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id="toc-Early_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Russian resurgence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Exile in the Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pomerania_and_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomerania_and_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pomerania and Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomerania_and_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Scientific contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_of_Charles_XII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_Charles_XII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Battles of Charles XII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_Charles_XII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles XII of Sweden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="كارل الثاني عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل الثاني عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XII_de_Suecia" title="Carlos XII de Suecia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carlos XII de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XII_de_Suecia" title="Carlos XII de Suecia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carlos XII de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_Karl" title="XII Karl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XII Karl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF)" title="اوْن‌ایکینجی کارل (سوئد) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْن‌ایکینجی کارل (سوئد)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_12-s%C3%A8" title="Karl 12-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Karl 12-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII" title="Karl XII – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karl XII" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_XII_de_Su%C3%A8cia" title="Carles XII de Suècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carles XII de Suècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_XII." title="Karel XII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karel XII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarl_XII,_brenin_Sweden" title="Siarl XII, brenin Sweden – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siarl XII, brenin Sweden" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_12._af_Sverige" title="Karl 12. af Sverige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl 12. af Sverige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII._(Schweden)" title="Karl XII. (Schweden) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl XII. (Schweden)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII" title="Karl XII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karl XII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κάρολος ΙΒ΄ της Σουηδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος ΙΒ΄ της Σουηδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XII_de_Suecia" title="Carlos XII de Suecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos XII de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolo_la_12-a_(Svedio)" title="Karolo la 12-a (Svedio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karolo la 12-a (Svedio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos_XII.a_Suediakoa" title="Karlos XII.a Suediakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karlos XII.a Suediakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="کارل دوازدهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل دوازدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII" title="Charles XII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles XII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII" title="Karl XII – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Karl XII" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XII_de_Suecia" title="Carlos XII de Suecia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carlos XII de Suecia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC_12%EC%84%B8" title="칼 12세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼 12세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_XII" title="Կառլ XII – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառլ XII" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="बारहवाँ चार्ल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बारहवाँ चार्ल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlo_XII." title="Karlo XII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karlo XII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_la_12ma_di_Suedia" title="Karl la 12ma di Suedia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karl la 12ma di Suedia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII_dari_Swedia" title="Karl XII dari Swedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karl XII dari Swedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_12._Sv%C3%ADakonungur" title="Karl 12. Svíakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karl 12. Svíakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_XII_di_Svezia" title="Carlo XII di Svezia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carlo XII di Svezia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרל השנים עשר, מלך שוודיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל השנים עשר, מלך שוודיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_XII" title="კარლ XII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ XII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="XII Карл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XII Карл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_XII_(rex_Sueciae)" title="Carolus XII (rex Sueciae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus XII (rex Sueciae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_XII_Pfalcs-Cveibrikens" title="Kārlis XII Pfalcs-Cveibrikens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis XII Pfalcs-Cveibrikens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolis_XII" title="Karolis XII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karolis XII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._K%C3%A1roly_sv%C3%A9d_kir%C3%A1ly" title="XII. Károly svéd király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XII. Károly svéd király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_an%27i_Soeda" title="Charles XII an'i Soeda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles XII an'i Soeda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="स्वीडनचा बारावा चार्ल्स बारावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वीडनचा बारावा चार्ल्स बारावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="كارل التناشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل التناشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Шведийн Карл XII – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шведийн Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_XII_van_Zweden" title="Karel XII van Zweden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karel XII van Zweden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB12%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="カール12世 (スウェーデン王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール12世 (スウェーデン王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarl_XII._(Sweeden)" title="Kaarl XII. (Sweeden) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaarl XII. (Sweeden)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII_av_Sverige" title="Karl XII av Sverige – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl XII av Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII_av_Sverige" title="Karl XII av Sverige – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl XII av Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII" title="Karl XII – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karl XII" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_XII" title="Karol XII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol XII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_XII_da_Su%C3%A9cia" title="Carlos XII da Suécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carlos XII da Suécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_al_XII-lea_al_Suediei" title="Carol al XII-lea al Suediei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carol al XII-lea al Suediei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles XII of Sweden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_XII." title="Karol XII. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karol XII." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_XII._%C5%A0vedski" title="Karel XII. Švedski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karel XII. Švedski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Карл XII Шведски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл XII Шведски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII_od_%C5%A0vedske" title="Karl XII od Švedske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karl XII od Švedske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarle_XII" title="Kaarle XII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaarle XII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII" title="Karl XII – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl XII" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_12_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="พระเจ้าคาร์ลที่ 12 แห่งสวีเดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าคาร์ลที่ 12 แห่งสวีเดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._Karl" title="XII. Karl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XII. Karl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_XII" title="Карл XII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл XII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_XII_c%E1%BB%A7a_Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n" title="Karl XII của Thụy Điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl XII của Thụy Điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_han_Suecia" title="Charles XII han Suecia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Charles XII han Suecia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="卡尔十二世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔十二世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="卡爾十二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾十二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carolus Rex" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Rex_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carolus Rex (disambiguation)">Carolus Rex (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 18th-century king of Sweden. For the 1925 Swedish film, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_(film)" title="Charles XII (film)">Charles XII (film)</a>. For the horse, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Twelfth" title="Charles the Twelfth">Charles the Twelfth</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Charles XII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Copy_Charles_XII_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17886.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Copy_Charles_XII_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17886.png/220px-Copy_Charles_XII_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17886.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Copy_Charles_XII_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17886.png/330px-Copy_Charles_XII_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17886.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Copy_Charles_XII_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17886.png/440px-Copy_Charles_XII_-_Nationalmuseum_-_17886.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="850" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1715</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">5 April 1697 – 30 November 1718</span> <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Swedish_monarch" title="Coronation of the Swedish monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1697</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp</a> (5 April – 15 December 1697)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 1682<br /><a href="/wiki/Tre_Kronor_(castle)" title="Tre Kronor (castle)">Tre Kronor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1718<span style="display:none">(1718-11-30)</span> (aged 36)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Halden" title="Halden">Fredrikshald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 1719<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Riddarholmen_Church" title="Riddarholmen Church">Riddarholmen Church</a>, Stockholm</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XII_signatur.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles XII's signature"><img alt="Charles XII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Karl_XII_signatur.svg/125px-Karl_XII_signatur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Karl_XII_signatur.svg/188px-Karl_XII_signatur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Karl_XII_signatur.svg/250px-Karl_XII_signatur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Battles_of_Charles_XII">§ Battles of Charles XII</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles XII</b>, sometimes <b>Carl XII</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Karl XII</i>) or <b>Carolus Rex</b> (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a> from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a>, a branch line of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>. Charles was the only surviving son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrika Eleonora the Elder">Ulrika Eleonora the Elder</a>. He assumed power, after a seven-month <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a>, at the age of fifteen. </p><p>In 1700, a triple alliance of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>–<a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Holstein-Gottorp</a> and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Livonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Ingria" title="Swedish Ingria">Ingria</a>, aiming to draw advantage as the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> was unaligned and ruled by a young and inexperienced king, thus initiating the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>. Leading the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish army">Swedish army</a> against the alliance, Charles won multiple victories despite being significantly outnumbered. A major victory over a much larger Russian army in 1700, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a>, compelled <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> to <a href="/wiki/Suing_for_peace" title="Suing for peace">sue for peace</a>, an offer that Charles subsequently rejected. By 1706, Charles, now 24 years old, had forced all of his foes into submission. That year, Swedish forces under general <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Rehnski%C3%B6ld" title="Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld">Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld</a> won a decisive victory over a combined army of Saxony and Russia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fraustadt" title="Battle of Fraustadt">Battle of Fraustadt</a>. Russia was now the sole remaining hostile power. </p><p>Charles's subsequent <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII invasion of Russia">march on Moscow</a> met with initial success as victory followed victory, the most significant of which was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn" title="Battle of Holowczyn">Battle of Holowczyn</a> where the smaller Swedish army routed a Russian army twice its size. The campaign ended with disaster when the Swedish army suffered heavy losses to a Russian force more than twice its size at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Poltava</a>. Charles had been incapacitated by a wound prior to the battle, rendering him unable to take command. The defeat was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Perevolochna" title="Surrender at Perevolochna">Surrender at Perevolochna</a>. Charles spent the following years in exile in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> before returning to lead an assault on Norway, trying to evict the Danish king from the war once more in order to aim all his forces at the Russians. Two campaigns met with frustration and ultimate failure, concluding with his death at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fredriksten" title="Siege of Fredriksten">Siege of Fredriksten</a> in 1718. At the time, most of the Swedish Empire was under foreign military occupation, though Sweden itself was still free. This situation was later formalized, albeit moderated in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a>. The result was the end of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, and also of its effectively organized <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> and war machine, commencing <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">a parliamentary government</a> unique for continental Europe, which would last for half a century until royal autocracy was restored by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">Gustav III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles was an exceptionally skilled military leader and tactician as well as an able politician, credited with introducing important tax and legal reforms. As for his famous reluctance towards peace efforts, he is quoted by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> as saying upon the outbreak of the war: "I have resolved never to start an unjust war but never to end a legitimate one except by defeating my enemies". With the war consuming more than half his life and nearly all his reign, he never married and fathered no children. He was succeeded by his sister <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora,_Queen_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a>, who in turn was coerced to hand over all substantial powers to the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> and opted to surrender the throne to her husband Friedrich of Hesse-Kassel, who became King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I of Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_title">Royal title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Royal title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Swedish_sovereign" title="Style of the Swedish sovereign">Style of the Swedish sovereign</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XII_1697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Karl_XII_1697.jpg/190px-Karl_XII_1697.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Karl_XII_1697.jpg/285px-Karl_XII_1697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Karl_XII_1697.jpg/380px-Karl_XII_1697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The 15-year-old Charles in 1697 as king of the Swedish Empire, painting belonging to the workship of <a href="/wiki/David_Kl%C3%B6cker_Ehrenstrahl" title="David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl">David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His title in full as the king of Sweden was as follows: </p><p><i>The Sovereign and Supreme <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Lord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a>, Charles XII, <a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">by the Grace of God</a>, King of Sweden, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Goths" title="King of the Goths">the Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Wends" title="King of the Wends">the Wends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince">Grand Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelia_(historical_province_of_Finland)" title="Karelia (historical province of Finland)">Karelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen and Verden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Wenden_(Sauerland)" title="Wenden (Sauerland)">Wenden</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Ingria" title="Swedish Ingria">Ingria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wismar" title="Swedish Wismar">Wismar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine of the Rhine">Count Palatine of the Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_in_Bavaria" title="Duke in Bavaria">Duke in Bavaria</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Berg" title="Duchy of Berg">Berg</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XII does not mean that he was the twelfth king of Sweden by that name. Swedish kings <a href="/wiki/Erik_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik XIV of Sweden">Erik XIV</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1560–1568</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1604–1611</span>) gave themselves numerals after studying <a href="/wiki/Historia_de_omnibus_Gothorum_Sueonumque_regibus" title="Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus">a mythological history</a> of Sweden. He was actually the sixth King Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince Charles of Sweden was born on 17 June 1682 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> in the royal castle of <a href="/wiki/Tre_Kronor_(castle)" title="Tre Kronor (castle)">Tre Kronor</a> in Stockholm. He was the first son born to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a> and his wife, the Danish princess <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Denmark" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrika Eleonora</a>. He had an older sister, <a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Sophia_of_Sweden" title="Hedvig Sophia of Sweden">Hedvig Sophia</a>, born in 1681.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent more time with his parents than would be typical in a European royal court of the time and traveled with them from a very early age. Four more sons were born to the royal couple in the years following Charles's birth: Gustav in 1683, Ulrik in 1684, Frederick in 1685, and Charles Gustavus in 1686. However, all of these four died in infancy. In 1688, Charles's younger sister <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a> was born, who later succeeded him as ruler of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1693, Charles's mother died, and his father found consolation in spending more time with his son and heir. Charles XI brought his son with him to inspections and on other official business. Charles received an excellent education and was conscientiously prepared for the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned to ride by the age of four<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engaged in rigorous physical training in his adolescence. He was very strong-willed and as king often stubbornly stuck to the standards which had been instilled in him by his moral and religious education. In April 1697, Charles XI died, and Prince Charles ascended the Swedish throne. Charles XI had provided for a regency for his teenaged heir, but already in November 1697 the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag</a> (Sweden's assembly of <a href="/wiki/The_Estates" title="The Estates">the Estates</a>) recognized the fifteen-year-old Charles's majority. Charles XII was the first (and the last) Swedish ruler to inherit <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchical authority</a> from his predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Northern_War">Great Northern War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Great Northern War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_campaigns">Early campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XIIs_staty.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karl_XIIs_staty.JPG/170px-Karl_XIIs_staty.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karl_XIIs_staty.JPG/255px-Karl_XIIs_staty.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Karl_XIIs_staty.JPG/340px-Karl_XIIs_staty.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Charles XII in Stockholm, with Charles pointing towards Russia. Stockholmers call this statue "the lion among four pots" ("Lejonet mellan fyra krukor") referring to the mortars. This contrasts with a nearby statue of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII</a>, which has lions similarly arranged; that statue is known as "the pot among four lions" ("Krukan mellan fyra lejon"), referring to a Swedish slang expression for a klutz.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1700, the monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, Saxony (ruled by elector <a href="/wiki/August_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="August II of Poland">August II of Poland</a>, who was also the king of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a>) and Russia united in an alliance against Sweden, mainly through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Patkul" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Reinhold Patkul">Johann Reinhold Patkul</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livonian</a> nobleman who turned traitor when the <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (Sweden)">"great reduction"</a> of Charles XI in 1680 stripped much of the nobility of lands and properties. In late 1699, Charles sent a minor detachment to reinforce his brother-in-law Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp">Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp</a>, who was attacked by Danish forces the following year. A Saxon army simultaneously invaded Swedish Livonia, and in February 1700 surrounded <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, the most populous city of the Swedish Empire. Russia also declared war (August 1700), but stopped short of an attack on <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Ingria" title="Swedish Ingria">Swedish Ingria</a> until September 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles's first campaign was against Denmark–Norway, ruled by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV of Denmark</a>. For this campaign Charles secured the support of England and the Netherlands, both maritime powers concerned with Denmark's threats too close to <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">the Sound</a>. Leading a force of 8,000 and 43 ships in an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a>, Charles rapidly compelled the Danes to submit to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Travendal" title="Peace of Travendal">Peace of Travendal</a> in August 1700, which indemnified Holstein.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having forced Denmark–Norway to make peace within months, King Charles turned his attention upon the two other powerful neighbors, King August II (cousin to both Charles XII and Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway) and <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a> of Russia, who also had entered the war against him, ironically on the same day that Denmark came to terms.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia had opened their part of the war by invading the Swedish-held territories of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. Charles countered this by attacking the Russian besiegers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Battle of Narva</a> (November 1700). The Russians outnumbered the Swedish army of ten thousand men by almost four to one. Charles attacked under cover of a blizzard, effectively splitting the Russian army in two and won the battle. Many of Peter's troops who fled the battlefield drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Narva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva River">Narva River</a>. The total number of Russian fatalities reached about 10,000 at the end of the battle, while the Swedish forces lost 667 men.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles did not pursue the Russian army. Instead, he turned against Poland-Lithuania, which was formally neutral at this point, thereby disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament. Charles defeated the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus II">Augustus II</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxon</a> allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kliszow" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kliszow">Battle of Kliszow</a> in 1702 and captured many cities of the Commonwealth. After the deposition of Augustus as king of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, Charles XII put <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaus I of Poland">Stanisław Leszczyński</a> as his puppet on the Polish throne (1704).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_resurgence">Russian resurgence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian resurgence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XII_and_Ivan_Mazepa_after_The_Poltava_Battle_by_Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Karl_XII_and_Ivan_Mazepa_after_The_Poltava_Battle_by_Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m.jpg/220px-Karl_XII_and_Ivan_Mazepa_after_The_Poltava_Battle_by_Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Karl_XII_and_Ivan_Mazepa_after_The_Poltava_Battle_by_Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m.jpg/330px-Karl_XII_and_Ivan_Mazepa_after_The_Poltava_Battle_by_Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Karl_XII_and_Ivan_Mazepa_after_The_Poltava_Battle_by_Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m.jpg/440px-Karl_XII_and_Ivan_Mazepa_after_The_Poltava_Battle_by_Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Charles XII and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Poltava</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m" title="Gustaf Cederström">Gustaf Cederström</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Charles won several decisive battles in the Commonwealth and ultimately secured the coronation of his ally <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Saxony" title="Swedish invasion of Saxony">surrender of Saxony</a>, the Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> embarked on a military reform plan that improved the Russian army, using the effectively organized Swedes and other European armies as role models. Russian forces managed to penetrate <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>, where they established a new city, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg, Russia">Saint Petersburg</a>. Charles planned an <a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia" title="Swedish invasion of Russia">invasion of the Russian heartland</a>, allying himself with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian Cossacks</a>. The size of the invading Swedish army was peeled off as Charles left Leszczyński with some 24,000 German and Polish troops, departing eastwards from Saxony in late 1707 with some 35,000 men, adding a further 12,500 under <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ludwig_Lewenhaupt" title="Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt">Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt</a> marching from Livonia. Charles left the homeland with a defense force of approximately 28,800 men, with a further 14,000 in Swedish Finland, as well as other garrisons in the Baltic and German provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After securing his "favorite" victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn" title="Battle of Holowczyn">Battle of Holowczyn</a>, despite being outnumbered over three to one by the new Russian army, Charles opted to march eastwards on Moscow rather than try to seize <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, founded from the Swedish town of <a href="/wiki/Nyenskans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyenskans">Nyenskans</a> five years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter the Great managed, however, to ambush Lewenhaupt's army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesnaya" title="Battle of Lesnaya">Lesnaya</a> before Charles could combine his forces, thus losing valuable supplies, artillery and half of Lewenhaupt's men. Charles's Polish ally, Stanisław Leszczyński, was facing internal problems of his own. Charles expected the support of a massive Cossack rebellion led by Mazepa in Ukraine, with estimates suggesting Mazepa was able to muster about 40,000 troops. However, the Russians subjugated the rebellion and destroyed its capital, <a href="/wiki/Baturyn" title="Baturyn">Baturin</a>, before the arrival of the Swedish troops. The harsh climate took its toll as well, because Charles marched his troops to winter camp in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a>, in July 1709, Charles had been wounded, one-third of his infantry was dead, and his supply train had been destroyed. The king was incapacitated by a gunshot wound to the foot and was unable to lead the Swedish forces. With the numbers of Charles's army reduced to some 23,000, with many wounded or involved on the siege of Poltava, his general <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Rehnski%C3%B6ld" title="Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld">Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld</a> had a clearly inferior force to face the fortified and modernized army of Tsar Peter, with some 45,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish assault ended in disaster, and the king fled south to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> with a small entourage, and set up camp at <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> with some 1,000 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Caroleans" title="Caroleans">Caroleans</a></i> ("Karoliner" in Swedish). The remainder of the army surrendered days later at <a href="/wiki/Perevolochna" title="Perevolochna">Perevolochna</a> under Lewenhaupt's command, most of them (including Lewenhaupt himself) spending the rest of their days in Russian captivity. </p><p>The Swedish defeat at Poltava marked the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_the_Ottoman_Empire">Exile in the Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exile in the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_Of_King_Charles_XII_Of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Royal_Monogram_Of_King_Charles_XII_Of_Sweden.svg/150px-Royal_Monogram_Of_King_Charles_XII_Of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Royal_Monogram_Of_King_Charles_XII_Of_Sweden.svg/225px-Royal_Monogram_Of_King_Charles_XII_Of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Royal_Monogram_Of_King_Charles_XII_Of_Sweden.svg/300px-Royal_Monogram_Of_King_Charles_XII_Of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>Royal Monogram</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> initially welcomed the Swedish king when he went to <a href="/wiki/Abdi_Pasha_the_Albanian" title="Abdi Pasha the Albanian">Abdurrahman Pasha</a>, commander of <a href="/wiki/Ochakiv" title="Ochakiv">Özü</a> Castle, as he was about to fall into the hands of the Russian army, and he was able to take refuge in the castle at the last moment. Afterward, he settled in <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> at the invitation of its governor, <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fa_Yusuf_Pasha" title="Ağa Yusuf Pasha">Ağa Yusuf Pasha</a>. </p><p>In the meantime, Charles sent <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Poniatowski_(1676%E2%80%931762)" title="Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762)">Stanisław Poniatowski</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Funck_(1672%E2%80%931713)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Funck (1672–1713) (page does not exist)">Thomas Funck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Funck_(1672%E2%80%931713)" class="extiw" title="sv:Thomas Funck (1672–1713)">sv</a>]</span> as his messengers to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-linquist_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linquist-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They managed to indirectly contact <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClnu%C5%9F_Sultan" title="Gülnuş Sultan">Gülnuş Sultan</a>, mother of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a>, who became intrigued by Charles, and took an interest in his cause, and even corresponded with him in Bender.<sup id="cite_ref-linquist_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linquist-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his stay in the Ottoman Empire, Charles earned the nickname <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">demirbaş</i></span> (literally "iron-head"). This word can mean stubborn or persistent, and it is usually assumed that this is why the Turks called Charles by this nickname. However, the term <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">demirbaş</i></span> commonly referred to state-owned articles in general and the furniture, equipment, etc. in state offices in particular. Thus, the nickname may be an ironic reference to Charles's visits to Ottoman government offices over a prolonged period.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, a small village named Karlstad (<a href="/wiki/Varni%C8%9Ba,_Anenii_Noi" title="Varnița, Anenii Noi">Varnița</a>) had to be built near Bender to accommodate the ever-growing Swedish population there.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gülnuş Sultan convinced her son to declare <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">war against Russia</a>, as she thought that Charles was a man worth taking a risk for. Later on, the Ottomans and Russians signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pruth" title="Treaty of the Pruth">Treaty of the Pruth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1713)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1713)">Treaty of Adrianople</a> to end the hostilities between them. The treaties dissatisfied the pro-war party supported by King Charles and Stanislaw Poniatowski, who failed to reignite the conflict. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_(David_von_Krafft)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_20352.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28David_von_Krafft%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_20352.tif/lossy-page1-220px-King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28David_von_Krafft%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_20352.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28David_von_Krafft%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_20352.tif/lossy-page1-330px-King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28David_von_Krafft%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_20352.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28David_von_Krafft%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_20352.tif/lossy-page1-440px-King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28David_von_Krafft%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_20352.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="3450" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/David_von_Krafft" title="David von Krafft">David von Krafft</a> 1707</figcaption></figure> <p>However, the Sultan Ahmed III's subjects in the empire eventually got tired of Charles's scheming. His entourage also accumulated huge debts with Bender merchants. Eventually, "crowds" of townspeople attacked the Swedish colony at Bender and Charles had to defend himself against the mobs and the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> involved. This uprising was called <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kalabalık</i></span> (Turkish for crowd) which afterward found a place in Swedish lexicon referring to a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ruckus" class="extiw" title="wikt:ruckus">ruckus</a>. The janissaries did not shoot Charles during the <a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Bender" title="Skirmish at Bender">skirmish at Bender</a>, but captured him and put him under house-arrest at <a href="/wiki/Dimetoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimetoka">Dimetoka</a> (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Didimoticho" class="mw-redirect" title="Didimoticho">Didimoticho</a>) and Constantinople. During his semi-imprisonment the King played <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> and studied the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> and the naval architecture of the Ottoman galleons. His sketches and designs eventually led to the famous Swedish war ships <i>Jarramas</i> (Yaramaz) and <i>Jilderim</i> (Yıldırım).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Russia and Poland regained and expanded their borders. Great Britain, an adversary of Sweden, defected from its alliance obligations while Prussia attacked Swedish holdings in Germany. Russia occupied Finland (the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Wrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Wrath">Greater Wrath</a> 1713–1721). After defeats of the Swedish army, consisting mainly of Finnish troops in the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsinki_(1713)" title="Battle of Helsinki (1713)">Helsinki (1713)</a>, the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A4lk%C3%A4ne" title="Battle of Pälkäne">Pälkäne 1713</a> and the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Storkyro" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Storkyro">Storkyro 1714</a>, the military, administration and clergymen escaped from Finland, which fell under Russian military regime.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his five-year stay in the Ottoman Empire, Charles XII corresponded with his sister (and eventual successor), Ulrika Eleonora. According to Mrs. Ragnhild Marie Hatton, a Norwegian-British historian, in some of those letters Charles expressed his desire for a peace treaty which would be defensible in the future Swedish generations' eyes. However, he emphasized that only a greater respect for Sweden in Europe would enable him to achieve such a peace treaty. Meanwhile, the Swedish Council of State (government) and Estates/Diet (Parliament) tried to keep the beleaguered Sweden somehow organized and independent. Eventually, in the autumn of 1714, their warning letter reached him. In it, those executive and legislative bodies told the absentee King that unless he quickly returned to Sweden, they would independently conclude an achievable peace treaty with Russia, Poland and Denmark. This stark admonition prompted Charles to rush back to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Charles traveled back to Sweden with a group of Ottomans, soldiers such as escorts and businessmen to whom he promised to repay his debts during his stay in the Ottoman Empire, but they had to wait several years before that happened. According to the prevailing church law in Sweden at that time, all who lived in the country, but were not members of the Swedish state church, would be baptized. In order for the Jewish and Muslim creditors to avoid this, Charles wrote a "free letter" so that they could practice their religions without being punished. The soldiers chose to remain in Sweden instead of making difficult trips home. They were called "Askersson" (the word <i>asker</i> in Turkish means soldier).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are accounts implying that following the long stay for Charles to repay his debts, they got paid and left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomerania_and_Norway">Pomerania and Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pomerania and Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Charles XII of Sweden">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4tt_av_Karl_XII._Alt-Ranstad_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_86683.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Portr%C3%A4tt_av_Karl_XII._Alt-Ranstad_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_86683.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Portr%C3%A4tt_av_Karl_XII._Alt-Ranstad_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_86683.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Portr%C3%A4tt_av_Karl_XII._Alt-Ranstad_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_86683.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Portr%C3%A4tt_av_Karl_XII._Alt-Ranstad_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_86683.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Portr%C3%A4tt_av_Karl_XII._Alt-Ranstad_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_86683.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Portr%C3%A4tt_av_Karl_XII._Alt-Ranstad_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_86683.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="3773" /></a><figcaption>Karl XII, 1707. <a href="/wiki/Skokloster_Castle" title="Skokloster Castle">Skokloster Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halsduk_buren_av_Karl_XII_vid_Fredrikshall_den_30_november_1718_-_Livrustkammaren_-_39295.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Halsduk_buren_av_Karl_XII_vid_Fredrikshall_den_30_november_1718_-_Livrustkammaren_-_39295.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Halsduk_buren_av_Karl_XII_vid_Fredrikshall_den_30_november_1718_-_Livrustkammaren_-_39295.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Halsduk_buren_av_Karl_XII_vid_Fredrikshall_den_30_november_1718_-_Livrustkammaren_-_39295.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Halsduk_buren_av_Karl_XII_vid_Fredrikshall_den_30_november_1718_-_Livrustkammaren_-_39295.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Halsduk_buren_av_Karl_XII_vid_Fredrikshall_den_30_november_1718_-_Livrustkammaren_-_39295.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Halsduk_buren_av_Karl_XII_vid_Fredrikshall_den_30_november_1718_-_Livrustkammaren_-_39295.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="4451" /></a><figcaption>Uniform worn by Charles XII in Frederikshall on 30 November 1718. Shown in <a href="/wiki/Livrustkammaren" title="Livrustkammaren">The Royal Armoury</a> in Stockholm.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_(Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18366.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18366.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18366.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18366.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18366.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18366.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Karl_XII_of_Sweden_%28Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18366.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4073" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bringing_Home_the_Body_of_King_Charles_XII" title="Bringing Home the Body of King Charles XII">Bringing Home the Body of King Charles XII</a></i>. A <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romanticized</a> painting by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m" title="Gustaf Cederström">Gustaf Cederström</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles agreed to leave Constantinople and returned to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>. He made the journey on horseback, riding across Europe in just fifteen days. He traveled across the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to Vienna and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>. A medal with Charles on horseback, his long hair flying in the wind, was struck in 1714 to commemorate the speedy ride. It reads <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Was sorgt Ihr doch? Gott und Ich leben noch</i></span>. ("What worries you so? God and I live still")<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After five years away, Charles arrived in Sweden to find his homeland at war with Russia, Saxony, Hannover, Great Britain and Denmark. Sweden's western enemies attacked southern and western Sweden while Russian forces traveled across Finland to attack the Stockholm district. For the first time, Sweden found itself in a defensive war. Charles's plan was to attack Denmark by striking at her possessions in Norway. It was hoped that by cutting Denmark's Norwegian supply lines the Danes would be compelled to withdraw their forces from Swedish Scania.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Charles invaded Norway in 1716 with a combined force of 7,000 men. He occupied the capital of <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a>, (modern Oslo), and laid siege to the <a href="/wiki/Akershus_Fortress" title="Akershus Fortress">Akershus fortress</a> there. Due to a lack of heavy siege cannons he was unable to dislodge the Norwegian forces inside. After suffering significant losses of men and materiel, Charles was forced to retreat from the capital on 29 April. In the following mid-May, Charles invaded again, this time striking the border town of <a href="/wiki/Halden" title="Halden">Fredrikshald</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Halden" title="Halden">Halden</a>, in an attempt to capture the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Fredriksten" title="Fredriksten">Fredriksten</a>. The attacking Swedes came under heavy cannon fire from the fortress and were forced to withdraw when the Norwegians set the town of Fredrikshald on fire. Swedish casualties in Fredrikshald were estimated at 500 men. While the siege at Fredrikshald was underway, the Swedish supply fleet was attacked and defeated by <a href="/wiki/Tordenskjold" class="mw-redirect" title="Tordenskjold">Tordenskjold</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dynekilen" title="Battle of Dynekilen">Battle of Dynekilen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1718, Charles once more invaded Norway. With a main force of 40,000 men, he again laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fredriksten" title="Siege of Fredriksten">siege to the fortress</a> of Fredriksten overlooking the town of Fredrikshald. Charles was shot in the head and killed during the siege, while he was inspecting trenches. The invasion was abandoned, and Charles's body was returned to Sweden. A second force, under <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Armfeldt" title="Carl Gustaf Armfeldt">Carl Gustaf Armfeldt</a>, marched against <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> with 10,000 men but was forced to retreat. In the march that ensued, many of the 5,800 remaining men <a href="/wiki/Carolean_Death_March" title="Carolean Death March">perished in a severe winter storm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesXIIAutopsy1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CharlesXIIAutopsy1916.jpg/220px-CharlesXIIAutopsy1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CharlesXIIAutopsy1916.jpg/330px-CharlesXIIAutopsy1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CharlesXIIAutopsy1916.jpg/440px-CharlesXIIAutopsy1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>From the <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> of Charles XII, July 1917<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While in the trenches close to the perimeter of the fortress on 30 November (11 December <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">New Style</a>), 1718, Charles was struck in the head by a projectile and killed. The shot struck the left side of his skull and exited from the right. He died instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definitive circumstances around Charles's death remain unclear. Despite multiple investigations of the battlefield, Charles's skull and his clothes, it is not known where and when he was hit, or whether the shot came from the ranks of the enemy or from his own men.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several hypotheses as to how Charles died, though none have strong enough evidence to be deemed true. Although there were many people around the king at the time of his death, there were no known witnesses to the actual moment he was hit. A likely explanation has been that Charles was killed by <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegians</a> as he was within reach of their guns.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two possibilities that are usually cited: that he was killed by a <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> shot, or that he was killed by <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a> from the nearby fortress. </p><p>More theories claim he was assassinated: one is that the killer was a Swedish compatriot and asserts that enemy guns were not firing at the time Charles was struck.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspects in this claim range from a nearby soldier tired of the <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> and wanting to put an end to the war, to an assassin hired by Charles's own brother-in-law, who profited from the event by subsequently taking the throne himself as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I of Sweden</a>, that person being Frederick's aide-de-camp, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sicre" title="André Sicre">André Sicre</a>. Sicre confessed during what was claimed to be a state of delirium brought on by fever but later recanted.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suspect a plot to kill Charles by a group of wealthy Swedes who would benefit from blocking a 17% wealth tax that Charles intended to introduce.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Varberg_Fortress" title="Varberg Fortress">Varberg Fortress</a> museum displays a lead-filled brass button of Swedish origin that some claim was the projectile that killed the king. </p><p>Another odd account of Charles's death comes from Finnish writer Carl Nordling, who states that the king's surgeon, Melchior Neumann, dreamed the king had told him that he was not shot from the fortress but from "one who came creeping".<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_XII_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carl_XII_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg/220px-Carl_XII_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carl_XII_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg/330px-Carl_XII_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Carl_XII_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg/440px-Carl_XII_of_Sweden_grave_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Charles XII's sarcophagus in Riddarholmen Church, Stockholm</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles's body has been exhumed on three occasions to ascertain the cause of death; in 1746, 1859 and 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-SMITH_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMITH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1859 exhumation found that the wound was in accordance with a shot from the Norwegian fort. In 1917, his head was photographed and x-rayed. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Peter Englund</a> asserted in his essay "On the death of Charles XII and other murders<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" that the mortal wound sustained by the King, with a smaller exit wound than entry wound, would be consistent with being hit by a bullet with a speed not exceeding 150 m/s, concluding that Charles was killed by stray grapeshot from the nearby fortress. A 2022 study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> also found that iron grapeshot was likely to have killed the king, citing evidence from ballistic experiments as well as the absence of lead fragments in Charles's skull.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-juho22_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juho22-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrika Eleonora">Ulrika Eleonora</a>. As his duchy of <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Palatine Zweibrücken">Palatine Zweibrücken</a> required a male heir, Charles was succeeded as ruler there by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Gustav,_Duke_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Gustav, Duke of Zweibrücken">Gustav Leopold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_von_G%C3%B6rtz" title="Georg Heinrich von Görtz">Georg Heinrich von Görtz</a>, Charles's minister, was beheaded in 1719. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_XII_1706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Charles_XII_1706.jpg/220px-Charles_XII_1706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Charles_XII_1706.jpg/330px-Charles_XII_1706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Charles_XII_1706.jpg/440px-Charles_XII_1706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of King Charles XII (1706) by Johan David Schwartz</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles never married and fathered no children of whom historians are aware. In his youth, he was particularly encouraged to find a suitable spouse in order to secure the succession, but he would frequently avoid the subject of sex and marriage. Possible candidates included <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_Hedwig_of_Denmark" title="Princess Sophia Hedwig of Denmark">Princess Sophia Hedwig of Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Stuart" title="Louisa Maria Stuart">Louisa Maria Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Elisabeth,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Marie Elisabeth, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Princess Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp</a> – but of the latter he pleaded that he could never wed someone "as ugly as Satan and with such a devilish big mouth".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he made it clear that he would marry only someone of his own choice, and for love rather than dynastic pressures. His lack of mistresses may have been due to a strong religious faith.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles himself suggested in conversation with <a href="/wiki/Axel_L%C3%B6wen" title="Axel Löwen">Axel Löwen</a> that he actively resisted any match until peace could be secured<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was in some sense "married" to the military life.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But that he was "chaste" occasioned speculation in his lifetime. Much later speculation that he was a hermaphrodite was quelled in 1917 when his coffin was opened and he was shown to have beard growth.<sup id="cite_ref-hatton219_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatton219-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his conversations with Löwen, he also stated that he did not lack taste for beautiful women, but that he held in his sexual desires for fear that they would get out of control if unchecked, and that if he committed to something like that, it would be forever.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians suggest that he resisted a marriage with Denmark which could have caused a family rift between those who dynastically favoured Holstein-Gottorp.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians such as Blanning and Montefiore believe he was in fact <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly a letter from Reuterholm suggested that Charles had indicated a closeness to Prince <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Emanuel_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Winnental" title="Maximilian Emanuel of Württemberg-Winnental">Maximilian Emanuel of Württemberg-Winnental</a>, whom Charles described as "very pretty". But writing in the 1960s, Hatton argues that Württemberg was very much heterosexual and the relationship is just as likely to have been that of teacher-pupil.<sup id="cite_ref-hatton219_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatton219-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715,_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg/220px-Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg/330px-Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg/440px-Karl_XII_i_Ystad_1715%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Johan_Heinrich_Wedekindt_fr%C3%A5n_1719.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wedekind" title="Johann Heinrich Wedekind">Johann Heinrich Wedekind</a>, 1719 </figcaption></figure> <p>Exceptional for abstaining from alcohol and sex, he felt most comfortable during warfare. Contemporaries report of his seemingly inhuman tolerance for pain and his utter lack of emotion. His brilliant campaigning and startling victories brought his country to the pinnacle of her prestige and power, although the Great Northern War resulted in Sweden's defeat and the end of the empire within years of his own death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his youth, renowned Russian general <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> considered Charles XII his hero together with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthing7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthing7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Charles XII, Suvorov adopted an aggressive style of tactics and campaigning, seemingly inspired by the Swedish king.<sup id="cite_ref-Essame17_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essame17-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles's death marked the end of autocratic kingship in Sweden, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a> saw a shift of power from the monarch to the parliament of the estates.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians of the late 18th and early 19th centuries viewed Charles's death as the result of an aristocratic plot, and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">Gustav IV Adolf</a>, the king who refused to settle with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, "identified himself with Charles as a type of righteous man struggling with iniquity" (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 19th century's <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> Charles XII was viewed as a national hero. He was idealized as a heroic, virtuous young warrior king, and his fight against Peter the Great was associated with the contemporary Swedish-Russian enmity.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts164165_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts164165-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">romantic hero</a> idolatry of Charles XII in several genres are <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Esaias Tegnér</a>'s song <i>Kung Karl, den unge hjälte</i> (1818), <a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Molin" title="Johan Peter Molin">Johan Peter Molin</a>'s statue<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts164165_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts164165-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kungstr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rden" title="Kungsträdgården">Kungsträdgården</a> (unveiled on 30 November 1868, the 150th anniversary of Charles's death)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Cederstr%C3%B6m" title="Gustaf Cederström">Gustaf Cederström</a>'s painting <i>Karl XII:s likfärd</i> ("Funeral procession of Charles XII", 1878).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of Charles's death was chosen by a student association in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lund">Lund</a> for annual torch marches beginning in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1901 play <i>Karl XII</i>, <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> broke with the heroization practice by showing an introverted Charles XII in conflict with his impoverished subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the so-called Strindberg feud (1910–1912), his response to the "Swedish cult of Charles XII" (Steene)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was that Charles had been "Sweden's ruin, the great offender, a ruffian, the rowdies' idol, a counterfeiter."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a> however, one of his opponents in the feud, in his book <i>Karolinerna</i> instead "emphasized the heroic steadfastness of the Swedish people in the somber years of trial during the long-drawn-out campaigns of Karl XII" (Scott).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the Swedish Nazis held celebrations on the date of Charles XII's death, and shortly before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> received from Sweden a sculpture of the king at his birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th century, Swedish nationalists and neo-Nazis had again used 30 November as a date for their ceremonies, however these were regularly interrupted by larger counter-demonstrations and were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_contributions">Scientific contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scientific contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from being a monarch, the King's interests included mathematics, and anything that would be beneficial to his warlike purposes. He is credited with having invented an <a href="/wiki/Octal#By_Europeans" title="Octal">octal numeral system</a>, as well as a more elaborate one with the base 64, which he considered more suitable for war purposes because all the boxes used for materials such as <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> were cubic. According to a report by contemporary scientist <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>, the King had sketched a model of his thoughts on a piece of paper and handed it to him at their meeting in Lund in 1716. The paper was reportedly still in existence a hundred years later but has since been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles fascinated many in his time. In 1731, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> wrote a biography of Charles XII, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Charles_XII" title="History of Charles XII">History of Charles XII</a></i>. Voltaire portrays the Swedish king in a positive light, against the brutal nature of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English man of letters <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> wrote of Charles in his poem "The Vanity of Human Wishes":<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>On what Foundation stands the warrior's pride,<br /> How just his hopes let Swedish Charles decide;<br /> A frame of adamant, a soul of fire,<br /> No dangers fright him, and no labours tire;<br /> O'er love, o'er fear, extends his wide domain,<br /> Unconquered lord of pleasure and of pain;<br /> No joys to him pacific sceptres yield;<br /> <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">War sounds the trump</a>, he rushes to the field;<br /> Behold surrounding kings their power to combine,<br /> And one capitulate, and one resign;<br /> Peace courts his hand, but spreads her charms in vain;<br /> "Think nothing gained", he cries, "till nought remain,<br /> On <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>'s walls till Gothic standards fly,<br /> And all be mine beneath the polar sky."<br /> The march begins in military state,<br /> And nations on his eye suspended wait;<br /> Stern Famine guards the solitary coast,<br /> And Winter barricades the realms of Frost;<br /> He comes, not want and cold his course delay; -<br /> Hide, blushing Glory, hide <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Pultowa's day</a>:<br /> The vanquished hero leaves his broken bands,<br /> And shows his miseries in distant lands;<br /> Condemned a needy supplicant to wait,<br /> While ladies interpose, and slaves debate.<br /> But did not Chance at length her error mend?<br /> Did no subverted empire mark his end?<br /> Did rival monarchs give the fatal wound?<br /> Or hostile millions press him to the ground?<br /> His fall was destined to a barren strand,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fredriksten" title="Siege of Fredriksten">A petty fortress</a>, and a dubious hand;<br /> He left the name, at which the world grew pale,<br /> To point a moral or adorn a tale. </p> </blockquote> <p>Swedish author Frans G. Bengtsson and Professor Ragnhild Hatton have written biographies of Charles XII of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/E._M._Almedingen" title="E. M. Almedingen">E. M. Almedingen</a> wrote <i>The Lion of the North: Charles XII, King of Sweden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles XII figures quite prominently in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Massie" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Massie">Robert Massie</a>'s magnum opus <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great:_His_Life_and_World" title="Peter the Great: His Life and World"><i>Peter the Great</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Charles XII of Sweden</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/John_Casimir,_Count_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg">John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Sweden,_Countess_Palatine_of_Kleeburg" title="Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg">Catharina of Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI of Sweden</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Eleonora_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp">Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Elisabeth_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Elisabeth of Saxony">Marie Elisabeth of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Charles XII of Sweden</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_of_Brandenburg" title="Anne Catherine of Brandenburg">Anne Catherine of Brandenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Ulrike_Eleonora_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark">Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Amalie_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Eleonore_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt">Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg/220px-COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg/330px-COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg/440px-COA_country_se_house_of_Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He is referred to in the anime <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Galactic_Heroes" title="Legend of the Galactic Heroes">Legend of the Galactic Heroes</a></i> as the Swedish Meteor; whose similarity to Reinhard von Lohengramm may portend the dynasty dying out without a successor. </p><p>August Strindberg's 1901 play <i><a href="/wiki/Carl_XII_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl XII (play)">Carl XII</a></i> is about him. </p><p>The 1925 Swedish film <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_(film)" title="Charles XII (film)">Charles XII</a></i> is a two-part silent epic starring <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Ekman_(senior)" title="Gösta Ekman (senior)">Gösta Ekman</a> the Elder portraying his reign. </p><p>In the 1968 Polish film <i><a href="/wiki/Hrabina_Cosel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrabina Cosel">Hrabina Cosel</a></i>, Charles XII is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Olbrychski" title="Daniel Olbrychski">Daniel Olbrychski</a>. </p><p>In the 1983 Swedish comedy film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalabaliken_i_Bender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalabaliken i Bender (page does not exist)">Kalabaliken i Bender</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabaliken_i_Bender_(film)" class="extiw" title="sv:Kalabaliken i Bender (film)">sv</a>]</sup></i>, Charles XII is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Ekman" title="Gösta Ekman">Gösta Ekman</a> the Younger. </p><p>In 2007, Charles XII was portrayed by Eduard Flerov in the Russian drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sovereign%27s_Servant" title="The Sovereign's Servant">The Sovereign's Servant</a></i>. </p><p>Charles XII appears in the absurdist comedy <i><a href="/wiki/A_Pigeon_Sat_on_a_Branch_Reflecting_on_Existence" title="A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence">A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence</a></i> (2014), in which his army passes a modern-day cafe on their way to, and retreating from, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a>. He is played by Viktor Gyllenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swedish power metal band <a href="/wiki/Sabaton_(band)" title="Sabaton (band)">Sabaton</a> wrote an <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Rex_(album)" title="Carolus Rex (album)">album</a> named after him, which includes several songs about his life.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles_of_Charles_XII">Battles of Charles XII</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battles of Charles XII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size:100%; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> </td> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> </td> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> </td> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/23px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/35px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/45px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> </td> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> </td> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a> </td> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/23px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/35px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/45px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </td> <td width="130" valign="top" align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:100%; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="auto" class="unsortable">№ </th> <th width="auto">Date </th> <th width="80">Action </th> <th width="auto">Type<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="auto">Location<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="auto" class="unsortable">Warring </th> <th width="auto">Opponent/s </th> <th width="auto">Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><span data-sort-value="zz" style="display:none;"></span>Danish–Holstein War of 1700 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001700-08-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 Aug 1700</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Humleb%C3%A6k" title="Landing at Humlebæk">Humlebæk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Landing</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Denmark !"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Rostgaard !"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Rostgaard" title="Jens Rostgaard">Jens Rostgaard</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><span data-sort-value="zy" style="display:none;"></span>Baltic campaigns of 1700–1701 </th></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001700-11-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 Nov 1700</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gefecht_am_P%C3%BChhajoggi-Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gefecht am Pühhajoggi-Pass (page does not exist)">Pyhajoggi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_am_P%C3%BChhajoggi-Pass" class="extiw" title="de:Gefecht am Pühhajoggi-Pass">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">Skirmish</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Estonia !"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)">Swedish Estonia</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Sheremetev !"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sheremetev" title="Boris Sheremetev">Boris Sheremetev</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001700-11-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 Nov 1700</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)" title="Battle of Narva (1700)">Narva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">Battle</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Estonia !">Swedish Estonia<br />(Estonia)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Croÿ !"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Charles Eugène de Croÿ">Charles de Croÿ</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001701-07-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 Jul 1701</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_D%C3%BCna" title="Crossing of the Düna">Düna</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Latvia !"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Steinau Repnin !"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Heinrich_von_Steinau" title="Adam Heinrich von Steinau">Adam von Steinau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anikita_Repnin" title="Anikita Repnin">Anikita Repnin</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><span data-sort-value="zx" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Poland_(1701%E2%80%931706)" title="Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706)">Polish–Lithuanian campaigns of 1701–1706</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>5. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001701-11-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15</span>–16 Nov 1701 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Try%C5%A1kiai" title="Battle of Tryškiai">Tryszki</a> </td> <td>Skirmish </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Lithuania !"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Duchy of Lithuania</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/23px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/35px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/45px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ogiński !"><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Antoni_Ogi%C5%84ski" title="Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński">Grzegorz Ogiński</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001702-07-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 Jul 1702</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kliszów">Kliszów</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Poland !"><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/23px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/35px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/45px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Augustus Steinau Lubomirski !"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II</a><br />Adam von Steinau<br /><a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Augustyn_Lubomirski" title="Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski">Hieronim Lubomirski</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001703-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 May 1703</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1703)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1703)">Pułtusk</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Poland !">Kingdom of Poland<br />(Poland)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Steinau !">Adam von Steinau</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001703-05-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 May</span> – 14 October 1703 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thorn_(1703)" title="Siege of Thorn (1703)">Thorn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Poland !">Kingdom of Poland<br />(Poland)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kanitz !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Heinrich_von_Kanitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph Heinrich von Kanitz (page does not exist)">Christoph von Kanitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Heinrich_von_Kanitz" class="extiw" title="de:Christoph Heinrich von Kanitz">de</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001704-09-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 Sep 1704</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Lemberg" title="Storming of Lemberg">Lemberg</a> </td> <td>Assault </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine !">Kingdom of Poland<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/23px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/35px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg/45px-Polish_Royal_Banner_of_The_House_of_Wettin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Gałecki !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Zygmunt_Ga%C5%82ecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciszek Zygmunt Gałecki (page does not exist)">Franciszek Gałecki</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Zygmunt_Ga%C5%82ecki" class="extiw" title="pl:Franciszek Zygmunt Gałecki">pl</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001704-11-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">7 Nov 1704</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poniec" title="Battle of Poniec">Poniec</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Poland !">Kingdom of Poland<br />(Poland)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Schulenburg !"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Matthias_von_der_Schulenburg" title="Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg">Johann von Schulenburg</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>11. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001704-11-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 Nov 1704</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaget_vid_Oderbeltsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaget vid Oderbeltsch (page does not exist)">Oderbeltz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Oderbeltsch" class="extiw" title="sv:Slaget vid Oderbeltsch">sv</a>]</span> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Poland !"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a><br />(Poland)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="x !"><a href="/wiki/Danylo_Apostol" title="Danylo Apostol">Danylo Apostol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Velikanov_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velikanov-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>12. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001706-01-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 Jan</span> – 10 April 1706 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1706)" title="Battle of Grodno (1706)">Grodno</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Belarus !">Duchy of Lithuania<br />(<a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ogilvy !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Огильви, Георг Бенедикт (page does not exist)">Georg Ogilvy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Огильви, Георг Бенедикт">ru</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><span data-sort-value="zw" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia" title="Swedish invasion of Russia">Russian invasion of 1708–1709</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>13. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001708-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6</span>–7 Feb 1708 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1708)" title="Battle of Grodno (1708)">Grodno</a> </td> <td>Skirmish </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Belarus !">Duchy of Lithuania<br />(Belarus)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Peter !"><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>14. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001708-07-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 Jul 1708</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn" title="Battle of Holowczyn">Holowczyn</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Belarus !">Duchy of Lithuania<br />(Belarus)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Sheremetev !">Boris Sheremetev</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>15. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001708-09-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 Sep 1708</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malatitze" title="Battle of Malatitze">Malatitze</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Belarus !">Duchy of Lithuania<br />(Belarus)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Peter Golitsyn Sheremetev !">Peter I<br /><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mikhailovich_Golitsyn_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (Field Marshal)">Mikhail Golitsyn</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>16. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001708-09-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 Sep 1708</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rajovka" title="Battle of Rajovka">Rajovka</a> </td> <td>Skirmish </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Russia !">Duchy of Lithuania<br />(<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Peter Bauer !">Peter I<br /><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Felix_Bauer" title="Rudolph Felix Bauer">Christian Bauer</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>17. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001708-11-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">11</span>–13 Nov 1708 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Desna" title="Battle of Desna">Desna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Operation</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine !"><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a><br />(Ukraine)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Hallart !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Nikolaus_von_Hallart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Nikolaus von Hallart (page does not exist)">Ludwig von Hallart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Nikolaus_von_Hallart" class="extiw" title="de:Ludwig Nikolaus von Hallart">de</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>18. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001709-01-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 Jan 1709</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veprik" title="Siege of Veprik">Veprik</a> </td> <td>Assault </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine !">Cossack Hetmanate<br />(Ukraine)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Fermor !">William Fermor</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>19. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001709-02-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 Feb 1709</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oposhnya" title="Battle of Oposhnya">Oposhnya</a> </td> <td>Skirmish </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine !">Cossack Hetmanate<br />(Ukraine)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Schaumburg !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Отто Рудольф фон и цу Шауенбург (page does not exist)">Otto von Schaumburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="ru:Отто Рудольф фон и цу Шауенбург">ru</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>20. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001709-02-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 Feb 1709</span> </td> <td>Khukhra<sup id="cite_ref-Nordberg892–893_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordberg892–893-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quennerstedt343–344_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quennerstedt343–344-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Skirmish </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine !"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a><br />(Ukraine)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="x !">Unknown</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>21. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001709-02-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 Feb 1709</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnokutsk%E2%80%93Gorodnoye" title="Battle of Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye">Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine !">Tsardom of Russia<br />(Ukraine)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Rönne !"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ewald_von_R%C3%B6nne" title="Carl Ewald von Rönne">Carl von Rönne</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>22. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001709-07-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 Jul 1709</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Poltava</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ukraine !">Cossack Hetmanate<br />(Ukraine)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cossack Hetmanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cossack_Hetmanat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="338" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kalmyk_Khanate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Peter Sheremetev !">Peter I<br />Boris Sheremetev</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><span data-sort-value="zv" style="display:none;"></span>Turkish exile in 1709–1714 </th></tr> <tr> <td>23. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001713-01-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 Jan</span> – 1 February 1713 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Bender" title="Skirmish at Bender">Bender</a> </td> <td>Assault </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Moldova !"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/23px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/35px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/45px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Pasha !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoca_%C4%B0brahim_Pa%C5%9Fa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoca İbrahim Paşa (page does not exist)">Ismail Pasha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoca_%C4%B0brahim_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="extiw" title="tr:Hoca İbrahim Paşa">tr</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><span data-sort-value="zu" style="display:none;"></span>German campaigns of 1714–1715 </th></tr> <tr> <td>24. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001715-04-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21</span>–27 Apr 1715 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Usedom#Swedish_invasion_of_Usedom" title="Battles of Usedom">Usedom I</a> </td> <td>Operation </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Germany Poland !"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> / Poland)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Rohr !">Captain Rohr</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>25. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001715-07-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 Jul</span> – 22 August 1715 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Usedom#Allied_invasion_of_Usedom" title="Battles of Usedom">Usedom II</a> </td> <td>Operation </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Germany Poland !">Swedish Pomerania<br />(Germany / Poland)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Arnim Württemberg-Winnental !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Abraham_von_Arnim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Abraham von Arnim (page does not exist)">Georg von Arnim</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Abraham_von_Arnim" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Abraham von Arnim">de</a>]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Winnental" title="Frederick Louis of Württemberg-Winnental">Louis of Württemberg-Winnental</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat </td></tr> <tr> <td>26. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001715-07-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 Jul</span> – 24 December 1715 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1711%E2%80%931715)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1711–1715)">Stralsund</a> </td> <td>Siege </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Germany !">Swedish Pomerania<br />(Germany)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Anhalt-Dessau Wackerbarth Scholten !"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau" title="Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau">Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Christoph_von_Wackerbarth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Christoph von Wackerbarth (page does not exist)">August von Wackerbarth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Christoph_von_Wackerbarth" class="extiw" title="de:August Christoph von Wackerbarth">de</a>]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jobst_von_Scholten" title="Jobst von Scholten">Jobst von Scholten</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat </td></tr> <tr> <td>27. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001715-11-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 Nov 1715</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stresow" title="Battle of Stresow">Stresow</a> </td> <td>Battle </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Germany !">Swedish Pomerania<br />(Germany)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Anhalt-Dessau !">Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><span data-sort-value="zt" style="display:none;"></span><a href="/wiki/Norway_during_the_Great_Northern_War" title="Norway during the Great Northern War">Norwegian campaigns of 1716 and 1718</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>28. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001716-03-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 Mar 1716</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B8land" title="Battle of Høland">Høland</a> </td> <td>Skirmish </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway !">Denmark–Norway<br />(Norway)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kruse !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrik_Christian_Kruse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrik Christian Kruse (page does not exist)">Ulrik Kruse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Christian_Kruse" class="extiw" title="dk:Ulrik Christian Kruse">dk</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>29. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001716-03-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 Mar 1716</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slaget_om_Kristiania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slaget om Kristiania (page does not exist)">Christiania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Kristiania" class="extiw" title="sv:Slaget om Kristiania">sv</a>]</span> </td> <td>Skirmish </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway !">Denmark–Norway<br />(Norway)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Klenow !"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Christopher_von_Klenow" title="Jørgen Christopher von Klenow">Jørgen von Klenow</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>30. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001716-03-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 Mar</span> – 30 April 1716 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beleiringen_av_Akershus_festning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beleiringen av Akershus festning (page does not exist)">Akershus Fortress</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleiringen_av_Akershus_festning" class="extiw" title="no:Beleiringen av Akershus festning">no</a>]</span> </td> <td>Siege </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway !">Denmark–Norway<br />(Norway)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Klenow !">Jørgen von Klenow</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat </td></tr> <tr> <td>31. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001716-06-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3</span>–5 Jun 1716 </td> <td>Sponvika Sconce<sup id="cite_ref-Lagermark66_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagermark66-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Siege </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway !">Denmark–Norway<br />(Norway)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Günter !">Hans Günter</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>32. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001716-07-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3</span>–4 Jul 1716 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angriff_auf_Frederikshald_(1716)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angriff auf Frederikshald (1716) (page does not exist)">Fredrikshald</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angriff_auf_Frederikshald_(1716)" class="extiw" title="de:Angriff auf Frederikshald (1716)">de</a>]</span> </td> <td>Assault </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway !">Denmark–Norway<br />(Norway)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Brun !"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Jacob_Brun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Jacob Brun (page does not exist)">Hans Brun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Jacob_Brun" class="extiw" title="dk:Hans Jacob Brun">dk</a>]</span></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat </td></tr> <tr> <td>33. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001718-07-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 Jul</span> – 16 November 1718 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%B8krigen_i_Iddefjorden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjøkrigen i Iddefjorden (page does not exist)">Iddefjord</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8krigen_i_Iddefjorden" class="extiw" title="no:Sjøkrigen i Iddefjorden">no</a>]</span> </td> <td>Operation </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway !">Denmark–Norway<br />(Norway)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Landsberg !"><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Nicolai_Landsberg" title="Barthold Nicolai Landsberg">Barthold Landsberg</a></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ff99">Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>34. </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001718-11-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 Nov</span> – 14 December 1718 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fredriksten" title="Siege of Fredriksten">Fredriksten</a> </td> <td>Siege </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Norway !">Denmark–Norway<br />(Norway)</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway"><img alt="Denmark–Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Denmark_%281731%E2%80%931819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Landsberg !">Barthold Landsberg</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFCCCB">Defeat  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_murders_(before_the_20th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unsolved murders (before the 20th century)">List of unsolved murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottorp_Fury" title="Gottorp Fury">Gottorp Fury</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this table, the following criteria applies: "Landing" refers to a contested amphibious operation; "skirmish" refers to a limited engagement, either by parts of an army or a smaller force, with minor strategic impact or losses; "battle" refers to a larger engagement in which one or both sides fights in battle-formation to defeat the other army, with considerable strategic impact or losses; "siege" refers to a contested fortification or larger settlement, where any attempts to storm were indecisive; "assault" refers to a contested or uncontested fortification or larger settlement, where an assault played the decisive role; "blockade" refers to an attacker's attempt to starve out the garrison of a fortification or larger settlement; "operation" refers to a pre-planned military operation to seize a larger area of strategic value, in which several minor engagements are fought.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contemporary location written at the top; present-day location written inside parentheses.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNordling" class="citation web cs1">Nordling, Carl O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074354/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-54588785/the-death-of-karl-xii">"The Death of Karl XII"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-54588785/the-death-of-karl-xii">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Karl+XII&rft.aulast=Nordling&rft.aufirst=Carl+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-54588785%2Fthe-death-of-karl-xii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCronholm1902" class="citation book cs1">Cronholm, Neander Nicolas (1902). "37". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924071200822"><i>A history of Sweden from the earliest times to the present day</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=37&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Sweden+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+present+day&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Cronholm&rft.aufirst=Neander+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924071200822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHofbergHeurlinMillqvistRubenson1908" class="citation book cs1">Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Victor; Rubenson, Olof (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbh/0682.html"><i>Svenskt Biografiskt Handlexikon – Uggleupplagan [Swedish Biographical Dictionary – The Owl Edition] 2nd Edition (In Swedish)</i></a>. Albert Bonniers Förlag. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49695435">49695435</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312023525/http://runeberg.org/nfbh/0682.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenskt+Biografiskt+Handlexikon+%E2%80%93+Uggleupplagan+%5BSwedish+Biographical+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+The+Owl+Edition%5D+2nd+Edition+%28In+Swedish%29&rft.pub=Albert+Bonniers+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49695435&rft.aulast=Hofberg&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Heurlin%2C+Frithiof&rft.au=Millqvist%2C+Victor&rft.au=Rubenson%2C+Olof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfbh%2F0682.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurulers.altervista.org/sweden.html">"Sweden and Finland. Titles of European hereditary rulers"</a>. <i>eurulers.altervista.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175605/http://eurulers.altervista.org/sweden.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurulers.altervista.org&rft.atitle=Sweden+and+Finland.+Titles+of+European+hereditary+rulers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurulers.altervista.org%2Fsweden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiljegren2000">Liljegren 2000</a>, p.11, "Den stormäktige och nådige herren, Karl, med Guds nåde, Sveriges, Götes och Vendes konung, storfurste till Finland, hertig uti Skåne, Estland, Livland, Karelen, Bremen, Verden, Stettin, Pommern, Kassuben och Wenden, furste till Rügen, herre över Ingermanland och Wismar, så ock pfalzgreve vid Rhen i Bayern, till Jülich, Kleve och Berg hertig".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0500.html">Karl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130120522/http://runeberg.org/nfbm/0500.html">Archived</a> 30 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatton1968" class="citation book cs1">Hatton, R. M. (1968). <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 19, <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297748267" title="Special:BookSources/9780297748267"><bdi>9780297748267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+XII+of+Sweden&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780297748267&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Hatton, <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>, 1968, pp. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNordlundHatton2024" class="citation web cs1">Nordlund, Sven; Hatton, Ragnhild Marie (26 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XII">"Charles XII"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Charles+XII&rft.date=2024-11-26&rft.aulast=Nordlund&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft.au=Hatton%2C+Ragnhild+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-XII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Hatton, <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>, 1968, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Pembroke_Fetridge1875" class="citation book cs1">William Pembroke Fetridge (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ppPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA829"><i>The American Traveller's Guide: Harper's Hand-book for Travellers in Europe and the East: Being a Guide Through Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, Tyrol, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and Spain</i></a>. p. 829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Traveller%27s+Guide%3A+Harper%27s+Hand-book+for+Travellers+in+Europe+and+the+East%3A+Being+a+Guide+Through+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%2C+France%2C+Belgium%2C+Holland%2C+Germany%2C+Italy%2C+Egypt%2C+Syria%2C+Turkey%2C+Greece%2C+Switzerland%2C+Tyrol%2C+Denmark%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden%2C+Russia%2C+and+Spain&rft.pages=829&rft.date=1875&rft.au=William+Pembroke+Fetridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ppPAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tucker-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tucker_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2015" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhGFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA182"><i>Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610697866" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610697866"><bdi>978-1610697866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+That+Changed+History%3A+50+of+the+World%27s+Greatest+Conflicts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1610697866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxhGFCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Derry, <i>History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland</i> (2000), p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Cavendish, "The Battle of Narva." <i>History Today</i> 50#11 (2000): 50+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenata_Tyszczuk2007" class="citation book cs1">Renata Tyszczuk (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3W5fvGVt3fYC&pg=PA34"><i>The Story of an Architect King: Stanislas Leszczynski in Lorraine 1737–1766</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3039103249" title="Special:BookSources/978-3039103249"><bdi>978-3039103249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+an+Architect+King%3A+Stanislas+Leszczynski+in+Lorraine+1737%E2%80%931766&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3039103249&rft.au=Renata+Tyszczuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3W5fvGVt3fYC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Karoliner</i> by Alf Åberg, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Karl XII</i> by Bengt Liljegren, pp. 151, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Svenska slagfält</i>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Svenska folkets underbara öden</i>, book four by Carl Grimberg, about the numbers of Mazepa's army.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bra Böckers Lexikon</i>, the article of Karl XII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalevi_Jaakko_Holsti1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Holsti" title="Kalevi Holsti">Kalevi Jaakko Holsti</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeRWvk3TP_gC&pg=PA69"><i>Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648–1989</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521399296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521399296"><bdi>978-0521399296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+War%3A+Armed+Conflicts+and+International+Order%2C+1648%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521399296&rft.au=Kalevi+Jaakko+Holsti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeRWvk3TP_gC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Lieven2006" class="citation book cs1">Dominic Lieven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzR0cmnP3J8C&pg=PA29"><i>The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 2, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521815291" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521815291"><bdi>978-0521815291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia%3A+Volume+2%2C+Imperial+Russia%2C+1689%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521815291&rft.au=Dominic+Lieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzR0cmnP3J8C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linquist-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linquist_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linquist_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman Lindquist (in Swedish): Historian om Sverige. Storhet och Fall. (History of Sweden. Greatness and fall) ISBN 9172630922 (2000) Nordstedts förlag, Stockholm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBearman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bearman, P., ed. (2012) [Orig. published in print in 1965]. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1791">"Demi̇rbas̲h̲"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English)</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_1791">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1791</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+New+Edition+Online+%28EI-2+English%29&rft.atitle=Demi%CC%87rbas%CC%B2h%CC%B2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_1791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_1791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://varldsinbordeskriget.wordpress.com/2011/02/14/sweden-the-ottoman-empire-and-the-crimean-tartars-c-1580-%E2%80%93-1714-%E2%80%93-the-realpolitik-of-a-christian-kingdom/">"Sweden, The Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Tartars, c 1580 – 1714 – The Realpolitoik of a Christian Kingdom"</a>. <i>Världsinbördeskriget</i>. Wordpress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011203211/https://varldsinbordeskriget.wordpress.com/2011/02/14/sweden-the-ottoman-empire-and-the-crimean-tartars-c-1580-%E2%80%93-1714-%E2%80%93-the-realpolitik-of-a-christian-kingdom/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%A4rldsinb%C3%B6rdeskriget&rft.atitle=Sweden%2C+The+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Crimean+Tartars%2C+c+1580+%E2%80%93+1714+%E2%80%93+The+Realpolitoik+of+a+Christian+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvarldsinbordeskriget.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2Fsweden-the-ottoman-empire-and-the-crimean-tartars-c-1580-%25E2%2580%2593-1714-%25E2%2580%2593-the-realpolitik-of-a-christian-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZetterberg1987" class="citation book cs1">Zetterberg, Seppo (1987). <i>Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen</i>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-0-14253-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-0-14253-0"><bdi>978-951-0-14253-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+historian+pikkuj%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4inen&rft.pages=265&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-951-0-14253-0&rft.aulast=Zetterberg&rft.aufirst=Seppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Hatton, <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seppo Zetterberg et al. (eds.), <i>A Small Giant (Compendium) of the Finnish History / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen</i>. 2nd ed., Helsinki, (2003) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriberg2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friberg, Henrik (23 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/blekinge/redan-karl-xii-godkande-muslimska-gudstjanster-i-karlskrona">"Redan Karl XII godkände muslimska gudstjänster"</a>. <i>SVT Nyheter</i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428131747/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/blekinge/redan-karl-xii-godkande-muslimska-gudstjanster-i-karlskrona">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Redan+Karl+XII+godk%C3%A4nde+muslimska+gudstj%C3%A4nster&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.aulast=Friberg&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Flokalt%2Fblekinge%2Fredan-karl-xii-godkande-muslimska-gudstjanster-i-karlskrona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slakthistoria.se/livet-forr/vad-hande-med-karl-xii-s-kreditorer">"Vad hände med Karl XII:s kreditorer?"</a>. <i>Slakt Historia</i>. 19 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031025/https://slakthistoria.se/livet-forr/vad-hande-med-karl-xii-s-kreditorer">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slakt+Historia&rft.atitle=Vad+h%C3%A4nde+med+Karl+XII%3As+kreditorer%3F&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslakthistoria.se%2Flivet-forr%2Fvad-hande-med-karl-xii-s-kreditorer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter Hamish. <i>German armies. War and German politics, 1648–1806. Warfare and history</i>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-106-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-106-3"><bdi>1-85728-106-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+armies.+War+and+German+politics%2C+1648%E2%80%931806.+Warfare+and+history&rft.pages=140&rft.isbn=1-85728-106-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nb.no/karl-xii-kart/omfelttogene.htm">"Karl XIIs felttog i Norge"</a>. <i>nb.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203020542/http://www.nb.no/karl-xii-kart/omfelttogene.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nb.no&rft.atitle=Karl+XIIs+felttog+i+Norge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nb.no%2Fkarl-xii-kart%2Fomfelttogene.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDash" class="citation magazine cs1">Dash, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-blazing-career-and-mysterious-death-of-the-swedish-meteor-39695356/">"The Blazing Career and Mysterious Death of 'The Swedish Meteor'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008101925/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-blazing-career-and-mysterious-death-of-the-swedish-meteor-39695356/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Blazing+Career+and+Mysterious+Death+of+%27The+Swedish+Meteor%27&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-blazing-career-and-mysterious-death-of-the-swedish-meteor-39695356%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011236/http://www.peterenglund.com/textarkiv/mordslumpskott.htm">"Välkommen till Peter Englund"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterenglund.com/textarkiv/mordslumpskott.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4lkommen+till+Peter+Englund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterenglund.com%2Ftextarkiv%2Fmordslumpskott.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindqvist2009" class="citation news cs1">Lindqvist, Herman (29 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/kolumnister/hermanlindqvist/article12156251.ab?partner=www">"Karl XII:s död ger inte forskarna någon ro"</a>. <i>Aftonbladet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308092106/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/kolumnister/hermanlindqvist/article12156251.ab?partner=www">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftonbladet&rft.atitle=Karl+XII%3As+d%C3%B6d+ger+inte+forskarna+n%C3%A5gon+ro&rft.date=2009-11-29&rft.aulast=Lindqvist&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftonbladet.se%2Fnyheter%2Fkolumnister%2Fhermanlindqvist%2Farticle12156251.ab%3Fpartner%3Dwww&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMITH-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMITH_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMITH_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMITH_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMITH_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMITH_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMITH_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMike_Dash2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Mike Dash (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/history/2012/09/the-blazing-career-and-mysterious-death-of-the-swedish-meteor/">"Past Imperfect"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160828170810/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-blazing-career-and-mysterious-death-of-the-swedish-meteor-39695356/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Past+Imperfect&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.au=Mike+Dash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2F2012%2F09%2Fthe-blazing-career-and-mysterious-death-of-the-swedish-meteor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Förflutenhetens landskap ("The Landscape of Times Past") (1991), collection of essays, pp. 126–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20005744">"Tutkijat ratkaisivat yli 300 vuotta vanhan mysteerin: Kaarle XII ei kuollutkaan omien luodista, vaan vihollisen ampumana"</a>. 23 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123143610/https://yle.fi/a/74-20005744">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tutkijat+ratkaisivat+yli+300+vuotta+vanhan+mysteerin%3A+Kaarle+XII+ei+kuollutkaan+omien+luodista%2C+vaan+vihollisen+ampumana&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F74-20005744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-juho22-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-juho22_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuho-Antti_Junno2022" class="citation journal cs1">Juho-Antti Junno; et al. 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M. Hatton, <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>, 1968, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frans Bengtsson, <i>The Life of Charles XII</i>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liljegren, <i>Karl XII: en biografi</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Hatton, <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>, 1968, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frans Bengtsson, <i>The Life of Charles XII</i>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatton219-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hatton219_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatton219_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Hatton, <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>, 1968, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Hatton, <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i>, 1968, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byron Nordstrom, <i>Dictionary of Scandinavian History</i>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Blanning, <i>Frederick the Great</i>, 2015, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Sebag Montefiore, <i>The Romanovs: 1613–1918</i>, 2016, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthing7-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthing7_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthing1799" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Anthing" title="Johann Friedrich Anthing">Anthing, Frederic</a> (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4w2AAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the campaigns of Count Alexander Suworow Rymnikski</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: J. 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University of Nebraska Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofswedish00lars/page/102">102</a>, <span class="nowrap">104–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803247505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803247505"><bdi>978-0803247505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Enlightenment+and+the+Gustavian+Age&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Swedish+literature&rft.pages=102%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0803247505&rft.aulast=Massengale&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofswedish00lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1991" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Michael (1991). <i>From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. 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University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofswedish00lars/page/267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803247505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803247505"><bdi>978-0803247505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strindberg+and+the+transition+to+Modernism&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Swedish+literature&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0803247505&rft.aulast=Steene&rft.aufirst=Brigitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofswedish00lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteene1996" class="citation book cs1">Steene, Brigitta (1996). "Strindberg and the transition to Modernism". In Warme, Lars G. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofswedish00lars"><i>A History of Swedish literature</i></a></span>. University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofswedish00lars/page/271">271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803247505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803247505"><bdi>978-0803247505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strindberg+and+the+transition+to+Modernism&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Swedish+literature&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0803247505&rft.aulast=Steene&rft.aufirst=Brigitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofswedish00lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoers2000" class="citation book cs1">Moers, Gerald (2000). "Im Gemeindewald der Geschichte". In Schöning, Udo (ed.). <i>Internationalität nationaler Literaturen</i>. Wallstein. pp. <span class="nowrap">285–</span>286, fn. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Im+Gemeindewald+der+Geschichte&rft.btitle=Internationalit%C3%A4t+nationaler+Literaturen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E286%2C+fn.+83&rft.pub=Wallstein&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Moers&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1988" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Franklin Daniel (1988). <i>Sweden, the nation's history</i>. SIU Press. p. 551.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweden%2C+the+nation%27s+history&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Franklin+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOredsson2000" class="citation book cs1">Oredsson, Sverker (2000). "Gustav II. Adolf in Geschichtsschreibung und Kult". In Petersson, Rikke (ed.). <i>Damals, als Schweden eine Großmacht war ..</i>. LIT. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gustav+II.+Adolf+in+Geschichtsschreibung+und+Kult&rft.btitle=Damals%2C+als+Schweden+eine+Gro%C3%9Fmacht+war+...&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Oredsson&rft.aufirst=Sverker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/karl-xii-firare-ligger-lagt-i-ar">"Karl XII-firare ligger lågt i år"</a>. <i>Dagens Nyheter</i>. DN. 27 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130135144/http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/karl-xii-firare-ligger-lagt-i-ar">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Karl+XII-firare+ligger+l%C3%A5gt+i+%C3%A5r&rft.date=2011-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fnyheter%2Fsverige%2Fkarl-xii-firare-ligger-lagt-i-ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/37606/20111128/">"Nationalists abandon 'warrior king' anniversary"</a>. TheLOcal. 28 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130045715/http://www.thelocal.se/37606/20111128/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalists+abandon+%27warrior+king%27+anniversary&rft.pub=TheLOcal&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F37606%2F20111128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span> On the use of Charles XII by nationalists and Nazis in general <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421235622/http://www.peterenglund.com/textarkiv/karlXII.htm">"Om den 30 november"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Peter Englund</a>, in Expressen 30 November 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterenglund.com/textarkiv/karlXII.htm">the original</a> on 21 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Om+den+30+november&rft.pub=Peter+Englund%2C+in+Expressen+30+November+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterenglund.com%2Ftextarkiv%2FkarlXII.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming" title="The Art of Computer Programming">The Art of Computer Programming</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoltaire1740" class="citation book cs1">Voltaire (1740). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=169VAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The History of Charles XII. King of Sweden ... Seventh edition...</i></a> p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Charles+XII.+King+of+Sweden+...+Seventh+edition...&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1740&rft.au=Voltaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D169VAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBengtsson1994" class="citation book cs1">Bengtsson, Frans G. (1994). <i>Karl XII:s Levnad</i>. Norstedts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9119418326" title="Special:BookSources/978-9119418326"><bdi>978-9119418326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+XII%3As+Levnad&rft.pub=Norstedts&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9119418326&rft.aulast=Bengtsson&rft.aufirst=Frans+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatton1968" class="citation book cs1">Hatton, Ragnhild Marie (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesxiiofswed00hatt"><i>Charles XII of Sweden</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297748267" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297748267"><bdi>978-0297748267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+XII+of+Sweden&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0297748267&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Ragnhild+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesxiiofswed00hatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoltaire1731" class="citation book cs1">Voltaire (1731). <i>History of Charles XII, King of Sweden</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Charles+XII%2C+King+of+Sweden&rft.date=1731&rft.au=Voltaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The lion of the north : Charles XII – King of Sweden (Book, 1938)</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1063928075">1063928075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lion+of+the+north+%3A+Charles+XII+%E2%80%93+King+of+Sweden+%28Book%2C+1938%29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1063928075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassie1981" class="citation book cs1">Massie, Robert K. (1981). <i>Peter the Great: His Life and World</i>. New York City: Ballantine Books. pp. Part 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-29806-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-29806-3"><bdi>0-345-29806-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Great%3A+His+Life+and+World&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=Part+3-4&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-345-29806-3&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cinema-scope.com/spotlight/pigeon-sat-branch-reflecting-existence/">"Cinema Scope | A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence (Roy Andersson, Sweden)"</a>. <i>cinema-scope.com</i>. 18 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125213322/https://cinema-scope.com/spotlight/pigeon-sat-branch-reflecting-existence/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cinema-scope.com&rft.atitle=Cinema+Scope+%26%23124%3B+A+Pigeon+Sat+on+a+Branch+Reflecting+on+Existence+%28Roy+Andersson%2C+Sweden%29&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcinema-scope.com%2Fspotlight%2Fpigeon-sat-branch-reflecting-existence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/a-pigeon-sat-on-a-branch-reflecting-on-existence/review/">"A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence review: 'heaven'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 23 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821202258/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/a-pigeon-sat-on-a-branch-reflecting-on-existence/review/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+Pigeon+Sat+on+a+Branch+Reflecting+on+Existence+review%3A+%27heaven%27&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffilm%2Fa-pigeon-sat-on-a-branch-reflecting-on-existence%2Freview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSundström2018" class="citation interview cs1">Sundström, Pär (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708052145/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCAbEDo26Ac&gl=US&hl=en">"Pär Sundström interview – Carolus Rex – Part 2/3"</a> (Interview). Sabaton. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%A4r+Sundstr%C3%B6m+interview+%E2%80%93+Carolus+Rex+%E2%80%93+Part+2%2F3&rft.pub=Sabaton&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Sundstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A4r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKCAbEDo26Ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">cite interview</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velikanov-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Velikanov_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVelikanov2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Velikanov, Vladimir S. (2018). <bdi lang="ru">Русский вспомогательный корпус на Польско-Саксонской службе в 1704-1707 и сражение при Фрауштадте</bdi> [<i>The Russian Auxiliary Corps in Polish-Saxon service in 1704-1707 and the Battle of Fraustadt</i>] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>: <i>Ratnoe delo</i>. Moscow: Русские витязи. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-6040158-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-6040158-5-8"><bdi>978-5-6040158-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B2+1704-1707+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-5-6040158-5-8&rft.aulast=Velikanov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordberg892–893-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nordberg892–893_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNordberg1740" class="citation book cs1">Nordberg, Jöran (1740). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_lcAAAAcAAJ"><i>Konung Carl den XII:tes Historia, volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>: Pet. Momma. pp. <span class="nowrap">892–</span>893. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/256604521">256604521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konung+Carl+den+XII%3Ates+Historia%2C+volume+1&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E892-%3C%2Fspan%3E893&rft.pub=Pet.+Momma&rft.date=1740&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256604521&rft.aulast=Nordberg&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_lcAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quennerstedt343–344-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quennerstedt343–344_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuennerstedt1901" class="citation book cs1">Quennerstedt, August (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/karolikrig/1/"><i>Karolinska krigares dagböcker jämte andra samtida skrifter, volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>: Gleerupska univ. bokhandeln. pp. <span class="nowrap">343–</span>344. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186563462">186563462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karolinska+krigares+dagb%C3%B6cker+j%C3%A4mte+andra+samtida+skrifter%2C+volume+1&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E343-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.pub=Gleerupska+univ.+bokhandeln&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186563462&rft.aulast=Quennerstedt&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fkarolikrig%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagermark66-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagermark66_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLagermark1883" class="citation book cs1">Lagermark, Johan August (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2MQ_AAAAYAAJ"><i>Karl XII:s krig i Norge 1716</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>: Edv. Berling. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/457320804">457320804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+XII%3As+krig+i+Norge+1716&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Edv.+Berling&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457320804&rft.aulast=Lagermark&rft.aufirst=Johan+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2MQ_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles XII."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charles_XII.">"Charles XII." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">929–</span>931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+XII.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E929-%3C%2Fspan%3E931&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bain, Robert Nisbet. <i>Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682–1719</i> (1899) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9hAAQAAMAAJ&dq=charles+xii&pg=PR1">online</a>.</li> <li>Bengtsson, F. G. <i>The Life of Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1697–1718</i> (1960). also published as <i>The sword does not jest. The heroic life of King Charles XII of Sweden</i> (St. Martin's Press 1960).</li> <li>Browning, Oscar. <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i> (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1899).</li> <li>Fielding, Henry (Translator), <i>The Military History of Charles XII. King of Sweden, Written by the Express Order of His Majesty, by M. Gustavus Adlerfeld, to Which Is Added, an Exact Account of the Battle of Pultowa, Illustrated with Plans in Three Volumes</i> (London: printed for J. and P. Knapton; J. Hodges; A. Millar; and J. Nourse, 1740). Reprinted by Gale Ecco, Print Editions (2010).</li> <li>Gade, John (Translator), <i>Charles the Twelfth King of Sweden: Translated from the manuscript of Carl Gustafson Klingspor</i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916). Reprinted by Merkaba Press (2017).</li> <li>Glaeser, Michael. <i>By Defeating My Enemies: Charles XII of Sweden and the Great Northern War, 1682–1721</i> (Helion & Co Ltd, 2020).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hattendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hattendorf">Hattendorf, J. B.</a>, Åsa Karlsson, Margriet Lacy-Bruijn, Augustus J. Veenendaal Jr., and Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier, <i>Charles XII: Warrior King</i> (Rotterdam: Karwansaray, 2018).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Hatton" title="Ragnhild Hatton">Hatton, R. M.</a> <i>Charles XII of Sweden</i> (1968).</li> <li>Hone, Michael. <i>Charles XII of Sweden: Versus Peter the Great of Russia</i> (Createspace Independent Pub., 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiljegren2000" class="citation book cs1">Liljegren, Bengt (2000). <i>Karl XII : en biografi</i>. Lund: Historiska media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9188930996" title="Special:BookSources/978-9188930996"><bdi>978-9188930996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+XII+%3A+en+biografi&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Historiska+media&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9188930996&rft.aulast=Liljegren&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peterson, Gary Dean. <i>Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries</i> (McFarland, 2007).</li> <li>Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de. <i>History of Charles XII, King of Sweden</i> (translated by W.H. Dilworth, 1760). Reprinted by True World of Books (2020).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_XII_of_Sweden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_XII_of_Sweden" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mikedashhistory.com/2012/09/25/the-swedish-meteor-the-blazing-career-and-mysterious-death-of-charles-xii/">The Swedish Meteor: the blazing career and mysterious death of Charles XII</a>. Smithsonian summary of assassination theories.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cichw1.net/cxiiteg.html">Charles XII: on the centenary of his death 1818</a>. The original Swedish text by Esaias Tegner, as well as parallel translations by J.E.D. Bethune (1848) and Charles Harrison-Wallace (1998) and a comment by the latter.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020100626/http://home3.swipnet.se/~w-38927/karlxii.html">The Great Northern War and Charles XII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406085157/http://www.karlxii.se/Default.asp">Charles XII and his Life and Death</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7228009.stm">BBC News item: Who killed Sweden's Warrior King?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209085239/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/swedhis/swed1700.htm">Timeline of 1700–1720 in Sweden</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Charles XII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Charles_XII">"Charles XII" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+XII&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Charles XII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Charles_XII">"Charles XII" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+XII&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Charles XII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Charles_XII">"Charles XII" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+XII&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+XII+of+Sweden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles XII of Sweden </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 17 June 1682</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 30 November 1718</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">King of Sweden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Duke of Bremen and Verden</a> </b><br />1697–1718 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Palatine Zweibrücken">Duke of Palatine Zweibrücken</a> </b><br />1697–1718 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gustav,_Duke_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Gustav, Duke of Zweibrücken">Gustav Samuel Leopold</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swedish_princes" title="Template:Swedish princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swedish_princes" title="Template talk:Swedish princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_princes1198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Swedish princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>, and continues through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">King Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">King John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Magnus, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">King Charles IX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">King Sigismund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Sweden_(1568%E2%80%931607)" title="Gustav of Sweden (1568–1607)">Gustav, Prince of Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">Prince John, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">King Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Vasa" title="Alexander Charles Vasa">Prince Alexander Charles</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">King Charles XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">King Frederick I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">King Adolf Frederick</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">King Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">King Charles XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Adolf,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">King Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Gustav,_Duke_of_Sm%C3%A5land" title="Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland">Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_August,_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden" title="Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden">Crown Prince Charles August</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">King Charles XIV John</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav,_Prince_of_Vasa" title="Gustav, Prince of Vasa">Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">King Oscar I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">King Charles XV</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf,_Duke_of_Uppland" title="Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland">Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">King Oscar II</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August,_Duke_of_Dalarna" title="Prince August, Duke of Dalarna">Prince August, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Oscar,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">King Gustaf V</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bernadotte" title="Oscar Bernadotte">Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen,_Duke_of_N%C3%A4rke" title="Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke">Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">King Gustaf VI Adolf</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Erik,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland">Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Carl Bernadotte">Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten">Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvard_Bernadotte" title="Sigvard Bernadotte">Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Bertil,_Duke_of_Halland" title="Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland">Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Johan_Bernadotte" title="Carl Johan Bernadotte">Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Bernadotte" title="Lennart Bernadotte">Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">King Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Philip,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4rmland" title="Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland">Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Daniel,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oscar,_Duke_of_Sk%C3%A5ne" title="Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne">Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel,_Duke_of_Dalarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna">Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Julian,_Duke_of_Halland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Julian, Duke of Halland">Prince Julian, Duke of Halland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicolas,_Duke_of_%C3%85ngermanland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Nicolas, Duke of Ångermanland">Prince Nicolas, Duke of Ångermanland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Norway</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Poland and Lithuania</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> <i>Lost his title due to an unequal marriage</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> <i>Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Sweden1274" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Sweden1274" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Monarchs of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Muns%C3%B6" title="House of Munsö">Munsö</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._970_–_c._106045" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 970 – c. 1060</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric "VII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_Jacob" title="Anund Jacob">Anund Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emund_the_Old" title="Emund the Old">Emund the Old</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stenkil" title="House of Stenkil">Stenkil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1060_–_c._11301160–116135" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1060 – c. 1130<br />1160–1161</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenkil" title="Stenkil">Stenkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_and_Eric" title="Eric and Eric">Eric and Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_G%C3%A5rdske" class="mw-redirect" title="Anund Gårdske">Anund Gårdske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_the_Red" title="Håkan the Red">Håkan the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blot-Sweyn" title="Blot-Sweyn">Blot-Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sweden" title="Philip of Sweden">Philip</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Younger" title="Inge the Younger">Inge the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnvald_Knaph%C3%B6vde" title="Ragnvald Knaphövde">Ragnvald Knaphövde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Strong" title="Magnus the Strong">Magnus I</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, <small>descendant of Inge the Elder</small>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverker" title="House of Sverker">Sverker</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Eric">Eric</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1130_–_125016" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1130 – 1250</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Elder" title="Sverker the Elder">Sverker the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Erik" title="Saint Erik">Eric "IX" the Holy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Henriksson" title="Magnus Henriksson">Magnus II</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, <small>descendant of Inge the Elder</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sverkersson" title="Karl Sverkersson">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_of_Sweden" title="Kol of Sweden">Kol</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boleslaw_of_Sweden" title="Boleslaw of Sweden">Boleslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Eriksson" title="Knut Eriksson">Knut Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Younger" title="Sverker the Younger">Sverker the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Knutsson" title="Erik Knutsson">Eric "X"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of Sweden">John I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_L%C3%A5nge" title="Knut Långe">Knut Långe</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1250–136411" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1250–1364</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ladul%C3%A5s" title="Magnus Ladulås">Magnus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birger,_King_of_Sweden" title="Birger, King of Sweden">Birger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Magnusson,_King_of_Sweden" title="Erik Magnusson, King of Sweden">Eric "XII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VI of Norway">Haakon</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1364–138911" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1364–1389</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Sweden" title="Albert, King of Sweden">Albert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> <div style="padding-top:0.5em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:80%;"><i>Italics</i> indicate<br />regents</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1389–152311" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1389–1523</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_of_Pomerania" title="Erik of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bengt_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Nils_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John II</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svante_Nilsson_(regent_of_Sweden)" title="Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden)">Svante Nilsson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erik_Trolle" title="Erik Trolle">Erik Trolle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Younger" title="Sten Sture the Younger">Sten Sture the Younger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav (I)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1523–165411" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1523–1654</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_XIV" title="Erik XIV">Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatinate-<br />Zweibrücken</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach)</a><br /><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1654–175111" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1654–1751</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav" title="Charles X Gustav">Charles X Gustav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1751–181811" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1751–1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">Adolf Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="since_181810" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">since 1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Charles XIV John</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">Charles XV</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">Gustaf V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">Gustaf VI Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Lineage uncertain</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>2</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>3</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Danish monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>4</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">king of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52934#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3952" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118560123">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50046482">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119632591">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119632591">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00795064">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Karl XII <re di Svezia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV031134">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61539264">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525425&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1275224">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070605122">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90289706">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000088368&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=104301">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjkkvn5dpdxzp">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810702691805606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810677023905606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/136907">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118560123">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/w0869">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1710825">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118560123.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118560123">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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