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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Musical features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Musical features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ornamentation_of_melody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamentation_of_melody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ornamentation of melody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamentation_of_melody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_vibrato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_vibrato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lack of vibrato</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_cappella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_cappella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>A cappella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_cappella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regional variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyrics_and_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrics_and_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lyrics and genre</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Audience interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Related activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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title="Sean-nós-Gesang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sean-nós-Gesang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s" title="Sean-nós – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sean-nós" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_abestia" title="Sean-nós abestia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sean-nós abestia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant_sean-n%C3%B3s" title="Chant sean-nós – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chant sean-nós" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_(amhr%C3%A1na%C3%ADocht)" title="Sean-nós (amhránaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sean-nós (amhránaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto_Sean-n%C3%B3s" title="Canto Sean-nós – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canto Sean-nós" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Sean-nós singing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">'old-style' in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Unknown, 13th century or earlier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Sean-nós</i></span> singing</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SHAN</span>-nohss</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈʃan̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪ˠoːsˠ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> for 'old style') is <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">unaccompanied</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">traditional Irish</a> vocal music usually performed in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Sean-nós</i></span> singing usually involves very long melodic <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrases</a> with highly <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamented</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismatic</a> melodic lines, differing greatly from <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">traditional folk</a> singing elsewhere in Ireland, although there is significant regional variation within <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Sean-nós</i></span> songs cover a range of genres, from <a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">love song</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullaby</a>, traditionally with a strong focus on conveying the relevant emotion of the given song.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sean-nós</i></span>, which simply means '[in the] old way', is a vague term that can also refer to <a href="/wiki/Sean_n%C3%B3s_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sean nós (disambiguation)">various other traditional activities</a>, musical and non-musical.<sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musician and academic <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Canainn" title="Tomás Ó Canainn">Tomás Ó Canainn</a> said:<sup id="cite_ref-canainn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canainn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>no aspect of Irish music can be fully understood without a deep appreciation of <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">sean-nós</span></span> singing. It is the key which opens every lock. </p> </blockquote> <p>The origins of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sean-nós</i></span> singing are unknown, but it is probably at least seven centuries old. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRENDERGAST(1870)_p_415_Map_of_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_by_the_Act_of_26th_September,_1653.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PRENDERGAST%281870%29_p_415_Map_of_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_by_the_Act_of_26th_September%2C_1653.jpg/220px-PRENDERGAST%281870%29_p_415_Map_of_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_by_the_Act_of_26th_September%2C_1653.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PRENDERGAST%281870%29_p_415_Map_of_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_by_the_Act_of_26th_September%2C_1653.jpg/330px-PRENDERGAST%281870%29_p_415_Map_of_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_by_the_Act_of_26th_September%2C_1653.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/PRENDERGAST%281870%29_p_415_Map_of_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_by_the_Act_of_26th_September%2C_1653.jpg/440px-PRENDERGAST%281870%29_p_415_Map_of_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_by_the_Act_of_26th_September%2C_1653.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Banishment of Irish Catholics to Connacht, 1653</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recorded_history">Recorded history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recorded history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If "sean-nós singing" is taken to mean "any traditional song sung in the Irish language", it could be said that the first sean-nós songs were sung when the Celts arrived in Ireland in 500BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is almost no mention of sean-nós songs in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Irish_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Irish literature">medieval Irish literature</a>, but experts have speculated that sean-nós singing has existed in a similar form since the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the songs sung today can be traced back to the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ireland in the Middle Ages">early Irish history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">poets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> had distinctly separate social roles from <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">musicians</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquests</a> of Ireland led to a suppression of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">traditional Irish culture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">1662 Act of Settlement</a>, which banished Irish Catholic landowners to <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, meant that the remains of these once complex social and regional styles combined. The once lowly bard became the nonprofessional composer of "street poetry" (<i>sráid éigse</i>), and the strict, professionally composed meters of older Irish ballads were replaced with the far more accessible <i>amhrán</i> ("song") meters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of the sean-nós song was exclusively oral and remains customarily so, however, a few songs were known to have been conveyed to script as early as the 16th century. A songbook for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> contained English interpretations of sean-nós songs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Songs started to be more extensively written down in the eighteenth century and distributed in print from then on. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_Cork_Hist_Arch(1912)-p113-Crokers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/J_Cork_Hist_Arch%281912%29-p113-Crokers.jpg/156px-J_Cork_Hist_Arch%281912%29-p113-Crokers.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/J_Cork_Hist_Arch%281912%29-p113-Crokers.jpg/234px-J_Cork_Hist_Arch%281912%29-p113-Crokers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/J_Cork_Hist_Arch%281912%29-p113-Crokers.jpg/312px-J_Cork_Hist_Arch%281912%29-p113-Crokers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crofton_Croker" title="Thomas Crofton Croker">Thomas Crofton Croker</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crofton_Croker" title="Thomas Crofton Croker">Thomas Crofton Croker</a> described an elderly female sean-nós singer he encountered in the early 1800s known for her "skill in <a href="/wiki/Keening" title="Keening">keening</a>":<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>This woman, whose name was Harrington, led a wandering kind of life, travelling from cottage to cottage about the country, and though in fact subsisting on charity, found everywhere not merely a welcome, but had numerous invitations on account of the vast store of Irish verses she had collected and could repeat. Her memory was indeed extraordinary; and the clearness, quickness, and elegance with which she translated from the Irish into English, though unable to read or write, is almost incredible. Before she commenced repeating, she mumbled for a short time, probably the beginning of each stanza, to assure herself of the arrangement, with her eyes closed, rocking her body backwards and forward, as if keeping time to the measure of the verse, She then began in a kind of whining recitation, but as she proceeded, and as the composition acquired it, her voice assumed a variety of deep and fine tones, and the energy with which many passages were delivered, proved her perfect comprehension and strong feeling of the subject. </p></blockquote> <p>The first recordings of sean-nós singing were made in 1905 by <a href="/wiki/Risteard_De_Hindeberg" title="Risteard De Hindeberg">Richard Henebry (Risteard De Hindeberg)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ring,_County_Waterford" title="Ring, County Waterford">An Rinn (Ring)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilgobnet" title="Kilgobnet">Cill Ghobnait (Kilgobnet)</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">County Waterford</a>, all of which have been digitised and made available online via the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traditional_Music_Archive" title="Irish Traditional Music Archive">ITMA</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Trebitsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Trebitsch (page does not exist)">Rudolf Trebitsch</a> made several recordings in Counties <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the twentieth century, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">folk revival</a>, some sean-nós singers gained popularity in international folk music circles. The most notable of these was the <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Heaney" title="Joe Heaney">Seosamh Ó hÉanaí (Joe Heaney)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who toured <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>, performing at the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival" title="Newport Folk Festival">Newport Folk Festival</a> in 1965 before then settling in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, including <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cronin" title="Elizabeth Cronin">Bess Cronin</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Cork" title="West Cork">West Cork</a>, were visited and recorded by song collectors and their recordings inspired future generations of musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the term "sean-nós" ("old style") to describe traditional Irish language singing was coined in the early 1940s at the <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Gaelic League</a> <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge" title="Oireachtas na Gaeilge">Oireachtas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was coined as part of the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Gaelic Revival</a> in an attempt to distinguish the genre from "less authentic" styles of music.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_origins_in_Iberia,_Galicia_or_the_Arab_world"><span id="Possible_origins_in_Iberia.2C_Galicia_or_the_Arab_world"></span>Possible origins in Iberia, Galicia or the Arab world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Possible origins in Iberia, Galicia or the Arab world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To many listeners, sean-nós singing sounds "foreign", or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities can also be heard with the sacred music of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sean-nós singers have noticed similarities with their style and the styles of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music">Bedouin music</a> and Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Cante_jondo" title="Cante jondo">cante jondo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg/304px-Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg/456px-Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg/608px-Sorokin-Spanish_Romani_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Evgraf_Semenovich_Sorokin" title="Evgraf Semenovich Sorokin">Yevgraf Sorokin</a> (1853)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rimmer" title="Joan Rimmer">Joan Rimmer</a> suggested that the music of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and Ireland are all linked.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous folklorist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a> said:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>[I] have long considered Ireland to be part of the Old Southern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> family of style that I call <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bardic</a> – highly <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">free rhythmed</a>, solo, or solo and string accompanied singing that support sophisticated and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">forms</a>. </p> </blockquote> <p>The writer and singer of <a href="/wiki/Luar_na_Lubre" title="Luar na Lubre">Luar na Lubre</a> Belém Tajes, highlighted the similarities between the sean-nos singing and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <i>alalás</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writer <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a> compared the singing style and dark physical appearance of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Heaney" title="Joe Heaney">Seosamh Ó hÉanaí</a> to that of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Irish_people#Black_Irish" title="Irish people">black Irish</a>" appearance is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada shipwrecks</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ancient trade routes with <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film-maker <a href="/wiki/Bob_Quinn_(Irish_filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Quinn (Irish filmmaker)">Bob Quinn</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Atlantean_(TV_movie_trilogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantean (TV movie trilogy)">Atlantean</a> series of films, suggests a <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> cultural connection, explaining the long physical distances between the cultures with the seafaring nature of the <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musical connection has been tenuously connected to the fact that the people of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> have a significant amount of ancient <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_features">Musical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Musical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sean-nós singing is defined by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Canainn" title="Tomás Ó Canainn">Tomás Ó Canainn</a> as:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>a rather complex way of singing in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, confined mainly to some areas in the west and south of the country. It is unaccompanied and has a highly ornamented melodic line....Not all areas have the same type of ornamentation—one finds a very florid line in <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, contrasting with a somewhat less decorated one in the south, and, by comparison, a stark simplicity in the northern songs<span class="nowrap"> </span>... </p> </blockquote> <p>Alternatively, the term simply refers to "the old, traditional style of singing" and encompasses non-ornamented regional styles. According to Hiúdaí Ó Duibheannaigh, who served on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Folklore_Commission" title="Irish Folklore Commission">Irish Folklore Commission</a> from 1936 to 1939, "...people... think it's a particular style of singing: it's not!"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is largely accepted that what constitutes sean-nós singing cannot be defined in any precise way.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamentation_of_melody">Ornamentation of melody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ornamentation of melody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many styles of sean-nós involve highly <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamented</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismatic</a> singing where the voice is placed near the top of the range. Ó Canainn identifies most ornamentation as <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismatic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornaments</a> replacing or emphasising notes, rather than serving as <a href="/wiki/Passing_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing notes">passing notes</a> between existing notes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ornamentation usually occurs on unstressed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decorative elements common in sean-nós singing fulfill aesthetic purposes to connect the text to the singer's interpretation of the melody and to enhance a sense of continuity by filling the gaps between phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The melody is often varied verse-to-verse, embellished it in unique and personal ways,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with individual singers often have a particular style of doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are more likely to use brief pauses initiated by <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stops</a>, "slides" or <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissandi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sometimes, a song is ended by speaking the finishing line instead of singing it.<sup id="cite_ref-canainn_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canainn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Canainn" title="Tomás Ó Canainn">Tomás Ó Canainn</a> observed:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Ornamentation gives the movement between main notes a logicality and inevitability which it would not otherwise have: it smooths the musical texture and, while indispensable, its overall effect should be so subtle. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_vibrato">Lack of vibrato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lack of vibrato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sean-nós singers virtually never use <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a>, and the idea of <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> does not apply to sean-nós music; a thin tone is perfectly acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal_quality">Nasal quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nasal quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many sean-nós singers sing in a <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalisation">nasal</a> tone that is not present in general speech. This nasal tone may have originated as an attempt to reproduce the sound of the <a href="/wiki/Uilleann_pipes" title="Uilleann pipes">uilleann pipes</a>, or to aid in the implementation of melodic ornaments. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Heaney" title="Joe Heaney">Seosamh Ó hÉanaí</a> (Joe Heaney) said the nasal effect, which he gave the onomatopoeic term <i>neá</i>, provided a quiet drone in his head to keep him on pitch and represented "the sound of a thousand Irish pipers all through history". Heaney claimed to hear the drone at all times, and said that every good sean-nós singer, as well as traditional <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a> and East Indian singers, "had the <i>neá</i>". Some singers, including Heaney, sometimes hum the <i>neá</i> very briefly at the start of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modality">Modality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sean-nós songs use <a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">modes</a>, and scales are <a href="/wiki/Hexatonic_scale" title="Hexatonic scale">hexatonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a>, indicating that the style is a survival from prior to the standardisation of <a href="/wiki/Musical_temperament" title="Musical temperament">temperament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_rhythm_and_phrasing">Free rhythm and phrasing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Free rhythm and phrasing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sean-nós songs are usually performed with rhythmic freedom, with words and phrases extended at the discretion of the singer. The songs are regulated instead by a "<a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">pulse</a>" (<i>cuisle</i>) that corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">poetic meter</a> of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sean-nós singers tend to use very long extended <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrases</a>, particularly in sad songs, with a tendency to draw breath after a <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunction</a> or linking words rather than at the end of a phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-canainn_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canainn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_cappella">A cappella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A cappella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sean-nós singing seems to always have been performed <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">without accompaniment</a>, as added instruments would restrict the freedom of the singer to vary ornaments and rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3b_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3b-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> There are three main styles of sean-nós, corresponding to the three areas where Irish is still spoken as a community language, the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltachta</a>í of <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> (parts of <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a>), <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (<a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a>), and <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>). The differences in style generally correspond geographically to the various <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>. Singers from outside these Gaeltachts, and indeed outside Ireland, may blend the styles depending on where they learned.<sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg/220px-Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg/330px-Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg/440px-Gaeltachtai_le_hainmneacha2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Official <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> regions of Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>Each area also has its own repertoire of sean-nós songs, although songs such as "<a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Dubh_(song)" title="Róisín Dubh (song)">Róisín Dubh</a>" and "Dónal Og" are popular throughout Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While sean-nós singing varies around Ireland, with ease of travel and the influence of recording media, these distinctions have become less definite since at least the early twentieth century; singers sometimes adopt different styles from various parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, due to the "free" nature of sean-nós, features such as ornamentation can vary person-to-person more than place-to-place.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> / <a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a> style is highly ornamented. It is certainly the most widely recognised regional style, to the extent that other styles are often forgotten. The most famous performer of Connemara style sean-nós is <a href="/wiki/Joe_Heaney" title="Joe Heaney">Seosamh Ó hÉanaí</a> (Joe Heaney). Connemara singers would often take care to decorate each individual word. Sean-nós songs in Connemara often involve the sea, with fishing disasters being a common theme.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> style is also highly ornamented, but unlike the Connemara style, the gap between notes within ornaments can be wide.<sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donegal_(town)" title="Donegal (town)">Donegal</a> style has a more open, less nasal vocal tone than southern styles, and a higher pitch. Donegal sean-nós has a more consistent pulse and it is much less ornamented, which can make it stand out from other regional styles; these features seem to have come from <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> singing.<sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cow herding songs are popular in Donegal; it has been theorised that these came from around <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>, which has more fertile land.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donegal songs also use the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> more often than in other regions, which may be due to contact with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Bothy_ballad" title="Bothy ballad">bothy ballads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics_and_genre">Lyrics and genre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lyrics and genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Special:EditPage/Sean-nós singing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Many of the songs typically sung sean-nós could be seen as forms of <a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">love poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">laments</a>, or references to historical events such as political rebellions or times of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">lullabies</a>, nature poetry, <a href="/wiki/Devotional_song" title="Devotional song">devotional songs</a>, or combinations of these.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Comic_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic songs">Comic songs</a> are also part of the tradition (e.g., An Spailpín Fánach, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAnla" title="Cúnla">Cúnla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean_Ph%C3%A1idin" title="Bean Pháidin">Bean Pháidín</a>), as are songs about drinking (<a href="/wiki/An_Bonn%C3%A1n_Bu%C3%AD" title="An Bonnán Buí">An Bonnan Buí</a>, Preab san Ól, Ólaim Puins is Ólaim Tae). In general, comic, bawdy, drinking, and dancing songs are usually sung at a fast tempo and with a strict metre, whereas serious songs are free-metred and slow.<sup id="cite_ref-:4c_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4c-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-C%C3%A9cile_Puvis_de_Chavannes_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pierre-C%C3%A9cile_Puvis_de_Chavannes_003.jpg/298px-Pierre-C%C3%A9cile_Puvis_de_Chavannes_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pierre-C%C3%A9cile_Puvis_de_Chavannes_003.jpg/447px-Pierre-C%C3%A9cile_Puvis_de_Chavannes_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pierre-C%C3%A9cile_Puvis_de_Chavannes_003.jpg/596px-Pierre-C%C3%A9cile_Puvis_de_Chavannes_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption><i>An Aisling</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes" title="Pierre Puvis de Chavannes">Pierre-Cécile Puvis de Chavannes</a> (1883)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aisling" title="Aisling">aisling</a>, or "vision poem", may be the oldest type of sean-nós song.<sup id="cite_ref-:4c_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4c-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keening" title="Keening">Keening</a> (<i>Chaointeoireacht</i>) songs, traditional songs of <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a> for the dead in the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic</a> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tradition, are a form of sean-nós song in Ireland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Songs with a detailed narrative, such as <a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">murder ballads</a>, are far more common in traditional English language music than sean-nós songs. Themes frequently found in Gaelic music include the great beauty and spiritual qualities of nature and laments for lost loved ones, the latter being nearly always sung from the female perspective.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The performance of most songs is not restricted by gender, although the lyrics may imply a song is from a woman's or man's point of view. There are a few songs that men have a tendency not to sing. Women, however, do not seem to have the same hesitation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term "sean-nós" is applied to songs in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> where the style of singing is characteristic of Irish language sean-nós singing, although some traditionalists believe that songs must have some Irish lyrics to belong to the tradition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A number of traditional sean-nós songs are <a href="/wiki/Macaronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronic">macaronic</a>, combining two or more languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%BAil_a_R%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Siúil a Rún">Siúil a Rún</a>, the popular version of which was taken from <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cronin" title="Elizabeth Cronin">Elizabeth Cronin</a>, who sang in Irish and English.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Tunney" title="Paddy Tunney">Paddy Tunney</a>, who sang English language songs in the sean-nós style, emphasised:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The traditional style of singing in English is just as much sean-nós as in Gaelic ... traditional singing is all sean-nós. </p> </blockquote> <p>Many of the English language songs sung in sean-nós style are those found on <a href="/wiki/Broadside_ballad" title="Broadside ballad">broadsides</a>, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child Ballads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_function_and_context">Social function and context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social function and context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sean-nós songs were written to express emotions, including the love and sadness of daily existence and the loss of family and friends by death or emigration, but also in order to record significant events.<sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very interaction between the performer and audience is a crucial aspect of the sean-nós tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-canainn_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canainn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emotions of any given song are arguably more important than the narrative, but they are usually conveyed in a sensitive way, rather than being melodramatic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting">Setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other types of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk song</a>, sean-nós songs accompanied work inside and outside the home. However, they were also performed at organised meetings, such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Cèilidhs</a>, particularly in the winter months.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participants may gather round a fire, singing one by one in a circle; those who do not sing may tell a story, riddle, or some local gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-:0c_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0c-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audience_interaction">Audience interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Audience interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The singer may stay seated among the audience, facing forward without focusing on any person or object.<sup id="cite_ref-:0c_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0c-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may occasionally adopt a position facing the corner of the room and away from the audience, with eyes closed, a position that has acoustic benefits, aids concentration for performing long intricate songs from memory, and perhaps has some additional ancient significance. </p><p>The listeners are not expected to be silent throughout and may participate in the performance through words of encouragement and commentary. At any point in the performance, particularly at emotional moments – a listener may interject with expressions such as <i>Maith thú!</i> (good for you), <i>Dia go deo leat!</i> (God be with you always).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes a listener will hold the performer's hand, and together they will move or "wind" their linked hands in the rhythm of the song. Such interactions do not disturb the flow of music, and the performer will often respond musically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The person who holds the singer's hand to support them is known as the <i>windáil</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_activities">Related activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other <a href="/wiki/Sean_n%C3%B3s_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sean nós (disambiguation)">sean-nós activities</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">sean-nós dance</a>, instrumental sean-nós music, and other types of traditional vocal music such as <a href="/wiki/Lilting" title="Lilting">lilting</a>. These activities would traditionally have been performed in the same settings as sean-nós singing. Sean-nós activities are considered a minimalist means of preserving a musical and dance heritage at a time when musical instruments were too expensive for most peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_developments">Modern developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn_2014.jpg/220px-Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn_2014.jpg/330px-Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn_2014.jpg/440px-Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nell_N%C3%AD_Chr%C3%B3in%C3%ADn" title="Nell Ní Chróinín">Nell Ní Chróinín</a>, sean-nós singer from <a href="/wiki/Muskerry" title="Muskerry">Muskerry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pubs have gradually replaced the traditional setting of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Cèilidh</a> house, and melodramatic non-traditional rebel songs and 'ballads' are often preferred to sean-nós songs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional sean-nós singing has survived in Connemara to a greater extent than in any other region.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous generations learned the songs in the home and in the locality, but now organised classes, publications and recorded material are the easiest way to learn.<sup id="cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The younger generations of sean-nós singers have therefore learnt to sing this way as a "skill" rather than naturally acquiring it. Some enthusiasts have suggested that their polished style is detrimental to the understanding of the lyrics, which should be paramount.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New composition is a controversial issue within sean-nós song circles. Some singers insist that the traditional should be supplemented with new material, arguing that since society has changed, then the content of the lyrics should reflect this. On the other hand, some singers say that only the older, "traditional" songs represent the essence of a sean-nós song and therefore deserve a protected, preferential status.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is often confusion between authentic sean-nós singing and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> which uses the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some young singers have made an effort to restrict their repertoire only to local songs, in order to preserve their local traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sean-nós singing is largely overlooked in academia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its association with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a> within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Irish_language" title="Status of the Irish language">Gaelic Revival</a> have pushed it to the periphery of Irish musical culture; English language songs and instrumental music are considered "popular", and sean-nós somewhat "elite" and inaccessible.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Irish_singers" title="List of traditional Irish singers">List of traditional Irish singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puirt_%C3%A1_beul" class="mw-redirect" title="Puirt á beul">Puirt á beul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waulking_song" title="Waulking song">Waulking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilting" title="Lilting">Lilting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/sean-nos.htm">"Sean-nós in Donegal"</a>. <i>www.mustrad.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mustrad.org.uk&rft.atitle=Sean-n%C3%B3s+in+Donegal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mustrad.org.uk%2Farticles%2Fsean-nos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comhaltas.ie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comhaltas.ie_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0353-0793-1/17">"Bent Sørensen - Sean-nós, sean-nua … sean-nós nua? Constructions of Authority, Tradition and Innovation in Popular Irish Music"</a>, <i>Authority and Wisdom in the New Ireland</i>, Peter Lang, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3726%2F978-3-0353-0793-1%2F17">10.3726/978-3-0353-0793-1/17</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783034318334" title="Special:BookSources/9783034318334"><bdi>9783034318334</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Authority+and+Wisdom+in+the+New+Ireland&rft.atitle=Bent+S%C3%B8rensen+-+Sean-n%C3%B3s%2C+sean-nua+%E2%80%A6+sean-n%C3%B3s+nua%3F+Constructions+of+Authority%2C+Tradition+and+Innovation+in+Popular+Irish+Music&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3726%2F978-3-0353-0793-1%2F17&rft.isbn=9783034318334&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3726%2F978-3-0353-0793-1%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canainn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canainn_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canainn_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canainn_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canainn_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Canainn1993" class="citation book cs1">Ó Canainn, Tomas (1993). <i>Traditional Music in Ireland</i>. 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The Lilliput Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84351-024-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84351-024-3"><bdi>1-84351-024-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475335423">475335423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+atlantean+Irish+%3A+Ireland%27s+oriental+and+maritime+heritage&rft.pub=The+Lilliput+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475335423&rft.isbn=1-84351-024-3&rft.aulast=Bob.&rft.aufirst=Quinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F475335423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViney" class="citation news cs1">Viney, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/the-tracing-of-the-shrew-why-celtic-dna-leads-back-to-africa-1.522345">"The tracing of the shrew: why Celtic DNA leads back to Africa"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+tracing+of+the+shrew%3A+why+Celtic+DNA+leads+back+to+Africa&rft.aulast=Viney&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Fthe-tracing-of-the-shrew-why-celtic-dna-leads-back-to-africa-1.522345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomas Ó'Canainn, Traditional Music in Ireland (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), pp. 49, 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/sean-nos.htm">"Sean Nós article first appeared in Ulster Folklife No 37 (1991): pp 97-105"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sean+N%C3%B3s+article+first+appeared+in+Ulster+Folklife+No+37+%281991%29%3A+pp+97-105&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mustrad.org.uk%2Farticles%2Fsean-nos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">"Traditional Music: Ceol Tráidisiúnta: Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-Nós Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 140. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977">1092-3977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">20557912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Sean and Lillis O Laoire (2011). <i>Bright Star of the West: Joe Heaney, Irish Song-man</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 27–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195321180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195321180"><bdi>978-0195321180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Star+of+the+West%3A+Joe+Heaney%2C+Irish+Song-man&rft.pages=27-35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0195321180&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean+and+Lillis+O+Laoire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">"Traditional Music: Ceol Tráidisiúnta: Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-Nós Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 136. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977">1092-3977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">20557912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">"Traditional Music: Ceol Tráidisiúnta: Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-Nós Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 135. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977">1092-3977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">20557912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">"Traditional Music: Ceol Tráidisiúnta: Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-Nós Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 134. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977">1092-3977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">20557912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalofmusic.com/focus/exotica-anonymous">"Exotica Anonymous"</a>. <i>The 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Music&rft.atitle=Exotica+Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalofmusic.com%2Ffocus%2Fexotica-anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">"Traditional Music: Ceol Tráidisiúnta: Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-Nós Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 133. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977">1092-3977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">20557912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3b-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3b_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">"Traditional Music: Ceol Tráidisiúnta: Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-Nós Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 134. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977">1092-3977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">20557912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4c-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4c_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4c_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.culturalequity.org/node/56328">"Shule Agra | Lomax Digital Archive"</a>. <i>archive.culturalequity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.culturalequity.org&rft.atitle=Shule+Agra+%7C+Lomax+Digital+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.culturalequity.org%2Fnode%2F56328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">"Traditional Music: Ceol Tráidisiúnta: Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-Nós Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 132. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977">1092-3977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557912">20557912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=Traditional+Music%3A+Ceol+Tr%C3%A1idisi%C3%BAnta%3A+Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-N%C3%B3s+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1092-3977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0c-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0c_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0c_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2004.0033">"Melodic Ornamentation in the Connemara Sean-nos Singing of Joe Heaney"</a>. <i>New Hibernia Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 124–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnhr.2004.0033">10.1353/nhr.2004.0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-5815">1534-5815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144158755">144158755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review&rft.atitle=Melodic+Ornamentation+in+the+Connemara+Sean-nos+Singing+of+Joe+Heaney&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-126&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144158755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-5815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnhr.2004.0033&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fnhr.2004.0033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120114146/http://www.geocities.com/aer_mcr/irdance/irhist.html"><i>Irish Step Dancing – A Brief History</i>, Don Haurin & Ann Richens</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dorothea E. Hast and Stanley Scott, <i>Music in Ireland: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 84–136.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1998" class="citation magazine cs1">McCann, Anthony (June–July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folkmusic.net/htmfiles/inart378.htm">"Sean-nos singing - A Bluffer's Guide"</a>. <i>The Living Tradition</i>. No. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Living+Tradition&rft.atitle=Sean-nos+singing+-+A+Bluffer%27s+Guide&rft.issue=24&rft.date=1998-06%2F1998-07&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkmusic.net%2Fhtmfiles%2Finart378.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASean-n%C3%B3s+singing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Brehon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Gaelic mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_kinship" title="Irish kinship">Gaelic kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic folk music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge" title="Oireachtas na Gaeilge">Oireachtas na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Am Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Insular Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Gaelic Christian mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Irish" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_royal_families" title="Irish royal families">Royal families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_medical_families" title="Irish medical families">Medical families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_genealogy" title="Irish genealogy">Genealogy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="List" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans" title="List of Irish clans">List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Érainn</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADarraige" title="Cíarraige">Cíarraige</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans_in_Ulster" title="List of Irish clans in Ulster">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_clans" title="List of Scottish clans">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Vannin" title="Culture Vannin">Culture Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heshaght_Ghailckagh" title="Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh">Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge" title="Seachtain na Gaeilge">Seachtain na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULTACH_Trust" title="ULTACH Trust">ULTACH Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comunn_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Comunn na Gàidhlig">Comunn na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Ireland" title="Clans of Ireland">Clans of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">human genetics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">Clan MacLeod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Kingdom of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gaels" title="Category:Gaels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaeltacht" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaeltacht" title="Template:Gaeltacht"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaeltacht" title="Template talk:Gaeltacht"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaeltacht" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaeltacht"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaeltacht" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltachtaí</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gaeltacht_Thír_ConaillCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text_(Donegal)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Thír Conaill</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rosses" title="The Rosses">Na Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweedore" title="Gweedore">Gaoth Dobhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloughaneely" title="Cloughaneely">Cloch Cheann Fhaola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_an_L%C3%A1ir" title="Gaeltacht an Láir">Gaeltacht an Láir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht na Gaillimhe</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_City_Gaeltacht" title="Galway City Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht Chathair na Gaillimhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cois_Fharraige" title="Cois Fharraige">Cois Fharraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conamara_Theas" title="Conamara Theas">Conamara Theas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Country" title="Joyce Country">Dúiche Sheoigheach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Oileáin Árann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceantar_na_nOile%C3%A1n" title="Ceantar na nOileán">Ceantar na nOileán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Mhaigh Eo</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Iorrais_agus_Acaill" title="Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill">Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Chiarraí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">Kerry</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Corca_Dhuibhne" title="Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne">Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveragh_Peninsula" title="Iveragh Peninsula">Gaeltacht Uíbh Ráthach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae Chorcaí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskerry" title="Muskerry">Múscraí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Clear_Island" title="Cape Clear Island">Oileán Chléire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_na_nD%C3%A9ise" title="Gaeltacht na nDéise">Gaeltacht na nDéise</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Waterford" title="County Waterford">Waterford</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring,_County_Waterford" title="Ring, County Waterford">Rinn Ó gCuanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Parish" title="Old Parish">An tSean Phobal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leinster</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gaeltacht_Chontae_na_MíCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text_(Meath)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Gaeltacht Chontae na Mí</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">Meath</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1th_Chairn" title="Ráth Chairn">Ráth Chairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baile_Ghib" title="Baile Ghib">Baile Ghib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nua-GhaeltachtaíCategory:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Nua-Ghaeltachtaí</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_network" title="Irish language network">Irish language network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gaeltacht" title="Neo-Gaeltacht">Neo-Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Gaeltacht Quarter, Belfast">An Cheathrú Ghaeltachta</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_North_American_Gaeltacht" title="Permanent North American Gaeltacht">Permanent North American Gaeltacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltarra_%C3%89ireann" title="Gaeltarra Éireann">Gaeltarra Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimisi%C3%BAn_na_Gaeltachta" title="Coimisiún na Gaeltachta">Coimisiún na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_Raidi%C3%B3_Chonamara" title="Saor Raidió Chonamara">Saor Raidió Chonamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadamh_na_hOllscola%C3%ADochta_Gaeilge" title="Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge">Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibhdhearc_na_Gaillimhe" title="Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe">Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluaiseacht_Chearta_Sibhialta_na_Gaeltachta" title="Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta">Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muintir_na_Gaeltachta" title="Muintir na Gaeltachta">Muintir na Gaeltachta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connemara" title="Connemara">Connemara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_an_t%C3%AD" title="Bean an tí">Bean an tí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Act_2012" title="Gaeltacht Act 2012">Gaeltacht Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_service_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaeltacht service town">Gaeltacht service town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_at_the_Department_of_Tourism,_Culture,_Arts,_Gaeltacht,_Sport_and_Media" title="Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media">Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_2003" title="Official Languages Act 2003">Official Languages Act 2003</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sean-nós singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Ireland" title="Template:Music of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Music of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Irish music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Cèilidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Set dance">Set dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk song</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional Irish singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilting" title="Lilting">Lilting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bones_(instrument)" title="Bones (instrument)">Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bouzouki" title="Irish bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">Concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_flute" title="Irish flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">Hammered dulcimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeg_drum" title="Lambeg drum">Lambeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Melodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_banjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor banjo">Tenor banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_whistle" title="Tin whistle">Tin whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uilleann_pipes" title="Uilleann pipes">Uilleann pipes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tune types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barn_dance" title="Barn dance">Barn dance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fling_(Irish)" title="Fling (Irish)">Fling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Highland_(Irish)" title="Highland (Irish)">Highland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">Reel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Strathspey_(dance)" title="Strathspey (dance)">Strathspey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schottische#Ireland" title="Schottische">Schottische</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mazurka#In_Ireland" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Single and double jigs</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slip_jig" title="Slip jig">Hop and slip jigs</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>12</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> dances</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slide_(tune_type)" title="Slide (tune type)">Slide</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Non-dance tunes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">Marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_(music)" title="Air (music)">airs</a> which exist in various meters.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_mode" title="Aeolian mode">Aeolian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">Pentatonic scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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