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id="toc-Childhood:_1841–1858" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood:_1841–1858"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood: 1841–1858</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood:_1841–1858-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starting_college:_1858–1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starting_college:_1858–1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Starting college: 1858–1862</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starting_college:_1858–1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_service_and_further_studies:_1862–1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_service_and_further_studies:_1862–1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Civil War service and further studies: 1862–1873</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_service_and_further_studies:_1862–1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_work_and_research_in_Washington,_DC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_work_and_research_in_Washington,_DC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Government work and research in Washington, DC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_work_and_research_in_Washington,_DC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaining_notability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaining_notability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Gaining notability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaining_notability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_founding_of_the_American_Sociological_Association:_1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_founding_of_the_American_Sociological_Association:_1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The founding of the American Sociological Association: 1905</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_founding_of_the_American_Sociological_Association:_1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_at_Brown_and_final_years:_1906–1913" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_at_Brown_and_final_years:_1906–1913"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Teaching at Brown and final years: 1906–1913</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_at_Brown_and_final_years:_1906–1913-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death:_1913" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death:_1913"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Death: 1913</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death:_1913-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Personal Character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_and_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_and_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works and ideas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_and_ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works and ideas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works_and_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature,_evolution_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature,_evolution_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nature, evolution and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature,_evolution_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welfare_state_and_laissez_faire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_state_and_laissez_faire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Welfare state and laissez faire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare_state_and_laissez_faire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Women's equality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_in_American_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_in_American_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy in American sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_in_American_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ward's_diaries,_writings,_and_photographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ward's_diaries,_writings,_and_photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ward's diaries, writings, and photographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ward's_diaries,_writings,_and_photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1880–1889" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880–1889"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1880–1889</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880–1889-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890–1899" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890–1899"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>1890–1899</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890–1899-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–1909" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1909"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>1900–1909</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1909-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1910–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>1910–1919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1910–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ليستير فرانك وارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليستير فرانك وارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لستر فرانک وارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لستر فرانک وارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ليستير فرانك وارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليستير فرانك وارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уорд, Лестер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уорд, Лестер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Лестер Френк Ворд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лестер Френк Ворд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lester Frank Ward" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Лестер Френк Ворд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лестер Френк Ворд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American scientist and sociologist (1841–1913)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Lester Frank Ward</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="574" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lester Ward, age 43</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lester Frank Ward</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1841-06-18</span>)</span>June 18, 1841<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois" title="Joliet, Illinois">Joliet, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 18, 1913<span style="display:none">(1913-04-18)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>• Susquehanna Collegiate Institute, <a href="/wiki/Towanda,_Pennsylvania" title="Towanda, Pennsylvania">Towanda, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Columbian_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian College">Columbian College</a></li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>• Geologist</li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">Sociologist</a></li> <li>• professor</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employers</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>• <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a></li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telesis" title="Telesis">Telesis</a>, sociology, and the introduction of sociology as field of higher education</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth Carolyn Vought (Lizzie); Rosamond Asenath Simons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Justus Ward</li> <li>Silence Rolph Ward</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lester Frank Ward</b> (June 18, 1841 – April 18, 1913) was an American <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a>, Ward has been characterized as a pioneering figure in American sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1883 work <i>Dynamic Sociology</i> was influential in establishing sociology as a distinct field in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite its initial impact his work was quickly sidelined during the institutionalization and development of American sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood:_1841–1858"><span id="Childhood:_1841.E2.80.931858"></span>Childhood: 1841–1858</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood: 1841–1858"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most, if not all of what is known about Ward's early life comes from the biography, <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Palmer_Cape" title="Emily Palmer Cape">Emily Palmer Cape</a> in 1922. Lester Frank Ward was born in <a href="/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois" title="Joliet, Illinois">Joliet, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest of 10 children born to Justus Ward and his wife Silence Rolph Ward. Justus Ward (d. 1858) was of New England colonial descent and worked on farms in addition to being an itinerant mechanic.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silence Ward was the daughter of a clergyman; she was educated and fond of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family lived in poverty during Ward's early years.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ward was one year old, the family moved closer to Chicago, to Cass, now known as <a href="/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois" title="Downers Grove, Illinois">Downers Grove, Illinois</a> about twenty-three miles from Lake Michigan. The family then moved to a homestead in nearby <a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Illinois" title="St. Charles, Illinois">St. Charles, Illinois</a> where Ward's father built a saw mill business making railroad ties.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, Ward had to worked in farms, mills, and factories to supplement his family income, giving him little time for his education.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward first attended a formal school at <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Township,_Kane_County,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Charles Township, Kane County, Illinois">St. Charles</a>, Kane County, Illinois, in 1850 when he was nine years old. He was known as Frank Ward to his classmates and friends and showed a great enthusiasm for books and learning, liberally supplementing his education with outside reading.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years after Ward started attending school, his parents, along with Lester and an older brother, Erastus, traveled to Iowa in a covered wagon for a new life on the frontier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starting_college:_1858–1862"><span id="Starting_college:_1858.E2.80.931862"></span>Starting college: 1858–1862</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Starting college: 1858–1862"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1858, Justus Ward unexpectedly died, and the boys returned the family to the old homestead they still owned in St. Charles. Ward's estranged mother, who lived two miles away with Ward's sister, disapproved of the move, and wanted the boys to stay in Iowa to continue their father's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two brothers lived together for a short time in the old family homestead they dubbed "Bachelor's Hall," doing farm work to earn a living, and encouraged each other to pursue an education and abandon their father's life of physical labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1858, the two brothers moved to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> at the invitation of Lester Frank's oldest brother Cyrenus (9 years Lester Frank's senior), who was starting a business making wagon wheel hubs and needed workers. The brothers saw this as an opportunity to move closer to civilization and to eventually attend college.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The business failed, however, and Lester Frank, who still didn't have the money to attend college, found a job teaching in a small country school; in the summer months he worked as a farm laborer. He finally saved enough money to attend college and enrolled in the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute in 1860. While he was at first self-conscious about his spotty formal education and self learning, he soon found that his knowledge compared favorably to his classmates', and he was rapidly promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_service_and_further_studies:_1862–1873"><span id="Civil_War_service_and_further_studies:_1862.E2.80.931873"></span>Civil War service and further studies: 1862–1873</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War service and further studies: 1862–1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ward was a "fervent opponent of slavery"<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> to fight in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> in August, 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered three gunshot wounds in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a> and was discharged from service on November 18, 1864 due to physical disability.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Ward moved to Washington. In Washington, he worked at the Treasury Department from 1865 until 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward attended <a href="/wiki/Columbian_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian College">Columbian College</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, and graduating in 1869 with the degree of <a href="/wiki/A.B." class="mw-redirect" title="A.B.">A.B.</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, after he received the degree of <a href="/wiki/LL.B" class="mw-redirect" title="LL.B">LL.B</a>, he was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. However, Ward never practiced law.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873, he completed his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">A.M.</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_work_and_research_in_Washington,_DC"><span id="Government_work_and_research_in_Washington.2C_DC"></span>Government work and research in Washington, DC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government work and research in Washington, DC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ward_and_fossil_tree_trunks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Ward_and_fossil_tree_trunks.jpg/350px-Ward_and_fossil_tree_trunks.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Ward_and_fossil_tree_trunks.jpg/525px-Ward_and_fossil_tree_trunks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fb/Ward_and_fossil_tree_trunks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Ward and fossil tree trunks</figcaption></figure> <p>Ward concentrated on his work as a researcher for the federal government. At that time almost all of the basic research in such fields as geography, paleontology, archaeology and anthropology were concentrated in Washington, DC, and a job as a federal government scientist was a prestigious and influential position. From 1881 until 1888 Ward worked as an assistant geologist at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883 he was made Geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey. While he worked at the Geological Survey he became friends with <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a>, the second director of the US Geological Survey (1881–1894) and the director of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ethnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Ethnology">Bureau of Ethnology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. In 1892, he was named Paleontologist for the USGS, a position he held until 1906. </p><p>According to Edward Rafferty, Ward was part of a group of "Washington intellectuals" who "wanted to place social science within the structure of government and public life itself".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward believed that centering research activity in government actions would benefit democratic progress, and evade the partisanship, corruption, and conflict of post-Civil War politics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadly, Ward's overarching project represented the "monumental exposition of the relation of the state to social progress"<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working from the perspective that social research could be used to improve policy and the function of government, Ward was noted by his contemporaries for engaging in "the most advanced views yet taken by an avowed sociologist in the advocacy of a comprehensive program of social reform through the medium of legislation".<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Ward was very productive in writing and circulating works on his interests concerning nature and society. Ward published his <i>Guide to the flora of Washington and vicinity</i> (1881), followed shortly afterwards by the first volume of <i>Dynamic Sociology: Or applied social science as based upon statistical sociology and the less complex sciences</i> (1883), alongside his <i>Sketch of Paleobotany</i> (1885), <i>Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group</i> (1885), and <i>Types of the Laramie Flora</i> (1887). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaining_notability">Gaining notability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gaining notability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting his growing prominence as a scholar and acceptance in academic circles, Ward was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, he was elected as the president of <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Sociology" title="International Institute of Sociology">International Institute of Sociology</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward was also a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1891 to 1905, Ward continued to publish numerous texts on natural history and sociology, with the circulation of his work in both areas contributing to his growing notability. These works included sociological writings on <i>Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism</i> (1891), <i>The Psychic Factors of Civilization</i> (1893), multiple articles in <i>Contributions to Social Philosophy</i> (1895–1897), the second volume of his <i>Dynamic Sociology</i> (1897), and his <i>Outlines of Sociology</i> (1898). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_founding_of_the_American_Sociological_Association:_1905">The founding of the American Sociological Association: 1905</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The founding of the American Sociological Association: 1905"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1905, American sociologists debated the creation of an independent professional association that would be distinct from other existing collectives for historians, economists, and political scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C. W. A. Veditz, a professor at George Washington University who admired Ward's work, sought Ward's opinion on the matter, with Ward arguing in favor of an organization that could mirror Paris' International Institute of Sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a meeting of approximately three hundred sociologists at the December 27th 1905 American Economic Association, Ward made a strong argument for the establishment of the American Sociological Association, with the assembled sociologists passing Ward's motion and forming a committee to establish the association's charter and founding officers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward became the first president of the American Sociological Association on December 28, 1905, after his colleauges Ross, Small, and Giddings motioned for him to receive the honor.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward was chosen for the role out of a belief among the committee that "all sociologists are under a heavy debt of gratitude" to his work, and because of Ward's commitment to raise the discipline's profile and esteem in a society where sociology was "not merely discredited, but almost entirely unknown".<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_at_Brown_and_final_years:_1906–1913"><span id="Teaching_at_Brown_and_final_years:_1906.E2.80.931913"></span>Teaching at Brown and final years: 1906–1913</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Teaching at Brown and final years: 1906–1913"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After becoming the first president of the American Sociological Association, Ward's reputation and prominence as a sociologist in America was at its peak. In 1906, Ward became chair of sociology at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Ward had given "extended courses of lectures on sociology" at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to taking up the position at Brown, Ward and his wife travelled to Europe and Ward took part in various presentations and debates.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward was popular at Brown, as a teacher and colleauge; a fellow professor, Samuel Mitchell, described him as "pre-eminent" among the "many able scholars and teachers" at Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Ward's students, Sara Algeo, wrote that "studying with Prof. Ward was like sitting at the feet of Aristotle, or Plato ... He was the wisest man I have ever known."<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, Ward taught at the University of Wisconsin Madison's sociology department during their summer school<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ward delivered public lectures and seminars in the United Kingdom and across the United States. Towards the end of his life, Ward critiqued the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics movement">eugenics movement</a> as founded on a "distrust of nature" and "egotism", and instead argued that a program of social welfare (or '<a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">euthenics</a>') would be far more effective in curing social ills than what was proposed by eugenicists.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite gaining recognition for his work and professional esteem, Ward felt increasingly isolated in this later stage of his career as his focus on systematization was at odds with the work of other social scientists who were more focused on policy and legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his later years, Ward remained a productive writer. In 1906 Ward published <i>Applied Sociology: A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society</i>, and in 1908 an article on <i>Social Classes in the Light of Modern Sociological Theory</i> followed in the <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. Ward's final major work, <i>Glimpses of the Cosmos</i>, was published posthumously, with the help of Sarah Comstock and Sarah Simons, in six volumes beginning in 1913 and continuing until 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death:_1913">Death: 1913</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death: 1913"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After several weeks of sickness, Ward died on April 17, 1913 at his home on Rhode Island Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent social scientists including <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Tonnies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Tonnies">Ferdinand Tonnies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albion_Small" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion Small">Albion Small</a> mourned his death.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His colleagues at Brown University eulogized Ward as a "profound student, and an original investigator in the most abstruse problems which the human mind can grapple", describing him as "a genial associate" and "an inspiring teacher".<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a eulogy in the Washington Herald, C. W. A. Veditz remarked that "his death marks the disappearance of a scientists who will unquestionably rank as one of the half-dozen greatest thinkers in his field that the world has produced"<sup id="cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ward was first buried at <a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Glenwood Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)">Glenwood Cemetery</a> in Washington, but was later moved to Brookside Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a> in Jefferson County, New York to be with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only surviving public memorial commemorating Ward is in the Pennsylvania village of Myersburg, where a state historical sign describes Ward as "the American Aristotle".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While attending the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute, Ward met Elizabeth "Lizzie" Carolyn Vought and fell in love. They married on August 13, 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, he enlisted in the Union Army and was sent to the Civil War front. After the war he successfully petitioned for work with the federal government in Washington, DC, where the couple moved.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lizzie assisted him in editing and contributing to a newsletter called <i>The Iconoclast</i>, dedicated to free thinking and critiquing organized religion. She gave birth to a son, but the child died when he was less than a year old.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lizzie died in 1872 at the age of thirty.<sup id="cite_ref-ASAbio_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASAbio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lester Frank Ward went on to marry Rosamond Asenath Simons (1840–1913) as his second wife in the year 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-Cape_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_Character">Personal Character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal Character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting after his death, James Q. Dealey, one of Ward's friends, wrote that Ward "had a deeply emotional nature" which was "suppressed by his close devotion to intellectual pursuits", while he was "really fond of social life" he became "so absorbed in his work that to a quite large extent he lived a lonely life during his last years" and rarely socialized away from his university connections.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dealey described Ward as a committed teacher who "was seldom absent from his classes" and "was most systematic in the preparation of his lectures", even towards the end of his life when "he could barely put one foot before another and could hardly carry the weight of his books", Ward cherished teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emily_Palmer_Cape" title="Emily Palmer Cape">Emily Palmer Cape</a> wrote that Ward "always stressed the power of an education which teaches a knowledge of the materials and forces of nature, and their relation to our own lives."<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cape noted that Ward "loved nature, and to be out of doors" and enjoyed giving "a long and beautiful description of the earth" whenever possible.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ward's immediate family were politically active and involved in various social causes. Lester Ward's older brother, Cyrenus Ward, was "heavily involved in the politics of labor unions and working-class reform" and in the middle of the 1860s he became a leading member of the socialist movement in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrenus Ward went on to join <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a>, to which he was elected a council member, before being arrested as a spy during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lester Ward detailed Cyrenus' activities in <i>The Iconoclast</i>, and went on to secure jobs for him at the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Statistics via his network in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lester Ward's other brothers, Lorenzo and Justin, were both politically active in the cooperative movement and the prohibitionist movement respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_ideas">Works and ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works and ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ward hoped to use his scientific literacy to contribute an American version of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical-materialist</a> Sociology, opposing the then popular work of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> with critique inspired by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Working in the Enlightenment tradition, Ward associated his project with the advancement of democratic principles in the United States. As Ward explained in the Preface to <i>Dynamic Sociology: Or Applied Social Science as Based Upon Statistical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences</i>, it was his belief that: "The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_beliefs">Political beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ward approached society through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Producerism" title="Producerism">producerism</a>, or the celebration of productive workers, for example artisans, skilled laborers, merchants, and craftspeople, as opposed to nonproducers who simply accumulated capital and resources.,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward believed that government should provide society with understanding of socioeconomic conditions to ensure that the state progressed as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward was critical of "privilege, monopoly, and the evils of financial capitalism", and supported abolitionism, temperance, and public education.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature,_evolution_and_conservation"><span id="Nature.2C_evolution_and_conservation"></span>Nature, evolution and conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nature, evolution and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ward had a lifelong interest in nature, beginning in childhood and extending throughout his time as a government clerk active in local biological societies, and as a formally trained paleobiologist.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward engaged with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarckian</a> ideas, or the theory that the natural environment shapes organisms. Ward wrote on the topic in <i>Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was enthusiastic in his support of Darwin's findings and theories. </p><p>Reflecting a popular trend at the time, Ward made connections between evolution, patterns in the natural world, and his perspectives on society. Ward wrote that "the process of evolution is organization", reflecting that in his opinion "the process is the same" across biological, chemical, physical, and social forms of organization.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward believed that "the universal comprehension of nature" would lead to a situation where "every human could do his part", stressing that recognising this interconnectedness and interdependence "should inspire one to add to the whole" and to "contribute one's share ot life's great continuous flow."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ward understood human conflict and war as evolutionary forces responsible for progress.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Ward's perspective, conflict enabled the rise of Homo Sapiens over other creatures, and saw the expansion of what he considered to be more technologically advanced races and nations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward saw war as a natural evolutionary process that could be painful, slow, and ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued to recognize these characteristics of war, but to replace it with a more progressive system which minimized harm.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> has taught us that the chief barrier to the advance of any species of plants or animals is its competition with other plants and animals that contest the same ground. And therefore the fiercest opponents of any species are the members of the same species which demand the same elements of subsistence. Hence the chief form of relief in the organic world consists in the thinning-out of competitors. Any species of animals or plants left free to propagate at its normal rate would overrun the earth in a short time and leave no room for any other species. Any species that is sufficiently vigorous to resist its organic environment will crowd out all others and monopolize the earth. If nature permitted this there could be no variety, but only one monotonous aspect devoid of interest or beauty. Whatever we may think of the harsh method by which this is prevented, we cannot regret that it is prevented, and that we have a world of variety, interest, and aesthetic attractiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Alongside George Perkins Marsh, John Wesley Powell, and W J McGee, Ward's ideas concerning conservation and the management of natural resources helped to inform the conservation movement of the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the extent of Ward's contributions to scientific understandings of nature has been debated, with John Burnham writing that "Ward's unbelievable egotism and his ostentatious display of technical terminology misled many writers into believing he was a "great" or "distinguished" natural scientist."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward's desire to "prove his knowledge of all scientific subjects", and his "habit of creating difficult neologisms in his books" proved to be "particularly bothersome to many readers of his work".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare_state_and_laissez_faire">Welfare state and laissez faire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Welfare state and laissez faire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ward was a supporter of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. Ward argued that those critical of the development of a social safety as 'paternalistic' were hypocritical for themselves receiving "relief from their own incompetency" in their private enterprise as capitalists and industrialists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward's ideas influenced a rising generation of progressive political leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a>, and his ideas came to help shape early welfare policy in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are few demonstrable direct links between his writings and the actual programs of the founders of the welfare state and the New Deal.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting his overarching engagement with discussions of evolution, Ward critiqued <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and Spencer's theories of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a> which were popular in socio-economic thought in the United States after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Ward positioned himself in opposition to Spencer and the American political scientist <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a>, an advocate for Spencer's ideas, who had promoted the principles of laissez-faire. The historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Henry Steele Commager</a> argued that Ward "trained his heaviest guns" on "the superstitions that still held domain over the mid of his generation", of which "laissez-faire was the most stupefying"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_equality"><span id="Women.27s_equality"></span>Women's equality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women's equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ward advocated for equal rights for women, at times drawing on metaphors and analogies from his interest in the study of the natural world to support his arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave a speech on the topic to the Fourteenth Dinner of the Six O’clock Club in Washington on April 26, 1888, at Willard’s Hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward was of the opinion that "there is no fixed rule by which Nature has intended that one sex should excel the other, any more than there is any fixed point beyond which either cannot develop."<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward summarized his position as "true science teaches that the elevation of woman is the only sure road to the evolution of man."<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Ward's interest in the topic of equal rights for women, Clifford H. Scott summarised that "practically all the suffragists ignored" Ward.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford_H._Scott_1970_pp_54-67_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford_H._Scott_1970_pp_54-67-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_in_American_sociology">Legacy in American sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy in American sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Robert Kessler summarized, "reputation came slowly and faded rapidly" for Ward, while his early work was "epoch-making" and his impact led to Hofstadter naming him the "American Aristotle",<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the middle of the 20th century Ward had "passed so completely from the contemporary scene" and is now largely undiscussed in modern American sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric Royal Lybeck argues that the broadness of Ward's research was responsible for his work being "shunted from the centre of sociological discourse to the margins of posterity"<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ward's work was wide sweeping and attempted to synthesize insights from a broad spectrum of research themes and subjects, the institutionalization of sociology in the United States led to a hyperfocus on discrete and specialized problems which was at odds with the scale of his approach. Albion Small suggested that Ward remained too attached to the positivism of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> and the evolutionism of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> at a time when other social scientists were moving towards other social models and methods of analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Small's assessment that Ward clung to a "pure science" approach in social research, and was more of a "museum investigator" interested in labeling, categorising, and developing schema.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cumulatively, this meant that while Ward was "highly regarded and influential" in the early history of sociology in the United States, his approach and contributions rapidly became redundant as the field changed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even during his lifetime, C. W. A. Veditz suggested that due to translation and wide circulation, Ward's works may have been better known in Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, and Japan than they were in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ward's_diaries,_writings,_and_photographs"><span id="Ward.27s_diaries.2C_writings.2C_and_photographs"></span>Ward's diaries, writings, and photographs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ward's diaries, writings, and photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All but the first of his voluminous diaries were reportedly destroyed by Rosamond after his death. Ward's first journal, <i>Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870...</i>, remains under copyright. A collection of Ward's writings and photographs is maintained by the Special Collections Research Center of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. The collection includes articles, diaries, correspondence, and a scrapbook. GWU's Special Collections Research Center is located in the Estelle and Melvin <a href="/wiki/Gelman_Library" title="Gelman Library">Gelman Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBecker1975" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Ernest (1975). <i>Escape From Evil</i>. New York / London: Free Press / Collier MacMillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780436838/editions">780436838 (all editions)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escape+From+Evil&rft.place=New+York+%2F+London&rft.pub=Free+Press+%2F+Collier+MacMillan&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Becker1975_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chynoweth_Burnham1956" class="citation book cs1">John Chynoweth Burnham (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q_5F1gu-mMC&q=Burnham,+John+C.+Lester+Frank+Ward+in+American+thought."><i>Lester Frank Ward in American thought</i></a>. Annals of American sociology. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742522176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742522176"><bdi>978-0742522176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lester+Frank+Ward+in+American+thought&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Annals+of+American+sociology&rft.pub=Public+Affairs+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0742522176&rft.au=John+Chynoweth+Burnham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Q_5F1gu-mMC%26q%3DBurnham%2C%2BJohn%2BC.%2BLester%2BFrank%2BWard%2Bin%2BAmerican%2Bthought.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Chugerman1939" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Chugerman (1939). <i>Lester F. Ward, the American Aristotle: A Summary and Interpretation of His Sociology</i>. Literary Licensing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-10598-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-10598-3"><bdi>978-1-258-10598-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lester+F.+Ward%2C+the+American+Aristotle%3A+A+Summary+and+Interpretation+of+His+Sociology&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing%2C+LLC&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-1-258-10598-3&rft.au=Samuel+Chugerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChriss2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chriss, James J. (2006). "The Place of Lester Ward among the Sociological Classics". <i>Journal of Classical Sociology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 5–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468795X06061282">10.1177/1468795X06061282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145704932">145704932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Classical+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+Lester+Ward+among+the+Sociological+Classics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-21&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1468795X06061282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145704932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chriss&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommager1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a> (1950). "Lester Ward and the Science of Society". <i>The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-00046-7"><bdi>978-0-300-00046-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lester+Ward+and+the+Science+of+Society&rft.btitle=The+American+Mind%3A+An+Interpretation+of+American+Thought+and+Character+Since+the+1880s&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-300-00046-7&rft.aulast=Commager&rft.aufirst=Henry+Steele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommager1967" class="citation book cs1">Commager, Henry Steele, ed. (1967). <i>Lester Ward and the Welfare State</i>. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906058006/editions">906058006 (all editions)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lester+Ward+and+the+Welfare+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Coser, Lewis. <i>A History of Sociological Analysis.</i> New York : Basic Books.</li> <li>Dahms, Harry F. – 'Lester F. Ward'</li> <li>Finlay, Barbara. "Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work." <i>Gender & Society</i>, Vol. 13, No. 2, 251–265 (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-FinlayAbstract_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FinlayAbstract-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gossett, Thomas F. (1963). <i>Race: The History of an Idea in America.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Gossett1997_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gossett1997-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harp, Gillis J. <i>Positivist Republic</i>, Ch. 5 "Lester F. Ward: Positivist Whig" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8M_6u9DO7PwC">Positivist Republic: Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1920</a></li> <li>Hofstadter, Richard. <i>Social Darwinism in American Thought</i>, Chapter 4, (original 1944, 1955. reprint Boston: Beacon Press, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8aEmWc_ekC&q=Social+Darwinism+in+American+Thought">Social Darwinism in American Thought</a></li> <li>Largey, Gale. Lester Ward: A Global Sociologist <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/3/7/7/0/pages237708/p237708-1.php">[1]</a></li> <li>Mers, Adelheid. Fusion <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://adelheidmers.org/aweb/fusion.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724224012/http://adelheidmers.org/aweb/fusion.pdf">Archived</a> July 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Perlstadt, Harry. Applied Sociology as Translational Research: A One Hundred Fifty Year Voyage <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.msu.edu/~perlstad/History_Applied_Sociology_H_Perlstadt_Jun_05.pdf">[3]</a></li> <li>Rafferty, Edward C. <i>Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841/1913</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q_5F1gu-mMC">Apostle of Human Progress: Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841–1913</a></li> <li>Ravitch, Diane. <i>Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms</i>. Simon & Schuster. "Chapter one: The Educational Ladder" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/ravitch-back.html">Left Back</a></li> <li>Ross, John R. Man over Nature: the origins of the conservation movement <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/view/2348/2307">[4]</a></li> <li>Ross, Dorthy. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_American_Social_Science" title="The Origins of American Social Science">The Origins of American Social Science</a></i>. Cambridge University Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rg4blh6xmhIC&pg=PA85">The Origins of American Social Science</a></li> <li>Seidelman, Raymond and Harpham, Edward J. <i>Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984</i>. p. 26 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09-ZDrzUz-gC">Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis</a></li> <li>Wood, Clement. The Sociology Of Lester F Ward <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologyofleste033176mbp">The Sociology Of Lester F Ward</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880–1889"><span id="1880.E2.80.931889"></span>1880–1889</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1880–1889"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1881" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/2824407.html">"Guide to the flora of Washington and vicinity"</a>. <i>Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum – Bulletin of the United States National Museum</i>. <b>26</b> (22). Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Washington Printing Office</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/504513602/editions">504513602 (all editions)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+the+Interior%3A+U.S.+National+Museum+%E2%80%93+Bulletin+of+the+United+States+National+Museum&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+flora+of+Washington+and+vicinity&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=22&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2Fapi%2Fvolumes%2Foclc%2F2824407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1883" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">—— (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicsociology01warduoft"><i>Dynamic Sociology (Vol. 1). Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences</i></a>. Vol. 1 of 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="D. Appleton & Co.">D. Appleton & Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Sociology+%28Vol.+1%29.+Or+Applied+social+science+as+based+upon+statical+sociology+and+the+less+complex+sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdynamicsociology01warduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1885" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032185914">"Sketch of Paleobotany"</a>. <i>Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum – Extract from the Fifth Annual Report of the Director, 1883–'84</i>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Washington Printing Office</a>: 357. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1885usgs.rept....7W">1885usgs.rept....7W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2F70159114">10.3133/70159114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+the+Interior%3A+U.S.+National+Museum+%E2%80%93+Extract+from+the+Fifth+Annual+Report+of+the+Director%2C+1883%E2%80%93%2784&rft.atitle=Sketch+of+Paleobotany&rft.pages=357&rft.date=1885&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2F70159114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1885usgs.rept....7W&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924032185914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Ward1885_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward1885-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1885" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/synopsisofflorao00ward">"Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group"</a>. <i>Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey</i>. <b>6</b>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a>: 399–557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Report+of+the+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Synopsis+of+the+Flora+of+the+Laramie+Group&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=399-557&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsynopsisofflorao00ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1887" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/typeslaramieflo00wardgoog">"Types of the Laramie Flora"</a>. <i>Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum – Bulletin of the United States National Museum</i> (37). Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Washington Printing Office</a>: 363–469.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+the+Interior%3A+U.S.+National+Museum+%E2%80%93+Bulletin+of+the+United+States+National+Museum&rft.atitle=Types+of+the+Laramie+Flora&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=363-469&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftypeslaramieflo00wardgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1890–1899"><span id="1890.E2.80.931899"></span>1890–1899</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1890–1899"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1891" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neodarwinismand00washgoog"><i>Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism</i></a>. Washington: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedney_%26_Roberts_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedney & Roberts Co (page does not exist)">Gedney & Roberts Co</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Darwinism+and+Neo-Lamarckism&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Gedney+%26+Roberts+Co&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneodarwinismand00washgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1893" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychicfactorsof00wardrich"><i>The Psychic Factors of Civilization</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Ginn_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Ginn & Co.">Ginn & Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychic+Factors+of+Civilization&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Ginn+%26+Co.&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychicfactorsof00wardrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span> (reprinted 1906)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1895" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761500"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. II. Sociology and Cosmology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761500/page/n1">132</a>–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+II.+Sociology+and+Cosmology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=132-145&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1895" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761562"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. III. Sociology and Biology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761562/page/n1">313</a>–326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+III.+Sociology+and+Biology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=313-326&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1895" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761873"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. IV. Sociology and Anthropology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761873/page/n1">426</a>–433.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+IV.+Sociology+and+Anthropology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=426-433&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1896" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761910"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. V. Sociology and Psychology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761910/page/n1">618</a>–632.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+V.+Sociology+and+Psychology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=618-632&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1896" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761481"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. VI. The Data of Sociology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761481/page/n1">738</a>–752.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+VI.+The+Data+of+Sociology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=738-752&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1896" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761775"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. VII. The Social Forces</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761775/page/n1">82</a>–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+VII.+The+Social+Forces&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=82-95&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1896" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761666"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. VIII. The Mechanics of Society</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761666/page/n1">234</a>–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+VIII.+The+Mechanics+of+Society&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=234-254&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1896" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761636"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. IX. The Purpose of Sociology</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761636/page/n1">446</a>–460.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+IX.+The+Purpose+of+Sociology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=446-460&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1897" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761755"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. X. Social Genesis</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761755/page/n1">532</a>–546.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+X.+Social+Genesis&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=532-546&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1897" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761651"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. XI. Individual Telesis</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761651/page/n1">699</a>–717.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+XI.+Individual+Telesis&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=699-717&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1897" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761826"><i>Contributions to Social Philosophy. XII. Collective Telesis</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2761826/page/n1">801</a>–822.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+Social+Philosophy.+XII.+Collective+Telesis&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=801-822&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2761826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1897" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, Lester F. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicsociology02warduoft"><i>Dynamic Sociology (Vol. 2). Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences</i></a>. Vol. 2 of 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="D. Appleton & Co.">D. Appleton & Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Sociology+%28Vol.+2%29.+Or+Applied+social+science+as+based+upon+statical+sociology+and+the+less+complex+sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdynamicsociology02warduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1898" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlinesofsociol00warduoft"><i>Outlines of Sociology</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan & Co.">The Macmillan Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Sociology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutlinesofsociol00warduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span> (reprinted 1913)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1909"><span id="1900.E2.80.931909"></span>1900–1909</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1900–1909"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1902" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lester F.Ward (January 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2762187">"Contemporary Sociology, I–IV (Part 1 of 3)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Sociology%2C+I%E2%80%93IV+%28Part+1+of+3%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1902-01&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2762187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1902" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lester F. (March 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2762215">"Contemporary Sociology, V–VIII (Part 2 of 3)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. <b>7</b> (5). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: 629–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F211087">10.1086/211087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Sociology%2C+V%E2%80%93VIII+%28Part+2+of+3%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=629-658&rft.date=1902-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F211087&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2762215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1902" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (May 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2762258"><i>Contemporary Sociology, IX–XII (Part 3 of 3)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. Vol. 7. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2762258/page/n1">749</a>–762.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Sociology%2C+IX%E2%80%93XII+%28Part+3+of+3%29&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.pages=749-762&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1902-05&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2762258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ward, Lester F. (1903) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/ralf_schreyer/ward/download/pure_sociology.pdf">"Pure Sociology: A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society."</a> (2,625 KB – PDF)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1905" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statusofmesozoic01ward">"Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States, Vol. 1"</a>. <i>Monographs of the U.S. Geological Survey</i>. <b>48</b> (Part 1 – Text). Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Washington Printing Office</a>: 5–616.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monographs+of+the+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Status+of+the+Mesozoic+floras+of+the+United+States%2C+Vol.+1&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=Part+1+%E2%80%93+Text&rft.pages=5-616&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatusofmesozoic01ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span> With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1905" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statusofmesozoic00ward">"Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States, Vol. 2"</a>. <i>Monographs of the U.S. Geological Survey</i>. <b>48</b> (Part 2 – Plates). Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Washington Printing Office</a>: ~500pp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monographs+of+the+U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Status+of+the+Mesozoic+floras+of+the+United+States%2C+Vol.+2&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=Part+2+%E2%80%93+Plates&rft.pages=~500pp&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatusofmesozoic00ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span> With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDealeyWard1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Dealey" title="James Q. Dealey">Dealey, James Q.</a>; Ward, Lester F. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atextbooksociol00wardgoog"><i>A Text-Book of Sociology</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan & Co.">The Macmillan Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Text-Book+of+Sociology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Dealey&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatextbooksociol00wardgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1906" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appliedsociolog00wardgoog"><i>Applied Sociology. A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ginn_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Ginn & Co.">Ginn & Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Sociology.+A+Treatise+on+the+Conscious+Improvement+of+Society+by+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ginn+%26+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fappliedsociolog00wardgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1908" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2762575"><i>Social Classes in the Light of Modern Sociological Theory</i></a>. Vol. 13. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. 617–627.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Classes+in+the+Light+of+Modern+Sociological+Theory&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=617-627&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2762575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1910–1919"><span id="1910.E2.80.931919"></span>1910–1919</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1910–1919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1913" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Lester F. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appliedsociolog00wardgoog"><i>Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>. pp. 737–754.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugenics%2C+Euthenics%2C+and+Eudemics&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=737-754&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fappliedsociolog00wardgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1913–1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofcosmos01wardiala"><i>Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 1</i></a>. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Cosmos%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913%2F1918&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesofcosmos01wardiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1913–1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofcosmos02wardiala"><i>Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 2</i></a>. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Cosmos%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913%2F1918&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesofcosmos02wardiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1913–1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofcosmos03wardiala"><i>Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 3</i></a>. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Cosmos%2C+Vol.+3&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913%2F1918&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesofcosmos03wardiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1913–1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofcosmos04wardiala"><i>Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 4</i></a>. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Cosmos%2C+Vol.+4&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913%2F1918&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesofcosmos04wardiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1913–1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofcosmos05wardiala"><i>Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 5</i></a>. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Cosmos%2C+Vol.+5&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913%2F1918&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesofcosmos05wardiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1913–1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofcosmos06wardiala"><i>Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vol. 6</i></a>. Vol. 6 vols. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Cosmos%2C+Vol.+6&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913%2F1918&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesofcosmos06wardiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-wRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1067">"WARD, Lester Frank"</a>. <i>The International Who's Who in the World</i>. 1912. p. 1067. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613154526/https://books.google.com/books?id=I-wRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1067#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Who%27s+Who+in+the+World&rft.atitle=WARD%2C+Lester+Frank&rft.pages=1067&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-wRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDealey1925" class="citation journal cs1">Dealey, James Quayle (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3004574">"Masters of Social Science: Lester Frank Ward"</a>. <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 257–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3004574">10.2307/3004574</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3004574">3004574</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529192628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3004574">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Masters+of+Social+Science%3A+Lester+Frank+Ward&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-272&rft.date=1925&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3004574%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3004574&rft.aulast=Dealey&rft.aufirst=James+Quayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3004574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall1916" class="citation journal cs1">Small, Albion W. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2763629">"Fifty Years of Sociology in the United States (1865–1915)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>21</b> (6): 749–758. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F212570">10.1086/212570</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2763629">2763629</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326121406/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2763629">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Sociology+in+the+United+States+%281865%E2%80%931915%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=749-758&rft.date=1916&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2763629%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F212570&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Albion+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2763629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto6_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lybeck, E. R. (2013). "Lester Ward and Patrick Geddes in early American and British sociology". <i>History of the Human Sciences</i>, 26(2), p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cape-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cape_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCape1922" class="citation book cs1">Cape, Emily Palmer (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesterfwardperso00capeiala"><i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lester+F.+Ward%3A+A+Personal+Sketch&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Cape&rft.aufirst=Emily+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesterfwardperso00capeiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sniegoski, S. J. (1985). "State Schools 'versus' Parental Rights: The Legacy of Lester Frank Ward". <i>The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies</i>, 10(2), 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartha_Mitchell1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Mitchell" title="Martha Mitchell">Martha Mitchell</a> (1993). "Ward, Lester F.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=W0050"><i>Encyclopedia Brunoniana</i></a>. Providence, RI: Brown University Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211032306/https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=W0050">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2022</span>. <q>He enlisted in the Union army in August 1862, only a few days after his secret marriage to Elisabeth Vought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ward%2C+Lester+F.&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Brunoniana&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=Brown+University+Library&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Martha+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FAdministration%2FNews_Bureau%2FDatabases%2FEncyclopedia%2Fsearch.php%3Fserial%3DW0050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.), 19 April 1913. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1913-04-19/ed-1/seq-5/">https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1913-04-19/ed-1/seq-5/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i> GP Putnam's Sons. p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.), 19 April 1913. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1913-04-19/ed-1/seq-5/">https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1913-04-19/ed-1/seq-5/</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought</i>, 1841–1913. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, H. E. (1919). "Two Representative Contributions of Sociology to Political Theory: The Doctrines of William Graham Sumner and Lester Frank Ward". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, 25(1), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Lester+F.+Ward&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614175348/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Lester+F.+Ward&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DLester%2BF.%2BWard%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Providence news. (Providence [R.I.]), 08 March 1906. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91070630/1906-03-08/ed-1/seq-9/">https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91070630/1906-03-08/ed-1/seq-9/</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 269–272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladysmith news-budget. [volume] (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.), 10 March 1910. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85040245/1910-03-10/ed-1/seq-4/">https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85040245/1910-03-10/ed-1/seq-4/</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 273–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.), 27 April 1913. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1913-04-27/ed-1/seq-27/">https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1913-04-27/ed-1/seq-27/</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch. GP Putnam's Sons. pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASAbio-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASAbio_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Sociological_Association" class="citation web cs1">American Sociological Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813040457/http://www2.asanet.org/governance/lesterward.html">"American Sociological Association – Lester Ward"</a>. <i>www2.asanet.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.asanet.org/governance/lesterward.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.asanet.org&rft.atitle=American+Sociological+Association+%E2%80%93+Lester+Ward&rft.au=American+Sociological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.asanet.org%2Fgovernance%2Flesterward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 119–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, Lester. (1883). <i>Dynamic Sociology: Or Applied Social Science as Based Upon Statistical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnham, J. C. (1954). "Lester Frank Ward as natural scientist". <i>American Quarterly</i>, 6(3), 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1891" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Lester Frank (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUEKAAAAMAAJ">"Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613153632/https://books.google.com/books?id=yUEKAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neo-Darwinism+and+Neo-Lamarckism&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUEKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch. GP Putnam's Sons. pp. 185–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. pp. 187–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, L. F. (1916). Pure sociology: A treatise on the origin and spontaneous development of society. Macmillan Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Hawkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Mike Hawkins (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SszNCxSKmgkC&pg=PA13"><i>Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521574341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521574341"><bdi>978-0521574341</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613154649/https://books.google.com/books?id=SszNCxSKmgkC&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+European+and+American+Thought%2C+1860%E2%80%931945%3A+Nature+as+Model+and+Nature+as+Threat&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521574341&rft.au=Mike+Hawkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSszNCxSKmgkC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ward,_Lester_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward, Lester Frank">Ward, Lester Frank</a> (1913). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2763324.pdf">Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics</a>" (PDF). <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, 18(6), 737–754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, J. R. (1975). "Man over nature: Origins of the conservation movement". <i>American Studies</i>, 16(1), 49–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnham, J. C. (1954). "Lester Frank Ward as natural scientist". <i>American Quarterly</i>, 6(3), 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester Frank Ward, <i>Forum</i> XX, 1895, quoted in Henry Steel Commager's <i>The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/4j03d0010.html"><i>Lester Ward and the welfare state</i></a>. Bobbs-Merrill. 1967. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-50998-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-50998-8"><bdi>978-0-672-50998-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613154655/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/4j03d0010.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lester+Ward+and+the+welfare+state&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-672-50998-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2F4j03d0010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Piott2006" class="citation book cs1">Steven L. Piott (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4e49Jg5HboC&pg=PA23"><i>American Reformers, 1870–1920: Progressives in Word And Deed</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742527638" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742527638"><bdi>978-0742527638</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613154532/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4e49Jg5HboC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Reformers%2C+1870%E2%80%931920%3A+Progressives+in+Word+And+Deed&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0742527638&rft.au=Steven+L.+Piott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4e49Jg5HboC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commager, Henry Steel. (1950). <i>The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, Frank Lester. (1888) "Our Better Halves," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gynocentrism.com/2015/05/15/our-better-halves-1888/">https://gynocentrism.com/2015/05/15/our-better-halves-1888/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612113218/https://gynocentrism.com/2015/05/15/our-better-halves-1888/">Archived</a> June 12, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cape, E. P. (1922). <i>Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch</i>. GP Putnam's Sons. p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifford_H._Scott_1970_pp_54-67-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clifford_H._Scott_1970_pp_54-67_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford H. Scott, "A Naturalistic Rationale For Women's Reform: Lester Frank Ward on the Evolution of Sexual Relations," <i>Historian</i> (1970) 33#1 pp. 54–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hofstadter. (1945). Social Darwinism in American Thought. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, R. A. (1956). <i>Lester F. Ward as Legal Philosopher</i>. NYLF, 2, 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lybeck, E. R. (2013). "Lester Ward and Patrick Geddes in early American and British sociology". <i>History of the Human Sciences</i>, 26(2), p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafferty, E. (2003). <i>Apostle of human progress: Lester Frank Ward and American political thought, 1841–1913</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 285–286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lybeck, E. R. (2013). "Lester Ward and Patrick Geddes in early American and British sociology". <i>History of the Human Sciences</i>, 26(2), pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.gwu.edu/ead/ms0247.xml">Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1883–1919</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119054143/https://library.gwu.edu/ead/ms0247.xml">Archived</a> November 19, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, the George Washington University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becker1975-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Becker1975_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker 1975: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/escapefromevil00beck">online available</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1939" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Edward A. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083768">"Review of Lester F. Ward, The American Aristotle"</a>. <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 859–861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2083768">10.2307/2083768</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083768">2083768</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514153215/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083768">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Lester+F.+Ward%2C+The+American+Aristotle&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=859-861&rft.date=1939&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2083768%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2083768&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2083768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1939" class="citation journal cs1">Guthrie, Elton F. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083769">"Review of Lester F. Ward, The American Aristotle"</a>. <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 861–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2083769">10.2307/2083769</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083769">2083769</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514153219/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083769">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Lester+F.+Ward%2C+The+American+Aristotle&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=861-862&rft.date=1939&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2083769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2083769&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Elton+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2083769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinlayAbstract-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FinlayAbstract_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlay 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/251">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205134903/http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/251">Archived</a> December 5, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gossett1997-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gossett1997_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gossett : new edition 1997 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUucYTW6ug0C">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613154651/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUucYTW6ug0C">Archived</a> June 13, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward1885-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward1885_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015086632505">2027/mdp.39015086632505</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten1894" class="citation journal cs1">Patten, Simon N. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1008869">"The Failure of Biologic Sociology"</a>. <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 63–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271629400400604">10.1177/000271629400400604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1008869">1008869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Failure+of+Biologic+Sociology&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=63-91&rft.date=1894&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1008869%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271629400400604&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Simon+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1008869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/251002">"Pure Sociology: A Treatise Concerning the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society . Lester F. Ward"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 655–656. 1903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F251002">10.1086/251002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613155252/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/251002">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Pure+Sociology%3A+A+Treatise+Concerning+the+Origin+and+Spontaneous+Development+of+Society+.+Lester+F.+Ward&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=655-656&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F251002&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F251002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Commager, Henry Steele, ed., <i>Lester Frank Ward and the Welfare State</i> (1967), major writings by Ward, and long introduction by Commager</li> <li>Stern, Bernhard J. ed. <i>Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870 as They Were Lived in the Vicinity of the Little Town of Towanda, Pennsylvania; in the Field as a Rank and File Soldier in the Union Army; and Later in the Nation's Capital, by Lester Ward Who became the First Great Sociologist This Country Produced</i> (1935)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bannister, Robert. <i>Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880–1940</i> (1987), pp. 13–31.</li> <li>Burnham, John C. "Lester Frank Ward as Natural Scientist," <i>American Quarterly</i> 1954 6#3 pp. 259–265 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031400">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Chugerman, Samuel. <i>Lester F. Ward, the American Aristotle: A Summary and Interpretation of His Sociology</i> (Duke University Press, 1939)</li> <li>Fine, Sidney. <i>Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought, 1865–1901</i> (1956), pp. 252–288</li> <li>Muccigrosso, Robert, ed. <i>Research Guide to American Historical Biography</i> (1988) 3:1570–1574</li> <li>Nelson, Alvin F. "Lester Ward's Conception of the Nature of Science," <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> (1972) 33#4 pp. 633–638 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708862">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Piott, Steven L. <i> American Reformers, 1870–1920: Progressives in Word and Deed</i> (2006); examines 12 leading activists; see chapter 1 for Ward.</li> <li>Scott, Clifford H. <i>Lester Frank Ward</i> (1976)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources_2">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Synergy#Lester_Frank_Ward" class="extiw" title="q:Synergy">Lester Frank Ward</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ward,_Lester_Frank" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ward, Lester Frank">Ward, Lester Frank</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=113">Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Collection, 1860–1913, Brown University Library Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.gwu.edu/ead/ms0247.xml">Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1883–1919, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, the George Washington University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119054143/https://library.gwu.edu/ead/ms0247.xml">Archived</a> November 19, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithsonian_Institution_Archives" class="citation web cs1">Smithsonian Institution Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307024948/http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_arc_217477">"Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1882–1913, with Related Materials to Circa 1965"</a>. <i>collections.si.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.si.edu/search/record/siris_arc_217477">the original</a> on March 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.si.edu&rft.atitle=Lester+Frank+Ward+Papers%2C+1882%E2%80%931913%2C+with+Related+Materials+to+Circa+1965.&rft.au=Smithsonian+Institution+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.si.edu%2Fsearch%2Frecord%2Fsiris_arc_217477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester_Ward_(search_of_Archive.org)" class="citation web cs1">Lester Ward (search of Archive.org). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Ward%2C%20Lester">"Internet Archive Search: Ward, Lester"</a>. <i>archive.org/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org%2F&rft.atitle=Internet+Archive+Search%3A+Ward%2C+Lester&rft.au=Lester+Ward+%28search+of+Archive.org%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3DWard%252C%2520Lester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources_2">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_Frank_Ward&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalf_Schreyer" class="citation web cs1">Ralf Schreyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/ralf_schreyer/ward/lesterward.html">"Lester Frank Ward: Sociology – Primary Resources"</a>. <i>www.geocities.ws/ralf_schreyer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geocities.ws%2Fralf_schreyer&rft.atitle=Lester+Frank+Ward%3A+Sociology+%E2%80%93+Primary+Resources&rft.au=Ralf+Schreyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.ws%2Fralf_schreyer%2Fward%2Flesterward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALester+Frank+Ward" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050113101503/http://www.rootsweb.com/~srgp/histmark/wardmark.htm">The Sunday Review; Towanda, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofjoliet.com/halloffame/scientists/lesterfward.htm">Short biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214453/http://www.cityofjoliet.com/halloffame/scientists/lesterfward.htm">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikeoren.com/ward.htm">A Lester Ward web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620212144/http://pubsoc.wisc.edu/?q=">Public Sociology website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061120002906/http://www.thedailyreview.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=2276&dept_id=495082&newsid=16413291&PAG=461&rfi=9">Mansfield University Sociology professor Gale Largey produced a 90 minute documentary on Lester Frank Ward that was featured at the 2005 Centennial of the American Sociological Association and is available upon request from the director.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%20Frank%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ward%2C%20L%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lester%20Frank%20Ward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lester%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lester%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lester%20Frank%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lester%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22L%2E%20Frank%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%20Frank%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ward%2C%20L%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ward%2C%20L%2E%20Frank%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lester%20Ward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lester%20Frank%20Ward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lester%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lester%20Ward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lester%20Frank%20Ward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lester%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22L%2E%20F%2E%20Ward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%20Frank%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%20F%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lester%20Ward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ward%2C%20Lester%22%29%20OR%20%28%221841-1913%22%20AND%20Ward%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Lester Frank Ward</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10565">Works by Lester Frank Ward</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Sociological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1906–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lester Frank Ward</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> (1908–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Giddings" title="Franklin Henry Giddings">Franklin Henry Giddings</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Woodbury_Small" title="Albion Woodbury Small">Albion Woodbury Small</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Edward Alsworth Ross</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Vincent" title="George Edgar Vincent">George Edgar Vincent</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Elliott_Howard" title="George Elliott Howard">George Elliott Howard</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cooley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cooley">Charles Cooley</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Blackmar" title="Frank W. Blackmar">Frank W. Blackmar</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Dealey" title="James Q. Dealey">James Q. Dealey</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Hayes" title="Edward C. Hayes">Edward C. Hayes</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Lichtenberger" title="James P. Lichtenberger">James P. Lichtenberger</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_G._Weatherly" title="Ulysses G. Weatherly">Ulysses G. Weatherly</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Ellwood" title="Charles A. Ellwood">Charles A. Ellwood</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park">Robert E. Park</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gillin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis Gillin">John Lewis Gillin</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._I._Thomas" title="W. I. Thomas">W. I. Thomas</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Gillette" title="John M. Gillette">John M. Gillette</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fielding_Ogburn" title="William Fielding Ogburn">William Fielding Ogburn</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Odum" title="Howard W. Odum">Howard W. Odum</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_S._Bogardus" title="Emory S. Bogardus">Emory S. Bogardus</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_L._Bernard" title="Luther L. Bernard">Luther L. Bernard</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Reuter" title="Edward B. Reuter">Edward B. Reuter</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Stuart_Chapin" title="F. Stuart Chapin">F. Stuart Chapin</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pratt_Fairchild" title="Henry Pratt Fairchild">Henry Pratt Fairchild</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Faris" title="Ellsworth Faris">Ellsworth Faris</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hankins" title="Frank H. Hankins">Frank H. Hankins</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sutherland" title="Edwin Sutherland">Edwin Sutherland</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_MacIver" title="Robert Morrison MacIver">Robert Morrison MacIver</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Queen" title="Stuart A. Queen">Stuart A. Queen</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Sanderson" title="Dwight Sanderson">Dwight Sanderson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Lundberg" title="George A. Lundberg">George A. Lundberg</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Vance" title="Rupert Vance">Rupert Bayless Vance</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Young" title="Kimball Young">Kimball Young</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cleveland_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Cleveland Taylor (page does not exist)">Carl Cleveland Taylor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cleveland_Taylor" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Cleveland Taylor">de</a>]</span> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Franklin_Frazier" title="E. Franklin Frazier">E. Franklin Frazier</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_S._Cottrell_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard S. Cottrell Jr. (page does not exist)">Leonard S. Cottrell Jr.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Slater_Cottrell" class="extiw" title="de:Leonard Slater Cottrell">de</a>]</span> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Angell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Angell">Robert C. Angell</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Swaine_Thomas" title="Dorothy Swaine Thomas">Dorothy Swaine Thomas</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Stouffer" title="Samuel A. Stouffer">Samuel A. Stouffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Znaniecki" title="Florian Znaniecki">Florian Znaniecki</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Young_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Young (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Donald Young</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blumer" title="Herbert Blumer">Herbert Blumer</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Murphy_Williams" title="Robin Murphy Williams">Robin M. Williams Jr.</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Davis" title="Kingsley Davis">Kingsley Davis</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Becker" title="Howard P. Becker">Howard P. Becker</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._L._Faris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. L. Faris (page does not exist)">Robert E. L. Faris</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld" title="Paul Lazarsfeld">Paul Lazarsfeld</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="Everett Hughes (sociologist)">Everett Hughes</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Homans" title="George C. Homans">George C. Homans</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_E._Moore" title="Wilbert E. Moore">Wilbert E. Moore</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Loomis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Loomis (page does not exist)">Charles P. Loomis</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hauser" title="Philip Hauser">Philip Hauser</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Marshall_Rose" title="Arnold Marshall Rose">Arnold Marshall Rose</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Turner" title="Ralph H. Turner">Ralph H. Turner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bendix" title="Reinhard Bendix">Reinhard Bendix</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Sewell" title="William H. Sewell">William H. Sewell</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Goode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Goode (page does not exist)">William J. Goode</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Komarovsky" title="Mirra Komarovsky">Mirra Komarovsky</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blau" title="Peter Blau">Peter Blau</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Coser" title="Lewis A. Coser">Lewis A. Coser</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_McClung_Lee" title="Alfred McClung Lee">Alfred McClung Lee</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Yinger" title="John Milton Yinger">John Milton Yinger</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Hawley" title="Amos Hawley">Amos Hawley</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_M._Blalock_Jr." title="Hubert M. Blalock Jr.">Hubert M. Blalock Jr.</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Rossi" title="Peter H. Rossi">Peter H. Rossi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Foote_Whyte" title="William Foote Whyte">William Foote Whyte</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_S._Rossi" title="Alice S. Rossi">Alice S. Rossi</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Short_Jr." title="James F. Short Jr.">James F. Short Jr.</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_T._Erikson" title="Kai T. Erikson">Kai T. Erikson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_White_Riley" title="Matilda White Riley">Matilda White Riley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_L._Kohn" title="Melvin L. Kohn">Melvin L. Kohn</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Gans" title="Herbert J. Gans">Herbert J. Gans</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Huber" title="Joan Huber">Joan Huber</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lieberson" title="Stanley Lieberson">Stanley Lieberson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Samuel_Coleman" title="James Samuel Coleman">James Samuel Coleman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Gamson" title="William A. Gamson">William A. Gamson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_T._Hallinan" title="Maureen T. Hallinan">Maureen T. Hallinan</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Smelser" title="Neil Smelser">Neil Smelser</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Quadagno" title="Jill Quadagno">Jill Quadagno</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Massey" title="Douglas Massey">Douglas Massey</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Reskin" title="Barbara Reskin">Barbara Reskin</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Bielby" title="William T. Bielby">William T. Bielby</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Michael Burawoy</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Duster" title="Troy Duster">Troy Duster</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Fuchs_Epstein" title="Cynthia Fuchs Epstein">Cynthia Fuchs Epstein</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Frances Fox Piven</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_L._Kalleberg" title="Arne L. Kalleberg">Arne L. Kalleberg</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Nakano_Glenn" title="Evelyn Nakano Glenn">Evelyn Nakano Glenn</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Randall Collins</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_L._Ridgeway" title="Cecilia L. Ridgeway">Cecilia L. Ridgeway</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_England" title="Paula England">Paula England</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Milkman" title="Ruth Milkman">Ruth Milkman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Lamont" title="Michèle Lamont">Michèle Lamont</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Eduardo Bonilla-Silva</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Romero" title="Mary Romero">Mary Romero</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Williams_(sociologist)" title="Christine Williams (sociologist)">Christine Williams</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldon_Morris" title="Aldon Morris">Aldon Morris</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Menj%C3%ADvar" title="Cecilia Menjívar">Cecilia Menjívar</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Carter" title="Prudence Carter">Prudence Carter</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679184#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109627502">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30333275">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7088/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRTWFYK3cqrpfMrWYQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11880619X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50021714">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00517870">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35591000">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011018507&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07143058X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000122041&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=121164">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810638422705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463440105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514967206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Ward">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1006673">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11880619X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s75kbs">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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