Cuvillier+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3898739880&rft.aulast=Ghouas&rft.aufirst=Nessim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the Enemy: Quiet Repression and Preventive Decomposition". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a> Limited. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+Enemy%3A+Quiet+Repression+and+Preventive+Decomposition&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Stasi:_Myth_and_Reality_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy- quiet repression and preventive decomposition". <i>The Stasi: Myth and Reality</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a> Limited. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582414229" title="Special:BookSources/0582414229"><bdi>0582414229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tackling+the+enemy-+quiet+repression+and+preventive+decomposition&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0582414229&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaeser2011" class="citation book cs1">Glaeser, Andreas (2011). <i>Political Epistemics: The Secret Police, the Opposition, and the End of East German Socialism</i>. 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New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300144246" title="Special:BookSources/9780300144246"><bdi>9780300144246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+State%3A+East+German+Society+from+Hitler+to+Honecker&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780300144246&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.stsg.de/cms/node/884">The East German penal system in Torgau from 1950 to 1990</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909114942/https://irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/788?ref=tjournal.ru">"After the fall: The hidden trauma behind the Berlin Wall"</a>. <i>irct.org</i>. IRCT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/788?ref=tjournal.ru">the original</a> on 9 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irct.org&rft.atitle=After+the+fall%3A+The+hidden+trauma+behind+the+Berlin+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firct.org%2Fmedia-and-resources%2Flatest-news%2Farticle%2F788%3Fref%3Dtjournal.ru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOltermann2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Oltermann" title="Philip Oltermann">Oltermann, Philip</a> (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/06/ive-been-shafted-twice-stasi-victims-and-their-quest-for-compensation">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I've been shafted twice': Stasi victims and their quest for compensation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I%27ve+been+shafted+twice%27%3A+Stasi+victims+and+their+quest+for+compensation&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Oltermann&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fnov%2F06%2Five-been-shafted-twice-stasi-victims-and-their-quest-for-compensation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoroch1996" class="citation journal cs1">Boroch, Wilfried (1996). "Social policy as an institutional transformation problem". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transition_Economies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transition Economies (page does not exist)">Transition Economies</a></i>. <b>31</b> (3): 139–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transition+Economies&rft.atitle=Social+policy+as+an+institutional+transformation+problem&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-146&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Boroch&rft.aufirst=Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZatlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Zatlin, Jonathan R. (2007). <i>The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Currency+of+Socialism%3A+Money+and+Political+Culture+in+East+Germany&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Zatlin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGörtemaker2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Görtemaker, Manfred (26 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/themen/deutsche-einheit/deutsche-teilung-deutsche-einheit/43787/probleme-der-inneren-einigung/">"Probleme der inneren Einigung"</a>. <i>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische+Bildung&rft.atitle=Probleme+der+inneren+Einigung&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6rtemaker&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fthemen%2Fdeutsche-einheit%2Fdeutsche-teilung-deutsche-einheit%2F43787%2Fprobleme-der-inneren-einigung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Federal Office of Political Education". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ1vDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Shortest History of Germany: From Roman Frontier to the Heart of Europe - A Retelling for Our Times</i></a>. The Experiment, LLC. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615195701" title="Special:BookSources/9781615195701"><bdi>9781615195701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Federal+Office+of+Political+Education&rft.btitle=The+Shortest+History+of+Germany%3A+From+Roman+Frontier+to+the+Heart+of+Europe+-+A+Retelling+for+Our+Times&rft.pub=The+Experiment%2C+LLC&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781615195701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQ1vDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleifer2006" class="citation book cs1">Sleifer, Jaap (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80vnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">"Planning Ahead and Falling Behind: The East German Economy in Comparison with West Germany 1936–2002"</a>. <i>High Growth of an Underachiever?</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783050085395" title="Special:BookSources/9783050085395"><bdi>9783050085395</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Planning+Ahead+and+Falling+Behind%3A+The+East+German+Economy+in+Comparison+with+West+Germany+1936%E2%80%932002&rft.btitle=High+Growth+of+an+Underachiever%3F&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783050085395&rft.aulast=Sleifer&rft.aufirst=Jaap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80vnBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperlich2006" class="citation book cs1">Sperlich, Peter W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xm9Fd3QgEcC"><i>Oppression and Scarcity: The History and Institutional Structure of the Marxist-Leninist Government of East Germany and Some Perspectives on Life in a Socialist System</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97565-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97565-4"><bdi>978-0-275-97565-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516134941/https://books.google.com/books?id=3xm9Fd3QgEcC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oppression+and+Scarcity%3A+The+History+and+Institutional+Structure+of+the+Marxist-Leninist+Government+of+East+Germany+and+Some+Perspectives+on+Life+in+a+Socialist+System&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97565-4&rft.aulast=Sperlich&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xm9Fd3QgEcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/zeca-schall-im-portraet-ich-liebe-thueringen-ich-liebe-deutschland/1578230.html">"Ich liebe Thüringen, ich liebe Deutschland"</a> [I love Thuringia, I love Germany] (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235008/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/zeca-schall-im-portraet-ich-liebe-thueringen-ich-liebe-deutschland/1578230.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ich+liebe+Th%C3%BCringen%2C+ich+liebe+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fzeca-schall-im-portraet-ich-liebe-thueringen-ich-liebe-deutschland%2F1578230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Europe/germanec.htm">"East Germany: country population"</a>. Populstat.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811041417/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/germanec.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Germany%3A+country+population&rft.pub=Populstat.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FEurope%2Fgermanec.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaar2010" class="citation book cs1">Laar, Mart (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111025246/http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf"><i>The Power of Freedom: Central and Eastern Europe After 1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centre for European Studies. p. 58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>. <q>In the period between the Second World War and 1961, a total of 3.8 million people emigrated from East to West Germany.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Freedom%3A+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+After+1945&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Centre+for+European+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Laar&rft.aufirst=Mart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poweroffreedombook.com%2Fpreview_PoF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-studies.com/germany/population---historical-background.html">"Germany Population – Historical Background"</a>. Country-studies.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101133834/http://country-studies.com/germany/population---historical-background.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Population+%E2%80%93+Historical+Background&rft.pub=Country-studies.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-studies.com%2Fgermany%2Fpopulation---historical-background.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Fachveroeffentlichungen/Bevoelkerung/BroschuereGeburtenDeutschland,property=file.pdf">Destatis.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813223808/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Fachveroeffentlichungen/Bevoelkerung/BroschuereGeburtenDeutschland,property=file.pdf">Archived</a> 13 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables_/lrbev03.html">"Population by area in 1,000"</a>. <i>DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811063442/https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables_/lrbev03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DESTATIS+%E2%80%93+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft.atitle=Population+by+area+in+1%2C000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FEN%2FFactsFigures%2FSocietyState%2FPopulation%2FCurrentPopulation%2FTables_%2Flrbev03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsbewegung/ZusammenEheschliessungenGeboreneGestorbene.html">"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015"</a>. DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064452/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsbewegung/ZusammenEheschliessungenGeboreneGestorbene.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zusammenfassende+%C3%9Cbersichten+%E2%80%93+Eheschlie%C3%9Fungen%2C+Geborene+und+Gestorbene+1946+bis+2015&rft.pub=DESTATIS+%E2%80%93+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FThematisch%2FBevoelkerung%2FBevoelkerungsbewegung%2FZusammenEheschliessungenGeboreneGestorbene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/204439/leipzig/population">"Leipzig, Germany Population 1950–2019"</a>. <i>www.macrotrends.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928224946/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/204439/leipzig/population">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macrotrends.net&rft.atitle=Leipzig%2C+Germany+Population+1950%E2%80%932019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcities%2F204439%2Fleipzig%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/204437/dresden/population">"Dresden, Germany Population 1950–2019"</a>. <i>www.macrotrends.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928224947/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/204437/dresden/population">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macrotrends.net&rft.atitle=Dresden%2C+Germany+Population+1950%E2%80%932019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcities%2F204437%2Fdresden%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2016" class="citation book cs1">Paxton, J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMjDDQAAQBAJ&q=karl+marx+stadt+population+1988&pg=PA526"><i>The Statesman's Year-Book 1990–91</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27119-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27119-7"><bdi>978-0-230-27119-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book+1990%E2%80%9391&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27119-7&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMjDDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkarl%2Bmarx%2Bstadt%2Bpopulation%2B1988%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook1957" class="citation journal cs1">Fulbrook, Mary (January 1957). "The Limits Of Totalitarianism: God, State and Society in the GDR". <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Royal Historical Society">Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 25–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679269">10.2307/3679269</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679269">3679269</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162448768">162448768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Limits+Of+Totalitarianism%3A+God%2C+State+and+Society+in+the+GDR&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-52&rft.date=1957-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162448768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679269%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679269&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToth" class="citation web cs1">Toth, Helena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EF8B25B6831AAC5687891F10C5BD4646/S0960777320000065a.pdf/div-class-title-dialogue-as-a-strategy-of-struggle-religious-politics-in-east-germany-1957-1968-div.pdf">"Dialogue as a Strategy of Struggle: Religious Politics in East Germany, 1957–1968"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Contemporary European History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=Dialogue+as+a+Strategy+of+Struggle%3A+Religious+Politics+in+East+Germany%2C+1957%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=174&rft.aulast=Toth&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FEF8B25B6831AAC5687891F10C5BD4646%2FS0960777320000065a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-dialogue-as-a-strategy-of-struggle-religious-politics-in-east-germany-1957-1968-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva2000" class="citation book cs1">de Silva, Brendan (2000). "The Protestant Church and the East German State: an organisational perspective". In Cooke, Paul; Grix, Jonathan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PAR5nQudwUUC"><i>East Germany: Continuity and Change</i></a>. German Monitor. Amsterdam: Rodopi B.V. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0579-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0579-2"><bdi>978-90-420-0579-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603024922/https://books.google.com/books?id=PAR5nQudwUUC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>The SED will refrain from talks with the churches, since it must be seen as an 'atheistic party against the Church'. Thus, negotiations must be led by the State, which is understood to be non-partisan, namely by the state Secretary for Church Affairs. But decisions on Church policies are to be made exclusively 'in the party' [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Protestant+Church+and+the+East+German+State%3A+an+organisational+perspective&rft.btitle=East+Germany%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=German+Monitor&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Rodopi+B.V.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0579-2&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPAR5nQudwUUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>. Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions (New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1963), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook, <i>The Limits Of Totalitarianism: God, State and Society in the GDR</i> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Onnasch, "Konflikt und Kompromiss: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirchen zu den gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen in der DDR am Anfang der fünfziger Jahre," ["Conflict and compromise: the position of the Protestant churches with regard to social changes in the GDR at the beginning of the 1950s"], <i>Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte / Halbjahresschrift für Theologie und Geschichtswisseschaft,</i> 1990, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp. 152–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_R._Bowers_1982,_pp_73-86-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_R._Bowers_1982,_pp_73-86_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_R._Bowers_1982,_pp_73-86_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1982" class="citation journal cs1">Bowers, Stephen R. (Spring 1982). "Private Institutions in Service to the State: The German Democratic Republic's Church in Socialism". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_European_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East European Quarterly (page does not exist)">East European Quarterly</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1): 73–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Private+Institutions+in+Service+to+the+State%3A+The+German+Democratic+Republic%27s+Church+in+Socialism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-86&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manfred-stolpe.de/">"Startseite - Manfred Stolpe"</a> (in German). 29 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Startseite+-+Manfred+Stolpe&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanfred-stolpe.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine2004" class="citation journal cs1">Augustine, Dolores L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140983">"The Impact of Two Reunification-Era Debates on the East German Sense of Identity"</a>. <i>German Studies Review</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 563–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4140983">10.2307/4140983</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140983">4140983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Two+Reunification-Era+Debates+on+the+East+German+Sense+of+Identity&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=563-578&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4140983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4140983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Augustine&rft.aufirst=Dolores+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4140983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2010" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Bernd (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96QzpCRH2agC"><i>The East German State and the Catholic Church, 1945–1989</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-852-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-852-2"><bdi>978-1-84545-852-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603062014/https://books.google.com/books?id=96QzpCRH2agC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+German+State+and+the+Catholic+Church%2C+1945%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-852-2&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96QzpCRH2agC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2008" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Adrian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omjBEYM3IK4C&pg=PA185"><i>Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-92817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-92817-2"><bdi>978-0-203-92817-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427110838/https://books.google.com/books?id=omjBEYM3IK4C&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Companion+to+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+since+1919&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-92817-2&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomjBEYM3IK4C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pence and Betts, <i>Socialist modern: East German everyday culture and politics</i>. p. 37 for Maaz, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ed-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ed_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk/whos-watching-who/tales-archive/secrets-of-east-german-censorship/">"The Secret of East German Censorship – Who's Watching Who?"</a>. <i>blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091214/http://www.blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk/whos-watching-who/tales-archive/secrets-of-east-german-censorship/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Secret+of+East+German+Censorship+%E2%80%93+Who%27s+Watching+Who%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk%2Fwhos-watching-who%2Ftales-archive%2Fsecrets-of-east-german-censorship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdr4.de/musik/schallplattenbar/ostseelaender100.html">Bericht auf wdr4.de vom 22. Juli 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127174942/http://www.wdr4.de/musik/schallplattenbar/ostseelaender100.html">Archived</a> 27 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 30 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Götz Hintze: <i>Rocklexikon der DDR</i>. 2. Auflage. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89602-303-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89602-303-9">3-89602-303-9</a>, Eintrag zum Internationalen Schlagerfestival Dresden</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aus-der-ddr.de/person/chris_doerk-pid_4000005786.html">Informationen zu Chris Doerk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428041438/http://www.aus-der-ddr.de/person/chris_doerk-pid_4000005786.html">Archived</a> 28 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 23 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rote-gitarren-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rote-gitarren_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rote-gitarren.de/">"ROTE GITARREN – Die Offizielle Homepage"</a> [ROTE GITARREN – The official homepage]. <i>rote-gitarren.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152614/http://www.rote-gitarren.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rote-gitarren.de&rft.atitle=ROTE+GITARREN+%E2%80%93+Die+Offizielle+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rote-gitarren.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deutsche-mugge-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deutsche-mugge_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-mugge.de/portraits/3782-rote-gitarren.html">"Rote Gitarren"</a>. <i>Deutsche Mugge</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152122/http://www.deutsche-mugge.de/portraits/3782-rote-gitarren.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Mugge&rft.atitle=Rote+Gitarren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-mugge.de%2Fportraits%2F3782-rote-gitarren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ddr-tanzmusik-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ddr-tanzmusik_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddr-tanzmusik.de/index.php/Karel_Gott">"Karel Gott"</a>. <i>DDR-Tanzmusik</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152122/http://www.ddr-tanzmusik.de/index.php/Karel_Gott">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DDR-Tanzmusik&rft.atitle=Karel+Gott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddr-tanzmusik.de%2Findex.php%2FKarel_Gott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deutsche-mugge2-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deutsche-mugge2_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-mugge.de/portraits/2372-omega.html">"Omega"</a>. <i>Deutsche Mugge</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019153245/http://www.deutsche-mugge.de/portraits/2372-omega.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Mugge&rft.atitle=Omega&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-mugge.de%2Fportraits%2F2372-omega.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opusteno.rs/biografije-poznatih-f151/biografija-muzicar-dado-topic-t18595.html">"Biografija: Muzičar Dado Topić"</a>. <i>Opusteno.rs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412013943/http://opusteno.rs/biografije-poznatih-f151/biografija-muzicar-dado-topic-t18595.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opusteno.rs&rft.atitle=Biografija%3A+Muzi%C4%8Dar+Dado+Topi%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opusteno.rs%2Fbiografije-poznatih-f151%2Fbiografija-muzicar-dado-topic-t18595.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Timothy S. "'Keeping it Real' in a Different 'Hood: (African-) Americanization and Hip-hop in Germany." In The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, pp. 137–150. London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elflein,_Dietmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elflein, Dietmar (page does not exist)">Elflein, Dietmar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_Elflein" class="extiw" title="de:Dietmar Elflein">de</a>]</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"From Krauts with Attitudes to Turks with Attitudes: Some Aspects of Hip-Hop History in Germany". <i>Popular Music</i>. <b>17</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 225–265. October 1998. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0095">1474-0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-1430">0261-1430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=From+Krauts+with+Attitudes+to+Turks+with+Attitudes%3A+Some+Aspects+of+Hip-Hop+History+in+Germany&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-265&rft.date=1998-10&rft.eissn=1474-0095&rft.issn=0261-1430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1977-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1977_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1977" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cecil William (1977). <i>Theatre for the People: The Story of the Volksbühne</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0666-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-0666-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+for+the+People%3A+The+Story+of+the+Volksb%C3%BChne&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0666-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cecil+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLysDreyer2017" class="citation book cs1">Lys, Franziska; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dreyer" title="Michael Dreyer">Dreyer, Michael</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9JBDwAAQBAJ&dq=east+Germany+support+classical+music+orchestra+fifty&pg=PA131"><i>Virtual Walls?: Political Unification and Cultural Difference in Contemporary Germany</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-980-1"><bdi>978-1-57113-980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtual+Walls%3F%3A+Political+Unification+and+Cultural+Difference+in+Contemporary+Germany&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-980-1&rft.aulast=Lys&rft.aufirst=Franziska&rft.au=Dreyer%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ9JBDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Deast%2BGermany%2Bsupport%2Bclassical%2Bmusic%2Borchestra%2Bfifty%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/interview-with-conductor-kurt-masur-the-spirit-of-1989-has-been-exhausted-a-721851.html">"Interview With Conductor Kurt Masur: 'The Spirit of 1989 Has Been Exhausted'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel Online</a></i>. 12 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152621/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/interview-with-conductor-kurt-masur-the-spirit-of-1989-has-been-exhausted-a-721851.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Interview+With+Conductor+Kurt+Masur%3A+%27The+Spirit+of+1989+Has+Been+Exhausted%27&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Finterview-with-conductor-kurt-masur-the-spirit-of-1989-has-been-exhausted-a-721851.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimesTynan-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesTynan_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTynan1976" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan" title="Kenneth Tynan">Tynan, Kenneth</a> (11 January 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/05/10/specials/tynan-brecht.html">"Brecht Would Not Applaud His Theater Today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914115241/https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/05/10/specials/tynan-brecht.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brecht+Would+Not+Applaud+His+Theater+Today&rft.date=1976-01-11&rft.aulast=Tynan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F05%2F10%2Fspecials%2Ftynan-brecht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Feinstein, <i>The Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema, 1949–1989</i> (Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, 2002), 80–109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5385-6">978-0-8078-5385-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Harkin, Patrick (2011). "Brecht on 17 June: Establishing the Facts". In Bradley, Laura; <a href="/wiki/Karen_Leeder" title="Karen Leeder">Leeder, Karen</a> (eds.). <i>Brecht and the GDR: Politics, Culture, Posterity</i>. Edinburgh German Yearbook. Vol. 5. Rochester, NY: <a href="/wiki/Camden_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden House">Camden House</a>. pp. 84–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-492-9"><bdi>978-1-57113-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brecht+on+17+June%3A+Establishing+the+Facts&rft.btitle=Brecht+and+the+GDR%3A+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+Posterity&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.series=Edinburgh+German+Yearbook&rft.pages=84-99&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-492-9&rft.aulast=Harkin&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGezen2018" class="citation book cs1">Gezen, Ela E. (2018). <i>Brecht, Turkish Theater, and Turkish-German Literature: Reception, Adaptation, and Innovation After 1960</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. pp. 80–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64014-024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64014-024-0"><bdi>978-1-64014-024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht%2C+Turkish+Theater%2C+and+Turkish-German+Literature%3A+Reception%2C+Adaptation%2C+and+Innovation+After+1960&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80-85&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-64014-024-0&rft.aulast=Gezen&rft.aufirst=Ela+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWekwerth2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Wekwerth" title="Manfred Wekwerth">Wekwerth, Manfred</a> (2012). <i>Daring to Play: A Brecht Companion</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 101–07. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70911-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70911-1"><bdi>978-1-136-70911-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daring+to+Play%3A+A+Brecht+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101-07&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-70911-1&rft.aulast=Wekwerth&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2006" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Laura (2006). <i>Brecht and Political Theatre: The Mother on Stage</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 115–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137322326_14">10.1057/9781137322326_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32232-6"><bdi>978-1-137-32232-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany1974/teams/team=44023/matches.html">the original</a> on 27 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIFA.com&rft.atitle=1974+FIFA+World+Cup+Germany%2C+Germany+FR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Farchive%2Fgermany1974%2Fteams%2Fteam%3D44023%2Fmatches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2019" class="citation web cs1">Beard, Stephen (4 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketplace.org/2019/11/04/30-years-after-the-fall-of-the-berlin-wall-germany-recalls-the-economic-gulf-between-east-and-west/">"30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany recalls the economic gulf between East and West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)" title="Marketplace (radio program)">Marketplace</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+years+after+the+fall+of+the+Berlin+Wall%2C+Germany+recalls+the+economic+gulf+between+East+and+West&rft.pub=NPR%2FMarketplace&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2F2019%2F11%2F04%2F30-years-after-the-fall-of-the-berlin-wall-germany-recalls-the-economic-gulf-between-east-and-west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-01-21-mn-999-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'76 E. German Nuclear Incident Described"</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 21 January 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%2776+E.+German+Nuclear+Incident+Described&rft.date=1990-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-01-21-mn-999-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grotel%C3%BCschen,_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grotelüschen, Frank (page does not exist)">Grotelüschen, Frank</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Grotel%C3%BCschen" class="extiw" title="de:Frank Grotelüschen">de</a>]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/east-german-nuclear-plant-demolition-proves-challenging/a-5096451">"East German nuclear plant demolition proves challenging"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=East+German+nuclear+plant+demolition+proves+challenging&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feast-german-nuclear-plant-demolition-proves-challenging%2Fa-5096451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2000" class="citation journal cs1">Blum, Martin (Winter 2000). "Remaking the East German Past: 'Ostalgie,' Identity, and Material Culture". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Popular_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Popular Culture">Journal of Popular Culture</a></i>. <b>34</b> (3): 229–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Remaking+the+East+German+Past%3A+%27Ostalgie%2C%27+Identity%2C+and+Material+Culture&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-54&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2002" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, Leonie (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AugFhjJZz0QC&pg=PA14"><i>That Was the Wild East: Film Culture, Unification, and the 'New' Germany</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08888-1"><bdi>978-0-472-08888-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521031132/https://books.google.com/books?id=AugFhjJZz0QC&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Was+the+Wild+East%3A+Film+Culture%2C+Unification%2C+and+the+%27New%27+Germany&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08888-1&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=Leonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAugFhjJZz0QC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickford2011" class="citation book cs1">Bickford, Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sELghp1BIbgC&pg=PA10"><i>Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7396-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-7396-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427060712/https://books.google.com/books?id=sELghp1BIbgC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Elites%3A+The+Military+Other+in+Post-Unification+Germany&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7396-6&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsELghp1BIbgC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Ascher_Barnstone" title="Deborah Ascher Barnstone">Barnstone, Deborah Ascher</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkO_WwhyXWMC&pg=PA92"><i>The Transparent State: Architecture and Politics in Postwar Germany</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-79988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-79988-8"><bdi>978-0-203-79988-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507070723/https://books.google.com/books?id=dkO_WwhyXWMC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transparent+State%3A+Architecture+and+Politics+in+Postwar+Germany&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-79988-8&rft.aulast=Barnstone&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Ascher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkO_WwhyXWMC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2007" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (31 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/01/germany.kateconnolly">"Educated women leave east German men behind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063245/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/01/germany.kateconnolly">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Educated+women+leave+east+German+men+behind&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fjun%2F01%2Fgermany.kateconnolly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonstein2009" class="citation news cs1">Bonstein, Julia (3 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/homesick-for-a-dictatorship-majority-of-eastern-germans-feel-life-better-under-communism-a-634122.html">"Homesick for a Dictatorship: Majority of Eastern Germans Feel Life Better under Communism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349">2195-1349</a>. <q>Today, 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, 57 percent, or an absolute majority, of eastern Germans defend the former East Germany.' The GDR had more good sides than bad sides. There were some problems, but life was good there,' say 49 percent of those polled. Eight percent of eastern Germans flatly oppose all criticism of their former home and agree with the statement: 'The GDR had, for the most part, good sides. Life there was happier and better than in reunified Germany today."'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Homesick+for+a+Dictatorship%3A+Majority+of+Eastern+Germans+Feel+Life+Better+under+Communism&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.issn=2195-1349&rft.aulast=Bonstein&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fhomesick-for-a-dictatorship-majority-of-eastern-germans-feel-life-better-under-communism-a-634122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHou2017" class="citation web cs1">Hou, Yushi (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://generic.wordpress.soton.ac.uk/cifr/2017/10/02/rewriting-ideal-history-the-ostalgie-expression-in-goodbye-lenin-2003/">"Rewriting ideal history: The Ostalgie expression in <i>Goodbye, Lenin</i> (2003)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a> Centre for International Film Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rewriting+ideal+history%3A+The+Ostalgie+expression+in+Goodbye%2C+Lenin+%282003%29&rft.pub=University+of+Southampton+Centre+for+International+Film+Research&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Yushi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeneric.wordpress.soton.ac.uk%2Fcifr%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2Frewriting-ideal-history-the-ostalgie-expression-in-goodbye-lenin-2003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick2013" class="citation news cs1">Dick, Wolfgang (3 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ostalgia-romanticizing-the-gdr/a-17959366">"Ostalgia: Romanticizing the GDR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Ostalgia%3A+Romanticizing+the+GDR&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fostalgia-romanticizing-the-gdr%2Fa-17959366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infratest-dimap.de/umfragen-analysen/bundesweit/umfragen/aktuell/33-jahre-wiedervereinigung/">"33 Jahre Wiedervereinigung"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=33+Jahre+Wiedervereinigung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infratest-dimap.de%2Fumfragen-analysen%2Fbundesweit%2Fumfragen%2Faktuell%2F33-jahre-wiedervereinigung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyer2024" class="citation news cs1">Hoyer, Katja (7 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/mar/07/east-germany-west-far-right-afd-gdr">"What's 'wrong' with east Germany? Look to its long neglect by the wealthy west"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What%27s+%27wrong%27+with+east+Germany%3F+Look+to+its+long+neglect+by+the+wealthy+west&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft.aulast=Hoyer&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2024%2Fmar%2F07%2Feast-germany-west-far-right-afd-gdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)2020" class="citation news cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-is-everyone-in-germany-talking-about-thuringia-and-afd/a-52277013">"Why is everyone in Germany talking about Thuringia and AfD?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Why+is+everyone+in+Germany+talking+about+Thuringia+and+AfD%3F&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwhy-is-everyone-in-germany-talking-about-thuringia-and-afd%2Fa-52277013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katapult-magazin.de-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katapult-magazin.de_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katapult-magazin.de_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katapult-magazin.de/de/artikel/die-rechten-ziehen-in-den-osten-auslaender-in-den-westen">"Die Rechten ziehen in den Osten, Ausländer in den Westen"</a>. <i>KATAPULT-Magazin</i>. 3 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609232824/https://katapult-magazin.de/de/artikel/die-rechten-ziehen-in-den-osten-auslaender-in-den-westen">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KATAPULT-Magazin&rft.atitle=Die+Rechten+ziehen+in+den+Osten%2C+Ausl%C3%A4nder+in+den+Westen&rft.date=2016-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatapult-magazin.de%2Fde%2Fartikel%2Fdie-rechten-ziehen-in-den-osten-auslaender-in-den-westen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpb.de-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bpb.de_217-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bpb.de_217-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/zahlen-und-fakten/soziale-situation-in-deutschland/61625/auslaendische-bevoelkerung-nach-laendern">"Ausländische Bevölkerung nach Ländern – bpb"</a>. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507132907/http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/zahlen-und-fakten/soziale-situation-in-deutschland/61625/auslaendische-bevoelkerung-nach-laendern">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausl%C3%A4ndische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+L%C3%A4ndern+%E2%80%93+bpb&rft.pub=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische+Bildung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fnachschlagen%2Fzahlen-und-fakten%2Fsoziale-situation-in-deutschland%2F61625%2Fauslaendische-bevoelkerung-nach-laendern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laenderdaten.de-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laenderdaten.de_218-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laenderdaten.de_218-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laenderdaten.de/europa/deutschland/bundeslaender/auslaenderanteil.aspx">"Ausländeranteil in Deutschland nach Bundesländern"</a>. <i>www.laenderdaten.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712152046/https://www.laenderdaten.de/europa/deutschland/bundeslaender/auslaenderanteil.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.laenderdaten.de&rft.atitle=Ausl%C3%A4nderanteil+in+Deutschland+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laenderdaten.de%2Feuropa%2Fdeutschland%2Fbundeslaender%2Fauslaenderanteil.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/report-shows-highest-percentage-of-atheists-in-former-east-germany-a-828526.html">"Only the Old Embrace God in Former East Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel&rft.atitle=Only+the+Old+Embrace+God+in+Former+East+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Freport-shows-highest-percentage-of-atheists-in-former-east-germany-a-828526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20120420/42081/">"East Germany world's most godless area"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a></i>. 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=East+Germany+world%27s+most+godless+area&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20120420%2F42081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-godless-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-godless_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamann,_Matthias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamann, Matthias (page does not exist)">Kamann, Matthias</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Kamann" class="extiw" title="de:Matthias Kamann">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Facius,_Gernot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facius, Gernot (page does not exist)">Facius, Gernot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernot_Facius" class="extiw" title="de:Gernot Facius">de</a>]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826093254/http://www.worldcrunch.com/why-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet/culture-society/why-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth/c3s5177/#.UHNiqk3Ex_0">"Why Eastern Germany is the Most Godless Place On Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcrunch.com/why-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet/culture-society/why-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth/c3s5177/#.UHNiqk3Ex_0">the original</a> on 26 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Why+Eastern+Germany+is+the+Most+Godless+Place+On+Earth&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcrunch.com%2Fwhy-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet%2Fculture-society%2Fwhy-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth%2Fc3s5177%2F%23.UHNiqk3Ex_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atheistic-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atheistic_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialoginternational.com/dialog_international/2012/05/east-germany-the-most-atheistic-of-any-region.html">"East Germany the 'most atheistic' of any region"</a>. Dialog International. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Germany+the+%27most+atheistic%27+of+any+region&rft.pub=Dialog+International&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoginternational.com%2Fdialog_international%2F2012%2F05%2Feast-germany-the-most-atheistic-of-any-region.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nogod-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nogod_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826093254/http://www.worldcrunch.com/why-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet/culture-society/why-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth/c3s5177/#.UHNiqk3Ex_0">"Eastern Germany: the most godless place on Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcrunch.com/why-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet/culture-society/why-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth/c3s5177/#.UHNiqk3Ex_0">the original</a> on 26 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eastern+Germany%3A+the+most+godless+place+on+Earth&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcrunch.com%2Fwhy-eastern-germany-most-godless-place-planet%2Fculture-society%2Fwhy-eastern-germany-is-the-most-godless-place-on-earth%2Fc3s5177%2F%23.UHNiqk3Ex_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlyold-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onlyold_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/report-shows-highest-percentage-of-atheists-in-former-east-germany-a-828526.html">"Only the Old embrace God in former East-Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel Online</a></i>. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Only+the+Old+embrace+God+in+former+East-Germany&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Freport-shows-highest-percentage-of-atheists-in-former-east-germany-a-828526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt, Tony</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Postwar:_A_History_of_Europe_Since_1945" title="Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945">Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin (publisher)">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780434015757" title="Special:BookSources/9780434015757"><bdi>9780434015757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar%3A+A+History+of+Europe+Since+1945&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780434015757&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_McCauley_(historian)" title="Martin McCauley (historian)">McCauley, Martin</a> (1983). <i>The German Democratic Republic Since 1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-26219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-26219-1"><bdi>978-0-333-26219-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Democratic+Republic+Since+1945&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-333-26219-1&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_D._Weitz" title="Eric D. Weitz">Weitz, Eric D.</a> (1997). <i>Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691025940" title="Special:BookSources/9780691025940"><bdi>9780691025940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+German+Communism%2C+1890%E2%80%931990%3A+From+Popular+Protests+to+Socialist+State&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780691025940&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allinson" title="Mark Allinson">Allinson, Mark</a> (2000). <i>Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany 1945–1965</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719055546" title="Special:BookSources/9780719055546"><bdi>9780719055546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Popular+Opinion+in+East+Germany+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780719055546&rft.aulast=Allinson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anon. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GDR1986"><i>The German Democratic Republic</i></a>. Dresden: Zeit im Bild. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221026743">221026743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.place=Dresden&rft.pub=Zeit+im+Bild&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221026743&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGDR1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolores2007" class="citation book cs1">Dolores, Augustine (2007). <i>Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945–1990</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262012362" title="Special:BookSources/9780262012362"><bdi>9780262012362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Prometheus%3A+Engineering+and+Dictatorship+in+East+Germany%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780262012362&rft.aulast=Dolores&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylisChildsCollierRueschemeyer1989" class="citation book cs1">Baylis, Thomas A.; <a href="/wiki/David_H._Childs" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Childs">Childs, David H.</a>; Collier, Erwin L.; Rueschemeyer, Marilyn, eds. (1989). <i>East Germany in Comparative Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Germany+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerLaPorte2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Berger" title="Stefan Berger">Berger, Stefan</a>; LaPorte, Norman, eds. (2005). <i>The Other Germany: Perceptions and Influences in British-East German Relations, 1945–1990</i>. <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>: Wissner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783896394859" title="Special:BookSources/9783896394859"><bdi>9783896394859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Germany%3A+Perceptions+and+Influences+in+British-East+German+Relations%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Augsburg&rft.pub=Wissner&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783896394859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerLaPorte2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Berger" title="Stefan Berger">Berger, Stefan</a>; LaPorte, Norman, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bshSd9eoCmgC"><i>Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845456979" title="Special:BookSources/9781845456979"><bdi>9781845456979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friendly+Enemies%3A+Britain+and+the+GDR%2C+1949%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781845456979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbshSd9eoCmgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=38136">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerghoffBalbier2013" class="citation book cs1">Berghoff, Hartmut; Balbier, Uta Andrea, eds. (2013). <i>The East German Economy, 1945–2010: Falling Behind Or Catching Up?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107030138" title="Special:BookSources/9781107030138"><bdi>9781107030138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+German+Economy%2C+1945%E2%80%932010%3A+Falling+Behind+Or+Catching+Up%3F&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107030138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2013" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Paul (2013). <i>Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Within+Walls%3A+Private+Life+in+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Childs" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Childs">Childs, David H.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222073111/http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/Bookshop/detail.asp?item=100000000004463"><i>The Fall of the GDR</i></a>. Longman, PearsonEd.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582315693" title="Special:BookSources/9780582315693"><bdi>9780582315693</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/Bookshop/detail.asp?item=100000000004463">the original</a> on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+GDR&rft.pub=Longman%2C+PearsonEd.co.uk&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780582315693&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearsoned.co.uk%2FBookshop%2Fdetail.asp%3Fitem%3D100000000004463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildsPopplewell1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Childs" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Childs">Childs, David H.</a>; Popplewell, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310001432/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=0333772075"><i>The Stasi: East German Intelligence and Security Service</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333630945" title="Special:BookSources/9780333630945"><bdi>9780333630945</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=0333772075">the original</a> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stasi%3A+East+German+Intelligence+and+Security+Service&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780333630945&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Popplewell%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fproducts%2Ftitle.aspx%3Fis%3D0333772075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Childs" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Childs">Childs, David H.</a> (1983). <i>The GDR: Moscow's German Ally</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780043540299" title="Special:BookSources/9780043540299"><bdi>9780043540299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+GDR%3A+Moscow%27s+German+Ally&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780043540299&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Childs" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Childs">Childs, David H.</a> (2000). <i>The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Red+Flags%3A+European+Social+Democracy+%26+Soviet+Communism+Since+1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_La_MotteGreen2015" class="citation book cs1">De La Motte, Bruni; Green, John (2015). <i>Stasi State or Socialist Paradise? The German Democratic Republic and What Became of It</i>. Artery Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955822865" title="Special:BookSources/9780955822865"><bdi>9780955822865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stasi+State+or+Socialist+Paradise%3F+The+German+Democratic+Republic+and+What+Became+of+It&rft.pub=Artery+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780955822865&rft.aulast=De+La+Motte&rft.aufirst=Bruni&rft.au=Green%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Fulbrook, Mary</a> (2005). <i>The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300108842" title="Special:BookSources/0300108842"><bdi>0300108842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+State%3A+East+German+Society+from+Hitler+to+Honecker&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0300108842&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Fulbrook, Mary</a> (1995). <i>Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Dictatorship%3A+Inside+the+GDR%2C+1949%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrookPort2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Fulbrook, Mary</a>; Port, Andrew I., eds. (2013). <i>Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler</i>. New York and Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Berghahn">Berghahn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+East+German%3A+Socialist+Structures+and+Sensibilities+after+Hitler&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunke2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Funke, Mark (2021). "Hall of Mirrors: The Antiquarian Book Trade in Communist Germany". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a></i>. Vol. 70, no. 4 (Winter). pp. 603–617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Book+Collector&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Mirrors%3A+The+Antiquarian+Book+Trade+in+Communist+Germany&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4+%28Winter%29&rft.pages=603-617&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Funke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2003" class="citation book cs1">Gray, William Glenn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/105880340/germany-s-cold-war-the-global-campaign-to-isolate"><i>Germany's Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany, 1949–1969</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+Cold+War%3A+The+Global+Campaign+to+Isolate+East+Germany%2C+1949%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=William+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F105880340%2Fgermany-s-cold-war-the-global-campaign-to-isolate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieder2012" class="citation book cs1">Grieder, Peter (2012). <i>The German Democratic Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Grieder&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrix2000" class="citation book cs1">Grix, Jonathan (2000). <i>The Role of the Masses in the Collapse of the GDR</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+Masses+in+the+Collapse+of+the+GDR&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Grix&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Heitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Heitzer (page does not exist)">Heitzer, Heinz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Heitzer" class="extiw" title="de:Heinz Heitzer">de</a>]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GDRHistoricalOutline/page/n1"><i>GDR: An Historical Outline</i></a>. 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Stokes">Stokes, Raymond G.</a> (2000). <i>Constructing Socialism: Technology and Change in East Germany, 1945–1990</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Socialism%3A+Technology+and+Change+in+East+Germany%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZatlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Zatlin, Jonathan R (2007). <i>The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Currency+of+Socialism%3A+Money+and+Political+Culture+in+East+Germany&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Zatlin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=22672">online review</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridge2002" class="citation book cs1">Bridge, Helen (2002). <i>Women's Writing and Historiography in the GDR</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Writing+and+Historiography+in+the+GDR&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodginPearce2011" class="citation book cs1">Hodgin, Nick; Pearce, Caroline, eds. (2011). <i>The GDR Remembered: Representations of the East German State since 1989</i>. <a href="/wiki/Camden_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden House">Camden House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+GDR+Remembered%3A+Representations+of+the+East+German+State+since+1989&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/GDR-Remembered-Representations-Literature-Linguistics/dp/1571134344/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKweit1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Kwiet" title="Konrad Kwiet">Kweit, Konrad</a> (1976). "Historians of the German Democratic Republic on Antisemitism and Persecution". <i>The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 173–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F21.1.173">10.1093/leobaeck/21.1.173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leo+Baeck+Institute+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Historians+of+the+German+Democratic+Republic+on+Antisemitism+and+Persecution&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-198&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F21.1.173&rft.aulast=Kweit&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Port, Andrew I. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/FulbrookBecoming_intro.pdf">"The Banalities of East German Historiography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Fulbrook, Mary</a>; Port, Andrew I. (eds.). <i>Becoming East Germans: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-974-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-974-9"><bdi>978-0-85745-974-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Banalities+of+East+German+Historiography&rft.btitle=Becoming+East+Germans%3A+Socialist+Structures+and+Sensibilities+After+Hitler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-974-9&rft.aulast=Port&rft.aufirst=Andrew+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghahnbooks.com%2Fdownloads%2Fintros%2FFulbrookBecoming_intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Port, Andrew I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13599221">"Central European History since 1989: Historiographical Trends and Post-Wende 'Turns'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. Vol. 48. pp. 238–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938915000588">10.1017/S0008938915000588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151405931">151405931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+European+History+since+1989%3A+Historiographical+Trends+and+Post-Wende+%27Turns%27&rft.btitle=Central+European+History&rft.pages=238-248&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938915000588&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151405931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Port&rft.aufirst=Andrew+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13599221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_A._Ritter" title="Gerhard A. Ritter">Ritter, Gerhard A.</a> (April 2002). "Die DDR in der Deutschen Gesichte" [The GDR in German History]. <i><a href="/wiki/Vierteljahrshefte_f%C3%BCr_Zeitgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte">Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</a></i> (in German). <b>50</b> (2): 171–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Die+DDR+in+der+Deutschen+Gesichte&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-300&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Corey (2002). <i>The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+German+Dictatorship%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives+in+the+Interpretation+of+the+GDR&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaundersPinfold2012" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Anna; Pinfold, Debbie, eds. (2012). <i>Remembering and Rethinking the GDR: Multiple Perspectives and Plural Authenticities</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+and+Rethinking+the+GDR%3A+Multiple+Perspectives+and+Plural+Authenticities&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteding2014" class="citation journal cs1">Steding, Elizabeth Priester (2014). "Losing Literature: The Reduction of the GDR to History". <i><a href="/wiki/German_Politics_%26_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="German Politics & Society">German Politics & Society</a></i>. <b>32</b> (4): 39–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fgps.2014.320403">10.3167/gps.2014.320403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Losing+Literature%3A+The+Reduction+of+the+GDR+to+History&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=39-55&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fgps.2014.320403&rft.aulast=Steding&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Priester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Germany" class="Z3988"></span> Argues the history of East Germany is taught in 21st-century German schools, but not its literature.</li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/East_Germany" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/East Germany">East Germany</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grenzmuseum.de/en/the-german-bordermuseum-schifflersgrund-2/">Border Museum at Schifflersgrund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddr-museum.de/en/">DDR Museum Berlin – Culture of GDR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5528">AHF – Nationale Volksarmee : NVA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408072804/http://www.ddr.innerdeutsche-grenze.info/"><i>That was the GDR</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 8 April 2010) <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/gdrmain.htm">East German Propaganda, Calvin University</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scrc.gmu.edu/finding_aids/scenesfrombehindthewall.html">Scenes from Behind the Wall: Images of East Germany 1989/90" Exhibit Collection C0235</a>, Special Collections Research Center, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> Libraries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.industrieform-ddr.de/">Geschichte des ostdeutschen Designs – history of east German design</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004721/http://www.ostberlin.de/en/">East Berlin, past and present</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 28 September 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddr-fotos.de/gdr_photos.htm">Pictures of the GDR 1949–1973</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.osaarchivum.org/catalog/O8BABAKB">RFE/RL East German Subject Files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a>, Budapest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102085515/http://colnect.com/en/stamps/series/country/2979">Stamps Catalog of the German Democratic Republic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 2 January 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eastgermany.info/EastGermanAnthem.htm">East German anthem with English and German lyrics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/19491007/">Map – Europe 1949: NATO and the Two Germanys (omniatlas.com)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauerkarte.de/">Mauerkarte – Detailed interactive map of the border between East and West Germany</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">Allied Occupation Zones in Germany</a><br />and the<br /><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration in Germany</a><br />(1945–1949)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">German Democratic Republic</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(concurrent with the<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a></span>)</span> </b><br />1949–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_East_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of East Germany">Bezirke</a> (1952–90)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Cottbus" title="Bezirk Cottbus">Cottbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Dresden" title="Bezirk Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Erfurt" title="Bezirk Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt" title="Bezirk Frankfurt">Frankfurt (Oder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Gera" title="Bezirk Gera">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Halle" title="Bezirk Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Karl-Marx-Stadt" title="Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt">Karl-Marx-Stadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Leipzig" title="Bezirk Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Magdeburg" title="Bezirk Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Potsdam" title="Bezirk Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Schwerin" title="Bezirk Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Suhl" title="Bezirk Suhl">Suhl</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DDR_Verwaltungsbezirke_farbig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the DDR"><img alt="Map of the DDR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DDR_Verwaltungsbezirke_farbig.svg/70px-DDR_Verwaltungsbezirke_farbig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DDR_Verwaltungsbezirke_farbig.svg/105px-DDR_Verwaltungsbezirke_farbig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DDR_Verwaltungsbezirke_farbig.svg/140px-DDR_Verwaltungsbezirke_farbig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">States</a> (1949–52; 1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>de facto</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:East_Germany" title="Portal:East Germany">East Germany portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/135px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Cold War Europe"><img alt="Map of Cold War Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026358662">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/046530">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046574">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFBlum2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoroch1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowers1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChildsPopplewell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCombe2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConradt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornfieldHodson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarnton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_La_MotteGreen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolores2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnns2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrookPort2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFunke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGezen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhouas2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlaeser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaeser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoehler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreven2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrieder2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrix2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGörtemaker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarkin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaydock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeiduschke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmstaedt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerf2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerf2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodginPearce2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngimundarson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarauschDuffy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKicmanGower2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKocka2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoehler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKommers2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKrisch1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupferberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKweit1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLISUM\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahodynsky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahodynsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLysDreyer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajorOsmond2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAdams1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAdams1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCauley1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDougall2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller200\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaughton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOltermann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenceBetts2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPfeil2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPort2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreuss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPridhamVanhanen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritchard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPucci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuint1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitter2002\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRockwell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuggenthaler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarotte2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSaundersPinfold2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleifer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolsten1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperlich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpilker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteding2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteininger1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiftung_Haus_der_Geschichte_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSzabo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillack-Graf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrainor1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrentin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTynan1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWegner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeitz1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWekwerth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildenthal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZatlin2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZuelow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Silva2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 2,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 6,\n [\"Bezirke DDR\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 112,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 60,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Communist Eastern Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Copyedit\"] = 1,\n [\"Date?\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"East Germany labelled map\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Bloc\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Bloc sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 13,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 19,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Jargon\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 91,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"Map_caption\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 2,\n [\"Native_name\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 9,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Page?\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 24,\n [\"Socialist states\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 2,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsourced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","17.3"],["?","500","16.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","8.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","4.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","2.7"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","80","2.7"],["[others]","840","28.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-qw979","timestamp":"20241125104425","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"East Germany","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16957","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16957","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-24T12:41:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T03:58:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/97\/Flag_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic.svg","headline":"1949\u20131990 country in central Europe, unified into modern Germany"}</script> </body> </html>