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id="toc-Reheating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reheating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Reheating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reheating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmological_phase_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmological_phase_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Cosmological phase transitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmological_phase_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implications</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmological_domain_wall_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cosmological domain wall problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmological_domain_wall_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmological_monopole_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmological_monopole_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cosmological monopole problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmological_monopole_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>String theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observational_limits_and_detection_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_limits_and_detection_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Observational limits and detection strategies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observational_limits_and_detection_strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observational limits and detection strategies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observational_limits_and_detection_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Facilities_able_to_provide_PBH_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities_able_to_provide_PBH_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Facilities able to provide PBH measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities_able_to_provide_PBH_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_from_direct_collapse_black_holes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_from_direct_collapse_black_holes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Difference from direct collapse black holes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_from_direct_collapse_black_holes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Primordial black hole</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ثقب أسود بدائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقب أسود بدائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-chho%CD%98_o%CD%98-khang" title="Goân-chho͘ o͘-khang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chho͘ o͘-khang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forat_negre_primordial" title="Forat negre primordial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forat negre primordial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordi%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C4%8Dern%C3%A9_d%C3%ADry" title="Primordiální černé díry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Primordiální černé díry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordiales_Schwarzes_Loch" title="Primordiales Schwarzes Loch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Primordiales Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agujero_negro_primordial" title="Agujero negro primordial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agujero negro primordial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaska_nigra_truo" title="Denaska nigra truo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Denaska nigra truo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیاهچاله نخستین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاهچاله نخستین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_noir_primordial" title="Trou noir primordial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trou noir primordial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%8B%9C_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="원시 블랙홀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원시 블랙홀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskonska_crna_jama" title="Iskonska crna jama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iskonska crna jama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_hitam_primordial" title="Lubang hitam primordial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lubang hitam primordial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buco_nero_primordiale" title="Buco nero primordiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buco nero primordiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חור שחור קדמון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חור שחור קדמון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პირველადი შავი ხვრელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პირველადი შავი ხვრელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="原始ブラックホール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原始ブラックホール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwotna_czarna_dziura" title="Pierwotna czarna dziura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwotna czarna dziura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraco_negro_primordial" title="Buraco negro primordial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buraco negro primordial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Первичная чёрная дыра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первичная чёрная дыра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Primordial black hole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvobitna_%C4%8Drna_luknja" title="Prvobitna črna luknja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prvobitna črna luknja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Првобитна црна рупа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Првобитна црна рупа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordiaalinen_musta_aukko" title="Primordiaalinen musta aukko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Primordiaalinen musta aukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordiala_svarta_h%C3%A5l" title="Primordiala svarta hål – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Primordiala svarta hål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Flang%C4%B1%C3%A7_Kara_Delikleri" title="Başlangıç Kara Delikleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Başlangıç Kara Delikleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Первинна чорна діра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Первинна чорна діра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%97_%C4%91en_nguy%C3%AAn_th%E1%BB%A7y" title="Lỗ đen nguyên thủy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lỗ đen nguyên thủy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9D%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="原初黑洞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原初黑洞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1155939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical black hole formed soon after the Big Bang</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBHs-formation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PBHs-formation.png/440px-PBHs-formation.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PBHs-formation.png/660px-PBHs-formation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PBHs-formation.png/880px-PBHs-formation.png 2x" data-file-width="7625" data-file-height="4153" /></a><figcaption>Formation of the universe without (above) and with (below) primordial black holes</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <b>primordial black holes</b> (<b>PBHs</b>) are hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> that formed soon after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Inflationary_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflationary era">inflationary era</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology)#Radiation-dominated_era" title="Scale factor (cosmology)">radiation-dominated</a> universe, extremely dense pockets of <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic matter</a> may have been tightly packed to the point of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">gravitational collapse</a>, creating primordial black holes without the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> compression typically needed to make black holes today. Because the creation of primordial black holes would pre-date the first stars, they are not limited to the narrow mass range of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">stellar black holes</a>. </p><p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Yakov Zeldovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Igor Novikov</a> first proposed the existence of such black holes,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first in-depth study was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their existence remains hypothetical. In September 2022, primordial black holes were proposed by some researchers to explain the unexpected very large early galaxies discovered by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST).<sup id="cite_ref-jwst1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jwst2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PBHs have long been considered possibly important if not nearly exclusive components of <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frampton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frampton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lacki_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacki-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter perspective having been strengthened by both <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo interferometer</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational wave</a> and JWST observations.<sup id="cite_ref-jwst_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bird_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early constraints on PBHs as dark matter usually assumed most black holes would have similar or identical ("monochromatic") mass, which was disproven by LIGO/Virgo results,<sup id="cite_ref-Espinosa_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinosa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clesse_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clesse-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kashlinsky_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashlinsky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further suggestions that the actual black hole mass distribution is broadly <a href="/wiki/Platykurtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Platykurtic">platykurtic</a> were evident from JWST observations of early large galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-jwst_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bird_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent analyses agree, suggesting a broad mass distribution with a <a href="/wiki/Mode_(statistics)" title="Mode (statistics)">mode</a> around one <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr24_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many PBHs may have the mass of an asteroid but the size of a hydrogen atom and be travelling at enormous speeds, with one likely being within the solar system at any given time. Most likely, such PBHs would pass right through a star "like a bullet", without any significant effects on the star. However, the ones traveling slowly would have a chance of being captured by the star.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> proposed that our <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> may harbor such a PBH.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the model, primordial black holes could have initial masses ranging from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>−8</sup> kg</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the so-called Planck relics) to more than thousands of solar masses. However, primordial black holes originally having masses lower than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011100000000000000♠"></span>10<sup>11</sup> kg</span> would not have survived to the present due to <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a>, which causes complete evaporation in a time much shorter than the age of the Universe.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primordial black holes are non-<a href="/wiki/Baryonic_dark_matter" title="Baryonic dark matter">baryonic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such are plausible <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frampton_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frampton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Espinosa_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinosa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clesse_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clesse-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lacki_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacki-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kashlinsky_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashlinsky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jwst_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primordial black holes are also good candidates for being the seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a> at the center of massive galaxies, as well as of <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">intermediate-mass black holes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jwst1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jwst2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primordial black holes belong to the class of <a href="/wiki/Massive_compact_halo_object" title="Massive compact halo object">massive compact halo objects</a> (MACHOs). They are naturally a good dark matter candidate: they are (nearly) collision-less and stable (if sufficiently massive), they have non-relativistic velocities, and they form very early in the history of the Universe (typically less than one second after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, critics maintain that tight limits on their abundance have been set up from various astrophysical and cosmological observations, which would exclude that they contribute significantly to dark matter over most of the plausible mass range.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, new research has provided for the possibility again, whereby these black holes would sit in clusters with a 30-solar-mass primordial black hole at the center.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/260px--BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Simulation of two black holes colliding</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2016, one month after the announcement of the detection by Advanced LIGO/VIRGO of gravitational waves emitted by the merging of two 30 solar mass black holes (about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7031600000000000000♠"></span>6<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>31</sup> kg</span>), three groups of researchers proposed independently that the detected black holes had a primordial origin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clesse_2017_142–1472_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clesse_2017_142–1472-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the groups found that the merging rates inferred by LIGO are consistent with a scenario in which all the dark matter is made of primordial black holes, if a non-negligible fraction of them are somehow clustered within halos such as faint <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy" title="Dwarf spheroidal galaxy">dwarf galaxies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular clusters</a>, as expected by the standard theory of cosmic <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">structure formation</a>. The third group claimed that these merging rates are incompatible with an all-dark-matter scenario and that primordial black holes could only contribute to less than one percent of the total dark matter. The unexpected large mass of the black holes detected by LIGO has strongly revived interest in primordial black holes with masses in the range of 1 to 100 solar masses. It is still debated whether this range is excluded or not by other observations, such as the absence of micro-lensing of stars,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> anisotropies, the size of faint dwarf galaxies, and the absence of correlation between X-ray and radio sources toward the galactic center. </p><p>In May 2016, Alexander Kashlinsky suggested that the observed spatial correlations in the unresolved <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray">gamma-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">background radiations</a> could be due to primordial black holes with similar masses, if their abundance is comparable to that of dark matter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, a study was published opening up the possibility of making up all dark matter with asteroid-mass primordial black holes (3.5 × 10<sup>−17</sup> – 4 × 10<sup>−12</sup> solar masses, or 7 × 10<sup>13</sup> – 8 × 10<sup>18</sup> kg).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2019, a report by James Unwin and Jakub Scholtz proposed the possibility of a primordial black hole (PBH) with mass 5–15 <var>M</var><sub>E</sub> (Earth masses), about the diameter of a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">tennis ball</a>, existing in the extended <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Belt">Kuiper Belt</a> to explain the orbital anomalies that are theorized to be the result of a <a href="/wiki/Planet_nine" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet nine">9th planet</a> in the solar system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-planet9ornot2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planet9ornot2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2019, Derek Inman and Yacine Ali-Haïmoud published an article in which they discovered that the nonlinear velocities that arise from the structure formation are too small to significantly affect the constraints that arise from CMB anisotropies<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2021, the NANOGrav collaboration announced that they had found a low-frequency signal that could be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a> and potentially could be associated with PBHs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, primordial black holes were used to explain the unexpected very large early (high <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a>) galaxies discovered by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jwst1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jwst2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November 2023, evidence, for the first time, of an <a href="/wiki/Overmassive_black_hole_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Overmassive black hole galaxy">overmassive black hole galaxy</a> (<a href="/wiki/O.B.G." class="mw-redirect" title="O.B.G.">O.B.G.</a>), the result of "heavy black hole seed formation from direct collapse", an alternative way of producing a black hole other than the collapse of a dead star, was reported. This discovery was found in studies of <a href="/wiki/UHZ1" title="UHZ1">UHZ1</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Early_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Early galaxy">very early galaxy</a> containing a <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20231224_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20231224-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARX-20231126_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20231126-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, a review by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Carr" title="Bernard Carr">Bernard Carr</a> and colleagues concluded that PBHs formed in the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a> (QCD) epoch prior to 10<sup>–5</sup> seconds after the Big Bang, resulting in a broadly platykurtic mass distribution today, "with a number of distinct bumps, the most prominent one being at around one solar mass."<sup id="cite_ref-Carr24_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBH_formation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PBH_formation.png/320px-PBH_formation.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PBH_formation.png/480px-PBH_formation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PBH_formation.png/640px-PBH_formation.png 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Primordial black holes were possibly formed by the collapse of overdense regions in the inflationary or early radiation-dominated universe.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Primordial black holes could have formed in the very early Universe (less than one second after the Big Bang) during the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">inflationary era</a>, or in the very early <a href="/wiki/Radiation-dominated_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-dominated era">radiation-dominated era</a>. The essential ingredient for the formation of a primordial black hole is a fluctuation in the density of the Universe, inducing its gravitational collapse. One typically requires density contrasts <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta \rho /\rho \sim 0.1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>0.1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta \rho /\rho \sim 0.1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81cfe11dc1a7669172cd10dbaf9977bb4543d829" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.685ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta \rho /\rho \sim 0.1}"></span> (where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> is the density of the Universe) to form a black hole.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_mechanisms">Production mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several mechanisms able to produce such inhomogeneities in the context of cosmic inflation (in hybrid inflation models). Some examples include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axion_inflation">Axion inflation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Axion inflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a> inflation is a theoretical model in which the axion acts as an <a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">inflaton</a> field. Because of the time period it is created at, the field is oscillating at its minimal potential energy. These oscillations are responsible for the energy density fluctuations in the early universe.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a review of production mechanisms arising from various models of inflation, see Ref.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reheating">Reheating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reheating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reheating is the transitory process between the inflationary and the hot, dense, radiation-dominated period. During this time the inflaton field decays into other particles. These particles begin to interact in order to reach <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">thermal equilibrium</a>. However, if this process is incomplete it creates density fluctuations, and if these are big enough they could be responsible for the formation of PBH.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cosmological_phase_transitions">Cosmological phase transitions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cosmological phase transitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological phase transitions">Cosmological phase transitions</a> may cause inhomogeneities in different ways depending on the specific details of each transition. For example, one mechanism is concerned with the collapse of overdense regions that arise from these phase transitions, while another mechanism involves highly energetic particles that are produced in these phase transitions and then go through gravitational collapse forming PBHs.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_matter_problem">Dark matter problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dark matter problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dark matter problem, proposed in 1933 by Swiss-American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a>, refers to the fact that scientists still do not know what form dark matter takes. PBH can solve that in a few ways. First, if PBHs accounted for all or a significant amount of the dark matter in the universe, this could explain the gravitational effects seen in galaxies and galactic clusters. Secondly, PBHs have different proposed production mechanisms. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle" title="Weakly interacting massive particle">WIMPs</a>, they can emit gravitational waves that interact with regular matter. Finally, the discovery of PBHs could explain some of the observed gravitational lensing effects that couldn't arise from ordinary matter. While evidence that primordial black holes may constitute dark matter is inconclusive as of 2023, researchers such as <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Carr" title="Bernard Carr">Bernard Carr</a> and others are strong proponents.<sup id="cite_ref-jwst_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bird_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Espinosa_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinosa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clesse_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clesse-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lacki_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacki-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kashlinsky_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashlinsky-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frampton_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frampton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carneiro_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carneiro-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galaxy_formation">Galaxy formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Galaxy formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since primordial black holes do not necessarily have to be small (they can have any size), they may have contributed to <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">formation of galaxies</a>, such as those earlier than expected.<sup id="cite_ref-jwst1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jwst2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwst2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmological_domain_wall_problem">Cosmological domain wall problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cosmological domain wall problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cosmological domain wall problem, proposed in 1974 by Soviet physicist <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Yakov Zeldovich</a>, discussed the formation of domain walls during phase transitions of the early universe and what could arise from their large energy densities. PBHs could serve as a solution to this problem in various ways. One explanation could be that PBHs can prevent the formation of domain walls due to them exerting gravitational forces on the surrounding matter making it clump and theoretically preventing the formation of said walls. Another explanation could be that PBHs could decay domain walls; if these were formed in the early universe before PBHs then due to gravitational interactions these could eventually collapse into PBHs. Finally, a third explanation could be that PBHs do not violate the observational constraints; if PBHs in the 10<sup>12</sup>–10<sup>13</sup> kg mass range were to be detected then these would have the right density to make up all dark matter in the universe without violating constraints, thus the domain wall problem wouldn't arise.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmological_monopole_problem">Cosmological monopole problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cosmological monopole problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cosmological monopole problem, also proposed by Yakov Zeldovich in the late 1970s, consisted of the absence of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">magnetic monopoles</a> nowadays. PBHs can also serve as a solution to this problem. To start, if magnetic monopoles did exist in the early universe these could have gravitationally interacted with PBHs and been absorbed thus explaining their absence. Another explanation due to PBHs could be that PBHs would have exerted gravitational forces on matter causing it to clump and dilute the density of magnetic monopoles.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String_theory">String theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: String theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> predicts the smallest primordial black holes would have evaporated by now, but if there were a <a href="/wiki/Four-dimensional_space" title="Four-dimensional space">fourth spatial dimension</a> – as predicted by <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a> – it would affect how gravity acts on small scales and "slow down the evaporation quite substantially".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, the energy stored in the fourth spatial dimension as a stationary wave would bestow a significant rest mass to the object when regarded in the conventional four-dimensional space-time. This could mean there are several thousand primordial black holes in our galaxy. To test this theory, scientists will use the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a>, which was put into orbit by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on June 11, 2008. If they observe specific small interference patterns within <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray bursts</a>, it could be the first indirect evidence for primordial black holes and string theory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observational_limits_and_detection_strategies">Observational limits and detection strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Observational limits and detection strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of observations have been interpreted to place limits on the abundance and mass of primordial black holes: </p><p><i>Lifetime, Hawking radiation and gamma-rays:</i> One way to detect primordial black holes, or to constrain their mass and abundance, is by their <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> theorized in 1974 that large numbers of such smaller primordial black holes might exist in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> in our <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">halo</a> region. All black holes are theorized to emit Hawking radiation at a rate inversely proportional to their mass. Since this emission further decreases their mass, black holes with very small mass would experience runaway evaporation, creating a burst of radiation at the final phase, equivalent to a hydrogen bomb yielding millions of megatons of explosive force.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A regular black hole (of about 3 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>) cannot lose all of its mass within the current age of the universe (they would take about 10<sup>69</sup> years to do so, even without any matter falling in). However, since primordial black holes are not formed by stellar core collapse, they may be of any size. A black hole with a mass of about 10<sup>11</sup> kg would have a lifetime about equal to the age of the universe. If such low-mass black holes were created in sufficient number in the Big Bang, we should be able to observe explosions by some of those that are relatively nearby in our own <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope satellite, launched in June 2008, was designed in part to search for such evaporating primordial black holes. Fermi data set up the limit that less than one percent of dark matter could be made of primordial black holes with masses up to 10<sup>13</sup> kg. Evaporating primordial black holes would have also had an impact on the Big Bang nucleosynthesis and change the abundances of light elements in the Universe. However, if theoretical Hawking radiation does not actually exist, such primordial black holes would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to detect in space due to their small size and lack of large gravitational influence. </p><p><i>Temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background:</i> Accretion of matter onto primordial black holes in the early Universe should lead to energy injection in the medium that affects the <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">recombination</a> history of the Universe. This effect induces signatures in the statistical distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Microwave_Background" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic Microwave Background">cosmic microwave background</a> (CMB) anisotropies. The <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> observations of the CMB exclude that primordial black holes with masses in the range 100–10<sup>4</sup> solar masses contribute importantly to the dark matter,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least in the simplest conservative model. It is still debated whether the constraints are stronger or weaker in more realistic or complex scenarios. </p><p><i>Gamma-ray signatures from annihilating dark matter:</i> If the dark matter in the Universe is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Weakly interacting massive particles">weakly interacting massive particles</a> or WIMPs, primordial black holes would accrete a halo of WIMPs around them in the early universe.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilation</a> of WIMPs in the halo leads to a signal in the gamma-ray spectrum which is potentially detectable by dedicated instruments such as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the future, new limits will be set up by various observations: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> (SKA) radio telescope will probe the effects of primordial black holes on the <a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">reionization</a> history of the Universe, due to energy injection into the intergalactic medium, induced by matter accretion onto primordial black holes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>LIGO, VIRGO and future gravitational waves detectors will detect new black hole merging events, from which one could reconstruct the mass distribution of primordial black holes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clesse_2017_142–1472_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clesse_2017_142–1472-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These detectors could allow distinguishing unambiguously between primordial or stellar origins if merging events involving black holes with a mass lower than 1.4 solar mass are detected. Another way would be to measure the large orbital eccentricity of primordial black hole binaries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gravitational wave detectors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</a> (LISA) and <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a>, will also probe the stochastic background of gravitational waves emitted by primordial black hole binaries when they are still orbiting relatively far from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New detections of faint dwarf galaxies, and observations of their central star clusters, could be used to test the hypothesis that these dark matter-dominated structures contain primordial black holes in abundance.</li> <li>Monitoring star positions and velocities within the Milky Way could be used to detect the influence of a nearby primordial black hole.</li> <li>It has been suggested<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a small black hole passing through the Earth would produce a detectable acoustic signal. Because of its tiny diameter and large mass as compared to a <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleon</a>, as well as its relatively high speed, a primordial black hole would simply transit Earth virtually unimpeded with only a few impacts on nucleons, exiting the planet with no ill effects.</li> <li>Another way to detect primordial black holes could be by watching for ripples on the surfaces of stars. If the black hole passed through a star, its density would cause observable vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monitoring quasars in the microwave wavelength and detection of the wave optics feature of gravitational microlensing by the primordial black holes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Observing deviations in the motion of Solar System objects, such as the planet Mars, which could arise from the rapid transit of a primordial black hole through the inner Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities_able_to_provide_PBH_measurement">Facilities able to provide PBH measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Facilities able to provide PBH measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>None of these facilities are focused on the direct detection of PBH due to them being a theoretical phenomenon, but the information collected in each respective experiment provides secondary data which can help provide insight and constraints on the nature of PBHs.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>GW-detectors</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">VIRGO</a> – These detectors already place important constraints on the limits of PBHs. However, they're always in the search for new unexpected signals; if they detect a black hole in the mass range that does not correspond to stellar evolution theory, it could serve as evidence for PBHs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Explorer_(gravitational_wave_observatory)" title="Cosmic Explorer (gravitational wave observatory)">Cosmic Explorer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Einstein_Telescope" title="Einstein Telescope">Einstein Telescope</a> – Both of these projects serve as the next generation of LIGO/VIRGO, these would increase sensitivity around the 10–100 Hz band and would allow to probe PBH information at higher redshifts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Nanohertz_Observatory_for_Gravitational_Waves" title="North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves">NANOGrav</a> – This collaboration detected a stochastic signal but it is not yet a certified gravitational wave signal since quadrupolar correlations have not been detected. But, should this be confirmed, it could serve as evidence for sub-solar mass PBHs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</a> (LISA) – Like any GW detector, LISA has great potential to detect PBHs. The uniqueness of LISA lies with the ability to detect extreme mass ratio inspirals when low mass black holes merge with massive objects. Due to its sensitivity it will also allow for the detection and confirmation of the stochastic NANOGrav signal.</li> <li>AEDGE Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration in Space – This proposed mid-range gravitational wave experiment has a uniqueness which lies in its detection ability of intermediate mass ratio mergers like the ones theorized during early supermassive black hole assembly, should the detection of these happen it would serve as evidence for PBHs.</li></ul> <p><b>Space telescopes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> (WFIRST) – As a space telescope, WFIRST will have the capacity of detecting or at least placing constraints on PBHs through different types of lensing, one of which is Astrometric Lensing. When an object passes in front of a known light source, such as a star, it slightly (to the order of microarcseconds) shifts its position and this is known as Astrometric lensing.</li></ul> <p><b>Sky Surveys</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory" title="Vera C. Rubin Observatory">Vera C. Rubin Observatory</a> (LSST) – This will provide the capability of directly measuring the mass function of compact objects by <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">microlensing</a>. It will be able to observe both low and high-mass objects thus placing constraints on both sides of the spectrum. LSST will also have the ability to detect <a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonovae</a> that lack gravitational wave signals which is related to the existence of PBHs.</li></ul> <p><b>Very Large Arrays</b> </p> <ul><li>ngVLA – the next generation Very Large Array will be able to improve GW bounds by a magnitude of the current contraints placed by the NANOGrav. This increased sensitivity will be able to confirm the nature of the GW signal from NANOGrav. It will also be able to discriminate a PBH explanation from other sources.</li></ul> <p><b>Fast Radio Bursts observatories</b> </p> <ul><li>Experiments like these obtain large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast Radio Bursts</a> and promote the statistical measures of their lensing which would allow for PBH lenses. Some examples include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hydrogen_Intensity_Mapping_Experiment" title="Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment">Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment</a> (CHIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_Intensity_and_Real-time_Analysis_eXperiment" title="Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment">Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment</a> (HIRAX)</li> <li>CHORD (Successor to CHIME)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>MeV Gamma-Ray Telescopes</b> </p> <ul><li>Since the MeV gamma-ray band has yet to be explored, proposed experiments could place tighter constraints on the abundance of PBHs in the asteroid-mass range. Some examples of the proposed telescopes include: <ul><li>AdEPT</li> <li>AMEGO</li> <li>All-Sky ASTROGAM</li> <li>GECCO</li> <li>GRAMS</li> <li>MAST</li> <li>PANGU</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>GeV and TeV Gamma-Ray Observatories</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Wide field of view survey observatory</b> <ul><li>PBHs in the mass range of ~ 5×10<sup>19</sup> solar masses would be producing TeV gamma-rays due to evaporation. Since these would occur in isotropic bursts across the sky, wide field survey observatories would be ideal to searching for these, a few examples could be: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">FGST</a>’s LAT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Water_Cherenkov_Experiment" title="High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment">High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment</a> (HAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wide-field_Gamma-ray_Observatory" title="Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory">Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory</a> (SWGO)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes</b> <ul><li>Although these have a narrow field of view, they have great sensitivity for TeV cosmic-rays and thus can provide upper limits on the burst rate density. Some of these telescopes are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS" title="VERITAS">Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System</a> (VERITAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGIC_(telescope)" title="MAGIC (telescope)">Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes</a> (MAGIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System" title="High Energy Stereoscopic System">High Energy Stereoscopic System</a> (HESS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_Telescope_Array" title="Cherenkov Telescope Array">Cherenkov Telescope Array</a> (CTA)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difference_from_direct_collapse_black_holes">Difference from direct collapse black holes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Difference from direct collapse black holes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Direct_collapse_black_hole" title="Direct collapse black hole">direct collapse black hole</a> is the result of the collapse of unusually dense and large regions of gas, after the <a href="/wiki/Radiation-dominated_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-dominated era">radiation-dominated era</a>, while primordial black holes would have resulted from the direct collapse of energy, ionized matter, or both, during the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">inflationary</a> or radiation-dominated eras.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_gravitational_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial gravitational wave">Primordial gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_fluctuations" title="Primordial fluctuations">Primordial fluctuations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primordial_black_hole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Stephen W. 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(23 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F823%2F2%2FL25">"LIGO gravitational wave detection, primordial black holes and the near-IR cosmic infrared background anisotropies"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>823</b> (2): L25. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.04023">1605.04023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...823L..25K">2016ApJ...823L..25K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F823%2F2%2FL25">10.3847/2041-8205/823/2/L25</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8213">2041-8213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118491150">118491150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=LIGO+gravitational+wave+detection%2C+primordial+black+holes+and+the+near-IR+cosmic+infrared+background+anisotropies&rft.volume=823&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L25&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118491150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ApJ...823L..25K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1605.04023&rft.issn=2041-8213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F823%2F2%2FL25&rft.aulast=Kashlinsky&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F2041-8205%252F823%252F2%252FL25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrimordial+black+hole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr24-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carr24_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr24_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrClesseGarcía-BellidoHawkins2024" class="citation journal cs1">Carr, B. J.; Clesse, S.; García-Bellido, J.; Hawkins, M. R. S.; Kühnel, F. 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_holes" title="Template:Black holes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_holes" title="Template talk:Black holes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_holes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black holes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_holes386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black holes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_black_hole" title="Rotating black hole">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charged_black_hole" title="Charged black hole">Charged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)" title="Kugelblitz (astrophysics)">Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primordial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_collapse_black_hole" title="Direct collapse black hole">Direct collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_black_hole" title="Rogue black hole">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malament%E2%80%93Hogarth_spacetime" title="Malament–Hogarth spacetime">Malament–Hogarth spacetime</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/80px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/120px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/160px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremal_black_hole" title="Extremal black hole">Extremal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_electron" title="Black hole electron">Electron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">Microquasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-mass_black_hole" title="Intermediate-mass black hole">Intermediate-mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">LQG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVV_quasar" title="OVV quasar">OVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neutron_star" title="Template:Neutron star">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_dwarf" title="Template:White dwarf">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole" title="Binary black hole">Binary black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Astrophysical jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Gravitational singularity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_singularity" title="Ring singularity">Ring singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Theorems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon_sphere" title="Photon sphere">Photon sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innermost_stable_circular_orbit" title="Innermost stable circular orbit">Innermost stable circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergosphere" title="Ergosphere">Ergosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process" title="Blandford–Znajek process">Blandford–Znajek process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E2%80%93sigma_relation" title="M–sigma relation">M–sigma relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillation">Quasi-periodic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekenstein_bound" title="Bekenstein bound">Bekenstein bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousso%27s_holographic_bound" title="Bousso's holographic bound">Bousso's holographic bound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immirzi_parameter" title="Immirzi parameter">Immirzi parameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius" title="Schwarzschild radius">Schwarzschild radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghettification" title="Spaghettification">Spaghettification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_complementarity" title="Black hole complementarity">Black hole complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">Information paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER_%3D_EPR" title="ER = EPR">ER = EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_black_hole#Final_parsec_problem" title="Binary black hole">Final parsec problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(physics)" title="Firewall (physics)">Firewall (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-hair_theorem" title="No-hair theorem">No-hair theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Derivation_of_the_Schwarzschild_solution" title="Derivation of the Schwarzschild solution">Derivation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward_metric" title="Hayward metric">Hayward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsingular_black_hole_models" title="Nonsingular black hole models">Nonsingular black hole models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(Newtonian_mechanics)" title="Dark star (Newtonian mechanics)">Dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_eternally_collapsing_object" title="Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object">Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzball_(string_theory)" title="Fuzzball (string theory)">Fuzzball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geon_(physics)" title="Geon (physics)">Geon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Analogs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_black_hole" title="Optical black hole">Optical black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_black_hole" title="Sonic black hole">Sonic black hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_black_holes" title="Lists of black holes">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_holes" title="List of black holes">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_black_holes" title="List of most massive black holes">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_known_black_holes" title="List of nearest known black holes">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microquasars" title="List of microquasars">Microquasars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_black_holes" title="Outline of black holes">Outline of black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_starship" title="Black hole starship">Black hole starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst_progenitors" title="Gamma-ray burst progenitors">Gamma-ray burst progenitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">Gravity well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercompact_stellar_system" title="Hypercompact stellar system">Hypercompact stellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_paradigm" title="Membrane paradigm">Membrane paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_singularity" title="Naked singularity">Naked singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermassive star">Supermassive star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Supermassive dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminal_motion" title="Superluminal motion">Superluminal motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_black_hole_physics" title="Timeline of black hole physics">Timeline of black hole physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1650-500" class="mw-redirect" title="XTE J1650-500">XTE J1650-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XTE_J1118%2B480" title="XTE J1118+480">XTE J1118+480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A0620-00" title="A0620-00">A0620-00</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_A" title="Centaurus A">Centaurus A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Cluster" title="Phoenix Cluster">Phoenix Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKS_1302-102" class="mw-redirect" title="PKS 1302-102">PKS 1302-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OJ_287" title="OJ 287">OJ 287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDSS_J0849%2B1114" title="SDSS J0849+1114">SDSS J0849+1114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TON_618" title="TON 618">TON 618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_0735.6%2B7421" title="MS 0735.6+7421">MS 0735.6+7421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeVe_1" title="NeVe 1">NeVe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_A" title="Hercules A">Hercules A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q0906%2B6930" title="Q0906+6930">Q0906+6930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_501" title="Markarian 501">Markarian 501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULAS_J1342%2B0928" title="ULAS J1342+0928">ULAS J1342+0928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSO_J030947.49%2B271757.31" title="PSO J030947.49+271757.31">PSO J030947.49+271757.31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2018hyz" title="AT2018hyz">AT2018hyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1644%2B57" title="Swift J1644+57">Swift J1644+57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1ES_1927%2B654" title="1ES 1927+654">1ES 1927+654</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Black_holes" title="Category:Black holes">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_holes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black holes">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dark_matter398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dark_matter" title="Template:Dark matter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dark_matter" title="Template talk:Dark matter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dark_matter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dark matter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dark_matter398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Forms of<br />dark matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryonic_dark_matter" title="Baryonic dark matter">Baryonic dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">Cold dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_cold_dark_matter" title="Fuzzy cold dark matter">Fuzzy cold dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dark_matter" title="Hot dark matter">Hot dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_dark_matter" title="Light dark matter">Light dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_dark_matter" title="Mixed dark matter">Mixed dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_dark_matter" title="Warm dark matter">Warm dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-interacting_dark_matter" title="Self-interacting dark matter">Self-interacting dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primordial black holes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1e0657_scale.jpg/150px-1e0657_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1e0657_scale.jpg/225px-1e0657_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1e0657_scale.jpg/300px-1e0657_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2168" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Hypothetical particles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightest_supersymmetric_particle" title="Lightest supersymmetric particle">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicharged_particle" title="Minicharged particle">Minicharged particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongly_interacting_massive_particle" title="Strongly interacting massive particle">SIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle" title="Weakly interacting massive particle">WIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISP_(particle_physics)" title="WISP (particle physics)">WISP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Theories<br />and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuspy_halo_problem" title="Cuspy halo problem">Cuspy halo problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fluid" title="Dark fluid">Dark fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_globular_cluster" title="Dark globular cluster">Dark globular cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy_problem" title="Dwarf galaxy problem">Dwarf galaxy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_mass_function" title="Halo mass function">Halo mass function</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_dimension_one_fermions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass dimension one fermions (page does not exist)">Mass dimension one fermions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_compact_halo_object" title="Massive compact halo object">Massive compact halo object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_matter" title="Mirror matter">Mirror matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro%E2%80%93Frenk%E2%80%93White_profile" title="Navarro–Frenk–White profile">Navarro–Frenk–White profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Search<br />experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Direct<br />detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion_Dark_Matter_Experiment" title="Axion Dark Matter Experiment">ADMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANAIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ANAIS">ANAIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArDM" title="ArDM">ArDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Dark_Matter_Experiment" title="China Dark Matter Experiment">CDEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Dark_Matter_Search" title="Cryogenic Dark Matter Search">CDMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Low-Energy_Astrophysics_with_Neon" title="Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Neon">CLEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoGeNT" title="CoGeNT">CoGeNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Invisible_Mass_Search#COSINE" title="Korea Invisible Mass Search">COSINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Observatory_for_Signatures_Seen_in_Next-Generation_Underground_Searches" title="Cryogenic Observatory for Signatures Seen in Next-Generation Underground Searches">COSINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO" title="PICO">COUPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Rare_Event_Search_with_Superconducting_Thermometers" title="Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers">CRESST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUORE" title="CUORE">CUORE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directional_Dark_Matter_Detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directional Dark Matter Detector (page does not exist)">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMA/LIBRA" title="DAMA/LIBRA">DAMA/LIBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMA/NaI" title="DAMA/NaI">DAMA/NaI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAMIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAMIC (page does not exist)">DAMIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DarkSide_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="DarkSide (dark matter experiment)">DarkSide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DARWIN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DARWIN (page does not exist)">DARWIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEAP" title="DEAP">DEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DM-Ice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DM-Ice (page does not exist)">DM-Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Time_Projection_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber">DMTPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_Recoil_Identification_from_Tracks" title="Directional Recoil Identification from Tracks">DRIFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDELWEISS" title="EDELWEISS">EDELWEISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underground_Rare_Event_Calorimeter_Array" title="European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array">EURECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Invisible_Mass_Search" title="Korea Invisible Mass Search">KIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Underground_Xenon_experiment" title="Large Underground Xenon experiment">LUX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ_experiment" title="LZ experiment">LZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole,_Astrophysics_and_Cosmic_Ray_Observatory" title="Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory">MACRO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIMAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIMAC (page does not exist)">MIMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration#Experiments" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">NAIAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEWAGE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEWAGE (page does not exist)">NEWAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEWS-G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEWS-G (page does not exist)">NEWS-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PandaX" title="PandaX">PandaX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO" title="PICO">PICASSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO" title="PICO">PICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSEBUD" class="mw-redirect" title="ROSEBUD">ROSEBUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMA/LIBRA#SABRE" title="DAMA/LIBRA">SABRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="SIMPLE (dark matter experiment)">SIMPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TREX-DM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TREX-DM (page does not exist)">TREX-DM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">UKDMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIMP_Argon_Programme" title="WIMP Argon Programme">WARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XENON" title="XENON">XENON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMASS" title="XMASS">XMASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEPLIN-III" title="ZEPLIN-III">ZEPLIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Indirect<br />detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANTARES_(telescope)" title="ANTARES (telescope)">ANTARES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Thin_Ionization_Calorimeter" title="Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter">ATIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Axion_Solar_Telescope" title="CERN Axion Solar Telescope">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Water_Cherenkov_Experiment" title="High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment">HAWC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System" title="High Energy Stereoscopic System">HESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGIC_(telescope)" title="MAGIC (telescope)">MAGIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics" title="Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics">MOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">OGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS" title="VERITAS">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MultiDark" title="MultiDark">MultiDark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVLAS" title="PVLAS">PVLAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Potential <a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">dark galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HE0450-2958" title="HE0450-2958">HE0450-2958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVC_127-41-330" title="HVC 127-41-330">HVC 127-41-330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Cloud" title="Smith's Cloud">Smith's Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIRGOHI21" title="VIRGOHI21">VIRGOHI21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon#Mass" title="Tachyon">Imaginary mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_mass" title="Negative mass">Negative mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UniverseMachine" title="UniverseMachine">UniverseMachine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Dark_matter" title="Category:Dark matter">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" 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