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<span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History of science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Philosophy of science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_symbolic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_symbolic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Philosophy of symbolic forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_symbolic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Cassirer–Heidegger_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cassirer–Heidegger_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Cassirer–Heidegger debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cassirer–Heidegger_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_the_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_the_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span><i>Philosophy of the Enlightenment</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_the_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Logic_of_the_Cultural_Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Logic_of_the_Cultural_Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span><i>The Logic of the Cultural Sciences</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Logic_of_the_Cultural_Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Myth_of_the_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Myth_of_the_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span><i>The Myth of the State</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Myth_of_the_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Partial bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernst Cassirer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="إرنست كاسيرر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرنست كاسيرر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ернст Касирер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ернст Касирер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="ارنست کاسیرر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست کاسیرر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%B9%B4%EC%8B%9C%EB%9F%AC" title="에른스트 카시러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 카시러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էռնստ Կասիրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնստ Կասիրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A8" title="ארנסט קסירר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט קסירר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Cassirer" title="Ernest Cassirer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ernest Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эрнст Кассирер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрнст Кассирер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_Cassirer" title="Ernestus Cassirer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernsts_Kas%C4%ABrers" title="Ernsts Kasīrers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernsts Kasīrers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ернст Касирер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернст Касирер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1" title="ارنست كاسيرر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست كاسيرر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="エルンスト・カッシーラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・カッシーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kassirer" title="Ernst Kassirer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ernst Kassirer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кассирер, Эрнст – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кассирер, Эрнст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ernst Cassirer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ernst Cassirer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Cassirer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white profile picture of Ernst Cassirer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ernst_Cassirer.jpg/220px-Ernst_Cassirer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Ernst_Cassirer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="499" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cassirer <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ernst Alfred Cassirer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-07-28</span>)</span>July 28, 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 13, 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-04-13)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a><br />(PhD, 1899)<br /><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dr._phil._habil." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. phil. habil.">Dr. phil. habil.</a>, 1906)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marburg_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg School">Marburg School</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Theses</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descarteskritik01cassgoog"><i>Descartes' Kritik der mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis (Descartes' Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge)</i></a> (1899)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6KBuAEACAAJ&dq="><i>Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit: Erster Band (The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age: Volume I)</i></a> (1906)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Cohen" title="Hermann Cohen">Hermann Cohen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Natorp" title="Paul Natorp">Paul Natorp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Philosophy of symbolic forms<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_symbolicum" title="Animal symbolicum">Animal symbolicum</a></i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst Alfred Cassirer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kah-<span style="font-size:90%">SEER</span>-ər, kə-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɛʁnst<span class="wrap"> </span>kaˈsiːʁɐ]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher. Trained within the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Kantian">Neo-Kantian</a> Marburg School, he initially followed his mentor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Cohen" title="Hermann Cohen">Hermann Cohen</a> in attempting to supply an idealistic <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>. </p><p>After Cohen's death in 1918, Cassirer developed a <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">theory of symbolism</a> and used it to expand the "<a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">logic and psychology of thought</a>" into a more general "<a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">logic of the cultural sciences</a>". Cassirer was one of the leading 20th-century advocates of philosophical <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>. His most famous work is the <i>Philosophy of Symbolic Forms</i> (1923–1929). </p><p>Though his work received a mixed reception shortly after his death, more recent scholarship has remarked upon Cassirer's role as a strident defender of the <a href="/wiki/Moral_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral idealism">moral idealism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">Enlightenment era</a> and the cause of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> at a time when the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> had made such advocacy unfashionable. Within the international Jewish community, Cassirer's work has additionally been seen as part of a long tradition of thought on ethical philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cassirer was born in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia</a> (modern-day southwest Poland), into a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family. After graduating from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesgymnasium_Breslau" class="extiw" title="de:Johannesgymnasium Breslau">Johannesgymnasium Breslau </a> he studied Jurisprudence at <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>, Germanic Philology, Contemporary Literary History, and Philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Ruprecht Karls Universität Heidelberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelms Universität Berlin</a>, and Philosophy and Psychology at <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>. He then did his doctoral work at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> where he studied Philosophy under <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Cohen" title="Hermann Cohen">Hermann Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Natorp" title="Paul Natorp">Paul Natorp</a> and Mathematics under <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schottky" title="Friedrich Schottky">Friedrich Schottky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899 he graduated with a dissertation on <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>'s analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Descartes' Kritik der mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis</i></span> [<i>Descartes' Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge</i>]) and completed his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> in 1906 at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> with the dissertation <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit: Erster Band</i></span> [<i>The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age: Volume I</i>]).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, Cassirer supported the liberal <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After working for many years as a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i></span> at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm University</a> in Berlin, Cassirer was elected in 1919 to the philosophy chair at the newly founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>, where he lectured until 1933, supervising amongst others the doctoral theses of <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Joachim Ritter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>. On 30 January 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Regime">Nazi Regime</a> <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">came to power</a>. Cassirer left Germany on 12 March 1933 – one week after the first <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">Reichstagswahl</a> under that Regime – because he was Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, before becoming a professor at <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothenburg University">Gothenburg University</a>. When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe, he applied for a post at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1941 he became a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, then moved to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City, where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945. </p><p>Cassirer died of a heart attack in April 1945 in New York City. The young rabbi <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hertzberg" title="Arthur Hertzberg">Arthur Hertzberg</a>, who was a student of Cassirer's at Columbia University, conducted the funeral service.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grave is located in <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_New_Jersey" title="Westwood, New Jersey">Westwood, New Jersey</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Park_Cemetery,_New_Jersey" title="Cedar Park Cemetery, New Jersey">Cedar Park Beth–El Cemeteries</a> in the graves of the Congregation Habonim. His son, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Cassirer" title="Heinz Cassirer">Heinz Cassirer</a>, was also a Kantian scholar. </p><p>Other members of his prominent family included the neurologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cassirer" title="Richard Cassirer">Richard Cassirer</a>, the publisher and gallery owner <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Cassirer" title="Bruno Cassirer">Bruno Cassirer</a> and the art dealer and editor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cassirer" title="Paul Cassirer">Paul Cassirer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Donald Phillip Verene, who published some of Cassirer's papers kept at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, gave this overview of his ideas: </p> <blockquote><p>"Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of <a href="/wiki/Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantian">Kantian</a> principles, but also of much more, of an overall movement of spirit stretching from <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">the Renaissance</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a>, and on to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a>'s conception of history, <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s poetry, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>'s study of the <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kavi language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schelling" title="Schelling">Schelling</a>'s <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Philosophie der Mythologie</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_of_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenology of Spirit">Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i>, and Vischer's conception of the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a>, among many others. Cassirer's own position is born through a mastery of the whole development of this world of the <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">humanistic</a> understanding, which included the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_world_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific world view">scientific world view</a> — a mastery evident both in his historical works and in his <a href="/wiki/Systematic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic philosophy">systematic philosophy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_science">History of science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cassirer's first major published writings were a <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of modern thought</a> from the Renaissance to <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>. In accordance with his Marburg neo-Kantianism he concentrated upon epistemology. His reading of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, in books such as <i>The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy</i> (1927), as a "Platonic" application of mathematics to nature, influenced historians such as <a href="/wiki/E._A._Burtt" class="mw-redirect" title="E. A. Burtt">E. A. Burtt</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._J._Dijksterhuis" class="mw-redirect" title="E. J. Dijksterhuis">E. J. Dijksterhuis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Alexandre Koyré</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_science">Philosophy of science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophy of science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Substance and Function</i> (1910), he writes about late nineteenth-century developments in physics including <a href="/wiki/Relativity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativity theory">relativity theory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics">foundations of mathematics</a>. In <i>Einstein's Theory of Relativity</i> (1921) he defended the claim that modern physics supports a neo-Kantian <a href="/wiki/Conception_of_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception of knowledge">conception of knowledge</a>. He also wrote a book about <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> called <i>Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics</i> (1936). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_symbolic_forms">Philosophy of symbolic forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy of symbolic forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Hamburg Cassirer discovered the Library of the Cultural Sciences founded by <a href="/wiki/Aby_Warburg" title="Aby Warburg">Aby Warburg</a>. Warburg was an art historian who was particularly interested in ritual and myth as sources of surviving forms of emotional expression. In <i>Philosophy of Symbolic Forms</i> (1923–29) Cassirer argues that man (as he put it in his more popular 1944 book <i>Essay on Man</i>) is a "<a href="/wiki/Symbolicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolicum">symbolic animal</a>". Whereas animals perceive their world by <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instincts</a> and direct <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory perception</a>, humans create a universe of <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> meanings. Cassirer is particularly interested in natural language and myth. He argues that science and mathematics developed from natural language, and religion and art from myth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cassirer–Heidegger_debate"><span id="The_Cassirer.E2.80.93Heidegger_debate"></span>The Cassirer–Heidegger debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Cassirer–Heidegger debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cassirer%E2%80%93Heidegger_debate" title="Cassirer–Heidegger debate">Cassirer–Heidegger debate</a></div> <p>In 1929 Cassirer took part in a historically significant encounter with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a> during the Second <a href="/wiki/Davos_Hochschulkurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Davos Hochschulkurs">Davos Hochschulkurs</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Cassirer%E2%80%93Heidegger_debate" title="Cassirer–Heidegger debate">Cassirer–Heidegger debate</a>). Cassirer argues that while Kant's <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> emphasizes human temporality and finitude, he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity. Cassirer challenges Heidegger's relativism by invoking the universal validity of truths discovered by the exact and moral sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_the_Enlightenment"><i>Philosophy of the Enlightenment</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophy of the Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cassirer believed that reason's <a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">self-realization</a> leads to human liberation. Mazlish (2000)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, however, notes that Cassirer in his <i>The Philosophy of the Enlightenment</i> (1932) focuses exclusively on ideas, ignoring the political and social context in which they were produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Logic_of_the_Cultural_Sciences"><i>The Logic of the Cultural Sciences</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Logic of the Cultural Sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>The Logic of the Cultural Sciences</i> (1942) Cassirer argues that objective and universal validity can be achieved not only in the sciences, but also in practical, cultural, moral, and aesthetic phenomena. Although inter-subjective objective validity in the natural sciences derives from universal laws of nature, Cassirer asserts that an analogous type of inter-subjective objective validity takes place in the cultural sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Myth_of_the_State"><i>The Myth of the State</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Myth of the State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cassirer's last work, <i>The Myth of the State</i> (1946), was published posthumously; at one level it is an attempt to understand the intellectual origins of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Cassirer sees Nazi Germany as a society in which the dangerous power of myth is not checked or subdued by superior forces. The book discusses the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythos</a> in Greek thought, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, the medieval theory of the state, <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>'s writings on <a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">hero worship</a>, the racial theories of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>. Cassirer claimed that in 20th-century politics there was a return, with the passive acquiescence of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, to the irrationality of myth, and in particular to a belief that there is such a thing as destiny. Of this passive acquiescence, Cassirer says that in departing from Husserl's belief in an objective, logical basis for philosophy, Heidegger attenuated the ability of philosophy to oppose the resurgence of myth in German politics of the 1930s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_bibliography">Partial bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Partial bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Leibniz' System in seinem wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen</i> (1902)</li> <li><i>The Problem of Knowledge: Philosophy, Science, and History since Hegel</i> [<i>Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit</i>] (1906–1920), English translation 1950 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/56851373?title=The%20Problem%20of%20Knowledge%3a%20Philosophy%2c%20Science%2c%20and%20History%20since%20Hegel">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605022041/https://www.questia.com/read/56851373?title=The%20Problem%20of%20Knowledge%3a%20Philosophy%2c%20Science%2c%20and%20History%20since%20Hegel">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>"Kant und die moderne Mathematik." <i>Kant-Studien</i> 12, 1–40 (1907)</li> <li><i>Substance and Function</i> [<i>Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff</i>] (1910) and <i>Einstein's Theory of Relativity</i> [<i>Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie </i>] (1921), English translation 1923 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/substanceandfunc033163mbp">online edition</a>)</li> <li><i>Freedom and Form</i> [<i>Freiheit und Form</i>] (1916)</li> <li><i>Kant's Life and Thought</i> [<i>Kants Leben und Lehre</i>] (1918), English translation 1981</li> <li><i>Philosophy of Symbolic Forms</i> [<i>Philosophie der symbolischen Formen</i>] (1923–29), English translation 1953–1957 <ul><li><i>Volume One: Language</i> [<i>Erster Teil: Die Sprache</i>] (1923), English translation 1955</li> <li><i>Volume Two: Mythical Thought</i> [<i>Zweiter Teil: Das mythische Denken</i>] (1925), English translation 1955</li> <li><i>Volume Three: The Phenomenology of Knowledge</i> [<i>Dritter Teil: Phänomenologie der Erkenntnis</i>] (1929), English translation 1957</li></ul></li> <li><i>Language and Myth</i> [<i>Sprache und Mythos</i>] (1925), English translation 1946 by <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Susanne K. Langer</a></li> <li><i>The Individual and the Cosmos in Renaissance Philosophy</i> [<i>Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance</i>] (1927), English translation 1963 by Mario Domandi</li> <li>"Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie" ["Epistemology along with Border Questions of Logic and the Psychology of Thought"]. <i>Jahrbücher der Philosophie</i>, 3, 1927, pp. 31–92</li> <li><i>Die Idee der republikanischen Verfassung</i> (1929)</li> <li>"Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik. Bemerkungen zu Martin Heideggers Kantinterpretation." <i>Kant-Studien</i> 26, 1–16 (1931)</li> <li><i>Philosophy of the Enlightenment</i> [<i>Die Philosophie der Aufklärung</i>] (1932), English translation 1951</li> <li><i>Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics: Historical and Systematic Studies of the Problem of Causality</i> [<i>Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik</i>] (1936), English translation 1956</li> <li><i>The Logic of the Cultural Sciences</i> [<i>Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften</i>] (1942), English translation 2000 by Steve G. Lofts (previously translated in 1961 as <i>The Logic of the Humanities</i>)</li> <li><i>An Essay on Man</i> (written and published in English) (1944) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x46qiaccZLYC">books.google.com</a>)</li> <li><i>The Myth of the State</i> (written and published in English) (posthumous) (1946) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QNxMcwNu7cC&source=gbs_book_similarbooks">books.google.com</a>)</li> <li><i>Symbol, Myth, and Culture: Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer, 1935–1945</i>, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Phillip_Verene" title="Donald Phillip Verene">Donald Phillip Verene</a> (March 11, 1981)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com/collections/461">Ernst Cassirer: Gesammelte Werke. Hamburger Ausgabe. Electronic Edition.</a></i> (2016) – The electronic version of the definitive edition of Cassirer's works, published in print by Felix Meiner Verlag, and electronically in the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com">Past Masters series</a></i>.</li> <li><i>The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, Vol. 4, The Metaphysics of Symbolic Forms</i>. Edited and translated by John Michael Krois and Donald Philip Verene from manuscripts left after Cassirer's death. Published 1996, New Haven & London: Yale University Press.</li> <li><i>The Warburg Years (1919–1933): Essays on Language, Art, Myth, and Technology</i>. Translated and with an Introduction by S. G. Lofts with A. Calcagno. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontic_structural_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic structural realism">Ontic structural realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cassirer">"Cassirer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Ernst_maennlicher_Vorname">"Duden | Ernst | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Ẹrnst</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duden&rft.atitle=Duden+%7C+Ernst+%7C+Rechtschreibung%2C+Bedeutung%2C+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FErnst_maennlicher_Vorname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Cassirer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Cassirer">"Duden | Cassirer | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition"</a>. <i>Duden</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Cass<u>i</u>rer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duden&rft.atitle=Duden+%7C+Cassirer+%7C+Rechtschreibung%2C+Bedeutung%2C+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FCassirer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Cassirer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Peter E. (8 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/book-1-ernst-cassirer-the-last-philosopher-of-culture-book-2-the-symbolic-construction-of-reality-the-legacy-of-ernst-cassirer/">"(Book 1) Ernst Cassirer: The Last Philosopher of Culture; (Book 2) The Symbolic Construction of Reality: The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer"</a>. <i>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Philosophical+Reviews&rft.atitle=%28Book+1%29+Ernst+Cassirer%3A+The+Last+Philosopher+of+Culture%3B+%28Book+2%29+The+Symbolic+Construction+of+Reality%3A+The+Legacy+of+Ernst+Cassirer&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Fnews%2Fbook-1-ernst-cassirer-the-last-philosopher-of-culture-book-2-the-symbolic-construction-of-reality-the-legacy-of-ernst-cassirer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Cassirer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1945 Curriculum Vitae, Ernst Cassirer Papers - Addition. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A second volume appeared in 1907, a third one in 1920, and a fourth one in 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Larry Eugene (2001). <i>Crossing Boundaries: The Exclusion and Inclusion of Minorities in Germany and the United States</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+Boundaries%3A+The+Exclusion+and+Inclusion+of+Minorities+in+Germany+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Larry+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Cassirer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> 4/2020: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/hamburg/2020-04/ernst-cassirer-philosoph-universitaet-hamburg-antisemitismus/komplettansicht"><i>Der Geistesgegenwärtige</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Hertzberg: <i>A Reminiscence of Ernst Cassirer</i> The Leo Back Institute Year Book, Volume 15, Issue 1, January 1970, pp.245-246, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/15.1.245">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassirer1979" class="citation book cs1">Cassirer, Ernst (1979). Verene, Donald Phillip (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolmythcultur0000cass"><i>Symbol, Myth, and Culture: Essays and Lectures of Ernst Cassirer 1935-1945</i></a></span>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolmythcultur0000cass/page/6">6–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02666-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02666-8"><bdi>0-300-02666-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol%2C+Myth%2C+and+Culture%3A+Essays+and+Lectures+of+Ernst+Cassirer+1935-1945&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-300-02666-8&rft.aulast=Cassirer&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymbolmythcultur0000cass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Cassirer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structural-realism/">"Structural Realism"</a>: entry by James Ladyman in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aubenque, Pierre, et al. "Philosophie und Politik: Die Davoser Disputation zwischen Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidgger in der Retrospektive." <i>Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie,</i> 2: 290-312</li> <li>Barash, Jeffrey Andrew. <i>The Symbolic Construction of Reality: The Legacy of Ernst Cassirer</i> (2008) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226036863">excerpt and text search</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arthur_Burtt" title="Edwin Arthur Burtt">Burtt, Edwin Arthur</a>. <i>The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science,</i> London: Paul Trencher (2000)</li> <li>Eilenberger, Wolfram. <i>Time of the Magicians: The invention of modern thought, 1919–29</i>, Allen Lane (2020)</li> <li>Folkvord Ingvild & Hoel Aud Sissel (eds.), <i>Ernst Cassirer on Form and Technology: Contemporary Readings</i>, (2012), Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36547-6">978-0-230-36547-6</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friedman_(philosopher)" title="Michael Friedman (philosopher)">Friedman, Michael</a>. <i>A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger</i> (2000) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812694252">excerpt and text search</a>)</li> <li>Gordon, Peter Eli. <i>Continental Divide: Heidegger, Cassirer, Davos</i> (2010)</li> <li>Krois, John Michael. <i>Cassirer: Symbolic Forms and History</i> (Yale University Press 1987)</li> <li>Lassègue, Jean. <i>Cassirer's Transformation: From a Transcendental to a Semiotic Philosophy of Forms</i>. Springer, 2020. (Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics book series. volume 55) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-42905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-42905-8">978-3-030-42905-8</a></li> <li>Lipton, David R. <i>Ernst Cassirer: The Dilemma of a Liberal Intellectual in Germany, 1914–1933</i> (1978)</li> <li>Lofts. Steve G. <i>Ernst Cassirer: A "Repetition" of Modernity</i> (2000) <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-791-44495-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-791-44495-5">978-0-791-44495-5</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zP0lX5Tgu7wC">at Google Books</a></li> <li>Magerski, Christine. "Reaching Beyond the Supra-Historical Sphere: from Cassirer's Philosophy of Symbolic Forms to Bourdieu's Sociology of Symbolic Forms." ´´Pierre Bourdieu and the Field of Cultural Production.´´ Ed. J. Browitt. University of Delaware Press (2004): 21-29.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Arthur_Schilpp" title="Paul Arthur Schilpp">Schilpp, Paul Arthur</a> (ed.). <i>The Philosophy of Ernst Cassirer</i> (1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyoferns033109mbp">archive.org</a></li> <li>Schultz, William. <i>Cassirer & Langer on Myth</i> (2nd ed. 2000) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0815324650">excerpt and text search</a>)</li> <li>Skidelsky, Edward. <i>Ernst Cassirer: The Last Philosopher of Culture</i> (Princeton University Press, 2008), 288 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13134-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13134-4">978-0-691-13134-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ernst_Cassirer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ernst Cassirer</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106965171">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106965171&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Friedman, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cassirer/">"Ernst Cassirer"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ernst+Cassirer&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcassirer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Cassirer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meta-studies.net/pmg/index.php?n=Main.CassirersFoundingYears">History of the Cassirer Family</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meta-studies.net/pmg/index.php?n=Main.BreslauToBerlin">Ernst Cassirer in family context</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060429125409/http://www.cis.arts.gla.ac.uk/cassirerproject.htm">Centre for Intercultural Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35115">Works by Ernst Cassirer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cassirer%2C%20Ernst%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ernst%20Cassirer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cassirer%2C%20Ernst%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ernst%20Cassirer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cassirer%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ernst%20Cassirer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cassirer%2C%20Ernst%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ernst%20Cassirer%22%29%20OR%20%28%221874-1945%22%20AND%20Cassirer%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ernst Cassirer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003056">Newspaper clippings about Ernst Cassirer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.cassirer" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.cassirer">Ernst Cassirer Papers</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Yale University.</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.cad" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.cad">Ernst Cassirer Papers – Addition</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a 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text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis%27_trilemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis' trilemma">Trilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Aquinas's_argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Duns_Scotus's_metaphysical_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Metaphysical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Existential choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontogenetic_depth" title="Ontogenetic depth">Ontogenetic depth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument#Baruch_Spinoza" title="Ontological argument">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_God" title="Mathematics and God">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley#Theology" title="George Berkeley">Mystical idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seddiqin_argument" title="Seddiqin argument">Seddiqin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof" title="Gödel's ontological proof">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinongian_argument" title="Meinongian argument">Meinongian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument#Modal_versions_of_the_ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Mulla Sudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_responses_to_the_problem_of_evil" title="Religious responses to the problem of evil">Responses to the problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junkyard_tornado" title="Junkyard tornado">Junkyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_witnesses'_testimony" title="Existence of God">Testimony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_historical_events" title="Existence of God">Historical events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_the_authority_of_historical_personages" title="Existence of God">Historical personages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of 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href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57209352351">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:cassirer.ernst">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/613794">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500281683">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/440157">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026770989">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64x69sp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&oldid=1277452832">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&oldid=1277452832</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ernst_Cassirer" title="Category:Ernst Cassirer">Ernst 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