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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban medical internationalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> established a program to send its medical personnel overseas, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuban-Pacific_relations#Cuban_medical_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban-Pacific relations">Oceania</a>, and to bring medical students and patients to Cuba for training and treatment respectively. In 2007, Cuba had 42,000 workers in international collaborations in 103 countries, of whom more than 30,000 were health personnel, including at least 19,000 physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba provides more medical personnel to the developing world than all the <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">G8</a> countries combined.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban missions have had substantial positive local impacts on the populations served.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely believed that medical workers are a vital export commodity for Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Granma_(newspaper)" title="Granma (newspaper)">Granma</a></i>, the Cuban state newspaper, the number of Cuban medical staff abroad fell from 50,000 in 2015 to 28,000 in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major criticism of <b>Cuban medical internationalism</b> is that the doctors involved that are sent by Cuba are sometimes sent against their will, and with little to no compensation for their services—as opposed to medical international aid from nearly any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Myth_of_Cuban_Health_Care_–_Reason_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Myth_of_Cuban_Health_Care_–_Reason-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions_abroad">Missions abroad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Missions abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_20_-_Surgery_in_Sara,_Guinea-Bissau_-_Operation_details_-_1974.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_20_-_Surgery_in_Sara%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Operation_details_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_20_-_Surgery_in_Sara%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Operation_details_-_1974.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_20_-_Surgery_in_Sara%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Operation_details_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_20_-_Surgery_in_Sara%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Operation_details_-_1974.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_20_-_Surgery_in_Sara%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Operation_details_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_A_20_-_Surgery_in_Sara%2C_Guinea-Bissau_-_Operation_details_-_1974.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4494" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>A Cuban surgeon with scrub cap performing an open air operation in Guinea-Bissau for the <a href="/wiki/PAIGC" class="mw-redirect" title="PAIGC">PAIGC</a> liberation movement, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2007 academic study on Cuban internationalism surveyed the history of the program, noting its broad sweep: "Since the early 1960s, 28,422 Cuban health workers have worked in 37 Latin American countries, 31,181 in 33 African countries, and 7,986 in 24 Asian countries. Throughout a period of four decades, Cuba sent 67,000 health workers to structural cooperation programs, usually for at least two years, in 94 countries ... an average of 3,350 health workers working abroad every year between 1960 and 2000".<sup id="cite_ref-devos07_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2019, the United Nations estimated that there were around 30,000 Cuban doctors active in 67 countries. Since 1963, more than 600,000 Cuban health workers have provided medical services in more than 160 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Cuban doctors were active in over 60 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "disaster tourism" arose in response to a growing number of large-scale natural disasters. The phrase refers to individuals, governments and organisations who travel to a disaster area with the primary goal of having an "experience" rather than providing meaningful aid. Such aid is often short-lived, and may even get in the way of more serious rescue efforts. Cuban medical internationalism represents a polar opposite to this disaster tourism mentality, with a focus on large-scale, sustained aid targeting the most marginalised and under-served populations across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-colonialism">Anti-colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anti-colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_03_-_Sara_Infirmary_-_Consultation_by_a_Cuban_doctor_-_1974.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Light skinned Latin American doctor with scrub cap in Guinea Bassau amongst four black skinned natives." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_03_-_Sara_Infirmary_-_Consultation_by_a_Cuban_doctor_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_03_-_Sara_Infirmary_-_Consultation_by_a_Cuban_doctor_-_1974.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_03_-_Sara_Infirmary_-_Consultation_by_a_Cuban_doctor_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_03_-_Sara_Infirmary_-_Consultation_by_a_Cuban_doctor_-_1974.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_03_-_Sara_Infirmary_-_Consultation_by_a_Cuban_doctor_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_19_03_-_Sara_Infirmary_-_Consultation_by_a_Cuban_doctor_-_1974.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4764" data-file-height="3219" /></a><figcaption>A Cuban doctor in Guinea-Bissau in 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1960, Cuba sent an emergency brigade to Chile to assist the recovery from the <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">Valdivia earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acn210221_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acn210221-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was officially initiated in 1963 as part of Cuba's foreign policy of supporting <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-colonial</a> struggles. It began when Cuba sent a small medical brigade to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, which suffered from the mass withdrawal of French medical personnel during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War of Independence</a> Some wounded soldiers and war orphans were also transported back to Cuba for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-brouwer09_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brouwer09-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba was able to put this program in place despite half the country's 6,000 doctors fleeing after the Cuban revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1966 and 1974, Cuban doctors worked alongside Cuban <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">war of independence</a> against Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba's largest foreign campaign was in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> where, in 1977, two years after the campaign's commencement, only one Angolan province out of sixteen was without Cuban health technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1979, Cuba also developed a strong relationship with <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Humanitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the internationalism which was driven by foreign policy objectives, humanitarian objectives also played a role in Cuba's overseas medical program, with medical teams despatched to countries governed by ideological foes. For example, in 1960, 1972 and 1990 Cuba dispatched emergency assistance teams to Chile, Nicaragua, and Iran following earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a> program grew out of the emergency assistance provided by Cuban doctors in the wake of the December 1999 mudslides in Vargas state, which killed 20,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-briggsAJPH09_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggsAJPH09-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuban medical missions were sent to <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> following 1998's <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Georges" title="Hurricane Georges">Hurricane Georges</a>, and remained there semi-permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-brouwer09_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brouwer09-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1998 onwards, Cuba expanded its international cooperation in health dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-devos08_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos08-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Cuban doctors working abroad jumped from about 5,000 in 2003 to more than 25,000 in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-devos08_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos08-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Honduras the medical personnel had a substantial impact: "In the areas they served, infant mortality rates were reduced from 30.8 to 10.1 per 1,000 live births and maternal mortality rates from 48.1 to 22.4 per 1,000 live births between 1998 and 2003."<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as one academic paper noted, "The idea of a nation saving lives and improving the human condition is alien to traditional statecraft and is therefore discounted as a rationale for the Cuban approach."<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 the 1700 medical personnel in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Quetzal" title="Order of the Quetzal">Order of the Quetzal</a>, the country's highest state honour.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 attempt by Honduras to expel the Cuban mission on the basis that it was threatening Honduran jobs was successfully resisted by trade unions and community organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-brouwer09_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brouwer09-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Asian tsunami</a>, Cuba sent medical assistance to <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-devos07_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, Cuba prepared to send 1500 doctors to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, however, the offer was refused. Several months later a mission was dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake" title="2005 Kashmir earthquake">2005 Kashmir earthquake</a>. Ultimately, Cuba sent "more than 2,500 disaster response experts, surgeons, family doctors, and other health personnel", who stayed through the winter for more than 6 months.<sup id="cite_ref-devos07_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba helped during the medical crisis in Haiti after the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 152 Cuban medical and educational personnel in the Haitian capital <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> at the time of the earthquake were reported to be safe, with two suffering minor injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Cuba sent 103 nurses and 62 doctors to help fight the <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa">Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa</a>, the biggest contribution of health care staff by any single country.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first year of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Cuba sent 57 brigades of medical specialists and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These specialists treated 1.26 million COVID patients in 40 countries. A Cuban medical team consisting of over 50 medical personnel was dispatched to Italy at the request of the worst-affected region <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban medical teams also assisted in <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-acn210221_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acn210221-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuban doctors, accustomed to working under resource-constrained conditions, have been requested to assist in the pandemic response abroad. Despite the international demand for these professionals, there are concerns regarding the working conditions and the distribution of their salaries when they work abroad, as a significant portion is retained by the Cuban government.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports surfacing in early 2022 revealed that the doctors that travel abroad on behalf of the Cuban government, often do so against their will and without monetary compensation similar to doctors from other countries. Another report found that nearly 7,000–8,000 doctors since 2006 have gone into hiding or failed to return to Cuba after having gone on abroad as part of the Cuban government's "volunteering" them to provide healthcare to foreign nationals without remuneration. While Cuban doctors are sent abroad to assist in medical missions, domestically, although wages in the health sector have increased in recent years, they are still considered low compared to the prices of basic goods in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s, Cuba began establishing or strengthening relations with <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> countries, and providing medical aid to those countries. Cuba's medical aid to Pacific countries has involved sending its doctors to Oceania, and providing scholarships for Pacific students to study medicine in Cuba at Cuba's expense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2007, there were sixteen Cuban doctors providing specialised medical care in <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, and an additional sixteen scheduled to join them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba also offered training to Kiribati doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban doctors have reportedly provided a dramatic improvement to the field of medical care in Kiribati, reducing the child mortality rate in that country by 80%,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and winning the proverbial hearts and minds in the Pacific. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> began recruiting Cuban doctors in July 2007, while <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> considered following suit.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Cuba was due to send doctors to the Solomon Islands, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> and Papua New Guinea,<sup id="cite_ref-plenglish.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plenglish.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while seventeen medical students from Vanuatu would study in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that it might also provide training for Fiji doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of September 2008, fifteen Cuban doctors were serving in Kiribati, sixty-four Pacific students were studying medicine in Cuba, and Cuban authorities were offering "up to 400 scholarships to young people of that region".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the sixty-four students were twenty-five Solomon Islanders, twenty <a href="/wiki/I-Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="I-Kiribati">I-Kiribati</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Nauruans" title="Nauruans">Nauruans</a> and seventeen ni-Vanuatu.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pacific Islanders have been studying in Cuba since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2009, <a href="/wiki/Prensa_Latina" title="Prensa Latina">Prensa Latina</a> reported that Cuban doctors had "inaugurated a series of new health services in Tuvalu". One Cuban doctor had been serving in Tuvalu since October 2008, and two more since February 2009. They had reportedly "attended 3,496 patients, and saved 53 lives", having "opened ultrasound and abortion services, as well as specialized consultations on hypertension, diabetes, and chronic diseases in children". They had visited all the country's islands, and were training local staff in "primary health care, and how to deal with seriously ill patients, among other subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Milagro" title="Operación Milagro">Operación Milagro</a></div> <p>Cuba's largest and most extensive medical aid effort is with <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">program</a> grew out of the emergency assistance provided by Cuban doctors in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">December 1999 mudslides</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vargas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas (state)">Vargas state</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0222_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> which killed 20,000 people. Under this bilateral effort, also known as the "oil for doctors" program, Cuba provided Venezuela with 31,000 Cuban doctors and dentists and provided training for 40,000 Venezuelan medical personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange, Venezuela provided Cuba with 100,000 barrels of oil per day. Based in February 2010 prices, the oil was worth $7.5 million per day, or nearly $3 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the development of cooperation with Venezuela through Mission Barrio Adentro, Mission Milagro/<a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Milagro" title="Operación Milagro">Operación Milagro</a> was set up to provide <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a> services to Cuban, Venezuelan and Latin American patients, both in Cuba and in other countries. As of August 2007, Cuba had performed over 750,000 eye surgeries, at no cost, including 113,000 surgeries for its own citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba continued to grow the program and by 2017 had established 69 Operación Milagro clinics in 15 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, over 4 million people in 34 countries had received free surgery through the program.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i> reported that groups of Cuban health care workers who had defected from the program stated that due to the daily quotas of patients, they would often feel pressured to fake paperwork and throw away medicine, since regular audits of their supplies meant they needed them to match their patient count. If Cuban medical personnel did not meet their quotas, they were threatened with having their pay cut or being sent back to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-MHjan2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHjan2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1990, Cuba has provided long-term care for 24,000 victims of the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 277">: 277 </span></sup> "offering treatment for hair loss, skin disorders, cancer, leukemia, and other illnesses attributed to radioactivity", free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 277">: 277 </span></sup> </p><p>Cuba has also sent notable missions to Bolivia (particularly after the 2005 election of <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>) and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the latter in particular after a post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> of white doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinsilver08-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1995, a co-operation agreement with South Africa has seen hundreds of Cuban doctors practice in South Africa, while South Africa sends medical students to Cuba to study.<sup id="cite_ref-bday_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bday-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the two governments signed another deal, increasing numbers on both sides. Under the deal, South African could send 1,000 students to Cuba for training which, South Africa believed, will help train the doctors it desperately needs for the implementation of its National Health Insurance Scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-bday12_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bday12-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1999 violence in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, the country of a million people was left with only 35 physicians and 75% of its population displaced. The number later increased to 79 physicians by 2004, and Cuba sent an additional 182 physicians and technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-huishspiegel08_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huishspiegel08-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"From 1963 to 2004, Cuba was involved in the creation of nine medical faculties in Yemen, Guyana, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Uganda, Ghana, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea, and Haiti."<sup id="cite_ref-devos07_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 Cuba sent 171 doctors to aid Italian hospitals in the poor region of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, which are severely understaffed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salaries">Salaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Salaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuba's overseas medical missions are intended to provide services at low cost to the host country. "Patients are not charged for services, and the recipient countries are expected to cover only the cost of collective housing, air fare, and limited food and supplies not exceeding $200 a month. While Cuban doctors are abroad, they continue to receive their salaries as well as a stipend in the foreign currency".<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the pay for Cuban doctors abroad was $183 per month, whereas the pay for doctors working domestically was $23 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinsilver08-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic there was concern in South Africa about the relatively <i>high</i> salaries to be paid for Cuban medical assistance even as many South African doctors and nurses remained unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escuela_Latinoamericana_de_Medicina">Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_School_of_Medicine_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American School of Medicine in Cuba">Latin American School of Medicine in Cuba</a></div> <p>In response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</a> in 1998, Cuba set up the Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina (abbreviated as ELAM, and in English the Latin American School of Medicine) outside Havana, converted from a former naval base. It accepts around 1500 students per year.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ELAM forms part of a range of medical education and training initiatives; "Cubans, with the help of Venezuela, are currently educating more doctors, about 70,000 in all, than all the medical schools in the United States, which typically have somewhere between 64,000 to 68,000 students enrolled in their programs".<sup id="cite_ref-brouwer09_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brouwer09-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ELAM selects students from a working class background who would not be able to afford university otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 279">: 279 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_Cuba">Effects on Cuba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects on Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both humanitarian and ideological factors were prominent in Cuba's "doctor diplomacy", particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Subsequently, its continuation has been seen as a vital means to promote Cuba's image abroad and prevent international isolation. Cuba's health missions in Honduras were "undoubtedly a deciding factor" in the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 2002;<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guatemala re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-devos07_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been suggested that Cuban medical internationalism promotes exports of Cuban medical technology, and may be a source of hard currency. However, the targeting of poor countries reduces the hard currency potential of missions abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Cuba's earnings from medical services, including the export of doctors, amounted to US$2,312M – 28% of total export receipts and net capital payments. This exceeded earnings from both nickel and cobalt exports and from tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinsilver08-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These earnings were achieved despite the fact that a substantial part of Cuba's medical internationalism since 1998 has been organised within the framework of the "Integrated Health Program" (Programa Integral de Salud, PIS); this cooperation program is free for the receiving country.<sup id="cite_ref-devos07_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba's co-operation with Venezuela provides Cuba with cheap oil in exchange for its medical support to Mission Barrio Adentro.<sup id="cite_ref-devos07_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloomberg reported in March 2014 that Cuban state-controlled media forecasted revenue of $8.2 billion that year from the program.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been argued that the program has, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s, "perform[ed] a critical function in consolidating socialist consciousness" within Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Cuba's large-scale medical training programs and high doctor-patient ratios give it much latitude, the expansion of doctor diplomacy since 2004, particularly with the Barrio Adentro program, has been dramatic: the number of Cuban doctors working abroad jumped from about 5000 in 2003 to more than 25,000 in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-devos08_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devos08-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has had some impact on the domestic health system, for example there have been increased waiting times, particularly with regard to family doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinsilver08-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of patients per doctor rose from 139 to 179.<sup id="cite_ref-huishspiegel08_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huishspiegel08-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2008 Cuba announced a reorganisation of its domestic family doctor program for greater efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinsilver08-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_effects_of_lifting_the_U.S._embargo">Possible effects of lifting the U.S. embargo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Possible effects of lifting the U.S. embargo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2010 article by <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Garrett" title="Laurie Garrett">Laurie Garrett</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> warned that lifting the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States trade and travel restrictions on Cuba</a> could have dire consequences for Cuba's health care system, leading to <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">an exodus</a> of thousands of well-trained Cuban health-care professionals. U.S. companies could also transform the remaining health care system into a destination for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>. Garrett concluded that, if politicians do not take great care, lifting of the restrictions would rob Cuba of its greatest triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reports_of_slavery_and_political_coercion">Reports of slavery and political coercion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reports of slavery and political coercion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According <i>ADN Cuba</i>, the Cuban government keeps between 70 and 90% of their additional salary paid by the host country and those who break the mission are punished for 8 years, without allowing them to return to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a 2019 <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> article, sixteen Cuban doctors from <i><a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a></i> in Venezuela denied medicine and other treatments in order to secure votes for the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> (PSUV) during elections through coercion. The report said this occurred during <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 Venezuelan presidential election</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> won reelection. Cuban doctors would have been instructed to go door to door warning residents that medical treatments would be cut off if they did not vote for Maduro. They also were asked to register people into the Venezuelan government homeland card, to secure medical services, and refuse treatment to those who did not apply for it. Some doctors report to have provided counterfeit ID cards to patients to be able to vote. According to four doctors, Maduro administration established electoral command centers next to clinics led by members of the PSUV to dispatch doctors to pressure residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> "the Cuban government imposes draconian rules on doctors deployed in medical missions globally that violate their fundamental rights".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defection_of_Cuban_medical_professionals">Defection of Cuban medical professionals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Defection of Cuban medical professionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 2000, two Cuban doctors working in Zimbabwe denounced the Cuban government and declared their intention to defect to Canada. After submitting their applications they were assigned to a Zimbabwean refugee camp near Harare. The doctors left the camp nine days later, unaware that this was illegal under Zimbabwean law. Zimbabwean police arrested the doctors and took them to the <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">O. R. Tambo International Airport</a> in South Africa for deportation back to Cuba. The doctors gave a note to the flight attendants stating that they were being kidnapped, leading South African authorities to demand the doctors and police return to Zimbabwe. The pair were briefly imprisoned upon returning to Harare but were allowed to continue their refugee application process.<sup id="cite_ref-DeYoung_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeYoung-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fled to Sweden in July and eventually received asylum in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case drew attention from the international press and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> criticized Zimbabwe for violating the rights of the doctors as refugees. A spokesperson for the Cuban government said Cuba was not involved in the attempted deportation and has no "authority to extract people from one country and take them to another".<sup id="cite_ref-DeYoung_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeYoung-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2007 paper published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> medical journal, "growing numbers of Cuban doctors sent overseas to work are defecting to the USA", some via Colombia, where they have sought temporary asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-defect_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defect-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2007, at least 38 doctors were requesting asylum in the U.S. embassy in Bogotá after asylum was denied by the Colombian government.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban doctors who defected said that they were monitored by "minders" and subject to curfew.<sup id="cite_ref-defect_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defect-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Medical_Professional_Parole_program">Cuban Medical Professional Parole program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cuban Medical Professional Parole program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2006 the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> created the Cuban Medical Professional Parole program,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically targeting Cuban medical personnel and encouraging them to defect while working outside Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-brouwer09_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brouwer09-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an estimated 40,000 eligible medical personnel, over 1000 had entered the United States under the program by October 2007, according to the chief of staff for U.S. Rep. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Lincoln Díaz-Balart">Lincoln Díaz-Balart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2017, more than 7000 had entered the program.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promised fast-track visa was not always forthcoming, with at least one applicant having to wait a year for his visa; although according to Julio César Alfonso of the Cuban dissident organisation "Outside the Barrio," the U.S. government has rejected only a handful of the hundreds of applications for visas.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the US program described it as "immoral" because it takes medical professionals from the world's poorest nations to one of the world's wealthiest nations.<sup id="cite_ref-defect_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defect-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 January 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> announced the end of the program, saying that both Cuba and the US work to "combat diseases that endanger the health and lives of our people. By providing preferential treatment to Cuban medical personnel, the medical parole program contradicts those efforts, and risks harming the Cuban people".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of medical schools in the Caribbean">List of medical schools in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_missions" title="Medical missions">Medical missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">Cuban military internationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Robert Huish and John M. Kirk (2007), "Cuban Medical Internationalism and the Development of the Latin American School of Medicine", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>, 34; 77 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582x07308119">10.1177/0094582x07308119</a></li> <li>C Muntaner, RM Guerra-Salazar, J Benach and F Armada,(2006) "Venezuela's barrio adentro: an alternative to neoliberalism" in health care, <i>Int J Health Services</i> 36(4), pp. 803–811 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2Fc4ew-x8rp-gum4-p5ad">10.2190/c4ew-x8rp-gum4-p5ad</a></li> <li>Cooper R.S., Kennelly J.F., Ordunez-Garcia P., (2006) "Health in Cuba", <i>International Journal of Epidemiology</i>, 35 (4), pp. 817–824.</li> <li>De Vos et al. (2007), "Cuba's International Cooperation in Health: an Overview", <i>International Journal of Health Services</i>, Volume 37, Number 4, Pages 761–776 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2FHS.37.4.k">10.2190/HS.37.4.k</a></li> <li>John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman (2009), <i>Cuban Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution, and Goals</i>, Palgrave Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62222-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62222-7">978-0-230-62222-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HuishKirk07-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuishKirk07_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Huish and John M. Kirk (2007), "Cuban Medical Internationalism and the Development of the Latin American School of Medicine", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>, 34; 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">San Sebastián, Miguel, Anna-Kari Hurtig, Jaime Breilh, et al. 2005 "The People's Health Movement: health for all now." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health 18: 45–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2010" class="citation news cs1">Garrett, Laurie (2010-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/americas/2010-07-01/castrocare-crisis">"CastroCare in Crisis"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Cuba%27s+doctors+are+in+high+demand&rft.date=2020-04-04&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2020%2F04%2F04%2Fcubas-doctors-are-in-high-demand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/23/cuba-repressive-rules-doctors-working-abroad">"Cuba: Repressive Rules for Doctors Working Abroad"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 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Haymarket Books. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-812-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-812-4"><bdi>978-1-64259-812-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1345216431">1345216431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctions+as+War%3A+Anti-Imperialist+Perspectives+on+American+Geo-Economic+Strategy&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1345216431&rft.isbn=978-1-64259-812-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1345216431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/coronavirus/2020/0323/1124857-italy_coronavirus/">"Italy sees a smaller day-to-day increase in new cases"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89.ie" title="RTÉ.ie">RTÉ.ie</a></i>. 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89.ie&rft.atitle=Italy+sees+a+smaller+day-to-day+increase+in+new+cases&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fcoronavirus%2F2020%2F0323%2F1124857-italy_coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/watch-cuban-doctors-arrive-in-italy-to-fight-coronavirus-get-a-loud-welcome-1658771-2020-03-23">"Watch: Cuban doctors arrive in Italy to fight coronavirus, get a loud welcome"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch%3A+Cuban+doctors+arrive+in+Italy+to+fight+coronavirus%2C+get+a+loud+welcome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Ftrending-news%2Fstory%2Fwatch-cuban-doctors-arrive-in-italy-to-fight-coronavirus-get-a-loud-welcome-1658771-2020-03-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta2020" class="citation news cs1">Acosta, Nelson (23 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-cuba-idUSKBN219051">"Cuban doctors head to Italy to battle coronavirus"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Cuban+doctors+head+to+Italy+to+battle+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-health-coronavirus-cuba-idUSKBN219051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.14ymedio.com/blogs/generacion_y/medicos-cubanos-arriesgan-escapar-carencias_7_2849185055.html">"Los médicos cubanos arriesgan sus vidas para escapar de las carencias"</a>. <i>14ymedio</i> (in Spanish). 2020-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=14ymedio&rft.atitle=Los+m%C3%A9dicos+cubanos+arriesgan+sus+vidas+para+escapar+de+las+carencias&rft.date=2020-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.14ymedio.com%2Fblogs%2Fgeneracion_y%2Fmedicos-cubanos-arriesgan-escapar-carencias_7_2849185055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificmagazine.net/news/2007/10/01/six-more-cuban-physicians-to-serve-in-kiribati">Pacific Magazine: Six More Cuban Physicians To Serve In Kiribati</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=26617">Kiribati discusses medical training with Cuba</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=33793">Cuban doctors reduce Kiribati infant mortality rate by 80 percent</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plenglish.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plenglish.com_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plenglish.com:80/article.asp?ID=%7B771AA7E5-B9F3-4129-AFF7-208C0DC1D65D%7D)&language=EN">"Cuban Physicians to Aid 81 Nations"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Prensa_Latina" title="Prensa Latina">Prensa Latina</a>, March 29, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=41373">"Vanuatu to get six doctors from Cuba"</a>, Radio New Zealand International, August 10, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=38964">"Fiji says Cuban help sought as neighbours turn away"</a>, Radio New Zealand International, April 4, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/0916amistadislaspacifico.htm">"Cuban Foreign Minister Opens Cuba-Pacific Islands Meeting"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090614213049/http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/0916amistadislaspacifico.htm">Archived</a> 2009-06-14 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Cuban News Agency, September 16, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/0929especialnusa.htm">"Small Island States and Global Challenges"</a>, Cuban News Agency, September 30, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200809/s2366887.htm?tab=latest">"Cuba-Pacific ministerial meeting underway in Havana"</a>, ABC Radio Australia, September 17, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubaheadlines.com/2009/06/14/17664/cuban_doctors_have_inaugurated_a_series_new_health_services_tuvalu_a_small_island_nation_pacific.html">"Cuban doctors have inaugurated a series of new health services in Tuvalu a small island nation in the Pacific"</a>, Prensa Latina, June 14, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0222-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0222_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederlöf2023" class="citation book cs1">Cederlöf, Gustav (2023). <i>The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba</i>. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-39313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-39313-4"><bdi>978-0-520-39313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Low-Carbon+Contradiction%3A+Energy+Transition%2C+Geopolitics%2C+and+the+Infrastructural+State+in+Cuba&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.series=Critical+environments%3A+nature%2C+science%2C+and+politics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-520-39313-4&rft.aulast=Cederl%C3%B6f&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2016" class="citation web cs1">Rodriguez, Andrea (26 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060515/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a66f93b0a0df447dbbc5c7bb143d5b42/cuban-president-raul-castro-faces-deep-problems-2017">"Cuban President Raul Castro faces deep problems in 2017"</a>. <i>bigstory.ap.org</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a66f93b0a0df447dbbc5c7bb143d5b42/cuban-president-raul-castro-faces-deep-problems-2017">the original</a> on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>Venezuela was the prime destination alongside Brazil for Cuban doctors and other professionals whose salaries go directly to the Cuban government, providing another vital source of hard currency believed to be slackening in recent years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bigstory.ap.org&rft.atitle=Cuban+President+Raul+Castro+faces+deep+problems+in+2017&rft.date=2016-12-26&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fa66f93b0a0df447dbbc5c7bb143d5b42%2Fcuban-president-raul-castro-faces-deep-problems-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrundenius2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brundenius, Claes (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x09331968">"Revolutionary Cuba at 50"</a>. <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 31–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582x09331968">10.1177/0094582x09331968</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-582X">0094-582X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153350256">153350256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Cuba+at+50&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=31-48&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153350256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-582X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582x09331968&rft.aulast=Brundenius&rft.aufirst=Claes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0094582x09331968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaffe2020" class="citation book cs1">Yaffe, Helen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139710255"><i>We are Cuba! : how a revolutionary people have survived in a post-Soviet world</i></a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24551-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24551-6"><bdi>978-0-300-24551-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1139710255">1139710255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+Cuba%21+%3A+how+a+revolutionary+people+have+survived+in+a+post-Soviet+world&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1139710255&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24551-6&rft.aulast=Yaffe&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1139710255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MHjan2017-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MHjan2017_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article129125864.html">"Dumping medicine, faking patients: Cuban doctors describe a system that breeds fraud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>. Jim Wyss<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Dumping+medicine%2C+faking+patients%3A+Cuban+doctors+describe+a+system+that+breeds+fraud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcuba%2Farticle129125864.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kirk, John M. (2009-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592290903001578">"Cuban Medical Internationalism and its Role in Cuban Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 275–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290903001578">10.1080/09592290903001578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2296">0959-2296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153362445">153362445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Cuban+Medical+Internationalism+and+its+Role+in+Cuban+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=275-290&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153362445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290903001578&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F09592290903001578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feinsilver08-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feinsilver08_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julie M. Feinsilver (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3537_2.pdf">"Oil-for-Doctors: Cuban Medical Diplomacy Gets a Little Help From a Venezuelan Friend"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706170038/http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3537_2.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Nueva Sociedad</i> 216 July–August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bday-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bday_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=172709">"Cuba, SA health deal is in good shape"</a>. <i>Business Day</i> (28 May 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bday12-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bday12_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=172709">"SA signs deal with Cuba for more doctors"</a>. <i>Business Day</i> (28 May 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huishspiegel08-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huishspiegel08_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huishspiegel08_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Huish and Jerry Spiegel (2008), "INTEGRATING HEALTH AND HUMAN SECURITY INTO FOREIGN POLICY: CUBA’S SURPRISING SUCCESS", <i>The International Journal of Cuban Studies</i> Volume 1 Issue 1, June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/calabria/notizie/2023/08/04/occhiuto-arrivati-in-calabria-altri-120-medici-cubani_583dcc9d-b5bf-4d42-9660-6f5170be6c0d.html">"Occhiuto, arrivati in Calabria altri 120 medici cubani - Notizie - Ansa.it"</a>. <i>Agenzia ANSA</i> (in Italian). 2023-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenzia+ANSA&rft.atitle=Occhiuto%2C+arrivati+in+Calabria+altri+120+medici+cubani+-+Notizie+-+Ansa.it&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fcalabria%2Fnotizie%2F2023%2F08%2F04%2Focchiuto-arrivati-in-calabria-altri-120-medici-cubani_583dcc9d-b5bf-4d42-9660-6f5170be6c0d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-04-29-covid-19-cuban-doctors-to-cost-sa-taxpayers-millions-of-rand/">"Covid-19: Cuban doctors to cost SA taxpayers millions of rand"</a>. <i>TimesLIVE</i>. 29 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>The documents showed that the average cost of the Cuban medical brigade was projected at R2.35m a person. [...] Sama told Business Day that a public sector registrar or mid-level medical officer, comparable to a Cuban family physician, commands a salary of about R1.2m a year. [...] Quoting a report by Prisoners Defenders, a Spain-based NGO that campaigns for human rights in Cuba, the BBC said the doctors on average received between 10% and 25% of the salary paid by the host countries, with the rest being kept by Cuba's authorities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimesLIVE&rft.atitle=Covid-19%3A+Cuban+doctors+to+cost+SA+taxpayers+millions+of+rand&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2F2020-04-29-covid-19-cuban-doctors-to-cost-sa-taxpayers-millions-of-rand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/mkhize-releases-details-of-salary-payments-to-cuban-doctors/">"Mkhize releases details of salary payments to Cuban doctors"</a>. <i>Medical Brief</i>. 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>The South African government will pay more than R239m in salaries for the 187 members of the Cuban medical brigade [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+Brief&rft.atitle=Mkhize+releases+details+of+salary+payments+to+Cuban+doctors&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalbrief.co.za%2Farchives%2Fmkhize-releases-details-of-salary-payments-to-cuban-doctors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/health/2423354/cuban-doctors-still-deployed-but-not-worth-the-money-says-sama/">"Cuban doctors still deployed, but not worth the money says SAMA"</a>. <i>The Citizen</i>. 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>According to the local doctors' association, employing the brigade of Cuban doctors in SA could do more harm in the long term, as it comes at the expense of local doctors' employment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Citizen&rft.atitle=Cuban+doctors+still+deployed%2C+but+not+worth+the+money+says+SAMA&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitizen.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Fhealth%2F2423354%2Fcuban-doctors-still-deployed-but-not-worth-the-money-says-sama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-05-10-the-white-coat-army-why-are-we-paying-cuba-for-doctors/">"The White Coat Army: Why is South Africa paying Cuba for doctors when so many of our own doctors are unemployed?"</a>. <i>Daily Maverick</i>. 10 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>But [...] from the 2000s onwards the Cuban medical missions began to serve another purpose too: to make some much-needed cash for the Cuban government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=The+White+Coat+Army%3A+Why+is+South+Africa+paying+Cuba+for+doctors+when+so+many+of+our+own+doctors+are+unemployed%3F&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2020-05-10-the-white-coat-army-why-are-we-paying-cuba-for-doctors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Sabo, Bloomberg.com, Mar 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saney, I. 2009, "Homeland of humanity: Internationalism within the Cuban revolution", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i> 36 (1), pp. 111-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adncuba.com/tags/medicos-cubanos">"Trata de Médicos Cubanos"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ADN_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="ADN Cuba">ADN Cuba</a>. 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coha.org/2007/10/hundreds-of-cuban-medical-workers-defecting-to-us-while-overseas/">the original</a> on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Cuban+medical+workers+defecting+to+U.S.+while+overseas&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft.aulast=Abbady&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coha.org%2F2007%2F10%2Fhundreds-of-cuban-medical-workers-defecting-to-us-while-overseas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeasar2007" class="citation web cs1">Ceasar, Mike (August 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022203849/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/Article.aspx?id=981">"Cuban Doctors Abroad Helped to Defect by New U.S. Visa Policy"</a>. <i>World Politics Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/Article.aspx?id=981">the original</a> on October 22, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Politics+Review&rft.atitle=Cuban+Doctors+Abroad+Helped+to+Defect+by+New+U.S.+Visa+Policy&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.aulast=Ceasar&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpoliticsreview.com%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefield2017" class="citation news cs1">Whitefield, Mimi (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article126202999.html">"Obama ending 'wet foot, dry foot' Cuban immigration policy"</a>. <i>Miami Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Obama+ending+%27wet+foot%2C+dry+foot%27+Cuban+immigration+policy&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Whitefield&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcuba%2Farticle126202999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuban+medical+internationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_medical_internationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8059287.stm">Cuba Pushes its 'Medical Diplomacy'</a> by Michael Voss, <i>BBC News</i>, May 20, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestinechronicle.com/view_article_details.php?id=15109">Alternatives to Health Insurance: Cuban Doctors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617021026/http://www.palestinechronicle.com/view_article_details.php?id=15109">Archived</a> 2011-06-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Belén Fernández, <i>The Palestinian Chronicle</i>, May 18, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131072054/http://pa.photoshelter.com/c/archivolatino/gallery-slideshow/G0000EhAWoAPXuYw/">Chernobyl Kids in Cuba</a> - a slideshow by Edgard Garrido</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations of Cuba</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Angola–Cuba relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="Cuba–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Cuba–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Cuba–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_relations" title="Cuba–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations">Sahrawi Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Cuba–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cuba"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Argentina–Cuba relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–Cuba relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Barbados–Cuba relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Bolivia–Cuba relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Brazil–Cuba relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Canada–Cuba relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Chile–Cuba relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Colombia–Cuba relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="Cuba–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="Cuba–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Guatemala_relations" title="Cuba–Guatemala relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Cuba–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Cuba–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Cuba–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Cuba–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="Cuba–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Cuba–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Cuba–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Cuba–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Cuba relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Bangladesh–Cuba relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cuba–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Cuba–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Cuba–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Cuba–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cuba–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Cuba–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Cuba–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Cuba–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Cuba–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Cuba–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Cuba–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Cuba–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Cuba–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cuba–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Cuba–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Cuba–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cuba–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Cuba–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Cuba–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Cuba–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Cuba–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Cuba–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cuba–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Cuba–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Cuba–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cuba–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="Cuba–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="Cuba–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations" title="Cuba–Tuvalu relations">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Cuba–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Cuba–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">ACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community#CARICOM-Cuba_Day" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">CELAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Cuba–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93OAS_relations" title="Cuba–OAS relations">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Oceania_relations" title="Cuba–Oceania relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">OEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Group" title="Rio Group">Rio Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">UNECLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Cuba" title="List of diplomatic missions of Cuba">Diplomatic missions of Cuba</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Cuba" title="List of diplomatic missions in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Cuba)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Cuba)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)">Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li>Internationalism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_military_internationalism" title="Cuban military internationalism">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba" title="Foreign interventions by Cuba">Foreign interventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubaminrex.cu">Cuban Ministry of 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