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id="toc-Controversies_and_gaffes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders'_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders'_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Leaders' debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders'_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_parties_public_forum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_parties_public_forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Small parties public forum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_parties_public_forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Opinion polls </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinion_polls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opinion polls subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Democratic_Party_surge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Democratic_Party_surge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 New Democratic Party surge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Democratic_Party_surge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Election spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Endorsements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidates_by_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidates_by_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Candidates by party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidates_by_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Results </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Results subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results_by_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_by_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Results by province </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_by_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Post-election </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-election-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-election subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview_of_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Overview of results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Recounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_party_leadership_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_party_leadership_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Opposition party leadership changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_party_leadership_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voter_suppression_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voter_suppression_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4.1 Voter suppression scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_suppression_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riding_of_Vaughan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riding_of_Vaughan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4.2 Riding of Vaughan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riding_of_Vaughan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Commentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadische_Unterhauswahl_2011" title="Kanadische Unterhauswahl 2011 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanadische Unterhauswahl 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_federales_de_Canad%C3%A1_de_2011" title="Elecciones federales de Canadá de 2011 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones federales de Canadá de 2011" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lections_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rales_canadiennes_de_2011" title="Élections fédérales canadiennes de 2011 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élections fédérales canadiennes de 2011" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3ns_federais_do_Canad%C3%A1_de_2011" title="Eleccións federais do Canadá de 2011 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eleccións federais do Canadá de 2011" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%EB%85%84_%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="2011년 캐나다 연방 선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2011년 캐나다 연방 선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_federali_in_Canada_del_2011" title="Elezioni federali in Canada del 2011 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezioni federali in Canada del 2011" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_2011" title="הבחירות הפרלמנטריות בקנדה 2011 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבחירות הפרלמנטריות בקנדה 2011" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadese_federale_verkiezingen_2011" title="Canadese federale verkiezingen 2011 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canadese federale verkiezingen 2011" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E7%B7%8F%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="2011年カナダ総選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2011年カナダ総選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_federal_saylovi_(2011)" title="Kanada federal saylovi (2011) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanada federal saylovi (2011)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es_federais_no_Canad%C3%A1_em_2011" title="Eleições federais no Canadá em 2011 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleições federais no Canadá em 2011" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_(2011)" title="Канадские федеральные выборы (2011) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канадские федеральные выборы (2011)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2011 Canadian federal election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="2011 கனடா நடுவண் அரசுத் தேர்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="2011 கனடா நடுவண் அரசுத் தேர்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2554" title="การเลือกตั้งสหพันธรัฐในแคนาดา พ.ศ. 2554 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลือกตั้งสหพันธรัฐในแคนาดา พ.ศ. 2554" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_2011" title="Канадські федеральні вибори 2011 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канадські федеральні вибори 2011" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A7u_c%E1%BB%AD_li%C3%AAn_bang_Canada_2011" title="Bầu cử liên bang Canada 2011 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bầu cử liên bang Canada 2011" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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img{height:80px!important;width:auto!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:300px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">2011 Canadian federal election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class="">May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)</td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;width:40%; text-align:center;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 40th Parliament of Canada">outgoing members</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;width:40%; text-align:center;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/List_of_House_members_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="List of House members of the 41st Parliament of Canada">elected members</a> →</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />308 seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> 155 seats needed for a majority</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_in_the_Canadian_federal_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polling in the Canadian federal election, 2011">Opinion polls</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Turnout</th><td class="infobox-data">61.1% (<img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.3<a href="/wiki/Percentage_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentage Point">pp</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr class="sr-only"> <th style="text-align:left;">  </th> <th style="text-align:center">First party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Second party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Third party </th></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #6495ED"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stephen Harper by Remy Steinegger Infobox.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg/120px-Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg/180px-Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg/240px-Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2190" /></a></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #F4A460"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Layton-cr_bl_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jack Layton-cr bl (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jack_Layton-cr_bl_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Jack_Layton-cr_bl_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jack_Layton-cr_bl_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Jack_Layton-cr_bl_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jack_Layton-cr_bl_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Jack_Layton-cr_bl_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="495" /></a></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #EA6D6A"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria,_BC_Liberal_Town_Hall_Forum_public_lib%C3%A9ral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria, BC Liberal Town Hall Forum public libéral.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria%2C_BC_Liberal_Town_Hall_Forum_public_lib%C3%A9ral.jpg/120px-Victoria%2C_BC_Liberal_Town_Hall_Forum_public_lib%C3%A9ral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria%2C_BC_Liberal_Town_Hall_Forum_public_lib%C3%A9ral.jpg/180px-Victoria%2C_BC_Liberal_Town_Hall_Forum_public_lib%C3%A9ral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Victoria%2C_BC_Liberal_Town_Hall_Forum_public_lib%C3%A9ral.jpg/240px-Victoria%2C_BC_Liberal_Town_Hall_Forum_public_lib%C3%A9ral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3287" /></a></div></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader since </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2004_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">March 20, 2004</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2003_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 New Democratic Party leadership election">January 25, 2003</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2009 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">May 2, 2009</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader's seat </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Southwest" title="Calgary Southwest">Calgary Southwest</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Toronto%E2%80%94Danforth_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Toronto—Danforth (federal electoral district)">Toronto—Danforth</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Etobicoke%E2%80%94Lakeshore_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Etobicoke—Lakeshore (federal electoral district)">Etobicoke—Lakeshore</a> (lost re-election) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Last election </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">143 seats, 37.65% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">37 seats, 18.18% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">77 seats, 26.26% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats before </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">143 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">36 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">77 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats won </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">166 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">103 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">34 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seat change </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />23 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />67 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />43 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">5,832,401 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4,508,474 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">2,783,175 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">39.62% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">30.63% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">18.91% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Swing </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1.97<a href="/wiki/Percentage_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentage Point">pp</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />12.45<a href="/wiki/Percentage_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentage points">pp</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />7.35<a href="/wiki/Percentage_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentage points">pp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr class="sr-only"> <th style="text-align:left;">  </th> <th style="text-align:center">Fourth party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Fifth party </th></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #87CEFA"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilles_Duceppe_2011-04-01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gilles_Duceppe_2011-04-01_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Gilles_Duceppe_2011-04-01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gilles_Duceppe_2011-04-01_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Gilles_Duceppe_2011-04-01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gilles_Duceppe_2011-04-01_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Gilles_Duceppe_2011-04-01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="2102" /></a> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #99C955"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_May_2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elizabeth May 2a.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Elizabeth_May_2a.jpg/120px-Elizabeth_May_2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Elizabeth_May_2a.jpg/180px-Elizabeth_May_2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Elizabeth_May_2a.jpg/240px-Elizabeth_May_2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="571" /></a></div></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader since </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/1997_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="1997 Bloc Québécois leadership election">March 15, 1997</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/2006_Green_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Green Party of Canada leadership election">August 27, 2006</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader's seat </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Laurier%E2%80%94Sainte-Marie" title="Laurier—Sainte-Marie">Laurier—Sainte-Marie</a> (lost re-election) </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Saanich%E2%80%94Gulf_Islands" title="Saanich—Gulf Islands">Saanich—Gulf Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Last election </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">49 seats, 9.98% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">0 seats, 6.78% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats before </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">47 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats won </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seat change </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />43 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />1 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">889,788 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">576,221 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">6.04% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">3.91% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Swing </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />3.94<a href="/wiki/Percentage_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentage points">pp</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />2.87<a href="/wiki/Percentage_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentage points">pp</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:2011_Canadian_Election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2011_Canadian_Election.svg/400px-2011_Canadian_Election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2011_Canadian_Election.svg/600px-2011_Canadian_Election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2011_Canadian_Election.svg/800px-2011_Canadian_Election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="707" /></a> Results by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a></div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg/400px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg/600px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg/800px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="920" /></a> Results by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_provinces_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian provinces and territories">province and territory</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;">Prime Minister before election <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;">Prime Minister after election <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The 2011 Canadian federal election was held on May 2, 2011, to elect members to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> of the <a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">41st Canadian Parliament</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Writs_of_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Writs of election">writs of election</a> for the 2011 election were issued by <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a> on March 26. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> advised the Governor General to dissolve parliament after the House of Commons passed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_non-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of non-confidence">motion of non-confidence</a> against the government, finding it to be in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Contempt of Parliament">contempt of Parliament</a>. A few days before, the three opposition parties had rejected the <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>'s proposed budget.<a href="#cite_note-macleans1-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> remained in power, increasing its seat count from a minority to a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>, marking the first time since <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">right-of-centre</a> party formed a majority government. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a>, sometimes dubbed the "natural governing party", was reduced to third party status for the first time as they won the fewest seats in its history, and party leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> was defeated in <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke%E2%80%94Lakeshore_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Etobicoke—Lakeshore (federal electoral district)">his riding</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> lost <a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">official party status</a> for the first time since contesting general elections in 1993. Party leader <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a> was defeated in <a href="/wiki/Laurier%E2%80%94Sainte-Marie" title="Laurier—Sainte-Marie">his riding</a> and subsequently resigned as leader. The <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> won the largest number of seats in its history, enabling it to form the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a> for the first time in the party's history, as they made a major breakthrough in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party</a> elected its first member to the House of Commons with its leader, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a>, becoming MP for <a href="/wiki/Saanich%E2%80%94Gulf_Islands" title="Saanich—Gulf Islands">Saanich—Gulf Islands</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">40th Canadian Parliament</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 federal election</a> resulted in the continuation of the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> minority government, headed by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>. The 40th Parliament was marked by two controversial <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogations</a>: the first in December 2008 which ended an <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">attempted opposition coalition</a>, and the second a year following, which prompted <a href="/wiki/2010_Canada_anti-prorogation_protests" title="2010 Canada anti-prorogation protests">public protests</a>. Following the first prorogation, Michael Ignatieff and the Liberal Party provided support for the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>. On August 31, 2009, the Liberals withdrew their backing but the NDP under <a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> abstained and the Conservatives survived the confidence motion.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Ignatieff's attempt to force a September 2009 election was reported as a miscalculation, as polls showed that most Canadians did not want another election.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Ignatieff's popularity as well as that of the Liberals dropped off considerably immediately afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> laid <a href="/wiki/In_and_Out_scandal" title="In and Out scandal">charges against the Conservative Party</a>, alleging contraventions of the Canada Elections Act five years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-illegal-8">[8]</a> This issue, along with the Bloc Québécois announcing its intention to vote against the budget, unless it contained numerous changes including $2 billion in compensation to Quebec for harmonizing PST and GST and funding for a new NHL arena in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, increased the speculation that there would be an election called soon as the Conservatives rejected the Bloc demands as "blackmail".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> On March 9, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada">Speaker</a> of the House of Commons <a href="/wiki/Peter_Milliken" title="Peter Milliken">Peter Milliken</a> ruled that <a href="/wiki/Bev_Oda" title="Bev Oda">Bev Oda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">minister of the Crown</a>, and, separately, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> itself could both possibly be in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">contempt of parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> the latter for its ongoing refusal to meet opposition requests for details of proposed bills and their cost estimates.<a href="#cite_note-findings-11">[11]</a> Milliken directed both matters to committee and set as the deadline for its report March 21, 2011, one day before the budget was to be tabled. The committee found the government to be in contempt of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The vote divided along party lines, with the governing but minority Conservative <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">members of Parliament</a> (MPs) opposing the finding and issuing a dissenting report.<a href="#cite_note-findings-11">[11]</a> After the committee released its findings, <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">opposition leader</a> and head of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> proposed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> against the Crown-in-Council,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and on March 25, 2011, the House of Commons voted on the motion, the majority agreeing, by a margin of 156 to 145, with the committee's conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-Winnipeg1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-thestar1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A cabinet being found in contempt of parliament was without precedent in Canada or any other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth country">Commonwealth country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winnipeg1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-thestar1-16">[16]</a> Earlier that week, all three opposition parties had indicated that they would oppose the government's budget; the NDP said that the concessions that the Conservatives made did not go far enough.<a href="#cite_note-macleans1-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_slogans">Campaign slogans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campaign slogans">edit</a>]</div> The parties' <a href="/wiki/Political_slogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political slogan">campaign slogans</a> for the 2011 election:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Bloc Québécois: "Parlons Québec" (Let's talk about Quebec)</li> <li>Conservative Party: "Here For Canada / Ici pour le Canada". In francophone Quebec, Harper ran under the slogan "Notre région au pouvoir" (Our Region in Power).<a href="#cite_note-quebecslogan-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Green Party: "It's Time" & "Canada needs Elizabeth May but only you can elect her"</li> <li>Liberal Party: "Rise Up Canada" & "Change we need, from a proven team." The first one refers to Harper's contempt charge. The second one was used after the NDP's surge in the opinion polls, making reference to the fact that it has never formed a federal government.</li> <li>New Democratic Party: "Working For Families / Travaillons ensemble", "You have a choice", and "That's Canadian Leadership"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Timeline of the 2011 Canadian federal election">Timeline of the 2011 Canadian federal election</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>March 25, 2011</td> <td>The Liberal Party's no-confidence motion passes the House 156–145, and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> moves for the House to adjourn.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 26, 2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a> agrees to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">40th Parliament</a> following a meeting with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 12, 2011</td> <td>English leaders' debate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 13, 2011</td> <td>French leaders' debate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 22, 23 and 25, 2011</td> <td>Advance polls open<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 2, 2011</td> <td>Polling Day </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 23, 2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Writs" class="mw-redirect" title="Return of Writs">Return of Writs</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 2, 2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">41st Parliament</a> convenes<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Issue</th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3">Crime and law enforcement</td> <td>Internet surveillance and warrant-less wiretapping</td> <td>The Conservatives promised to re-introduce <a href="/wiki/Internet_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet surveillance">Internet surveillance</a> legislation that they were not able to pass, and bundle it with the rest of their crime bills. They said they plan to fast track the legislation within 100 days after taking office.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Long gun registry</td> <td>Harper pledged to scrap the <a href="/wiki/Long-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-gun">long-gun</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Firearms_Registry" title="Canadian Firearms Registry">registry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Crime strategies</td> <td>The Conservative platform included a promise to consolidate twelve crime bills into at least one omnibus bill and pass it within 100 days of forming a majority government. The bills included within that list would crack down on organized drug crime, end house arrest for violent criminals and establish tougher sentences and mandatory jail time for sexual offences against children.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The opposition parties claimed the crime bills were not costed fully, and the opposition parties countered that this would create a US style system of prisons.<a href="#cite_note-transcript-34">[34]</a> The Conservatives have not released the costs for expanding the <a href="/wiki/Prison_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison system">prison system</a>. The other parties state that more focus should be given on <a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">crime prevention</a>, so that it doesn't happen in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-transcript-34">[34]</a> The New Democratic Party (NDP) stated that their promise to hire 2,500 more <a href="/wiki/Police_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Police officers">police officers</a> to patrol the streets, will help in preventing crime from occurring in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2">Defence policy</td> <td>The Conservatives plan to purchase 65 <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_Canadian_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement">F-35 Lightning II</a> jet fighters. Stating that "Our <a href="/wiki/Defence_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence policy">defence policy</a> is broken", the NDP announced that they would prioritize investment in <a href="/wiki/Naval_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ships">naval ships</a> over new fighter jets. The NDP stated that this would be a good opportunity to keep <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> expertise and jobs in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="5">Economy and fiscal policy</td> <td>Balanced budget and recession</td> <td>Conservatives argued that they steered the economy through the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, and promised to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a> by 2014–15.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Former Prime Minister Paul Martin, campaigning for the Liberals, challenged assertions, noting that his Liberal government left a $13 billion <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">budget surplus</a>, before the Conservatives took power.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-martin1-46">[46]</a> In 2010, Paul Martin had been invited to the prestigious Global ARC conference to discuss that elimination of the Canadian government deficit.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Martin also claimed that when he was Finance minister working under Jean Chretien, his blocking of <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(banks)#Proposed_mergers" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five (banks)">proposed bank mergers</a> is what actually sheltered Canada from the worst effects of the recession.<a href="#cite_note-martin1-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The New Democratic Party (NDP) released its platform promising a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budget</a> in four years.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> After the NDP surge, the Liberals called the NDP platform "science fiction"<a href="#cite_note-Sciencefiction-51">[51]</a> stating it contains over $30 billion in new spending derived from sources that are not credible, and that implementing a cap and trade system that would take years to realize rather than provide the in-year contributions as claimed.<a href="#cite_note-Sciencefiction-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Corporate tax cuts and job creation strategy</td> <td>The Conservatives stated that their plan to cut corporate taxes from 16.5% to 15%, will create more jobs.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Harper stated that an increase in corporate taxes will create job losses across Canada. Layton countered by saying currently the jobs are shipped overseas, and pledged a $4,500 job creation tax credit to all businesses per new hire.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Layton further went to say that <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a> are the ones creating more jobs, thus he promised to lower the tax rate for small business from 11% to 9%. He then went on to say the big business are using the corporate tax cuts by providing their CEOs with big bonuses, and thus pledged to increase their tax rate to 19.5%.<a href="#cite_note-transcript-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Liberals on the other hand, will raise the rate to 18%, stating that it will be competitive but not excessively low. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Increasing Canada Pension Plan</td> <td>The NDP promised a gradual doubling of <a href="/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan" title="Canada Pension Plan">Canada Pension Plan</a> and QPP benefits, in conjunction with the provinces, with an increase in payroll deductions of as much as 2.5 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-promise-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>HST referendum in BC</td> <td>If BC voters were to reject the <a href="/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_British_Columbia" title="Sales taxes in British Columbia">Harmonized Sales Tax</a> in the upcoming referendum, the NDP promised to ensure that the penalties to be imposed by Ottawa on the HST agreement will be cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Personal taxation</td> <td>Conservatives promised income splitting for tax purposes for families with children to be implemented once the budget is balanced in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3">Electoral reform and political honesty</td> <td>Political honesty</td> <td>The New Democratic Party stated that both the Conservatives and the Liberals cannot be trusted. The NDP accused the Conservatives of creating "Liberal-style <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">scandals</a>"<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and accused the Liberals of flip-flopping on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate tax</a> cuts, and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Throughout the election various polls had shown the political honesty issue to be low on the list of priorities for voters. Post-media conducted a survey that found health care, the economy, taxes and jobs all more important to Canadians. Further, half of voters identified Harper as the best suited to be Prime Minister followed by Layton with one third support and Ignatieff with less than twenty percent support. On the question of a hidden agenda, Ignatieff is viewed by three times more of those polled to have a hidden agenda than Harper.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Political financing</td> <td>Conservatives pledged to phase-out <a href="/wiki/Federal_political_financing_in_Canada#Per-vote_subsidy" title="Federal political financing in Canada">per-vote subsidy</a> over two years, with its eventual cancellation.<a href="#cite_note-promise-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Senate</td> <td>Stephen Harper promised <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> reform without changing the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The NDP pledged to abolish the Senate, stating it is a waste of tax revenues and a form of <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transcript-34">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="3">Promised government programs</td> <td>Newfoundland hydroelectric project and Quebec's HST</td> <td>Conservatives, New Democrats and Liberals promised $4.2 billion in loan guarantees to support the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Churchill_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Churchill Project">Lower Churchill River power project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Due to outcry from Quebec over the pledge to provide loan guarantees for the Lower Churchill project, the Conservatives promise Quebec a $2.2 billion transfer to ease the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Sales Tax">Quebec Sales Tax</a> to <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonized Sales Tax">Harmonized Sales Tax</a> transition.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Post-secondary education</td> <td>Liberals promised a "Learning Passport" for high school students seeking post-secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The NDP's plan is to reduce the tuition fees, by increasing <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer payments">transfer payments</a> to the Provinces. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Immigration Fairness Commissioner</td> <td>Liberals proposed the establishment of an "Immigration Fairness Commissioner" to provide oversight on the entry of immigrants with professional qualifications (doctors, engineers, etc.), and to increase the number of family reunification visas.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td colspan="2">Health care</td> <td>The NDP pledged to train 1,200 more doctors and 6,000 more nurses.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> All parties promised to continue to increase healthcare transfers to provinces by 6% annually. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td rowspan="2">Government regulations</td> <td>Improved internet and usage based billing</td> <td>The New Democratic Party (NDP) promised a ban on all forms of <a href="/wiki/Usage_based_billing" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage based billing">usage based billing</a> by ISPs, and enshrine <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a> in law, which would prevent <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling" title="Bandwidth throttling">bandwidth throttling</a>. The Liberals promised net neutrality as well as "functional separation" with regards to usage based billing as well as enshrining net neutrality in law, which would prevent <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling" title="Bandwidth throttling">bandwidth throttling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Almost all of the established parties, with the exception of the Conservatives, outlined policies that they claim will improve Canadian Internet access.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Cap on credit card interest rates</td> <td>The NDP promised to cap <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> rates at five percentage points above the Bank of Canada's prime interest rate.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_campaign">Election campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Election campaign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies_and_gaffes">Controversies and gaffes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversies and gaffes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_the_Canadian_federal_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversies in the Canadian federal election, 2011">Controversies in the Canadian federal election, 2011</a></div> A number of controversies took place during the election campaign. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders'_debates">Leaders' debates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leaders' debates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_leaders_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Canadian leaders debates">2011 Canadian leaders debates</a></div> The English- and French-language debates took place on April 12 and 13 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC20110410NHL-81">[81]</a> On March 29, the <a href="/wiki/Consortium#Coopetition" title="Consortium">consortium of broadcasters</a> playing host to the debates (the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_de_Radio-Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Télévision de Radio-Canada">Radio-Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/TVA_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="TVA (TV network)">TVA</a>) announced that it would only invite the leaders of the four recognized parties in the House of Commons, namely, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the Bloc Québécois and the New Democratic (NDP). Therefore, the Green Party was <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada#Exclusion_from_debates" title="Green Party of Canada">excluded</a>, despite earning 6.8 per cent of the popular vote in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 federal election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On March 30, Stephen Harper challenged Michael Ignatieff to a one-on-one televised debate.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Although Ignatieff accepted the challenge, this was opposed by the other opposition parties. The idea was later rejected by the broadcast consortium and cancelled. On April 1, comedian <a href="/wiki/Rick_Mercer" title="Rick Mercer">Rick Mercer</a> suggested over Twitter hosting a one-on-one debate between Stephen Harper and Michael Ignatieff at Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Massey_Hall" title="Massey Hall">Massey Hall</a>. He later added he would donate $50,000 to the charities of their choosing if they were willing to participate. Ignatieff immediately accepted the challenge and named the <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer_Society_of_Canada" title="Alzheimer Society of Canada">Alzheimer Society</a> as his charity of choice, as his mother succumbed to Alzheimer's disease in 1992. Harper did not respond to the challenge.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> published on April 1, Troy Reeb, the <a href="/wiki/Consortium#Coopetition" title="Consortium">broadcast consortium</a> chairman, discussed the process behind setting up the leaders' debates and the rationale for various decisions made, including the decision to exclude the Green Party's leader Elizabeth May.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On April 5, the Federal Court rejected the Green Party's request for an expedited hearing on the matter prior to the scheduled debates.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On April 10, the date of the French leaders debate was changed from April 14 to 13 due to worries of broadcasting conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/2011_NHL_playoffs" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 NHL playoffs">NHL playoffs</a> scheduled for April 14.<a href="#cite_note-CBC20110410NHL-81">[81]</a> Also on April 10, Elizabeth May participated in a panel interview on <a href="/wiki/CHCH-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CHCH-TV">CHCH-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, which she was invited to attend, as were the leaders of the Bloc, Liberals, New Democrats and Conservatives, by <a href="/wiki/Channel_Zero_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Zero Inc.">Channel Zero</a>, whose president was disappointed by May's exclusion from the leaders' debates.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_parties_public_forum">Small parties public forum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Small parties public forum">edit</a>]</div> A joint press conference and public forum was staged by 11 of the 18 registered parties and one unregistered party on April 23, 2011, at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>. Forum organizers invited the leaders from all registered political parties who do not have seats in parliament.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Parties were able to explain their platforms and responded to questions from the audience. As a forum, the goal was an inter-party discussion of major issues, however some debate did occur. Participants in the forum were the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Alliance_Environment_Voters_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party of Canada">Animal Alliance Environmental Voters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples_National_Party_of_Canada" title="First Peoples National Party of Canada">First Peoples National</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana Party of Canada">Marijuana Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party" title="Rhinoceros Party">Rhinoceros Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_of_Canada" title="Pirate Party of Canada">Pirate Party</a>. Green Party leader <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a> refused to participate in the forum claiming they are not one of "the small, fringe parties".<a href="#cite_note-fringedebate-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_polls">Opinion polls</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opinion polls">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2011 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling for the 2011 Canadian federal election</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Opinion polling for Canadian federal elections</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2008 Canadian federal election">Opinion polls</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2011 Canadian federal election">Opinion polls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election_by_constituency" title="Opinion polling for the 2011 Canadian federal election by constituency">By constituency</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2015 Canadian federal election">Opinion polls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election_by_constituency" title="Opinion polling for the 2015 Canadian federal election by constituency">By constituency</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2019 Canadian federal election">Opinion polls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election_by_constituency" title="Opinion polling for the 2019 Canadian federal election by constituency">By constituency</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2021 Canadian federal election">Opinion polls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election_by_constituency" title="Opinion polling for the 2021 Canadian federal election by constituency">By constituency</a></td> </tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/File:2011FederalElectionPolls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2011FederalElectionPolls.png/500px-2011FederalElectionPolls.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2011FederalElectionPolls.png/750px-2011FederalElectionPolls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/2011FederalElectionPolls.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="479" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Democratic_Party_surge">New Democratic Party surge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Democratic Party surge">edit</a>]</div> In the week before the leaders debate, on April 8, a poll showed the New Democratic Party (NDP) support at 13.2%.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A reversal of fortune began on April 16, when an Angus Reid poll indicated a tie in support for the NDP and the Liberals, both polling at 25%.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The New Democrats' poll numbers then moved significantly ahead of the Liberals and slightly or moderately behind the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The surge began in Quebec, with the NDP surprising many observers by surpassing the previously front-running Bloc in Quebec. In the entirety of Canada, the NDP surged past the Liberals to take the second place behind the Conservatives; in Quebec, the NDP took first place.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-EKOS-102">[102]</a> The NDP surge became the dominant narrative of the last week of the campaign, as other parties turned their attacks on the party.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ellen_Brosseau" title="Ruth Ellen Brosseau">Ruth Ellen Brosseau</a>, the NDP candidate in <a href="/wiki/Berthier%E2%80%94Maskinong%C3%A9" title="Berthier—Maskinongé">Berthier—Maskinongé</a>, won despite not running a campaign, barely speaking French at this time<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and being on holiday in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a> at the time of the election.<a href="#cite_note-StarResultsPostElection-105">[105]</a> The NDP's rise in popularity was nicknamed "Orange Crush", an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Orange_Crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Crush">the soft drink with the same name</a> and the party's colour.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> It was also nicknamed the "Orange Wave".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_spending">Election spending</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Election spending">edit</a>]</div> Pre-campaign, there are no limits to what a political party, candidate, or third party can spend — spending rules are only in force once the writ is dropped and the campaign has officially begun. Spending limits for the 2011 federal election <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Spending Limit</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Political Parties</td> <td>$21,025,793.23</td> <td>If full slate of 308 candidates. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Party Candidates (Average electoral district)</td> <td>$28,244,498.50 ($91,702.92)</td> <td>If full slate of 308 candidates. Each electoral district is subject to specific spending limits according to population and density.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The limits for candidates varied from $69,635 in the electoral district of Malpeque, Prince Edward Island, to $134,352 in Oak Ridges–Markham, Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Parties (corporations, unions, special interest groups, etc.)</td> <td>$150,000</td> <td>Election advertising expenses limit. Of that amount, no more than $3,000 can be incurred to promote or oppose the election of one or more candidates in a particular electoral district.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Election spending during the 2011 federal election<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Party</th> <th>Total Spending (% of limit)</th> <th>Party Election Spending (% of limit)</th> <th>Total Candidate Spending (% of limit)</th> <th># Candidates Spending > 75% of Candidate Limit</th> <th># Candidates Spending > 50% of Candidate Limit </th></tr> <tr> <td>Conservative</td> <td>$39,175,131 (80%)</td> <td>$19,519,995 (93%)</td> <td>$19,655,136 (70%)</td> <td>173</td> <td>228 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NDP</td> <td>$27,490,193 (56%)</td> <td>$20,372,231 (97%)</td> <td>$7,117,962 (25%)</td> <td>44</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liberal</td> <td>$34,025,109 (69%)</td> <td>$19,507,746 (93%)</td> <td>$14,517,363 (41%)</td> <td>91</td> <td>169 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endorsements">Endorsements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Endorsements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_Canadian_federal_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2011">Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2011</a></div> Most major newspapers endorsed the Conservatives, and none solely endorsed the Liberals or Greens. Canada's highest circulated newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, endorsed the NDP but also advised readers to vote against the Conservatives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Candidates_by_party">Candidates by party</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Candidates by party">edit</a>]</div> Articles on parties' candidates for the 41st election: <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:33%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Alliance_Environment_Voters_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party of Canada candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Animal Alliance Environmental Voters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc Québécois candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Bloc Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Christian Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Canada candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Communist</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:33%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of Canada candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Independent and no affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Liberal</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:33%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Canada candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates,_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party candidates, 2011 Canadian federal election">New Democrats</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Results">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election">Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding" title="Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election by riding">Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election by riding</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Canadian_parliament.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2011_Canadian_parliament.svg/300px-2011_Canadian_parliament.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2011_Canadian_parliament.svg/450px-2011_Canadian_parliament.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2011_Canadian_parliament.svg/600px-2011_Canadian_parliament.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg/220px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg/330px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg/440px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Popular vote by province, with graphs indicating the number of seats won within that province or territory. (Because seats are awarded by the popular vote in each riding, the provincial popular vote does not necessarily translate to more seats.).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Canadian_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2011_Canadian_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.svg/250px-2011_Canadian_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2011_Canadian_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.svg/375px-2011_Canadian_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2011_Canadian_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.svg/500px-2011_Canadian_General_Election_Gallagher_Index.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The disproportionality of parliament in the 2011 election was 12.45 according to the <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallagher Index">Gallagher Index</a>, mainly between the Conservatives and NDP on the one hand, and the Liberal, BQ and Green parties on the other.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>Summary of the May 2, 2011 <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> election results </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;background-color:#e9e9e9"> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Party </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Party leader </th> <th rowspan="2" style="font-size:80%;">Candidates </th> <th colspan="5">Seats </th> <th colspan="4">Popular vote </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;background-color:#e9e9e9"> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a> </td> <td style="font-size:80%"><a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">Dissol.</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td style="font-size:80%">% Change </td> <td>% seats </td> <td># </td> <td style="font-size:80%"># Change </td> <td>% </td> <td style="font-size:80%"><a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">pp</a> Change </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6495ED; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> </td> <td>307</td> <td>143</td> <td>143</td> <td>166</td> <td>+16.08%</td> <td>53.90%</td> <td>5,835,270</td> <td>+626,201</td> <td>39.63%</td> <td>+1.98pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F4A460; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> </td> <td>308</td> <td>37</td> <td>36</td> <td>103</td> <td>+178.38%</td> <td>33.44%</td> <td>4,512,411</td> <td>+1,997,123</td> <td>30.65%</td> <td>+12.47pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> </td> <td>3081</td> <td>77</td> <td>77</td> <td>34</td> <td>−42.86%</td> <td>11.04%</td> <td>2,783,076</td> <td>−850,109</td> <td>18.90%</td> <td>−7.36pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#87CEFA; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a> </td> <td>75</td> <td>49</td> <td>47</td> <td>4</td> <td>−91.84%</td> <td>1.30%</td> <td>891,425</td> <td>−488,566</td> <td>6.05%</td> <td>−3.92pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#99C955; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a> </td> <td>304</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>1</td> <td><abbr title="Not applicable">n/a</abbr></td> <td>0.32%</td> <td>572,095</td> <td>−365,518</td> <td>3.89%</td> <td>−2.89pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> and No Affiliation </td> <td>61</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>—</td> <td>−100%</td> <td>—</td> <td>72,861</td> <td>−21,983</td> <td>0.49%</td> <td>−0.19pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#CC6699; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/James_Hnatiuk" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hnatiuk">James Hnatiuk</a> </td> <td>46</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>18,910</td> <td>−7,565</td> <td>0.13%</td> <td>−0.06pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#CD5C5C; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Anna Di Carlo </td> <td>70</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>9,925</td> <td>+1,360</td> <td>0.07%</td> <td>+0.01pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F2BA00; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Dennis Young </td> <td>23</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>6,002</td> <td>−1,298</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>−0.01pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6666CC; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Canadian_Party" title="Progressive Canadian Party">Progressive Canadian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Stevens" title="Sinclair Stevens">Sinclair Stevens</a> </td> <td>9</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>5,790</td> <td>−70</td> <td>0.04%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#D8BFD8; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party" title="Rhinoceros Party">Rhinoceros</a>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gourd" title="François Gourd">François Gourd</a> </td> <td>14</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>3,800</td> <td>+1,678</td> <td>0.03%</td> <td>+0.01pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#71079F; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_of_Canada" title="Pirate Party of Canada">Pirate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Mikkel Paulson </td> <td>10</td> <td>*</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>*</td> <td>—</td> <td>3,197</td> <td>*</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FF6347; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Figueroa" title="Miguel Figueroa">Miguel Figueroa</a> </td> <td>20</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>2,894</td> <td>−678</td> <td>0.02%</td> <td>−0.01pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DC143C; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Porter" title="Christopher Porter">Christopher Porter</a> </td> <td>12</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>1,951</td> <td>−1,504</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>−0.01pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#D2B48C; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_(Canada)" title="Marijuana Party (Canada)">Marijuana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blair_Longley" title="Blair Longley">Blair Longley</a> </td> <td>5</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>1,756</td> <td>−542</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#336033; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Alliance</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liz_White_(activist)" title="Liz White (activist)">Liz White</a> </td> <td>7</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>1,344</td> <td>+817</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>+0.01pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F0E68C; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Block_Party" title="Western Block Party">Western Block</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Christie_(lawyer)" title="Doug Christie (lawyer)">Doug Christie</a> </td> <td>4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>751</td> <td>+326</td> <td>0.01%</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;">United </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Brian Jedan </td> <td>3</td> <td>*</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>*</td> <td>—</td> <td>293</td> <td>*</td> <td>0.00%</td> <td>* </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E9967A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Peoples_National_Party_of_Canada" title="First Peoples National Party of Canada">First Peoples National</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Will_Morin" title="Will Morin">Will Morin</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>229</td> <td>−1,382</td> <td>0.00%</td> <td>−0.01pp </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FFFFFF; width: 16px">  </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">Vacant </td> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="7">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e9e9e9;"> <th style="text-align:left;" colspan="3">Total </th> <th>1,587 </th> <th>308 </th> <th>308 </th> <th>308 </th> <th>±0.0% </th> <th>100.0% </th> <th>14,723,980 </th> <th>+886,286 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="13">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/scripts/ovr2011/default.html">Elections Canada</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dd>1. André Forbes of <a href="/wiki/Manicouagan_(electoral_district)" title="Manicouagan (electoral district)">Manicouagan</a> was nominated as a Liberal, but lost party support after being nominated, and continued to run as an independent; he is listed here as a Liberal rather than an independent, as he was listed as a Liberal on the ballot.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></dd> <dd>2. The Rhinoceros Party contested the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">previous federal election</a> under the name Neorhino.ca.</dd> <dd>3. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Political_Power_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Political Power Party of Canada">People's Political Power Party of Canada</a> failed to run candidates in the 2011 election and was deregistered by Elections Canada on April 13, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-peoplespower-114">[114]</a></dd></dl> </div> The voter turnout was 61.1%.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Elections to the 41st Parliament of Canada – seats won/lost by party, 2008–2011 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">2008 </th> <th colspan="9" align="center">Gain from (loss to) </th> <th rowspan="2">2011 </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#6495ED" colspan="2" align="center">Con </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460" colspan="2" align="center">NDP </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A" colspan="2" align="center">Lib </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA" align="center">BQ </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955" align="center">Grn </td> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center">Ind </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6495ED; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td>143</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td>(6)</td> <td>27</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(1)</td> <td>1</td> <td>166 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F4A460; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td>37</td> <td>6</td> <td>(2)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>17</td> <td>(1)</td> <td>45</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>103 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td>77</td> <td></td> <td>(27)</td> <td>1</td> <td>(17)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#87CEFA; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> </td> <td>49</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(45)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#99C955; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </td> <td>–</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>(1)</td> <td></td> <td>(1)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left">Total</td> <td>308</td> <td>7</td> <td>(30)</td> <td>3</td> <td>(69)</td> <td>44</td> <td>(1)</td> <td>45</td> <td>(1)</td> <td>2</td> <td>308 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Resulting composition of the 41st Parliament of Canada </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Source</th> <th colspan="6">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#6495ED" align="center">Con </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460" align="center">NDP </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A" align="center">Lib </td> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA" align="center">BQ </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955" align="center">Grn </td> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;">Seats retained</td> <td style="text-align:left;">Incumbents returned</td> <td>128</td> <td>33</td> <td>31</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td>195 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Open seats held</td> <td>8</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Ouster of incumbents changing affiliation</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:left;">Seats changing hands</td> <td style="text-align:left;">Incumbents defeated</td> <td>26</td> <td>61</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Open seats gained</td> <td>1</td> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Byelection gains held</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Ouster of 3rd-party byelection gain</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Total</td> <td>166</td> <td>103</td> <td>34</td> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td>308 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Popular vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Conservative</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:39.62%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">39.62%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">New Democratic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#F4A460; width:30.63%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30.63%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Liberal</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#EA6D6A; width:18.91%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18.91%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bloc Québécois</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#87CEFA; width:6.04%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.04%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Green</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#99C955; width:3.91%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.91%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#DCDCDC; width:0.89%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.89%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Seat totals</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Conservative</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:53.90%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">53.90%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">New Democratic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#F4A460; width:33.44%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">33.44%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Liberal</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#EA6D6A; width:11.04%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.04%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bloc Québécois</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#87CEFA; width:1.30%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.30%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Green</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#99C955; width:0.32%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.32%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_by_province">Results by province</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Results by province">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">Party name </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#6495ED" rowspan="2">     </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td>Seats: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">166 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vote: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">66.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F4A460" rowspan="2">     </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </td> <td>Seats: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">59 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">103 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vote: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A" rowspan="2">     </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td>Seats: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vote: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#87CEFA" rowspan="2">     </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> </td> <td>Seats: </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td> <td colspan="7" rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vote: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#99C955" rowspan="2">     </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </td> <td>Seats: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vote: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC">     </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent and no affiliation</a> </td> <td>Vote: </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="2">Total seats </th> <th style="text-align:right;">36 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">28 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">14 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">14 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">106 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">75 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">10 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">11 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">4 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">7 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">1 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">1 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">1 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">308 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-election">Post-election</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-election">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Cartographical analysis of 2011 results</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_federal_election_2011_-_Results_By_Riding.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Results by riding. Shading refers to strength of popular vote."><img alt="Results by riding. Shading refers to strength of popular vote." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Canada_federal_election_2011_-_Results_By_Riding.svg/160px-Canada_federal_election_2011_-_Results_By_Riding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Canada_federal_election_2011_-_Results_By_Riding.svg/240px-Canada_federal_election_2011_-_Results_By_Riding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Canada_federal_election_2011_-_Results_By_Riding.svg/320px-Canada_federal_election_2011_-_Results_By_Riding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="1582" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Results by riding. Shading refers to strength of popular vote.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_federal_election_2011_ridings_won.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Identification of ridings gained by each party, relative to 2008."><img alt="Identification of ridings gained by each party, relative to 2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Canada_federal_election_2011_ridings_won.svg/135px-Canada_federal_election_2011_ridings_won.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Canada_federal_election_2011_ridings_won.svg/202px-Canada_federal_election_2011_ridings_won.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Canada_federal_election_2011_ridings_won.svg/269px-Canada_federal_election_2011_ridings_won.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1325" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Identification of ridings gained by each party, relative to 2008.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Fed_election_2011_Ridings_losses.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Identification of ridings lost by each party, relative to 2008."><img alt="Identification of ridings lost by each party, relative to 2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canada_Fed_election_2011_Ridings_losses.svg/135px-Canada_Fed_election_2011_Ridings_losses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canada_Fed_election_2011_Ridings_losses.svg/202px-Canada_Fed_election_2011_Ridings_losses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Canada_Fed_election_2011_Ridings_losses.svg/269px-Canada_Fed_election_2011_Ridings_losses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1325" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Identification of ridings lost by each party, relative to 2008.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_of_results">Overview of results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Overview of results">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89lection-f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale-canadienne-2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%C3%89lection-f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale-canadienne-2011.png/250px-%C3%89lection-f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale-canadienne-2011.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%C3%89lection-f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale-canadienne-2011.png/375px-%C3%89lection-f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale-canadienne-2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%C3%89lection-f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale-canadienne-2011.png/500px-%C3%89lection-f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale-canadienne-2011.png 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>Analysis of results by riding, together with comparisons from previous election and at dissolution.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elections2011wikipedia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elections2011wikipedia.JPG/250px-Elections2011wikipedia.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elections2011wikipedia.JPG/375px-Elections2011wikipedia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elections2011wikipedia.JPG/500px-Elections2011wikipedia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Canada Federal Election 2011 by Province</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_2011_Federal_Election_seats.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_2011_Federal_Election_seats.svg/250px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election_seats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_2011_Federal_Election_seats.svg/375px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election_seats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canada_2011_Federal_Election_seats.svg/500px-Canada_2011_Federal_Election_seats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Rendition of party representation in the <a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">41st Canadian Parliament</a> decided by this election <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Conservatives (166)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  New Democrats (103)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Liberals (34)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Bloc Québécois (4)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Green Party (1)</div></figcaption></figure> With an overall voter turnout of 61.4% and 14,823,408 ballots cast,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> remained in power, moving from a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> by winning 166 of the 308 seats.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> won the largest number of seats in their history, including a large majority of seats in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (where they had previously only ever elected two candidates<a href="#cite_note-ndpqc-119">[fn 1]</a>) and formed the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a> for the first time. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> won the fewest seats in their history and party leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> was defeated in his own <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-libhist-120">[fn 2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>, which had always won at least a majority of seats in Quebec in every election of their existence, lost nearly all their seats, and thus also their <a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">official party status</a>, including the seat of their leader <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> elected to represent the party.<a href="#cite_note-StarResultsPostElection-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recounts">Recounts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recounts">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> ordered three <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> <a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">recounts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GazetteRecount-122">[120]</a> and an elector initiated a fourth.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a> states that "a judicial recount is required when the difference in votes between the first- and second-place candidates is less than one one-thousandth of the total votes cast in a riding," and allows an elector or candidate in any riding to approach a judge and request a recount regardless of the final result.<a href="#cite_note-GazetteRecount-122">[120]</a> In all four ridings, <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Etobicoke Centre (federal electoral district)">Etobicoke Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montmagny%E2%80%94L%27Islet%E2%80%94Kamouraska%E2%80%94Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Loup" title="Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup">Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipissing%E2%80%94Timiskaming" title="Nipissing—Timiskaming">Nipissing—Timiskaming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_North" title="Winnipeg North">Winnipeg North</a>, the validated result was confirmed: <ul><li>As initially validated by election officials, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Ted_Opitz" title="Ted Opitz">Ted Opitz</a> defeated Liberal incumbent <a href="/wiki/Borys_Wrzesnewskyj" title="Borys Wrzesnewskyj">Borys Wrzesnewskyj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Etobicoke Centre (federal electoral district)">Etobicoke Centre</a> by 25 votes,<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> a margin increased by one in the recount.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Citing potential voter registration irregularities, however, Wrzesnewskyj has sought to have the result overturned by the courts, filing a formal motion with the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Superior Court">Ontario Superior Court</a> in spring 2012.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> On October 25, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> upheld Opitz's narrow victory.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></li> <li>Initially, Conservative <a href="/wiki/Jay_Aspin" title="Jay Aspin">Jay Aspin</a> defeated incumbent <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rota" title="Anthony Rota">Anthony Rota</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> by 15 votes in Nipissing—Timiskaming; the recount added three votes to the margin of victory.<a href="#cite_note-WinnNipTim-128">[126]</a></li> <li>In Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup, incumbent Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Bernard_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9reux" title="Bernard Généreux">Bernard Généreux</a> was initially declared re-elected, but due to a counting error on election night, the seat was later determined to have been won by the NDP candidate <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lapointe_(politician)" title="François Lapointe (politician)">François Lapointe</a> by a margin of five votes.<a href="#cite_note-GazetteRecount-122">[120]</a> The recount confirmed Lapointe as the winner by nine votes.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a></li> <li>In Winnipeg North, a recount was requested by an elector; the difference between Liberal <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lamoureux" title="Kevin Lamoureux">Kevin Lamoureux</a>, the victor, and New Democrat <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Blaikie" title="Rebecca Blaikie">Rebecca Blaikie</a> was just 45 votes,<a href="#cite_note-CPWpg-North-130">[128]</a> reduced by one vote in the recount.<a href="#cite_note-WinnNipTim-128">[126]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_party_leadership_changes">Opposition party leadership changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Opposition party leadership changes">edit</a>]</div> Ignatieff announced on May 3, 2011, that he would step down as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> when it chose his successor.<a href="#cite_note-StarResultsPostElection-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatPostLiblearesign-131">[129]</a> Ignatieff took a teaching position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> after his defeat in <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke%E2%80%94Lakeshore_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Etobicoke—Lakeshore (federal electoral district)">Etobicoke—Lakeshore</a>. He decided to teach classes in the law faculty, the department of political science, the <a href="/wiki/Munk_School_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Munk School of Global Affairs">Munk School of Global Affairs</a> and the School of Public Policy and Governance. Ignatieff stated that, "The life that I like the best is teaching. It's the end of my life as a politician".<a href="#cite_note-Globeteaching-132">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a>, Liberal MP for <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Centre_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Toronto Centre (federal electoral district)">Toronto Centre</a> and former Premier of Ontario (1990 to 1995, as a New Democrat), subsequently became <a href="/wiki/Interim_leader_(Canada)" title="Interim leader (Canada)">interim leader</a> of the Liberal Party, with a <a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">Liberal leadership election</a> which took place April 14, 2013, during which Justin Trudeau was chosen as leader. Duceppe resigned as Bloc Québécois leader on election night following his defeat.<a href="#cite_note-StarResultsPostElection-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Plamondon" title="Louis Plamondon">Louis Plamondon</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/Bas-Richelieu%E2%80%94Nicolet%E2%80%94B%C3%A9cancour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Bécancour">Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Bécancour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_House_(Canada)" title="Dean of the House (Canada)">Dean of the House</a>, subsequently became interim <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">parliamentary leader</a> of the Bloc. Former MP <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Paill%C3%A9" title="Daniel Paillé">Daniel Paillé</a>, who lost his seat in the election, won the <a href="/wiki/2011_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="2011 Bloc Québécois leadership election">Bloc leadership election</a> to succeed Duceppe on December 11, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> On July 25, 2011, Jack Layton took a leave of absence to fight a newly diagnosed cancer. <a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Nycole Turmel</a>, former union leader and newly elected MP for <a href="/wiki/Hull%E2%80%94Aylmer" title="Hull—Aylmer">Hull—Aylmer</a>, was named interim leader of the New Democratic Party. On August 22, <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jack_Layton" title="Death and state funeral of Jack Layton">Layton died</a>. Turmel became opposition leader. A <a href="/wiki/2012_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" title="2012 New Democratic Party leadership election">leadership election</a> was held on March 24, 2012, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Tom Mulcair</a> was elected leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> The losing parties in the <a href="/wiki/Berthier%E2%80%94Maskinong%C3%A9" title="Berthier—Maskinongé">Berthier—Maskinongé</a> riding claimed that the nomination papers for <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ellen_Brosseau" title="Ruth Ellen Brosseau">Ruth Ellen Brosseau</a>, the newly elected NDP Member of Parliament for the riding, had irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-BrosseauIrregularities-135">[133]</a> Some of the alleged irregularities include writing an address instead of signing, missing signatures, people thinking they were signing a petition for the NDP to name a candidate in the riding and one person not remembering that he signed her nomination papers even though he admitted that the signature looks like his.<a href="#cite_note-BrosseauIrregularities-135">[133]</a> The NDP denied the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-BrosseauIrregularities-135">[133]</a> Elections Canada has insisted that Brosseau's nomination papers were legitimate.<a href="#cite_note-SunBrosseauCleared-136">[134]</a> Elections Canada stated that "The decision to overturn or uphold the results is at the discretion of the courts and not Elections Canada".<a href="#cite_note-SunBrosseauCleared-136">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> attracted controversy regarding the past racist comments and White supremacist history of one of its candidates in northern Quebec, Andre Forbes. His history as a white supremacist activist and past hate speech against Muslims, First Nations and LGBTQ+ people was uncovered by the NDP. Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff immediately removed Forbes as a candidate.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voter_suppression_scandal">Voter suppression scandal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Voter suppression scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election_voter_suppression_scandal" title="2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal">2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal</a></div> In early 2012, there were allegations of voter suppression during the election, starting the <a href="/wiki/Robocall_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Robocall scandal">robocall scandal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP) investigated claims that robocalls were used in an attempt to dissuade voters from casting their ballot by telling them their poll stations had changed location.<a href="#cite_note-MaherFeb27-138">[136]</a> While the Elections Canada investigation initially focused on calls sent into Guelph amidst nationwide complaints, the investigation continued to expand in scope and to examine complaints in other ridings across the country. Reports of fraudulent automated or live calls targeting opposition supporters were published in 100 ridings<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> and Elections Canada acknowledged it was investigating telephone election fraud complaints in 247 of Canada's 308 federal ridings. On March 27, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Canadians">Council of Canadians</a> announced that they had launched a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Canada" title="Federal Court of Canada">Federal Court of Canada</a> to ask for by-elections to be ordered in seven ridings where complaints were received and where Conservatives had won by slim margins. The ridings named were Don Valley East, Winnipeg South Centre, Saskatoon-Rosetown-Biggar, Vancouver Island North, Yukon, Nipissing-Timiskaming and Elmwood-Transcona.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maher27Mar12-141">[139]</a> The case was heard over two weeks starting December 9, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Justice Richard G. Mosley ruled in May 2013 that fraud had occurred in Guelph and that voting irregularities and misconduct occurred in all six of the contested ridings, but that it was not significant enough to warrant overturning the election results. The judge also ruled that the mostly likely source of the fraud was the Conservative Party of Canada's (using the CIMS database) and that there was no evidence that its use was approved by the CPC.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In April 2013, a criminal charge in the matter was laid on <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sona" title="Michael Sona">Michael Sona</a>, a former Conservative staffer who was the communications officer and official Ottawa liaison for the Guelph Conservative campaign.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In August 2014, he was convicted of the charge.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riding_of_Vaughan">Riding of Vaughan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Riding of Vaughan">edit</a>]</div> In a further scandal, Elections Canada was called on to investigate the finances of <a href="/wiki/Associate_Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Associate Minister of National Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Fantino" title="Julian Fantino">Julian Fantino</a>'s election finances after three former Conservative riding executives from <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Vaughan (federal electoral district)">Vaughan</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> signed affidavits alleging impropriety in Fantino's 2010 and 2011 election campaigns. They alleged there was a second, secret, illegal bank account containing $300,000.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary">Commentary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Commentary">edit</a>]</div> In the wake of the election, pundits widely believed in a theme of major <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">political realignment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The Economist said, "the election represents the biggest realignment of Canadian politics since <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993</a>."<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Martin_(journalist)" title="Lawrence Martin (journalist)">Lawrence Martin</a>, commentator for <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, claimed that "Harper has completed a remarkable reconstruction of a Canadian political landscape that endured for more than a century. The realignment sees both old parties of the moderate middle, the Progressive Conservatives and the Liberals, either eliminated or marginalized."<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Writing for <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Coyne" title="Andrew Coyne">Andrew Coyne</a> proclaimed "The West is in and Ontario has joined it," observing that the Conservatives achieved their majority predominantly due to strength in both Ontario and the western provinces (an electoral combination that was historically unlikely due to the low population of the latter); this, he argued, marked "the new axis of Canadian politics", and that "the Conservatives are now in a position to replace the Liberals as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_governing_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural governing party">natural governing party</a> in Canada."<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Books such as The Big Shift by <a href="/wiki/John_Ibbitson" title="John Ibbitson">John Ibbitson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Bricker" title="Darrell Bricker">Darrell Bricker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. Newman">Peter C. Newman</a>'s When the Gods Changed: The Death of Liberal Canada, provocatively asserted that the Liberals had become an "endangered species" and that an NDP-led opposition would mean that "fortune favours the Harper government" in subsequent campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> However, the resurgence of the Liberal Party in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 election</a> has since challenged that narrative.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="2011 Bloc Québécois leadership election">2011 Bloc Québécois leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_the_Canadian_federal_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversies in the Canadian federal election, 2011">Controversies in the Canadian federal election, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">List of Canadian federal general elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">List of political parties in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_Canadian_federal_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2011">Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election">Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ndpqc-119"><a href="#cite_ref-ndpqc_119-0">^</a> The only NDP candidates elected in Quebec before 2011 were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mulcair" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Mulcair">Thomas Mulcair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Edmonston" title="Phil Edmonston">Phil Edmonston</a>, the latter in a 1990 by-election. </li> <li id="cite_note-libhist-120"><a href="#cite_ref-libhist_120-0">^</a> The previous lowest seat total for the Liberals was 40 in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 election</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-macleans1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macleans1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macleans1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Maclean's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905192804/http://www.macleans.ca/general/a-new-power-couple/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=The+West+is+in+and+Ontario+has+joined+it&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fgeneral%2Fa-new-power-couple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+Canadian+federal+election" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2015" class="citation news cs1">McLeod, Paul (October 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/paulmcleod/book-review-the-big-shift-why-stephen-harper-will-keep-winni#.kk8WgyWkW">"Book Review: The Big Shift Explains Why Stephen Harper Will Keep Winning"</a>. Buzzfeed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023222156/http://www.buzzfeed.com/paulmcleod/book-review-the-big-shift-why-stephen-harper-will-keep-winni#.kk8WgyWkW">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2015. 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The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223625/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/is-a-liberal-comeback-mission-impossible/article4246976/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. 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Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Three+maps+that+explain+the+Liberals%27+great+comeback+in+Canada%27s+election&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.aulast=Nadelli&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Swann%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2015%2Foct%2F20%2Fcanada-election-liberal-comeback-three-maps-justin-trudeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+Canadian+federal+election" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaikin2015" class="citation news cs1">Paikin, Steve (October 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvo.org/blog/current-affairs/who-says-canadian-politics-are-boring">"Who says Canadian politics are boring?"</a>. TVO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114454/http://tvo.org/blog/current-affairs/who-says-canadian-politics-are-boring">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+says+Canadian+politics+are+boring%3F&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Paikin&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvo.org%2Fblog%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fwho-says-canadian-politics-are-boring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+Canadian+federal+election" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPammettDornan2011" class="citation book cs1">Pammett, Jon H.; Dornan, Christopher, eds. (2011). The Canadian Federal Election of 2011. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0182-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0182-3"><bdi>978-1-4597-0182-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Federal+Election+of+2011&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0182-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+Canadian+federal+election" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgyle2011" class="citation book cs1">Argyle, Ray (2011). Turning Points: The Campaigns That Changed Canada – 2011 and Before. Waterside Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points%3A+The+Campaigns+That+Changed+Canada+%E2%80%93+2011+and+Before&rft.pub=Waterside+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Argyle&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+Canadian+federal+election" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2011" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (2011). When the Gods Changed: The Death of Liberal Canada. Toronto: Random House Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35828-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-35828-8"><bdi>978-0-307-35828-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Gods+Changed%3A+The+Death+of+Liberal+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-35828-8&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+Canadian+federal+election" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_federal_election,_2011" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canadian federal election, 2011">Canadian federal election, 2011</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/">Elections Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadavotes2011/">CBC News – Canada Votes 2011</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/compare-the-party-platforms/article1964156/">"Compare the party platforms"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Canada. April 3, 2011. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_2011A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 2011A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_2011A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 2011A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_2011A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 2011A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2011_Canadian_federal_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">Conservative minority</a></li> <li>Result: <a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">Conservative majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Alliance_Environment_Voters_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party of Canada">Animal Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liz_White_(animal_rights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liz White (animal rights)">Liz White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_Alliance_Environment_Voters_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Hnatiuk" title="Jim Hnatiuk">James Hnatiuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miguel_Figueroa" title="Miguel Figueroa">Miguel Figueroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Green Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">Independent candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a> (Dennis Young, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Libertarian Party of Canada candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (Anna Di Carlo, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party" title="Rhinoceros Party">Rhinoceros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gourd" title="François Gourd">François Gourd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Party candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li></ul> Bold indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding" title="Results of the 2011 Canadian federal election by riding">Results by riding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of MPs who stood down at the 2011 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">MPs who stood down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2011 Canadian federal election">MPs who lost their seat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_marginal_seats_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of marginal seats in the 2011 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Marginal seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2011 Canadian federal election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2011 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election,_by_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polling for the 2011 Canadian federal election, by constituency">by constituency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Controversies in the 2011 Canadian federal election">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Timeline of the 2011 Canadian federal election">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_elections_and_referendums_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_elections" title="Template:Canada elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_elections" title="Template talk:Canada elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_elections_and_referendums_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">referendums</a> in Canada</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Canadian_federal_election" title="1872 Canadian federal election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Canadian_federal_election" title="1874 Canadian federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Canadian_federal_election" title="1878 Canadian federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Canadian_federal_election" title="1882 Canadian federal election">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Canadian_federal_election" title="1887 Canadian federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Canadian_federal_election" title="1891 Canadian federal election">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Canadian_federal_election" title="1900 Canadian federal election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Canadian_federal_election" title="1904 Canadian federal election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Canadian_federal_election" title="1908 Canadian federal election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_federal_election" title="1921 Canadian federal election">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Canadian_federal_election" title="1925 Canadian federal election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Canadian_federal_election" title="1926 Canadian federal election">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election" title="1935 Canadian federal election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Canadian_federal_election" title="1940 Canadian federal election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="1945 Canadian federal election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Canadian_federal_election" title="1949 Canadian federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Canadian_federal_election" title="1953 Canadian federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Canadian_federal_election" title="1957 Canadian federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Canadian_federal_election" title="1962 Canadian federal election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election" title="1963 Canadian federal election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election" title="1965 Canadian federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Canadian_federal_election" title="1972 Canadian federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="1974 Canadian federal election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Canadian_federal_election" title="2025 Canadian federal election">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_by-elections_in_Canada" title="List of federal by-elections in Canada">By-elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_1st_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 1st Canadian Parliament">1st (1867–1872)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_2nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 2nd Canadian Parliament">2nd (1873–1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_3rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 3rd Canadian Parliament">3rd (1874–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_4th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 4th Canadian Parliament">4th (1879–1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_5th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 5th Canadian Parliament">5th (1883–1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_6th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 6th Canadian Parliament">6th (1887–1891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_7th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 7th Canadian Parliament">7th (1891–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_8th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 8th Canadian Parliament">8th (1896–1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_9th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 9th Canadian Parliament">9th (1901–1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_10th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 10th Canadian Parliament">10th (1905–1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_11th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 11th Canadian Parliament">11th (1909–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_12th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 12th Canadian Parliament">12th (1911–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_13th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 13th Canadian Parliament">13th (1918–1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_14th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 14th Canadian Parliament">14th (1921–1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_15th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 15th Canadian Parliament">15th (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_16th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 16th Canadian Parliament">16th (1926–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_17th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 17th Canadian Parliament">17th (1930–1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_18th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 18th Canadian Parliament">18th (1936–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_19th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 19th Canadian Parliament">19th (1940–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_20th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 20th Canadian Parliament">20th (1945–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_21st_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 21st Canadian Parliament">21st (1949–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_22nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 22nd Canadian Parliament">22nd (1953–1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_23rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 23rd Canadian Parliament">23rd (1957–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_24th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 24th Canadian Parliament">24th (1958–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-election_to_the_25th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-election to the 25th Canadian Parliament">25th (1962–1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_26th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 26th Canadian Parliament">26th (1963–1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_27th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 27th Canadian Parliament">27th (1965–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_28th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 28th Canadian Parliament">28th (1968–1972)</a></li> <li>29th (1973–1974; no by-elections)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_30th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 30th Canadian Parliament">30th (1974–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_31st_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 31st Canadian Parliament">31st (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_32nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 32nd Canadian Parliament">32nd (1980–1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_33rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 33rd Canadian Parliament">33rd (1984–1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_34th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 34th Canadian Parliament">34th (1988–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 35th Canadian Parliament">35th (1994–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_36th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 36th Canadian Parliament">36th (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_37th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 37th Canadian Parliament">37th (2000–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_38th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 38th Canadian Parliament">38th (2004–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 39th Canadian Parliament">39th (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 40th Canadian Parliament">40th (2008–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 41st Canadian Parliament">41st (2011–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_42nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 42nd Canadian Parliament">42nd (2015–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 43rd Canadian Parliament">43rd (2019–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament">44th (2021–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">Referendums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Canadian_prohibition_plebiscite" title="1898 Canadian prohibition plebiscite">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Canadian_conscription_plebiscite" title="1942 Canadian conscription plebiscite">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">1992</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of federal political parties in Canada">Federal political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Federal electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_federal_electoral_districts_of_Canada" title="Historical federal electoral districts of Canada">Historical federal electoral districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elections_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Canada" title="Template:Elections in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Elections in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elections_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Most recent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Alberta_general_election" title="2023 Alberta general election">2023 Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2024 British Columbia general election">2024 British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Manitoba_general_election" title="2023 Manitoba general election">2023 Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="2024 New Brunswick general election">2024 New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="2021 Newfoundland and Labrador general election">2021 Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northwest_Territories_general_election" title="2023 Northwest Territories general election">2023 Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="2024 Nova Scotia general election">2024 Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nunavut_general_election" title="2021 Nunavut general election">2021 Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">2022 Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="2023 Prince Edward Island general election">2023 Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Quebec_general_election" title="2022 Quebec general election">2022 Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Saskatchewan_general_election" title="2024 Saskatchewan general election">2024 Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Yukon_general_election" title="2021 Yukon general election">2021 Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada#Provincial_and_territorial" title="Elections in Canada">Provincial summary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Canadian_federal_election" title="2025 Canadian federal election">Federal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Alberta_general_election" title="32nd Alberta general election">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=44th_British_Columbia_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="44th British Columbia general election (page does not exist)">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Manitoba_general_election" title="44th Manitoba general election">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=42nd_New_Brunswick_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="42nd New Brunswick general election (page does not exist)">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="52nd Newfoundland and Labrador general election">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Northwest_Territories_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Northwest Territories general election">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="2024 Nova Scotia general election">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Nunavut_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Nunavut general election">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Ontario_general_election" title="44th Ontario general election">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68th_Prince_Edward_Island_general_election" title="68th Prince Edward Island general election">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Quebec_general_election" title="44th Quebec general election">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Yukon_general_election" title="40th Yukon general election">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_elections" title="Timeline of Canadian elections">Amalgamated timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">Federal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_by-elections_in_Canada" title="List of federal by-elections in Canada">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_general_elections" title="List of Alberta general elections">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_by-elections" title="List of Alberta by-elections">by-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Senate_nominee_elections" title="Alberta Senate nominee elections">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_general_elections" title="List of British Columbia general elections">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_by-elections" title="List of British Columbia by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_general_elections" title="List of Manitoba general elections">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_by-elections" title="List of Manitoba by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-confederation_New_Brunswick_general_elections" title="List of post-confederation New Brunswick general elections">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_by-elections" title="List of New Brunswick by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_elections" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador general elections">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_by-elections" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_general_elections" title="List of Northwest Territories general elections">NT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_by-elections" title="List of Northwest Territories by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-confederation_Nova_Scotia_general_elections" title="List of post-confederation Nova Scotia general elections">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_Scotia_by-elections" title="List of Nova Scotia by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_general_elections" title="List of Nunavut general elections">NU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_by-elections" title="List of Nunavut by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_general_elections" title="List of Ontario general elections">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_by-elections" title="List of Ontario by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-confederation_Prince_Edward_Island_general_elections" title="List of post-confederation Prince Edward Island general elections">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prince_Edward_Island_by-elections" title="List of Prince Edward Island by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_general_elections" title="List of Quebec general elections">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_by-elections" title="List of Quebec by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_general_elections" title="List of Saskatchewan general elections">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_by-elections" title="List of Saskatchewan by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yukon_general_elections" title="List of Yukon general elections">YT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yukon_by-elections" title="List of Yukon by-elections">by-elections</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_electoral_districts" title="List of Canadian electoral districts">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Alberta provincial electoral districts">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of British Columbia provincial electoral districts">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Manitoba_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Manitoba provincial electoral districts">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of New Brunswick provincial electoral districts">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Newfoundland and Labrador provincial electoral districts">NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nova_Scotia_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_territorial_electoral_districts" title="List of Northwest Territories territorial electoral districts">NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nunavut_territorial_electoral_districts" title="List of Nunavut territorial electoral districts">NU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Ontario provincial electoral districts">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prince_Edward_Island_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Prince Edward Island provincial electoral districts">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Quebec provincial electoral districts">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saskatchewan_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Saskatchewan provincial electoral districts">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yukon_territorial_electoral_districts" title="List of Yukon territorial electoral districts">YT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system" title="Canadian electoral system">Canadian electoral system</a></li> <li>Legislation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Elections_Act" title="Canada Elections Act">Canada Elections Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Modernization_Act" title="Elections Modernization Act">Elections Modernization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Canada" title="Elections Canada">Elections Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_of_Canada" title="Chief Electoral Officer of Canada">Chief Electoral Officer of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Electors" title="National Register of Electors">National Register of Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Register_of_Electors" title="International Register of Electors">International Register of Electors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Special_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform" title="Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">Fixed election dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Rights and freedoms</a></li> <li>Voting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Canada" title="Electronic voting in Canada">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Vote_Canada" title="Fair Vote Canada">Fair Vote Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_Canada" title="Voter turnout in Canada">Voter turnout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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