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<span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambrian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambrian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cambrian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambrian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordovician_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordovician_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ordovician Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordovician_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silurian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silurian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Silurian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silurian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devonian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devonian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Devonian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devonian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carboniferous_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carboniferous_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Carboniferous Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carboniferous_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permian_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permian_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Permian Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permian_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Microbiota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleozoic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoso%C3%AFkum" title="Paleosoïkum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paleosoïkum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ozoikum" title="Paläozoikum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paläozoikum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حقبة الحياة القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقبة الحياة القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_Paleozoica" title="Era Paleozoica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Era Paleozoica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoy" title="Paleozoy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paleozoy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="প্যালিওজোয়িক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যালিওজোয়িক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-seng-t%C4%81i" title="Kó͘-seng-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-seng-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеазой – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палеазой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеазой – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палеазой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеозой – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палеозой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paleozoik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoeg" title="Paleozoeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paleozoeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paleozoic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеозой – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палеозой" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleos%C3%B6ig" title="Paleosöig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paleosöig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6ozoikum" title="Palæozoikum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæozoikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ozoikum" title="Paläozoikum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paläozoikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleosoikum" title="Paleosoikum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paleosoikum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Παλαιοζωικός αιώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιοζωικός αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_paleozoica" title="Era paleozoica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era paleozoica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoiko" title="Paleozoiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paleozoiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoiko" title="Paleozoiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paleozoiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دیرینه‌زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیرینه‌زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ozo%C3%AFque" title="Paléozoïque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paléozoïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9_Phail%C3%A9as%C3%B3ch" title="An Ré Phailéasóch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ré Phailéasóch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoico" title="Paleozoico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paleozoico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%83%9D%EB%8C%80" title="고생대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고생대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պալեոզոյան դարաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պալեոզոյան դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="पुराजीवी महाकल्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुराजीवी महाकल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paleozoik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoiko" title="Paleozoiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paleozoiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornl%C3%ADfs%C3%B6ld" title="Fornlífsöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornlífsöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoico" title="Paleozoico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paleozoico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פלאוזואיקון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלאוזואיקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ozoikum" title="Paléozoikum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paléozoikum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პალეოზოური ჯგუფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალეოზოური ჯგუფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеозой – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палеозой" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidlekeugal" title="Sidlekeugal – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sidlekeugal" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеозой – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палеозой" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeozoicum" title="Palaeozoicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palaeozoicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozojs" title="Paleozojs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paleozojs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erdaltertum" title="Äerdaltertum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerdaltertum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozojus" title="Paleozojus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paleozojus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Палеозоик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Палеозоик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paleozoik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="သက်ဦးကပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ဦးကပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozo%C3%AFcum" title="Paleozoïcum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paleozoïcum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="पुराजीवक कल्प – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुराजीवक कल्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古生代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozo%C3%AFc" title="Paleozoïc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paleozoïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoy_eratemasi" title="Paleozoy eratemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleozoy eratemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DD%A8%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="پراݨا جیون ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پراݨا جیون ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleos%C3%B2ich" title="Paleosòich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paleosòich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ozoikum" title="Paläozoikum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paläozoikum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paleozoik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoico" title="Paleozoico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paleozoico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoy" title="Paleozoy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Paleozoy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paleozoic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеозой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палеозой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеозой – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Палеозой" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paleozoic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoiku" title="Paleozoiku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paleozoiku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeozoic" title="Palaeozoic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palaeozoic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paleozoik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Палеозоик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палеозоик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoik" title="Paleozoik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paleozoik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ozoikum" title="Paléozoikum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paléozoikum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotsooinen_maailmankausi" title="Paleotsooinen maailmankausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paleotsooinen maailmankausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoikum" title="Paleozoikum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paleozoikum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleosoiko" title="Paleosoiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paleosoiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Палеозой – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Палеозой" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มหายุคพาลีโอโซอิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหายุคพาลีโอโซอิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%B3_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%8E" title="ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᏥᎨᏎ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᏥᎨᏎ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoyik" title="Paleozoyik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paleozoyik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Палеозойська ера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палеозойська ера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="قدیم حیاتی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم حیاتی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%95_sinh" title="Đại Cổ sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại Cổ sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoig" title="Paleozoig – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Paleozoig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palizoyike" title="Palizoyike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Palizoyike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paleozoic" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古生代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80s%C3%ADk%C3%B2_%C3%8Cgb%C3%A9%C3%A0tij%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Àsíkò Ìgbéàtijọ́ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àsíkò Ìgbéàtijọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古生代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古生代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q75507#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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For the use in mathematics, see <a href="/wiki/Periodic_function" title="Periodic function">Periodic function</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(153,192,141);">Paleozoic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">538.8 ± 0.2 – 251.9 ± 0.024 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:97.104615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:97.104615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:38.636923076923px; width:95.104615384615px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:19.900em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−550 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.85em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−450 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.94em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.46em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−400 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.98em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−350 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−300 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.07em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.59em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−250 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:14em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(247,53,99);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:0.000em;width:1.050em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Pr</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(154,217,221);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:30.222em;left:0.000em;width:1.050em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.111em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="display:block;line-height:85%;writing-mode:vertical-rl;color:;"><i>Phanerozoic</i></span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,179,66);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.678em;left:1.120em;width:12.880em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.839em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:28.344em;left:1.120em;width:1.050em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.172em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block;line-height:85%;writing-mode:vertical-rl;color:;">Paleozoic</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.678em;left:1.120em;width:12.880em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:110%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.839em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,160,86);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:24.928em;height:5.194em;left:2.240em;width:5.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.597em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(0,146,112);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:20.803em;height:4.024em;left:2.240em;width:5.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.012em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,225,182);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.365em;height:2.339em;left:2.240em;width:5.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.169em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(203,140,55);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.386em;height:5.878em;left:2.240em;width:5.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.939em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,165,153);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.437em;height:5.849em;left:2.240em;width:5.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.924em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous"><span style="line-height:90%;display:block;">Carboniferous</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(240,64,40);border-width:0.02em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:4.620em;left:2.240em;width:5.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.310em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(140,176,108);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:28.457em;height:1.665em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.832em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,120);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.268em;height:1.090em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.545em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2"><i>Series 2</i></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(166,207,134);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.078em;height:1.090em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.545em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,224,149);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:24.928em;height:1.050em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(26,157,111);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.401em;height:1.427em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.713em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(77,180,126);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.251em;height:1.050em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,202,147);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:20.803em;height:1.348em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.674em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,215,179);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.772em;height:0.931em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.466em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(179,225,194);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:19.177em;height:0.495em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.247em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">~</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(191,230,207);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.741em;height:0.336em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.168em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:0%;"><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">~</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(230,245,225);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.365em;height:0.277em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.138em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:0%;"><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">~</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(229,172,77);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:15.797em;height:2.468em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.234em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(241,200,104);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.746em;height:0.951em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.475em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(241,225,157);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.386em;height:2.260em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.130em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,143,102);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.847em;height:3.439em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.720em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(126,188,198);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.437em;height:2.309em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.155em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(239,88,69);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:3.871em;height:2.567em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.283em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,116,92);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.532em;height:1.238em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.619em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,167,148);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:0.654em;left:7.770em;width:6.230em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:85%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.327em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:18.750em"><b>An approximate timescale of key Paleozoic events.</b><br />Vertical axis scale: <a href="/wiki/Megaannus" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannus">Millions of years ago</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Alternate spelling(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Palaeozoic</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">Era</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erathem" title="Erathem">Erathem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Ichnofossil</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Treptichnus_pedum" class="mw-redirect" title="Treptichnus pedum">Treptichnus pedum</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Head" title="Fortune Head">Fortune Head section</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paleozoic&params=47.0762_N_55.8310_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°04′34″N</span> <span class="longitude">55°49′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.0762°N 55.8310°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.0762; -55.8310</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">First appearance of the Conodont <i><a href="/wiki/Hindeodus_parvus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindeodus parvus">Hindeodus parvus</a></i>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paleozoic&params=31.0798_N_119.7058_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°04′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°42′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.0798°N 119.7058°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.0798; 119.7058</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2001</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Paleozoic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">PAL-ee-ə-ZOH-ik</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠ee-oh-</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">PAY-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Palaeozoic</b>) <b>Era</b> is the first of three <a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">geological eras</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> Eon. Beginning 538.8 million years ago (Ma), it succeeds the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> (the last era of the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> Eon) and ends 251.9 Ma at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> Era.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paleozoic is subdivided into six <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">geologic periods</a> (from oldest to youngest), <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>. Some geological timescales divide the Paleozoic informally into early and late sub-eras: the Early Paleozoic consisting of the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian; the Late Paleozoic consisting of the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Paleozoic</i> was first used by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1785–1873) in 1838<sup id="cite_ref-Sedgwick-1838_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick-1838-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe the Cambrian and Ordovician periods. It was redefined by <a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(geologist)" title="John Phillips (geologist)">John Phillips</a> (1800–1874) in 1840 to cover the Cambrian to Permian periods.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>palaiós</i> (παλαιός, "old") and <i>zōḗ</i> (ζωή, "life") meaning "ancient life".<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paleozoic was a time of dramatic geological, climatic, and evolutionary change. The Cambrian witnessed the most rapid and widespread diversification of life in Earth's history, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, in which most modern <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> first appeared. <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> all evolved during the Paleozoic. Life began in the ocean but eventually transitioned onto land, and by the late Paleozoic, great <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> of primitive plants covered the continents, many of which formed the <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> beds of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Towards the end of the era, large, sophisticated synapsids and diapsids were dominant and the first modern plants (<a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a>) appeared. </p><p>The Paleozoic Era ended with the largest <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic_Eon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanerozoic Eon">Phanerozoic Eon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>. The effects of this catastrophe were so devastating that it took life on land 30 million years into the Mesozoic Era to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahney-Benton-2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovery of life in the sea may have been much faster.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The base of the Paleozoic is one of the major divisions in geological time representing the divide between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons, the Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic eras and the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> and Cambrian periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Adam Sedgwick named the Paleozoic in 1835, he defined the base as the first appearance of complex life in the rock record as shown by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobite</a>-dominated fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedgwick-1838_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick-1838-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then evidence of complex life in older rock sequences has increased and by the second half of the 20th century, the first appearance of <a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">small shelly fauna</a> (SSF), also known as early skeletal fossils, were considered markers for the base of the Paleozoic. However, whilst SSF are well preserved in <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate</a> sediments, the majority of Ediacaran to Cambrian rock sequences are composed of <a href="/wiki/Siliciclastic" title="Siliciclastic">siliciclastic</a> rocks where skeletal fossils are rarely preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a> (ICS) to use <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossils</a> as an indicator of complex life.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike later in the fossil record, Cambrian trace fossils are preserved in a wide range of sediments and environments, which aids correlation between different sites around the world. Trace fossils reflect the complexity of the body plan of the organism that made them. Ediacaran trace fossils are simple, sub-horizontal feeding traces. As more complex organisms evolved, their more complex behaviour was reflected in greater diversity and complexity of the trace fossils they left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two decades of deliberation, the ICS chose <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Head" title="Fortune Head">Fortune Head</a>, Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland as the basal Cambrian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the base of the <i><a href="/wiki/Treptichnus" title="Treptichnus">Treptichnus pedum</a></i> assemblage of trace fossils and immediately above the last occurrence of the Ediacaran problematica fossils <i><a href="/wiki/Harlaniella" title="Harlaniella">Harlaniella</a> podolica</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeopascichnus" title="Palaeopascichnus">Palaeopsacichnus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base of the Phanerozoic, Paleozoic and Cambrian is dated at 538.8+/-0.2 Ma and now lies below both the first appearance of trilobites and SSF.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras and the Permian and Triassic periods is marked by the first occurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hindeodus" title="Hindeodus">Hindeodus parvus</a></i>. This is the first <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphic</a> event found worldwide that is associated with the beginning of the recovery following the end-<a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian mass extinctions</a> and environmental changes. In non-marine strata, the equivalent level is marked by the disappearance of the Permian <a href="/wiki/Dicynodon" title="Dicynodon">Dicynodon</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means events previously considered to mark the Permian-Triassic boundary, such as the eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a> <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>, the onset of greenhouse climate, <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">ocean anoxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a> and the resulting mass extinction are now regarded as being of latest Permian in age.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GSSP is near <a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a>, Zhejiang Province, southern China. <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> of volcanic clay layers just above and below the boundary confine its age to a narrow range of 251.902+/-0.024 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the Paleozoic Era witnessed the breakup of the supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scotese-2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotese-2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-Nance-Cawood-2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-Nance-Cawood-2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended while the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> was assembling.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers-Santosh-2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-Santosh-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakup of Pannotia began with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a> and other Cambrian seas and coincided with a dramatic rise in sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalziel-1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalziel-1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatic</a> studies and evidence of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> indicate that <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> was most likely in the polar regions during the early Paleozoic. The breakup of Pannotia was followed by the assembly of the huge continent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=510">510</a> million years ago</span>). By the mid-Paleozoic, the collision of North America and Europe produced the Acadian-Caledonian uplifts, and a subducting plate uplifted eastern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. By the late Paleozoic, continental collisions formed the supercontinent of Pangaea and created great mountain chains, including the <a href="/wiki/Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachians">Appalachians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caledonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonides">Caledonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, and mountains of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers-Santosh-2004_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-Santosh-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambrian_Period">Cambrian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cambrian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilobite_Heinrich_Harder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trilobite_Heinrich_Harder.jpg/220px-Trilobite_Heinrich_Harder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trilobite_Heinrich_Harder.jpg/330px-Trilobite_Heinrich_Harder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trilobite_Heinrich_Harder.jpg/440px-Trilobite_Heinrich_Harder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Cambrian spanned from 539–485 million years ago and is the first period of the Paleozoic Era of the Phanerozoic. The Cambrian marked a boom in evolution in an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a> in which the largest number of creatures evolved in any single period of the history of the Earth. Creatures like <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> evolved, but the most ubiquitous of that period were the armored arthropods, like trilobites. Almost all marine phyla evolved in this period. During this time, the supercontinent Pannotia begins to break up, most of which later became the supercontinent Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordovician_Period">Ordovician Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ordovician Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg/220px-Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg/330px-Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg/440px-Ostracoderm_digital_recreation..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cephalaspis" title="Cephalaspis">Cephalaspis</a> (a jawless fish)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ordovician spanned from 485–444 million years ago. The Ordovician was a time in Earth's history in which many of the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">biological classes</a> still prevalent today evolved, such as primitive fish, cephalopods, and coral. The most common forms of life, however, were trilobites, snails and shellfish. The first arthropods went ashore to colonize the empty continent of Gondwana. By the end of the Ordovician, Gondwana was at the south pole, early North America had collided with Europe, closing the intervening ocean. Glaciation of Africa resulted in a major drop in sea level, killing off all life that had established along coastal Gondwana. Glaciation may have caused the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician%E2%80%93Silurian_extinction_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician–Silurian extinction events">Ordovician–Silurian extinction events</a>, in which 60% of marine invertebrates and 25% of families became extinct, and is considered the first Phanerozoic mass extinction event, and the second deadliest.<sup id="cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silurian_Period">Silurian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Silurian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a></div> <p>The Silurian spanned from 444–419 million years ago. The Silurian saw the rejuvenation of life as the Earth recovered from the previous glaciation. This period saw the mass evolution of fish, as jawless fish became more numerous, jawed fish evolved, and the first freshwater fish evolved, though arthropods, such as <a href="/wiki/Eurypterida" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypterida">sea scorpions</a>, were still <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>. Fully terrestrial life evolved, including early arachnids, fungi, and centipedes. The evolution of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cooksonia" title="Cooksonia">Cooksonia</a></i>) allowed plants to gain a foothold on land. These early plants were the forerunners of all plant life on land. During this time, there were four continents: Gondwana (Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, Siberia), Laurentia (North America), Baltica (Northern Europe), and Avalonia (Western Europe). The recent rise in sea levels allowed many new species to thrive in water.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devonian_Period">Devonian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Devonian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eogyrinus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eogyrinus_BW.jpg/220px-Eogyrinus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eogyrinus_BW.jpg/330px-Eogyrinus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eogyrinus_BW.jpg/440px-Eogyrinus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eogyrinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eogyrinus">Eogyrinus</a> (an amphibian) of the Carboniferous</figcaption></figure> <p>The Devonian spanned from 419–359 million years ago. Also known as "The Age of the Fish", the Devonian featured a huge diversification of fish, including armored fish like <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkleosteus" title="Dunkleosteus">Dunkleosteus</a></i> and lobe-finned fish which eventually evolved into the first tetrapods. On land, plant groups diversified rapidly in an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Devonian_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonian explosion">Devonian explosion</a> when plants made <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, leading to taller growth and vascular tissue; the first trees and seeds evolved. These new habitats led to greater arthropod diversification. The first amphibians appeared and fish occupied the top of the food chain. Earth's second Phanerozoic mass extinction event (a group of several smaller extinction events), the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian extinction</a>, ended 70% of existing species.<sup id="cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carboniferous_Period">Carboniferous Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carboniferous Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a></div> <p>The Carboniferous is named after the large coal deposits laid down during the period. It spanned from 359–299 million years ago. During this time, average global temperatures were exceedingly high; the early Carboniferous averaged at about 20 degrees Celsius (but cooled to 10 °C during the Middle Carboniferous).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important evolutionary development of the time was the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotic eggs</a>, which allowed amphibians to move farther inland and remain the dominant vertebrates for the duration of this period. Also, the first reptiles and <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> evolved in the swamps. Throughout the Carboniferous, there was a cooling trend, which led to the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation or the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Rainforest_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse">Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> was glaciated as much of it was situated around the south pole.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permian_Period">Permian Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Permian Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimetrodon_grandis_in_%22high_walk%22_pose.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dimetrodon_grandis_in_%22high_walk%22_pose.png/220px-Dimetrodon_grandis_in_%22high_walk%22_pose.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dimetrodon_grandis_in_%22high_walk%22_pose.png/330px-Dimetrodon_grandis_in_%22high_walk%22_pose.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dimetrodon_grandis_in_%22high_walk%22_pose.png/440px-Dimetrodon_grandis_in_%22high_walk%22_pose.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Synapsid: <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon grandis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Permian spanned from 299–252 million years ago and was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. At the beginning of this period, all continents joined together to form the supercontinent Pangaea, which was encircled by one ocean called <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa</a>. The land mass was very dry during this time, with harsh seasons, as the climate of the interior of Pangaea was not regulated by large bodies of water. <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> flourished in the new dry climate. Creatures such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus" title="Edaphosaurus">Edaphosaurus</a></i> ruled the new continent. The first conifers evolved, and dominated the terrestrial landscape. Near the end of the Permian, however, Pangaea grew drier. The interior was desert, and new taxa such as <i><a href="/wiki/Scutosaurus" title="Scutosaurus">Scutosaurus</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopsia" title="Gorgonopsia">Gorgonopsids</a> filled it. Eventually they disappeared, along with 95% of all life on Earth, in a cataclysm known as "<a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">The Great Dying</a>", the third and most severe Phanerozoic mass extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_in_the_early_Paleozoic_Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Life_in_the_early_Paleozoic_Age.jpg/220px-Life_in_the_early_Paleozoic_Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Life_in_the_early_Paleozoic_Age.jpg/330px-Life_in_the_early_Paleozoic_Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Life_in_the_early_Paleozoic_Age.jpg/440px-Life_in_the_early_Paleozoic_Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Life in the early Paleozoic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swamp_Forest_in_the_Carboniferous_Age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Swamp_Forest_in_the_Carboniferous_Age.jpg/220px-Swamp_Forest_in_the_Carboniferous_Age.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Swamp_Forest_in_the_Carboniferous_Age.jpg/330px-Swamp_Forest_in_the_Carboniferous_Age.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Swamp_Forest_in_the_Carboniferous_Age.jpg/440px-Swamp_Forest_in_the_Carboniferous_Age.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Swamp forest in the Carboniferous</figcaption></figure> <p>The early Cambrian climate was probably moderate at first, becoming warmer over the course of the Cambrian, as the second-greatest sustained <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> in the Phanerozoic got underway. However, as if to offset this trend, Gondwana moved south, so that, in Ordovician time, most of West Gondwana (Africa and South America) lay directly over the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. </p><p>The early Paleozoic climate was strongly zonal, with the result that the "climate", in an abstract sense, became warmer, but the living space of most organisms of the time – the continental shelf marine environment – became steadily colder. However, <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a> (Northern Europe and Russia) and <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> (eastern North America and Greenland) remained in the tropical zone, while China and Australia lay in waters which were at least temperate. The early Paleozoic ended, rather abruptly, with the short, but apparently severe, late Ordovician ice age. This cold spell caused the second-greatest <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a> of the Phanerozoic Eon.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the warmer weather moved into the Paleozoic Era. </p><p>The Ordovician and Silurian were warm greenhouse periods, with the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic (200 m above today's); the warm climate was interrupted only by a <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=30">30</a> million year</span> cool period, the <a href="/wiki/Early_Palaeozoic_Icehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Palaeozoic Icehouse">Early Palaeozoic Icehouse</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a> glaciation, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=445">445</a> million years ago</span> at the end of the Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke-Calner-etal-2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke-Calner-etal-2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The middle Paleozoic was a time of considerable stability. Sea levels had dropped coincident with the ice age, but slowly recovered over the course of the Silurian and Devonian. The slow merger of Baltica and Laurentia, and the northward movement of bits and pieces of Gondwana created numerous new regions of relatively warm, shallow sea floor. As plants took hold on the continental margins, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels increased and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> dropped, although much less dramatically. The north–south temperature gradient also seems to have moderated, or <a href="/wiki/Metazoan_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoan life">metazoan life</a> simply became hardier, or both. At any event, the far southern continental margins of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and West Gondwana became increasingly less barren. The Devonian ended with a series of <a href="/wiki/Turnover-pulse_hypothesis" title="Turnover-pulse hypothesis">turnover pulses</a> which killed off much of middle Paleozoic vertebrate life, without noticeably reducing species diversity overall. </p><p>There are many unanswered questions about the late Paleozoic. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian</a> (early Carboniferous Period) began with a spike in atmospheric oxygen, while carbon dioxide plummeted to new lows. This destabilized the climate and led to one, and perhaps two, ice ages during the Carboniferous. These were far more severe than the brief Late Ordovician ice age; but, this time, the effects on world biota were inconsequential. By the <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a> Epoch, both oxygen and carbon dioxide had recovered to more normal levels. On the other hand, the assembly of Pangaea created huge arid inland areas subject to temperature extremes. The <a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian</a> Epoch is associated with falling sea levels, increased carbon dioxide and general climatic deterioration, culminating in the devastation of the Permian extinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devonianscene-green.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Devonianscene-green.jpg/220px-Devonianscene-green.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Devonianscene-green.jpg/330px-Devonianscene-green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Devonianscene-green.jpg/440px-Devonianscene-green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of early land plants</figcaption></figure> <p>While macroscopic plant life appeared early in the Paleozoic Era and possibly late in the Neoproterozoic Era of the earlier eon, plants mostly remained aquatic until the Silurian Period, about 420 million years ago, when they began to transition onto dry land. Terrestrial flora reached its climax in the Carboniferous, when towering <a href="/wiki/Lycopsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopsid">lycopsid</a> rainforests dominated the tropical belt of <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Rainforest_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse">Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse</a> which fragmented this habitat, diminishing the diversity of plant life in the late Carboniferous and Permian periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-Falcon-2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahney-Benton-Falcon-2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A noteworthy feature of Paleozoic life is the sudden appearance of nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> animal phyla in great abundance at the beginning of the Cambrian. The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish, which greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian Periods. The first animals to venture onto dry land were the arthropods. Some fish had lungs, and powerful bony fins that in the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago, allowed them to crawl onto land. The bones in their fins eventually evolved into legs and they became the first tetrapods, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=390">390</a> million years ago</span>, and began to develop lungs. Amphibians were the dominant tetrapods until the mid-Carboniferous, when climate change greatly reduced their diversity, allowing amniotes to take over. Amniotes would split into two clades shortly after their origin in the Carboniferous; the synapsids, which was the dominant group, and the <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">sauropsids</a>. The synapsids continued to prosper and increase in number and variety till the end of the Permian period. In late middle Permian the <a href="/wiki/Pareiasauria" title="Pareiasauria">pareiasaurs</a> originated, successful herbivores and the only sauropsids that could reach sizes comparable to some of the largest synapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-Falcon-2010_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahney-Benton-Falcon-2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palaeozoic marine fauna was notably lacking in predators relative to the present day. Predators made up about 4% of the fauna in Palaeozoic assemblages while making up 17% of temperate Cenozoic assemblages and 31% of tropical ones. Infaunal animals made up 4% of soft substrate Palaeozoic communities but about 47% of Cenozoic communities. Additionally, the Palaeozoic had very few facultatively motile animals that could easily adjust to disturbance, with such creatures composing 1% of its assemblages in contrast to 50% in Cenozoic faunal assemblages. Non-motile animals untethered to the substrate, extremely rare in the Cenozoic, were abundant in the Palaeozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbiota">Microbiota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Microbiota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palaeozoic <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> overall were both nutrient-poor themselves and adapted to nutrient-poor environmental conditions. This phytoplankton nutrient poverty has been cited as an explanation for the Palaeozoic's relatively low biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a> – System that relates geologic strata to time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> – History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> – Third era of the Phanerozoic Eon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> – Second era of the Phanerozoic Eon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> – Fourth and current eon of the geological timescale</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-only-counting-Phanerozoic-extinctions-note_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> The list of the "big 5" <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinctions">mass extinctions</a> only counts extinctions in the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic_Eon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanerozoic Eon">Phanerozoic Eon</a>, since up to <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">the end of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic_Eon" class="mw-redirect" title="Proterozoic Eon">Proterozoic Eon</a>, life was <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">all soft-bodied</a>. The meagre <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">fossil traces of earlier life</a> make it essentially impossible to identify <a href="/wiki/Species_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (biology)">species</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genera_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera (biology)">genera</a>, and it is the disappearance of large proportions of existing genera from the fossil record that is the standard for comparing <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a> of the Phanerozoic "big 5". The one known <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction event</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eons</a> before the Phanerozoic was the <b><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_Catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen Catastrophe">Oxygen Catastrophe</a></b>, or the <b><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Great Oxygenation Event</a></b>, when the previously <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> seas were poisoned with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">newly photosynthesizing bacteria</a>. By some estimates, that event killed almost all life on the Earth, and might qualify as the "greatest ever" mass extinction, if its consequences for soft-bodied genera could be measured. Further, there might have been <i>other</i> extinction events in the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">precambrian</a> eons, whose traces in the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">geologic record</a> (if any) are less obvious than the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Oxygenation Event</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Paleozoic">"Paleozoic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Extinction+intensity+during+Ordovician+and+Cenozoic+glaciations+explained+by+cooling+and+palaeogeography&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Fc88c3d46-e95d-43e6-aeaf-685580089635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209381464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-019-0504-6&rft.aulast=Saupe&rft.aufirst=Erin+E.&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Huijie&rft.au=Donnadieu%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Farnsworth%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Kennedy-Asser%2C+Alan+T.&rft.au=Ladant%2C+Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Lunt%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Pohl%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Valdes%2C+Paul&rft.au=Finnegan%2C+Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41561-019-0504-6%23citeas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleozoic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munnecke-Calner-etal-2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke-Calner-etal-2010_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunneckeCalnerHarperServais2010" class="citation journal cs1">Munnecke, A.; Calner, M.; <a href="/wiki/David_Harper_(palaeontologist)" title="David Harper (palaeontologist)">Harper, D.A.T.</a>; Servais, T. (2010). "Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis". <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>296</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PPP...296..389M">2010PPP...296..389M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.08.001">10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Ordovician+and+Silurian+sea-water+chemistry%2C+sea+level%2C+and+climate%3A+A+synopsis&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.08.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PPP...296..389M&rft.aulast=Munnecke&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Calner%2C+M.&rft.au=Harper%2C+D.A.T.&rft.au=Servais%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleozoic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahney-Benton-Falcon-2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-Falcon-2010_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sahney-Benton-Falcon-2010_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahney,_S.Benton,_M.J.Falcon-Lang,_H.J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079">"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF abstract)</span>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>38</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1079–</span>1082. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geo....38.1079S">2010Geo....38.1079S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG31182.1">10.1130/G31182.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011144357/http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Rainforest+collapse+triggered+Pennsylvanian+tetrapod+diversification+in+Euramerica&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1079-%3C%2Fspan%3E1082&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG31182.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geo....38.1079S&rft.au=Sahney%2C+S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Falcon-Lang%2C+H.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F38%2F12%2F1079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleozoic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/43219-permian-period-climate-animals-plants.html">Permian Period: Climate, Animals & Plants</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/opinion/2023/2023-07/gigantic-extinct-reptile-weighed-as-much-as-a-black-rhino.html">Gigantic extinct reptile weighed as much as a black rhino</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushBambachDaley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bush, Andrew M.; Bambach, Richard K.; Daley, Gwen M. (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/changes-in-theoretical-ecospace-utilization-in-marine-fossil-assemblages-between-the-midpaleozoic-and-late-cenozoic/40836F638A27707DD59E25FAE3B01B31">"Changes in theoretical ecospace utilization in marine fossil assemblages between the mid-Paleozoic and late Cenozoic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_(journal)" title="Paleobiology (journal)">Paleobiology</a></i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F06013.1">10.1666/06013.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8373">0094-8373</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Changes+in+theoretical+ecospace+utilization+in+marine+fossil+assemblages+between+the+mid-Paleozoic+and+late+Cenozoic&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F06013.1&rft.issn=0094-8373&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&rft.au=Bambach%2C+Richard+K.&rft.au=Daley%2C+Gwen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fpaleobiology%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fchanges-in-theoretical-ecospace-utilization-in-marine-fossil-assemblages-between-the-midpaleozoic-and-late-cenozoic%2F40836F638A27707DD59E25FAE3B01B31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleozoic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinQuiggPodkovyrov2008" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Ronald E.; Quigg, Antonietta; Podkovyrov, Victor (27 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018207005688">"Marine biodiversification in response to evolving phytoplankton stoichiometry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>258</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.11.003">10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182">0031-0182</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Marine+biodiversification+in+response+to+evolving+phytoplankton+stoichiometry&rft.volume=258&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.11.003&rft.issn=0031-0182&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ronald+E.&rft.au=Quigg%2C+Antonietta&rft.au=Podkovyrov%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0031018207005688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleozoic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/">"International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)"</a> (home page). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050920105136/http://www.stratigraphy.org/">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy+%28ICS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleozoic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishpalaeozoi0000brit"><i>British Palaeozoic Fossils</i></a>. British Museum publications on Natural History. Vol. 624 (4th ed.). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>. 1975 [1964]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780565056247" title="Special:BookSources/9780565056247"><bdi>9780565056247</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77354077">77354077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-06</span></span> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Palaeozoic+Fossils&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=British+Museum+publications+on+Natural+History&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77354077&rft.isbn=9780565056247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishpalaeozoi0000brit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleozoic" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0565056247" title="Special:BookSources/0565056247">0565056247</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleozoic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paleozoic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Paleozoic" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?&period=Carboniferous&aktion=suche">60+ images of Paleozoic Foraminifera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?paleozoic">Paleozoic (chronostratigraphy scale)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth1258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Paleontology--Paleozoic"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097138">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geology, Stratigraphic--Paleozoic"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054105">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paléozoïque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119459111">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paléozoïque"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119459111">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566690">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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