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href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Suicide precautions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bed_making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bed_making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Bed making</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bed_making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wound_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wound_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Wound care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wound_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evaluation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Activities of daily living</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أنشطة الحياة اليومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنشطة الحياة اليومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activitats_de_la_vida_di%C3%A0ria" title="Activitats de la vida diària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Activitats de la vida diària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1edn%C3%AD_denn%C3%AD_%C4%8Dinnosti" title="Všední denní činnosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Všední denní činnosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_Daglig_Levevis" title="Almindelig Daglig Levevis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig Daglig Levevis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivit%C3%A4ten_des_t%C3%A4glichen_Lebens" title="Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Δραστηριότητες καθημερινής ζωής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δραστηριότητες καθημερινής ζωής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کارهای روزمره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارهای روزمره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activit%C3%A9s_de_la_vie_quotidienne" title="Activités de la vie quotidienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Activités de la vie quotidienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%83%81_%EC%83%9D%ED%99%9C_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99" title="일상 생활 활동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일상 생활 활동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivnosti_svakodnevnog_%C5%BEivota" title="Aktivnosti svakodnevnog života – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aktivnosti svakodnevnog života" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attivit%C3%A0_della_vita_quotidiana" title="Attività della vita quotidiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attività della vita quotidiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פעולות היומיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פעולות היומיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemene_dagelijkse_levensverrichtingen" title="Algemene dagelijkse levensverrichtingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algemene dagelijkse levensverrichtingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C" title="日常生活動作 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日常生活動作" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagliglivets_aktiviteter" title="Dagliglivets aktiviteter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dagliglivets aktiviteter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Activities of daily living" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktivnosti_svakodnevnog_%C5%BEivota" title="Aktivnosti svakodnevnog života – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aktivnosti svakodnevnog života" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiviteter_i_dagliga_livet" title="Aktiviteter i dagliga livet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aktiviteter i dagliga livet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnl%C3%BCk_ya%C5%9Fam_aktiviteleri" title="Günlük yaşam aktiviteleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Günlük yaşam aktiviteleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_ho%E1%BA%A1t_h%C3%A0ng_ng%C3%A0y" title="Sinh hoạt hàng ngày – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh hoạt hàng ngày" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="日常生活活動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日常生活活動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Activities of daily living</b> (<b>ADLs</b>) is a term used in healthcare to refer to an individual's daily <a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">self-care</a> activities. <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">Health professionals</a> often use a person's ability or inability to perform ADLs as a measure of their <a href="/wiki/Performance_status" title="Performance status">functional status</a>. The concept of ADLs was originally proposed in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Katz" title="Sidney Katz">Sidney Katz</a> and his team at the Benjamin Rose Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. Since then, numerous researchers have expanded on the concept of ADLs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, many indexes that assess ADLs now incorporate measures of mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, Lawton and Brody developed the concept of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) to capture the range of activities that support independent living.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are often utilized in caring for individuals with disabilities, injuries, and the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger children often require help from adults to perform ADLs, as they have not yet developed the skills necessary to perform them independently. Aging and disabilities, affecting individuals across different age groups, can significantly alter a person's daily life. Such changes must be carefully managed to maintain health and well-being. </p><p>Common activities of daily living (ADLs) include feeding oneself, bathing, dressing, grooming, working, homemaking, and managing personal hygiene after using the toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-MN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of national surveys have collected data on the ADL status of the U.S. population.<sup id="cite_ref-NCHS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCHS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although basic definitions of ADLs are established, what specifically constitutes a particular ADL can vary for each individual. Cultural background and education level are among the factors that can influence a person's perception of their functional abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ADLs are categorized into basic self-care tasks (typically learned in infancy) or instrumental tasks generally learned throughout adolescence. A person who cannot perform essential ADLs may have a poorer quality of life or be unsafe in their current living conditions; therefore, they may require the help of other individuals and/or mechanical devices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of mechanical devices to aid in ADLs include electric lifting chairs, bathtub transfer benches and ramps to replace stairs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic">Basic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basic ADLs consist of self-care tasks that include:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bathing and showering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal hygiene">Personal hygiene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">grooming</a>, which encompasses brushing, combing, and styling hair</li> <li>Dressing</li> <li>Toilet hygiene, which involves getting to the toilet, cleaning oneself, and getting back up</li> <li>Functional mobility, often referred to as "transferring." This includes the ability to walk, get in and out of bed, and get into and out of a chair. The broader definition covers moving from one place to another while performing activities and is useful for people with varying physical abilities who can still move around independently.</li> <li>Self-feeding, which is limited to the act of eating itself, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Assisted_feeding" title="Assisted feeding">assisted feeding</a></li></ul> <p>The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is a tool developed in 1983 that uses a 0 to 7 scale to evaluate different ADLs based on the level of assistance required. A score of 7 indicates that the individual is independent, while a score of 0 signifies that the individual cannot perform the activity without assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific breakdown of the scale is shown below: </p><p>7 - Complete Independence </p><p>6 - Modified Independence </p><p>5 - Supervision or Setup </p><p>4 - Minimal Assistance </p><p>3 - Moderate Assistance </p><p>2 - Maximal Assistance </p><p>1 - Total Assistance </p><p>0 - Activity Does Not Occur </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumental">Instrumental</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instrumental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are not essential for basic day-to-day functioning, but they enable an individual to maintain a level of independence in a community.<sup id="cite_ref-FGH_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">Cleaning and maintaining the house</a></li> <li>Managing money</li> <li>Moving within the community</li> <li>Preparing meals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a> for groceries and other necessities</li> <li>Taking prescribed medications</li> <li>Using the telephone or other forms of communication</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapists</a> often evaluate IADLs during patient assessments. The <a href="/wiki/American_Occupational_Therapy_Association" title="American Occupational Therapy Association">American Occupational Therapy Association</a> identifies 12 types of IADLs, which may be performed individually or as co-occupations with others.<sup id="cite_ref-OTPF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OTPF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Care of others (including selecting and supervising caregivers)</li> <li>Care of pets</li> <li>Child rearing</li> <li>Communication management</li> <li>Community mobility</li> <li>Financial management</li> <li>Health management and maintenance</li> <li>Home establishment and maintenance</li> <li>Meal preparation and cleanup</li> <li>Religious observances</li> <li>Safety procedures and emergency responses</li> <li>Shopping</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapy">Therapy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">Occupational therapists</a> evaluate and use therapeutic interventions to rebuild the skills required to maintain, regain, or increase a person's independence in all Activities of Daily Living may have diminished due to physical or mental health conditions, injuries, or age-related impairments.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical therapist">Physical therapists</a> employ exercises to help patients maintain and improve independence in ADLs. The exercise program is tailored to the patient's specific deficits, which may include walking speed, strength, balance, and coordination. A slow walking speed has been linked to an increased risk of falls; thus, exercises that enhance walking speed are crucial for safer and more functional <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">ambulation</a>. After initiating an exercise program, it is important to maintain the routine. Otherwise, the benefits will be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For frail patients, regular exercise is vital in preserving functional independence and preventing the need for external assistance or placement in a long-term care facility.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assistance">Assistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Activities_of_daily_living_assistance"></span>Skills in assisting with ADLs are required in nursing and other professions, such as nursing assistants in hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and other long-term care settings. This includes assisting in patient mobility, such as repositioning an activity-intolerant patient in bed. Hygiene assistance may involve giving bed baths and helping with urinary and bowel elimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_C._R._2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_C._R._2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal care assistants are required to adhere to established standards of care. Personal assistance is defined as <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wagered</a> support of 20 or more hours a week for people with impairments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0A_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0A-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 review suggested that personal assistance may offer benefits to some elderly individuals and their informal caretakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0A_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0A-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research is required to evaluate the efficiency of different personal assistance models and their overall costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0A_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0A-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caretaker_requirements">Caretaker requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Caretaker requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In community residential care settings, it is essential for personal assistants, doctors, and nurses to recognize that illness can alter a patient's mental state, affecting their reactions to change and possibly leading to behaviors such as fussiness or capriciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providing care with patience, tact, concentration, discipline, and compassion is crucial to building trust with patients, maintaining their confidence, and supporting the success of their treatment and recovery. </p><p>Because nursing care requires a great deal of attention and energy, nursing staff in some countries are often required to have national license as nurses, such as having passed the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_Licensure_Examination" title="National Council Licensure Examination">NCLEX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nursing care is usually divided into general and specialized care. Particular difficulties arise when caring for the severely ill.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A healthy workspace is an important factor. If caregivers are mistreated or burnt out, it can lead to residents being neglected and mistreated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_care_needs">Special care needs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Special care needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M0354_1951-45-108_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/M0354_1951-45-108_1.jpg/220px-M0354_1951-45-108_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/M0354_1951-45-108_1.jpg/330px-M0354_1951-45-108_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/M0354_1951-45-108_1.jpg/440px-M0354_1951-45-108_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fracture_bedpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fracture bedpan">fracture bedpan</a> used for those with hip fractures</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility">Mobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patients who are immobile should be repositioned at least every two hours to prevent the development of pressure ulcers, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Bed_sore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed sore">bed sores</a>. Repositioning hospitalized patients also offers additional benefits, such as a reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, fewer <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure ulcers">pressure ulcers</a>, and less <a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Functional decline (page does not exist)">functional decline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_C._R._2011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_C._R._2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect the patient's head from injury during repositioning, a pillow is commonly placed at the head of the bed. To move a bedridden patient up in bed, caregivers utilize either a friction-reducing sheet or a <a href="/wiki/Draw_sheet" title="Draw sheet">draw sheet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathing">Bathing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bathing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bed bath involves using a bath blanket to cover the patient, ensuring that only the area being washed is exposed at any given time. This practice maintains privacy and keeps the patient warm. Typically, the eyes are cleansed first, using water without soap to prevent irritation. Each eye should be cleaned from the inner corner near the nose outward, to avoid transferring debris to the <a href="/wiki/Tear_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Tear duct">tear duct</a>. A clean section of the cloth is used, or the cloth is rinsed before cleaning the second eye, to prevent the spreading of any organisms. After washing, each area is dried before moving on to the next. </p><p>Perineal care follows a specific protocol to minimize the transfer of microorganisms. The <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a> should be washed from the least contaminated area to the most contaminated area. In females, this involves spreading the labia and washing from the pubic area toward the anal area, never in reverse. For males, the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> is cleansed first, moving away from the urethral opening (meatus). If the male is uncircumcised, the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> is gently retracted, washed, and then promptly returned to its original position to prevent restricting circulation. For children, the foreskin is not retracted to avoid injury.<sup id="cite_ref-bedbath_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bedbath-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toileting">Toileting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Toileting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Bedpan" title="Bedpan">bedpan</a> is used for bed-bound patients for <a href="/wiki/Defacation" class="mw-redirect" title="Defacation">bowel elimination</a> as well as urinary elimination for females. The head of the bed is raised to assist in voiding or defecating.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dressing">Dressing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dressing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For individuals with one side weaker than the other (e.g., due to a stroke), it is recommended to dress the weaker side first using the stronger arm. Conversely, when undressing, the stronger side should be undressed first.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hill-Rom_hospital_bed.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hill-Rom_hospital_bed.JPG/170px-Hill-Rom_hospital_bed.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hill-Rom_hospital_bed.JPG/255px-Hill-Rom_hospital_bed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hill-Rom_hospital_bed.JPG/340px-Hill-Rom_hospital_bed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Hospital bed with mitred corners</figcaption></figure> <p>When making an occupied bed, for instance for patients who cannot or have difficulty getting out of bed, the bed is made one side at a time. However, for patients for whom rolling to the side is contraindicated, such as those recovering from hip replacement surgery, the process is modified. These patients are assisted into a sitting position while the caregiver makes the top half of the bed. Once completed, the patient is then helped to lie back while the bottom half of the bed is made.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To maintain self-esteem, patients are involved as much as possible in their care. Their preferences for the order of consuming their meal items are respected. Condiments are provided, and food is prepared according to each patient's preferences. Adequate liquid is supplied with the meal. Necessary aids such as <a href="/wiki/Dentures" title="Dentures">dentures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">glasses</a> are put in place before mealtime. Oral hygiene is important after eating and includes brushing teeth, cleaning dentures, and using mouthwash.<sup id="cite_ref-nutrition_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutrition-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those with <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>, patients must be placed on aspiration precautions. The feeding rate and bite sizes are tailored to each patient's tolerance. Dietary modifications, as recommended by a nutrition consultation, can include chopping, mincing, pureeing, or adding thickeners to make swallowing easier.<sup id="cite_ref-nutrition_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutrition-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For patients with <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">visual impairments</a>, a clock face analogy is commonly used to describe the position of meal items. When not contraindicated by dysphagia, straws are provided to help prevent spills.<sup id="cite_ref-nutrition_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutrition-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide_precautions">Suicide precautions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Suicide precautions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For individuals on suicide watch, meals are provided in plastic or paper containers accompanied by plastic utensils (excluding knives), and the use of sharp objects is permitted only under continuous staff supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bed_making">Bed making</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bed making"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Fitted_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitted sheet">fitted sheet</a> is placed over the mattress of a hospital bed. Often, a <a href="/wiki/Draw_sheet" title="Draw sheet">draw sheet</a> (also known as a lift sheet) is laid on top of the fitted sheet at the center, where it will lie beneath the patient's midsection. The draw sheet is commonly used to assist in lifting or repositioning the patient. Sheets positioned under the patient are securely tucked in to prevent the formation of wrinkles, which can contribute to skin breakdown. A top sheet and a blanket are then placed over the bed, with the corners neatly mitered.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wound_care">Wound care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wound care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wound dressings can be categorized into several types, including hydrocolloid, hydrogel, alginate, collagen, foam, transparent, and cloth dressings.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several evaluation tools are available to assess Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), including the <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Katz,_MD" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Katz, MD">Katz ADL scale</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Older Americans Resources and Services (OARS) ADL/IADL scale, the Lawton IADL scale, and the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Activities_of_Daily_Living_Scale" title="Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale">Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale</a>. </p><p>In the domain of disability, measures have been developed to capture functional recovery in performing basic activities of daily living.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst them, some measures like the <a href="/wiki/Functional_Independence_Measure" title="Functional Independence Measure">Functional Independence Measure</a> are designed for assessment across a wide range of disabilities. Others like the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_Cord_Independence_Measure" title="Spinal Cord Independence Measure">Spinal Cord Independence Measure</a> are designed to evaluate participants in a specific type of disability. </p><p>Most models of health care service use ADL evaluations in their practice, including the medical (or institutional) models, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roper%E2%80%93Logan%E2%80%93Tierney_model_of_nursing" title="Roper–Logan–Tierney model of nursing">Roper–Logan–Tierney model of nursing</a>, and the resident-centered models, such as the <a href="/wiki/Program_of_All-Inclusive_Care_for_the_Elderly" title="Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly">Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly</a> (PACE). </p><p>Pervasive computing technology was considered to determine the wellness of the elderly living independently in their homes. The framework of the intelligent system consists of monitoring important daily activities through the observation of everyday object usage. The improved wellness indices helped in reducing false warnings related to the daily activities of elderly living.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ADL evaluations are increasingly used in <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> studies as a measure of health in later life that does not focus exclusively on specific <a href="/wiki/Ailments" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailments">ailments</a>. Unlike studies investigating specific disease outcomes, research employing ADL assessments is sensitive to a wider range of health effects, including those with lower levels of impact. ADL is measured on a continuous scale, which simplifies the research process.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Katz" title="Sidney Katz">Sidney Katz</a> conducted a study of 64 <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a> patients over an 18-month period, collecting comprehensive data on their treatments, progression, and outcomes. Analysis of the data revealed that the patients perceived as most independent were able to perform a range of basic activities, from the more complex task of bathing to the simpler one of feeding themselves. Based on these findings, Katz developed a scale to evaluate a patient's capacity for living.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scale was first published in the 1963 <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></i> and has been cited over 1,000 times since its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the scale offers a standardized measure of psychological and biological function, the process of arriving at this assumption has been criticized. Specifically, Porter has argued for a phenomenological approach noting that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Katz et al. (1963) made a claim that became the basis for the ontological assumptions of the ADL research tradition. In their suggestion that there was an "ordered regression [in skills] as part of the natural process of aging" (p. 918), there was an implicit generalization, from their sample of older persons with fractured hips to all older persons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Porter emphasizes the possible disease-specific nature of ADLs (being derived from hip-fracture patients), the need for an objective definition of ADLs, and the possible value of adding additional functional measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> examined the effectiveness of programmes designed to teach activities of daily living skills, specifically to individuals with schizophrenia: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Life skills programme compared to standard care<sup id="cite_ref-Tun2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Summary </th></tr> <tr> <td>Currently, there is no good evidence to suggest ADL skills programmes are effective for people with chronic mental illnesses. More robust data is needed from studies that are adequately powered to determine whether skills training is beneficial for people with chronic mental health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Tun2012_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Outcome </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Findings in words </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Findings in numbers </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align: left;">Quality of evidence </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Life_skills" title="Life skills">Life skills</a> – no important change </th></tr> <tr> <td>- in household activity skills.<br />Follow-up: mean 12 weeks</td> <td>Life skills programmes may reduce the risk of not improving in day-to-day functioning for general household activity skills when compared with standard care, but, at present, it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments and data supporting this finding are very limited. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">RR</a> 0.24 (0.01 to 4.72)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Grading_of_Recommendations_Assessment,_Development_and_Evaluation_(GRADE)_approach" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach">Very low</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- in laundry skills.<br />Follow-up: mean 12 weeks</td> <td>Life skills programmes may reduce the risk of not improving in day-to-day functioning for laundry skills when compared with standard care, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments and data supporting this finding are very limited. </td> <td>RR 0.14 (0.01 to 2.38)</td> <td>Very low </td></tr> <tr> <td>- in self-care skills.<br />Follow-up: mean 12 weeks</td> <td>Life skills programmes make no difference to self-care when compared with standard care, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between these two treatments. This finding is based on data of very limited quality. </td> <td>RR 1 (0.28 to 3.54)</td> <td>Very low </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: left;">Leaving the study early </th></tr> <tr> <td>Leaving the study early<br />Follow-up: 6 to 16 weeks</td> <td>Life skills programme makes no clear difference to the risk of loss to follow-up compared with standard care. Data supporting this finding are very limited. </td> <td>RR 1.16 (0.4 to 3.36)</td> <td>Very low </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental state</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Average score. (<a href="/wiki/Positive_and_Negative_Syndrome_Scale" title="Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale">Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale</a> – positive syndrome).<br />Follow-up: mean 24 weeks</td> <td>People receiving life skills programme scored the same as people receiving standard care. Findings are based on data of very limited quality.*</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mean_absolute_difference" title="Mean absolute difference">MD</a> 0 (3.12 lower to 3.12 higher )</td> <td>Very low </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">Quality of life</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Average score (Quality of Well-Being Scale index).<br />Follow-up: mean 24 weeks</td> <td>On average, people receiving a life skills programme scored 0.02 lower than people treated with standard care. There was no clear difference between the groups and this finding is based on data of very limited quality.*</td> <td>MD 0.02 lower (0.07 lower to 0.03 higher)</td> <td>Very low </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>* At present the meaning of these scores in day-to-day care is unclear.</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Activities of daily living</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Activities+of+daily+living">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwab_and_England_ADL_scale" title="Schwab and England ADL scale">Schwab and England ADL scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_of_Functioning" title="Global Assessment of Functioning">Global Assessment of Functioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_term_care_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Long term care insurance">Long term care insurance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Activities_of_daily_living&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNoelkerBrowdie2013" class="citation journal cs1">Noelker, Linda; Browdie, Richard (August 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnt086">"Sidney Katz, MD: A New Paradigm for Chronic Illness and Long-Term Care"</a>. <i>The Gerontologist</i>. <b>54</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnt086">10.1093/geront/gnt086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23969255">23969255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gerontologist&rft.atitle=Sidney+Katz%2C+MD%3A+A+New+Paradigm+for+Chronic+Illness+and+Long-Term+Care&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnt086&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23969255&rft.aulast=Noelker&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Browdie%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgeront%252Fgnt086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActivities+of+daily+living" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">bowel</a> control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Ambulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">Sleeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Instrumental">Instrumental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">Housework</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">Cleaning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Money management">Managing money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> use <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a> use</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optional-instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Care <small>(of self, <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">the elderly</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Child rearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_care_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care assistant">Personal care assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Care of residents">Care of residents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caregiving150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Care_navbox" title="Template:Care navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Care_navbox" title="Template talk:Care navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Care_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Care navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caregiving150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">Caregiving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care" title="Long-term care">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care_insurance" title="Long-term care insurance">Long-term care insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_risk" title="Dignity of risk">Dignity of risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Living arrangements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_modifications" title="Home modifications">Home modifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">Home care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_in_place" title="Aging in place">Aging in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_village" title="Elder village">Elder village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_daycare_center" title="Adult daycare center">Adult daycare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special considerations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caring_for_people_with_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring for people with dementia">Caring for people with dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">Elderly care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caregiving_by_country" title="Caregiving by country">Caregiving by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home_care_in_Canada" title="Nursing home care in Canada">Nursing home care in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nursing home care in the United Kingdom">Nursing home care in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home_care_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing home care in the United States">Nursing home care in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home care in the United Kingdom">Home care in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_care_in_the_United_States" title="Home care in the United States">Home care in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_England" title="Social care in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_Scotland" title="Social care in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of caregivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caring_in_intimate_relationships" title="Caring in intimate relationships">Caring in intimate relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_support_professional" title="Direct support professional">Direct support professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_caregivers" title="Family caregivers">Family caregivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich_generation" title="Sandwich generation">Sandwich generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Unlicensed assistive personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_carer" title="Young carer">Young carer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support for caregivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carers%27_rights" title="Carers' rights">Carers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caregiver_stress" title="Caregiver stress">Caregiver stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distress_in_cancer_caregiving" title="Distress in cancer caregiving">Distress in cancer caregiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability381" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability381" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, culture, sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_children%27s_literature" title="Disability in children's literature">Disability in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability in horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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