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id="toc-Open_Access_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Access_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Open Access publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Access_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Citation metric" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a>.</div> <p><b>Citation impact</b> or <b>citation rate</b> is a measure of how many times an academic journal article or book or author is <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">cited</a> by other articles, books or authors.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haustein_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haustein_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through <a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">citation analysis</a>. The importance of journals can be measured by the average citation rate,<sup id="cite_ref-Garfield_1972_pp._471–479_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garfield_1972_pp._471–479-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haustein_2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haustein_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ratio of number of citations to number articles published within a given time period and in a given index, such as the <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Citescore" class="mw-redirect" title="Citescore">citescore</a>. It is used by <a href="/wiki/Academic_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic institutions">academic institutions</a> in decisions about <a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">academic tenure</a>, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do <a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">ranking</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> algorithm, <a href="/wiki/Software_metrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Software metrics">software metrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">college and university rankings</a>, and business <a href="/wiki/Performance_indicator" title="Performance indicator">performance indicators</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Article-level">Article-level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Article-level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></div> <p>One of the most basic citation metrics is how often an article was cited in other articles, books, or other sources (such as theses). Citation rates are heavily dependent on the discipline and the number of people working in that area. For instance, many more scientists work in neuroscience than in mathematics, and neuroscientists publish more papers than mathematicians, hence neuroscience papers are much more often cited than papers in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Review_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Review paper">review papers</a> are more often cited than regular research papers because they summarize results from many papers. This may also be the reason why papers with shorter titles get more citations, given that they are usually covering a broader area.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most-cited_papers">Most-cited papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Most-cited papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most-cited paper in history is a paper by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_H._Lowry" title="Oliver H. Lowry">Oliver Lowry</a> describing <a href="/wiki/Lowry_assay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowry assay">an assay to measure the concentration of proteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2014 it had accumulated more than 305,000 citations. The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuter's</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author-level">Author-level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Author-level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></div> <p>Total citations, or average citation count per article, can be reported for an individual author or researcher. Many other measures have been proposed, beyond simple citation counts, to better quantify an individual scholar's citation impact.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known author-level measures include total citations and the <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/s11192-017-2330-1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counting the number of citations per paper is also employed to identify the authors of citation classics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citations are distributed highly unequally among researchers. In a study based on the <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of citations that went to this elite group grew from 14% to 21%. The highest concentrations of 'citation elite' researchers were in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. 70% of the authors in the Web of Science database have fewer than 5 publications, so that the most-cited authors among the 4 million included in this study constitute a tiny fraction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journal-level">Journal-level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Journal-level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Journal-level_metrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal-level metrics">Journal-level metrics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">Journal impact factor</a></div> <p>The simplest journal-level metric is the <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a>, the average number of citations that articles published by a journal in the previous two years have received in the current year, as calculated by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a>. Other companies report similar metrics, such as the <a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>. </p><p>However, very high <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">journal impact factor</a> or <a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a> are often based on a small number of very highly cited papers. For instance, most papers in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a> (impact factor 38.1, 2016) were only cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year (see figure). Journals with a lower impact (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i>, impact factor 3.1) publish many papers that are cited 0 to 5 times but few highly cited articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Callaway2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callaway2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journal-level metrics are often misinterpreted as a measure for journal quality or article quality. However, the use of non-article-level metrics to determine the impact of a single article is statistically invalid. Moreover, studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank",<sup id="cite_ref-Brembs2018_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brembs2018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrary to widespread expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citation distribution is <a href="/wiki/Skewness" title="Skewness">skewed</a> for journals because a very small number of articles are driving the vast majority of citations; therefore, some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor, e.g. the journals of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citation counts follow mostly a <a href="/wiki/Lognormal_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lognormal distribution">lognormal distribution</a>, except for the <a href="/wiki/Long_tail" title="Long tail">long tail</a>, which is better fit by a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other journal-level metrics include the <a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Altmetrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">alternative approach</a> to measure a scholar's impact relies on usage data, such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance, often at <a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">article level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bollen2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bollen2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 2004, the <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i> published the number of views for its articles, which was found to be somewhat correlated to citations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Internet_Research" title="Journal of Medical Internet Research">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a></i> began publishing views and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Tweets</a>. These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELife" title="ELife">eLife</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMBO_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="EMBO Journal">EMBO Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society">The Royal Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)"><i>Science</i></a> proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_analysis">Citation analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citation analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Citation analysis</a></div> <p>An important recent development in research on citation impact is the discovery of <i>universality</i>, or citation impact patterns that hold across different disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. For example, it has been shown that the number of citations received by a publication, once properly rescaled by its average across articles published in the same discipline and in the same year, follows a universal <a href="/wiki/Log-normal_distribution" title="Log-normal distribution">log-normal distribution</a> that is the same in every discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-Radicchi2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radicchi2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding has suggested a <i>universal citation impact measure</i> that extends the h-index by properly rescaling citation counts and resorting publications, however the computation of such a universal measure requires the collection of extensive citation data and statistics for every discipline and year. Social <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> tools such as Scholarometer have been proposed to address this need.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoang2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoang2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaur2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaur2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaur et al. proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics, i.e., their capability to compare impact fairly across fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaur2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaur2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the field-normalized h-index. </p><p>Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparison across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance in Medicine among other factors the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact. Whilst in Sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also it is found that scholars engage in ethically questionable behavior in order to inflate the number of citations articles receive.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automated <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indexing</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has changed the nature of citation analysis research, allowing millions of citations to be analyzed for large scale patterns and knowledge discovery. The first example of automated citation indexing was <a href="/wiki/CiteSeer" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeer</a>, later to be followed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>. More recently, advanced models for a dynamic analysis of citation aging have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter model is even used as a predictive tool for determining the citations that might be obtained at any time of the lifetime of a corpus of publications. </p><p>Some researchers also propose that the journal citation rate on Wikipedia, next to the traditional citation index, "may be a good indicator of the work's impact in the field of psychology."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Mario Biagioli: "All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused. <a href="/wiki/Goodhart%27s_law" title="Goodhart's law">Goodhart's law</a> [...] states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_Access_publications">Open Access publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Open Access publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Access">Open Access</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> publications are accessible without cost to readers, hence they would be expected to be cited more frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experimental and observational studies have found that articles published in open access journals do not receive more citations, on average, than those published in subscription journals;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other studies have found that they do.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence that <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">author-self-archived</a> ("green") open access <i>articles</i> are cited more than non open access articles is somewhat stronger than the evidence that ("gold") open access <i>journals</i> are cited more than non open access journals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two reasons for this are that many of the top-cited journals today are still only <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">hybrid</a> open access (author has the option to pay for gold)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many pure author-pays open access journals today are either of low quality or downright fraudulent "predatory journals," preying on authors' eagerness to publish-or-perish, thereby lowering the average citation counts of open access journals.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Citation_Quotient" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Citation Quotient">Mathematical Citation Quotient</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarfield1955" class="citation journal cs1">Garfield, E. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/science_v122v3159p108y1955.html">"Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>122</b> (3159): 108–111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955Sci...122..108G">1955Sci...122..108G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.122.3159.108">10.1126/science.122.3159.108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14385826">14385826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Citation+Indexes+for+Science%3A+A+New+Dimension+in+Documentation+through+Association+of+Ideas&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3159&rft.pages=108-111&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14385826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.122.3159.108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955Sci...122..108G&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fpapers%2Fscience_v122v3159p108y1955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield1973" class="citation journal cs1">Garfield, E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/V1p406y1962-73.pdf">"Citation Frequency as a Measure of Research Activity and Performance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Essays of an Information Scientist</i>. <b>1</b>: 406–408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+of+an+Information+Scientist&rft.atitle=Citation+Frequency+as+a+Measure+of+Research+Activity+and+Performance&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=406-408&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fessays%2FV1p406y1962-73.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield1988" class="citation journal cs1">Garfield, E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf">"Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Essays of an Information Scientist</i>. <b>11</b>: 354.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+of+an+Information+Scientist&rft.atitle=Can+Researchers+Bank+on+Citation+Analysis%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=354&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fessays%2Fv11p354y1988.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield1998" class="citation web cs1">Garfield, E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/eval_of_science_CBE(Utah).html">"The use of journal impact factors and citation analysis in the evaluation of science"</a>. <i>41st Annual Meeting of the Council of Biology Editors</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=41st+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Council+of+Biology+Editors&rft.atitle=The+use+of+journal+impact+factors+and+citation+analysis+in+the+evaluation+of+science&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fpapers%2Feval_of_science_CBE%28Utah%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoed2005" class="citation book cs1">Moed, Henk F. (2005). <i>Citation Analysis in Research Evaluation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3713-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3713-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-3713-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citation+Analysis+in+Research+Evaluation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3713-9&rft.aulast=Moed&rft.aufirst=Henk+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haustein_2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haustein_2012_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haustein_2012_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaustein2012" class="citation book cs1">Haustein, S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MH1N4ottpdMC"><i>Multidimensional Journal Evaluation: Analyzing Scientific Periodicals beyond the Impact Factor</i></a>. Knowledge and Information. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025555-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025555-3"><bdi>978-3-11-025555-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Scientometrics, 79(1), 147-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garfield_1972_pp._471–479-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garfield_1972_pp._471–479_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield1972" class="citation journal cs1">Garfield, Eugene (1972-11-03). "Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation". <i>Science</i>. <b>178</b> (4060). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 471–479. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Sci...178..471G">1972Sci...178..471G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.178.4060.471">10.1126/science.178.4060.471</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5079701">5079701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Citation+Analysis+as+a+Tool+in+Journal+Evaluation&rft.volume=178&rft.issue=4060&rft.pages=471-479&rft.date=1972-11-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.178.4060.471&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5079701&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972Sci...178..471G&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Solla_Price1963" class="citation book cs1">de Solla Price, D. J. 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M.; Lewenstein, B. V.; Simon, D. H.; Booth, J. G.; Connolly, M. J. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492576">"Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i>. <b>337</b>: a568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a568">10.1136/bmj.a568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492576">2492576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18669565">18669565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Open+access+publishing%2C+article+downloads%2C+and+citations%3A+randomised+controlled+trial&rft.volume=337&rft.pages=a568&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492576%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18669565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.a568&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Lewenstein%2C+B.+V.&rft.au=Simon%2C+D.+H.&rft.au=Booth%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Connolly%2C+M.+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, P. M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.11-183988">"Open access, readership, citations: a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_FASEB_Journal" title="The FASEB Journal">The FASEB Journal</a></i>. <b>25</b> (7): 2129–2134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.11-183988">10.1096/fj.11-183988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21450907">21450907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205367842">205367842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Open+access%2C+readership%2C+citations%3A+a+randomized+controlled+trial+of+scientific+journal+publishing&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2129-2134&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205367842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21450907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.11-183988&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffj.11-183988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuaQureshiKrishnanPai2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chua, SK; Qureshi, Ahmad M; Krishnan, Vijay; Pai, Dinker R; Kamal, Laila B; Gunasegaran, Sharmilla; Afzal, MZ; Ambawatta, Lahiru; Gan, JY (2017-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5464220">"The impact factor of an open access journal does not contribute to an article's citations"</a>. <i>F1000Research</i>. <b>6</b>: 208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.10892.1">10.12688/f1000research.10892.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5464220">5464220</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28649365">28649365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F1000Research&rft.atitle=The+impact+factor+of+an+open+access+journal+does+not+contribute+to+an+article%27s+citations&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=208&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5464220%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28649365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12688%2Ff1000research.10892.1&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+Ahmad+M&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+Vijay&rft.au=Pai%2C+Dinker+R&rft.au=Kamal%2C+Laila+B&rft.au=Gunasegaran%2C+Sharmilla&rft.au=Afzal%2C+MZ&rft.au=Ambawatta%2C+Lahiru&rft.au=Gan%2C+JY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5464220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tang, M., Bever, J. D., & Yu, F. H. (2017). Open access increases citations of papers in ecology. Ecosphere, 8(7), e01887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niyazov, Y., Vogel, C., Price, R., Lund, B., Judd, D., Akil, A., ... & Shron, M. (2016). Open access meets discoverability: Citations to articles posted to Academia. edu. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0148257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, J. S., & Brandes, P. M. (2020). Green and gold open access citation and interdisciplinary advantage: A bibliometric study of two science journals. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(2), 102105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torres-Salinas, D., Robinson-Garcia, N., & Moed, H. F. (2019). Disentangling Gold Open Access. In Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators (pp. 129–144). Springer, Cham.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Björk, B. C., Kanto-Karvonen, S., & Harviainen, J. T. (2020). How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. Publications, 8(2), 17.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanson2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Chanson" title="Hubert Chanson">Chanson, Hubert</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:159099">"Research Quality, Publications and Impact in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries ?"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering</i>. <b>34</b> (8): 946–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fl07-027">10.1139/l07-027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Civil+Engineering&rft.atitle=Research+Quality%2C+Publications+and+Impact+in+Civil+Engineering+into+the+21st+Century.+Publish+or+Perish%2C+Commercial+versus+Open+Access%2C+Internet+versus+Libraries+%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=946-951&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fl07-027&rft.aulast=Chanson&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A159099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaretos,_J.Malesios,_C.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Panaretos, J.; Malesios, C. (2009). "Assessing Scientific Research Performance and Impact with Single Indices". <i>Scientometrics</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 635–670. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0812.4542">0812.4542</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-008-2174-9">10.1007/s11192-008-2174-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1957865">1957865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.atitle=Assessing+Scientific+Research+Performance+and+Impact+with+Single+Indices&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=635-670&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0812.4542&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1957865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11192-008-2174-9&rft.au=Panaretos%2C+J.&rft.au=Malesios%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+impact" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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