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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scale heights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scale_heights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scale heights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scale_heights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heroic_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroic_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Heroic scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroic_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scale_creep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale_creep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Scale creep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale_creep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miniature_figure_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miniature_figure_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Miniature figure scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miniature_figure_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sculpting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miniatures_in_Dungeons_&_Dragons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miniatures_in_Dungeons_&_Dragons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Miniatures in <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miniatures_in_Dungeons_&_Dragons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2D_miniatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2D_miniatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>2D miniatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2D_miniatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Miniature model (gaming)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small-scale model used in miniature wargaming</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warhammer_Fantasy_RedCraig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Warhammer_Fantasy_RedCraig.jpg/220px-Warhammer_Fantasy_RedCraig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Warhammer_Fantasy_RedCraig.jpg/330px-Warhammer_Fantasy_RedCraig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Warhammer_Fantasy_RedCraig.jpg/440px-Warhammer_Fantasy_RedCraig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3547" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_(game)" title="Warhammer (game)">Warhammer</a> miniature model gaming</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Miniature_wargaming" title="Miniature wargaming">miniature wargaming</a>, players enact simulated battles using <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale models</a> called <b>miniature models</b>, which can be anywhere from 2 to 54 mm in height, to represent warriors, vehicles, artillery, buildings, and terrain. These models are colloquially referred to as <b>miniatures</b> or <b>minis</b>. </p><p>Miniature models are commonly made of metal, plastic, or paper. They are used to augment the visual aspects of a game and track position, facing, and <a href="/wiki/Line_of_sight_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of sight (gaming)">line of sight</a> of characters. Miniatures are typically painted and can be artfully sculpted, making them collectible in their own right. Pre-painted plastic figures, such as <i>Clix</i> miniatures produced by <a href="/wiki/WizKids" title="WizKids">WizKids</a> and unpainted plastic figures for <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_(game)" title="Warhammer (game)">Warhammer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Games_Workshop" title="Games Workshop">Games Workshop</a>, have become popular. The hobby of painting, collecting, and playing with miniatures originated with <a href="/wiki/Toy_soldier" title="Toy soldier">toy soldiers</a>, though the latter were generally sold pre-painted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miniature models are derived from <a href="/wiki/Toy_soldier" title="Toy soldier">toy soldiers</a> which were constructed of a variety of materials,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These toy figures came to be mass produced from tin in late 1700s Germany, where they were called <i>Zinnsoldaten</i> (lit. "tin soldiers"). These early figures were flat models commonly called "flats", and became quite common in western Europe. By the mid 1800s manufactures in several countries were producing 3d miniatures of tin and lead alloys, common called <a href="/wiki/White_metal" title="White metal">white metal</a>. In 1993, the New York legislature introduced a bill outlawing lead in miniatures, citing public health concerns. Many miniature manufacturers, anticipating that other states would also impose bans, began making figures with lead-free alloys, often at increased prices.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After months of debate and protests by miniature manufacturers and enthusiasts, New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a> signed a bill which exempted miniatures from the state's public health law.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, most American manufacturers continued to use non-lead alloys.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century miniatures would also be manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a> materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some wargames use "box miniatures", consisting of card stock folded into simple cuboids with representative art printed on the outside. Other games use 2d cardboard miniatures that are either held in a base or folded into a triangular tent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scale_heights">Scale heights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scale heights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Miniature_model_(gaming)" title="Special:EditPage/Miniature model (gaming)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Miniature+model%22+gaming">"Miniature model" gaming</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Miniature+model%22+gaming+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Miniature+model%22+gaming&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Miniature+model%22+gaming+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Miniature+model%22+gaming">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Miniature+model%22+gaming&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale-height-of_figures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Scale-height-of_figures.png/220px-Scale-height-of_figures.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Scale-height-of_figures.png/330px-Scale-height-of_figures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Scale-height-of_figures.png/440px-Scale-height-of_figures.png 2x" data-file-width="3912" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption>Scale height of figures in 1:60 and 1:72 scale</figcaption></figure><p>Historically the size of miniatures was described in absolute scale in various different systems of measurement, most commonly in metric and <a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a>. A 28mm miniature means that the size of the miniature will be 28mm from the feet of the mini to the chosen reference point. The most common miniatures were the 54 mm European miniatures and the 2 1/4" English models which are commonly considered to be 1:32 scale.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early wargames such as H.G Wells <a href="/wiki/Little_Wars" title="Little Wars">Little Wars</a> used these commonly available miniatures. With <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">metrication in the United Kingdom</a>, United States manufacturers began to use the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> to describe miniatures, as opposed to the previously popular <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">customary units</a>, so that their table-top wargaming models would be compatible. Today,the scale of a figure is often described in millimeters, for example one of the most common scales is 28 mm. </p><p>Manufacturers set up a size of the miniature and try to make every miniature similar size or at least have an average with the size they've set up. While a model may be described as 28 mm the actual height of the model may be different. This is because of a number of factors such as manufacturer, model proportion, method of measuring the model, the model's pose, and what sort of man the model is meant to represent. A manufacturer might advertise its figures as 28 mm, but their products may be over 30 mm tall. In 28 mm scale, short characters such as <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">hobbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblins</a> might be represented by figures in the 15 to 20 mm range while taller characters like <a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">ogres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">trolls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons">dragons</a> would use 30 mm or larger figures. Manufacturer's use of scale is not uniform and can deviate by as much as 30%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some manufacturers measure figure height from the feet to the eyes rather than the top of the head; therefore, a figure that is 30mm to the top of its head could be considered to be a 28mm miniature. Figures of 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 28 mm, 30 mm, 32 mm, and 35 mm are the most common for role-playing and table-top games. Smaller figures of 2 mm, 6 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm are used for mass-combat wargames. Large sizes such as 40 mm and 54 mm were popular with wargamers in the past and are still used by painters and collectors. While the large miniatures have become popular again since the late 20th century, they are not as popular as the smaller sizes. </p><p>In many games there is a definite scale specified for the square grid that the game is played upon. One of the most common is 1 inch represents 5 feet. This specifies an exact scale of 1:60. That implies that a 28 mm tall figurine represents a 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) person – which is a reasonable number for a modern 50th percentile male (See: <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">Human height</a>). Another popular scale is 1/72 or 1 inch equals 6 foot which uses 20 mm, to 25 mm miniatures. It is mostly used for historical gaming in part due to a wide selection of 1/72 scale models. Figures are commonly used with a variety of scales. It is not uncommon for there to be a mismatch between the game scale and miniature size. <a href="/wiki/Chainmail_(game)" title="Chainmail (game)">Chainmail</a> used a scale of 1:360,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appropriate to 5 mm miniatures, but was played with 30 mm miniatures,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the conceit that each figure represented 20 men. In the table below, figure height alone (excluding base thickness) is the feature from which approximate scale is calculated. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Figure height</th> <th>Scale foot</th> <th>Scale ratio</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>2 mm</td> <td>≈0.333 mm</td> <td>≈1:914</td> <td>Useful for gaming in tight spaces or representing large forces. Popular scale for Victorian science fiction (VSF) games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 mm</td> <td>≈0.508 mm</td> <td>1:600</td> <td>As with 2 mm figures, useful for gaming in tight spaces or representing large forces. Primarily used for World War II and Modern land and air games. Sometimes referred to as "pico" scale. Popular for ships, especially liners and capital ships. Warship models produced by <a href="/wiki/Airfix" title="Airfix">Airfix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amazon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.92 mm</td> <td>≈0.987 mm</td> <td>≈<a href="/wiki/1:300_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="1:300 scale">1:300</a></td> <td>The NATO/EU standard scale<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for sand-table wargames involving <a href="/wiki/Micro_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro armor">micro armor</a>. Closely related to 1:285 scale and generalized as "6 mm" figure scale. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.2 mm</td> <td>≈1.033 mm</td> <td>≈<a href="/wiki/1:285_scale" title="1:285 scale">1:285</a></td> <td>The US standard for large-scale historical armor battles involving micro armor. Also popular in other genres, such as ancient, fantasy, and sci-fi. Closely related to 1:300 scale. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.0 - 9.14 mm</td> <td>≈1.524 mm</td> <td>≈<a href="/wiki/1:200_scale" title="1:200 scale">1:225</a> – 1:190</td> <td>Includes the <a href="/wiki/1:200_scale" title="1:200 scale">1:200 scale</a>, common for <a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">architectural modelling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Z_scale" title="Z scale">Z scale</a> is 1:220 ratio. The standard for old 1970–1980 large-scale display plastic aircraft, a large majority of diecast aircraft, and science fiction plastic kits. Also popular in other genres, such as ancient, fantasy, and sci-fi. One scale inch is equivalent to approximately 1/200 of an inch, 0.005 inches and 25.4 millimetres. One scale foot is equivalent to approximately 12/200 of an inch, 0.06 inches and 1.524 millimetres. One scale yard is equivalent to approximately 1/36 of an inch, 0.18 inches and 4.572 millimetres. Figure scale is 8 mm generally squared off to 1/190 – 1/220 scale. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 mm</td> <td>≈1.667 mm - ≈1.9 mm</td> <td>≈1:182 - 1:160</td> <td>A newer scale, growing in popularity, especially for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and science fiction gaming, but increasingly for historical games as well. 1:160 is equal to <a href="/wiki/N_scale" title="N scale">N scale</a> railroad trains. Notable manufacturers include Pendraken Miniatures, Newlines, Irregular Miniatures, Magister Militum, Steve Barber, Kallistra, Minifigs UK, Old Glory, and Games Workshop's Warmaster line of miniatures. Often measured as "eye height", giving ~1:160 for 10 mm scale, and figures being 10-12 mm tall overall. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 mm</td> <td>2 mm</td> <td>≈1:152 – 1:144</td> <td>1:152 is called <a href="/wiki/2_mm_scale" title="2 mm scale">2 mm finescale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Model_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Model railway">railway modelling</a>. A newer scale, growing in popularity, closely related to 10 mm. <a href="/wiki/1:144_scale" title="1:144 scale">1:144 scale</a> used for Japanese giant robot models (such as <a href="/wiki/Gunpla" title="Gunpla">Gunpla</a>) and toys. <a href="/wiki/N_scale" title="N scale">N scale</a> is a popular <a href="/wiki/Model_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Model railway">model railway</a> scale in this range.<sup id="cite_ref-S-1.2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-1.2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 mm</td> <td>≈2.7 mm</td> <td>≈1:120 –1:100</td> <td>The most popular scale used for wargames set in the modern era, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Flames_of_War" title="Flames of War">Flames of War</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies_Miniatures" title="Axis & Allies Miniatures">Axis & Allies Miniatures</a></i>. Also widely used in ancient-era wargaming, such as <i><a href="/wiki/De_Bellis_Multitudinis" title="De Bellis Multitudinis">De Bellis Multitudinis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Bellis_Antiquitatis" title="De Bellis Antiquitatis">De Bellis Antiquitatis</a></i>, and <i>Fields of Glory</i>. Seldom used for <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">RPGs</a>. Ranges roughly from 1:100 scale to 1:122 scale. Equivalent to <a href="/wiki/TT_scale" title="TT scale">TT scale</a> in miniature railroading. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 mm</td> <td>≈3.2 mm</td> <td>≈1:100 – 1:90</td> <td><i>Heroic</i> <i>scale</i> of 15 mm miniatures, such as the Napoleon At War range. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 mm</td> <td>≈3.6 mm</td> <td>≈1:90 – 1:72</td> <td><i>1:87 is roughly <a href="/wiki/HO_scale" title="HO scale">HO scale</a>.</i> Highly popular for World War II wargaming, 1/76 is roughly the same scale as <a href="/wiki/4_mm_scale" title="4 mm scale">4 mm scale</a> or <a href="/wiki/OO_gauge" title="OO gauge">OO model railways)</a>. Seldom used for <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">RPGs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Airfix" title="Airfix">Airfix</a> made a considerable range of figures in this scale: historically they were labelled on the box as "HO & OO scale" but are now described as 1/76 or <a href="/wiki/1:72_scale" title="1:72 scale">1/72 scale</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 mm</td> <td>≈4.4 mm</td> <td>≈1:72 – 1:69</td> <td>Used to be the most popular size for pre-1970s wargaming figures and roleplaying figures. While original mini figures matched <a href="/wiki/1:72_scale" title="1:72 scale">1:72</a> models there developed wide upwards variation in figure height and these are the most common ones to be used for wargaming. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 mm </td> <td>≈5 mm </td> <td>≈1:64 – 1:62 </td> <td>Popular for wargaming figures<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">RPGs</a>. <i>Heroic scale</i> of 25 mm miniatures. Used by <a href="/wiki/Games_Workshop" title="Games Workshop">Games Workshop</a> in the initial editions of its games. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 mm</td> <td>≈5.33 mm</td> <td>≈1:60 – 1:58</td> <td><i>Heroic scale</i> of 28 mm miniatures introduced by <a href="/wiki/Games_Workshop" title="Games Workshop">Games Workshop</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">Warhammer 40,000</a></i> figures. Close to <a href="/wiki/S_scale" title="S scale">S scale</a> model railroads. Due to Scale creep, modern 30 mm figures may be similar to 1:64 models (<a href="/wiki/S_scale" title="S scale">S scale</a>), but appear larger due to bulky sculpting and thick bases. At an exact scale of 1:60 (30.48 mm), it matches common battlemap grids where 1 inch represents 5 feet. </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 mm</td> <td>≈5.7 mm</td> <td>≈1:54</td> <td><i>Heroic scale</i> of 30 mm miniatures. Currently, the most common size of miniature figures. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genuine 32 mm unique to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithril_Miniatures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithril Miniatures (page does not exist)">Mithril Miniatures</a>. Most common size for modern wargaming minis, although some miniatures may be up to 35 mm. </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 mm</td> <td>≈6.2 mm</td> <td>≈1:52 – 1:48</td> <td><i>Heroic scale</i> of 32 mm miniatures. 1:50 scale is a popular size for <a href="/wiki/Diecast_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Diecast models">diecast models</a> from European manufacturers. 1:48 is commonly known as quarter scale or American <a href="/wiki/O_scale" title="O scale">O scale</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 mm</td> <td>≈7 mm</td> <td>≈1:45 – <a href="/wiki/1:43_scale" title="1:43 scale">1:43</a></td> <td>Older figures from the 60s and tend to be thinner / shorter than new metal ones. Close to <a href="/wiki/O_scale" title="O scale">O scale</a> model railroads. </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 mm</td> <td>9.6 mm</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1:35_scale" title="1:35 scale">1:35</a> –1:32</td> <td>Traditional "<a href="/wiki/Toy_soldier" title="Toy soldier">toy soldier</a>" scale. Popular for display (non-wargaming) and collectible figures. Historically, these were considered to be <a href="/wiki/1:32_scale" title="1:32 scale">1:32</a> or 3/8" to the foot models similar to <a href="/wiki/Gauge_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge 1">Gauge 1</a> toy and model trains. Plastic dollar-store <a href="/wiki/Army_men" title="Army men">army men</a> are often sold at this scale. Most new plastic 54 mm figures are 1/32. </td></tr> <tr> <td>75 mm </td> <td>12.7 mm </td> <td>1:24 </td> <td>Largest common scale used for gaming. <a href="/wiki/1:24_scale" title="1:24 scale">1:24</a> is a common scale for cars and airplanes. Compatible with <a href="/wiki/G_scale" title="G scale">G scale</a> model railways </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scales smaller still are used when the game involves large vehicles (such as starships or battleships). For instance <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies_Naval_Miniatures:_War_at_Sea" title="Axis & Allies Naval Miniatures: War at Sea">Axis & Allies Naval Miniatures: War at Sea</a></i> uses 1:1800 scale, and scales down to 1:6000 are seen. There is no equivalent "mm" number for these scales as individual figures would be nearly microscopic and are not used as such in the games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroic_scale">Heroic scale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heroic scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further complication is differing interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">body proportions</a>. Many gaming figures are unrealistically bulky for their height, with oversized feet, heads, hands, wrists, and weapons. Making these parts oversized allows for more details to be present in the miniatures. Some of these exaggerations began as concessions to the limitations of primitive mold-making and sculpting techniques, but they have evolved into stylistic conventions. Figurines with these exaggerated features are often referred to as <i>heroic scale</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scale_creep">Scale creep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scale creep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a noted tendency in miniature figure manufacture where over time for bigger and bigger figures to be produced. Larger models were easier to produce correctly, especially in the 20th century; bigger details come out better, and larger surfaces are easier to paint. When a company sees that people are still buying the larger models, that's an incentive for them to continue making larger ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miniature_figure_scale">Miniature figure scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Miniature figure scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_scale_model_sizes" title="List of scale model sizes">List of scale model sizes</a></div> <p>This is a relative scale that compares the size of the model to the size of a real life object.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ratio will show how many times the model is smaller than the original size. The meaning of 15 mm (for example) is therefore dependent on a defined reference height. Thus 15 mm in the context of a dwarven world where the reference humanoid is 60 inches (152 cm) tall, is not equivalent to 15 mm in the context an NBA model where the reference humanoid is 2 meters tall. Both models can be described as 15 mm, but the real world sizes depend on the size of the reference humanoid. In practice, the reference humanoid is generally assumed to be the idea of the average height of the human male, within a 6-inch (15 cm) interval between 5.5 and 6 feet (168 and 183 cm), unless otherwise indicated by the designer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average human height is heavily dependent on the population measured within a geographical region and historical era. </p><p>The following chart provides a numerical relationship between model scale and multiple figurine scales based on the platonic idea of the height of a human being (humanoid). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Miniature figure scale chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6"> </th> <th>12" </th> <th>60" </th> <th>66" </th> <th>72" </th></tr> <tr> <th>1:N </th> <th colspan="5">1 model inch </th> <th colspan="4">Humanoid </th></tr> <tr> <th>Scale </th> <th>Meters </th> <th>Feet </th> <th>Inches </th> <th>cm </th> <th>mm </th> <th>mm </th> <th>mm </th> <th>mm </th> <th>mm </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>0.0254</td> <td>0.0833</td> <td>1</td> <td>2.54</td> <td>25.4</td> <td>304.80</td> <td>1524</td> <td>1676</td> <td>1829 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>0.3048</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>30.48</td> <td>304.8</td> <td>25.40</td> <td>127.00</td> <td>139.70</td> <td>152.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>0.6096</td> <td>2</td> <td>24</td> <td>60.96</td> <td>609.6</td> <td>12.70</td> <td>63.50</td> <td>69.85</td> <td>76.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>0.9144</td> <td>3</td> <td>36</td> <td>91.44</td> <td>914.4</td> <td>8.47</td> <td>42.33</td> <td>46.57</td> <td>50.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>1.2192</td> <td>4</td> <td>48</td> <td>121.92</td> <td>1219.2</td> <td>6.35</td> <td>31.75</td> <td>34.93</td> <td>38.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>1.524</td> <td>5</td> <td>60</td> <td>152.4</td> <td>1524</td> <td>5.08</td> <td>25.40</td> <td>27.94</td> <td>30.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>1.8288</td> <td>6</td> <td>72</td> <td>182.88</td> <td>1828.8</td> <td>4.23</td> <td>21.17</td> <td>23.28</td> <td>25.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>2.1336</td> <td>7</td> <td>84</td> <td>213.36</td> <td>2133.6</td> <td>3.63</td> <td>18.14</td> <td>19.96</td> <td>21.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>2.4384</td> <td>8</td> <td>96</td> <td>243.84</td> <td>2438.4</td> <td>3.18</td> <td>15.88</td> <td>17.46</td> <td>19.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td>2.7432</td> <td>9</td> <td>108</td> <td>274.32</td> <td>2743.2</td> <td>2.82</td> <td>14.11</td> <td>15.52</td> <td>16.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>120</td> <td>3.048</td> <td>10</td> <td>120</td> <td>304.8</td> <td>3048</td> <td>2.54</td> <td>12.70</td> <td>13.97</td> <td>15.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>144</td> <td>3.6576</td> <td>12</td> <td>144</td> <td>365.76</td> <td>3657.6</td> <td>2.12</td> <td>10.58</td> <td>11.64</td> <td>12.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>180</td> <td>4.572</td> <td>15</td> <td>180</td> <td>457.2</td> <td>4572</td> <td>1.69</td> <td>8.47</td> <td>9.31</td> <td>10.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>240</td> <td>6.096</td> <td>20</td> <td>240</td> <td>609.6</td> <td>6096</td> <td>1.27</td> <td>6.35</td> <td>6.99</td> <td>7.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>300</td> <td>7.62</td> <td>25</td> <td>300</td> <td>762</td> <td>7620</td> <td>1.02</td> <td>5.08</td> <td>5.59</td> <td>6.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>360</td> <td>9.144</td> <td>30</td> <td>360</td> <td>914.4</td> <td>9144</td> <td>0.85</td> <td>4.23</td> <td>4.66</td> <td>5.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>480</td> <td>12.192</td> <td>40</td> <td>480</td> <td>1219.2</td> <td>12192</td> <td>0.64</td> <td>3.18</td> <td>3.49</td> <td>3.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>600</td> <td>15.24</td> <td>50</td> <td>600</td> <td>1524</td> <td>15240</td> <td>0.51</td> <td>2.54</td> <td>2.79</td> <td>3.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>720</td> <td>18.288</td> <td>60</td> <td>720</td> <td>1828.8</td> <td>18288</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>2.12</td> <td>2.33</td> <td>2.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>840</td> <td>21.336</td> <td>70</td> <td>840</td> <td>2133.6</td> <td>21336</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>1.81</td> <td>2.00</td> <td>2.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>900</td> <td>22.86</td> <td>75</td> <td>900</td> <td>2286</td> <td>22860</td> <td>0.34</td> <td>1.69</td> <td>1.86</td> <td>2.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>960</td> <td>24.384</td> <td>80</td> <td>960</td> <td>2438.4</td> <td>24384</td> <td>0.32</td> <td>1.59</td> <td>1.75</td> <td>1.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080</td> <td>27.432</td> <td>90</td> <td>1080</td> <td>2743.2</td> <td>27432</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>1.41</td> <td>1.55</td> <td>1.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200</td> <td>30.48</td> <td>100</td> <td>1200</td> <td>3048</td> <td>30480</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>1.27</td> <td>1.40</td> <td>1.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800</td> <td>45.72</td> <td>150</td> <td>1800</td> <td>4572</td> <td>45720</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>0.85</td> <td>0.93</td> <td>1.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400</td> <td>60.96</td> <td>200</td> <td>2400</td> <td>6096</td> <td>60960</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>0.64</td> <td>0.70</td> <td>0.76 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Figure_painting_(hobby)" title="Figure painting (hobby)">Figure painting (hobby)</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing gamers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargaming">wargamers</a> paint their miniatures to differentiate characters or units on a gaming surface (terrain, battle mat, or unadorned table top). </p><p>Fantasy, role-playing, miniatures, and wargaming conventions sometimes feature miniature painting competitions, such as <a href="/wiki/Golden_Demon" title="Golden Demon">Games Workshop's Golden Demon contest</a>. There are also many painting competitions on the internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Miniature_model_(gaming)" title="Special:EditPage/Miniature model (gaming)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_wargame_mini_sprue_horizontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plastic_wargame_mini_sprue_horizontal.jpg/220px-Plastic_wargame_mini_sprue_horizontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plastic_wargame_mini_sprue_horizontal.jpg/330px-Plastic_wargame_mini_sprue_horizontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plastic_wargame_mini_sprue_horizontal.jpg/440px-Plastic_wargame_mini_sprue_horizontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Plastic miniature components on a <a href="/wiki/Sprue_(manufacturing)" title="Sprue (manufacturing)">sprue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two basic methods of manufacturing figures: centrifugal/gravity casting and <a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">plastic injection casting</a>. </p><p>Most metal and resin figures are made through <a href="/wiki/Spin_casting" title="Spin casting">spin casting</a>. Larger resin models, like buildings and vehicles, are sometimes gravity cast, which is a slower process. To gravity cast, a sculptor develops a master figure, which is then used to create rubber master and production moulds. The production moulds are used to cast the final commercial figures. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> figures are made by injection moulding. A machine heats plastic and injects it under high pressure into a steel mould. This is an expensive process; it is only cost effective when manufacturing large amounts of figures, since the quantity renders the cost per cast minimal. Many miniatures companies do not produce their figures themselves but leave the manufacturing to specialized casting companies or miniatures companies that have casting facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpting">Sculpting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sculpting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Miniature_model_(gaming)" title="Special:EditPage/Miniature model (gaming)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most miniatures are hand sculpted using two-component epoxy putties in the same size as the final figure. The components of the putty are mixed together to create a sculpting compound that hardens over 48 hours. Some common brands include Polymerics Kneadatite blue\yellow (also known as "green stuff" and "Duro" in Europe), Milliput, A&B, Magic sculpt, and Kraftmark's ProCreate. </p><p>Until recently, sculptors avoided <a href="/wiki/Polymer_clays" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer clays">polymer clays</a> as they cannot withstand the traditional mould-making process. Modern techniques using <a href="/wiki/RTV_silicone" title="RTV silicone">RTV silicone</a> and softer-quality rubbers have made it possible to use weaker materials, so that polymer clay masters have become more common. <a href="/wiki/Fimo" title="Fimo">Fimo</a> clay is popular, though due to the individual properties of certain colours, only a limited selection of colours is used. </p><p>Masters for plastic miniatures are often made in a larger scale, often three times the required size. The master is measured with a probe linked to a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a> that reduces the measurements to the correct size and drives the cutter that makes the moulds. </p><p>A more recent development is the use of digital 3D models made by computer artists. These digital models create a physical model for mould-making using <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a> techniques. Alternatively, they can be used directly to drive a <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">computer numerical control</a> machine that cuts the steel mould. They can also simply skip moulding steps and directly produce miniatures from 3D models.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miniatures_in_Dungeons_&_Dragons"><span id="Miniatures_in_Dungeons_.26_Dragons"></span>Miniatures in <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Miniatures in Dungeons & Dragons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Miniature_model_(gaming)" title="Special:EditPage/Miniature model (gaming)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Originally, <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> was an evolution of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chainmail_(game)" title="Chainmail (game)">Chainmail</a></i> medieval miniatures game,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the distinction that each player controlled a single figure and had a wider variety of actions available. The <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons_(1974)" title="Dungeons & Dragons (1974)">original <i>D&D</i> boxed set</a> bore the subtitle, "Rules for Fantastic Miniature Wargames Campaigns Playable with Paper and Pencil and Miniature Figures". However, <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i> did not require miniatures, referring to them as "only aesthetically pleasing".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Advanced Dungeons & Dragons</i> likewise included a relatively short section describing miniature use, in conjunction with the official <i>AD&D</i> miniatures being produced at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the game developed, miniatures became more of an optional add-on.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>AD&D 2nd Edition</i> accessory <i>Player's Option: Combat & Tactics</i> introduced a more elaborate grid-based combat system that emphasized the use of miniatures; a streamlined version of some of these concepts appeared in <i>D&D</i> 3rd edition. Although not strictly necessary, the 4th edition of the game assumes the use of miniatures, and many game mechanics refer explicitly to the combat grid. In addition to reducing ambiguity about the size and position of characters, this allows the game to specify rules for reach, threatened areas, and movement rates. The 5th edition de-emphasized these mechanics, and returned the use of miniatures to mostly optional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2D_miniatures">2D miniatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2D miniatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Miniature_model_(gaming)" title="Special:EditPage/Miniature model (gaming)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some games feature miniatures printed on cardboard or cardstock, and some companies have published such miniatures to be used in place of miniature models. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games" title="Steve Jackson Games">Steve Jackson Games</a> published the <i><a href="/wiki/Cardboard_Heroes" title="Cardboard Heroes">Cardboard Heroes</a></i> line, and included cardstock miniatures in <i><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson%27s_Man_to_Man" title="Steve Jackson's Man to Man">Steve Jackson's Man to Man</a></i>, and then in the <i><a href="/wiki/GURPS_Basic_Set" title="GURPS Basic Set">GURPS Basic Set</a></i> and supplements such as <i><a href="/wiki/GURPS_Autoduel" title="GURPS Autoduel">GURPS Autoduel</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zargonians" title="Zargonians">Zargonians</a></i> was another early line of cardboard miniatures.</li> <li>The <i>Dungeons & Dragons Basic</i> game included cardstock miniatures in supplements and adventures such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kidnapping_of_Princess_Arelina" title="The Kidnapping of Princess Arelina">The Kidnapping of Princess Arelina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Rusak" title="The Revenge of Rusak">The Revenge of Rusak</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Veiled_Society" title="The Veiled Society">The Veiled Society</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gem_and_the_Staff" title="The Gem and the Staff">The Gem and the Staff</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Super_Heroes_(role-playing_game)" title="Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game)">Marvel Super Heroes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/TSR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="TSR (company)">TSR</a> included cardstock miniatures, and was supplemented by <i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Fold-Up_Figures" title="Adventure Fold-Up Figures">Adventure Fold-Up Figures</a></i> and more in <i><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_the_Viper" title="Pit of the Viper">Pit of the Viper</a></i>.</li> <li>Other games that featured such 2D miniatures include <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Patrol" title="Star Patrol">Star Patrol</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ringworld_(role-playing_game)" title="Ringworld (role-playing game)">Ringworld</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonroar" title="Dragonroar">Dragonroar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Judge_Dredd:_The_Role-Playing_Game" title="Judge Dredd: The Role-Playing Game">Judge Dredd: The Role-Playing Game</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/TWERPS" title="TWERPS">TWERPS</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Space:_1889" title="Space: 1889">Space: 1889</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meeple" title="Meeple">Meeple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_conversion" title="Miniature conversion">Miniature conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_figure" title="Model figure">Model figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaming_miniatures_companies" title="List of gaming miniatures companies">List of gaming miniatures companies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toysoldierco.com/resources/toysoldierhistory.htm">"A Brief History of Toy Soldiers"</a>. <q>Toy soldiers have been collected since the time of the Pharaohs. First made from wood, stone, clay and metal for the nobility and the rich</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Toy+Soldiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toysoldierco.com%2Fresources%2Ftoysoldierhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bigalow, Robert 1993. "Through the Looking Glass", <i>Dragon Magazine</i> 192:112–118 (April 1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi">N.Y. P.B.H. Law § 1376-a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bigalow, Robert 1984. "Through the Looking Glass", <i>Dragon</i> 205:114–122 (May 1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbritain.com/">"A Brief History of Toy Soldiers"</a>. <q>Overview William Britain, ... Our ranges include traditional toy style figures in 1/32 scale (54mm / 2.125" tall)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Toy+Soldiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbritain.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGygax1972" class="citation book cs1">Gygax, Gary (1972). <i>Chainmail rules for medieval miniatures</i> (2 ed.). Belfast, Maine: Guidion Games. p. 4. <q>The ratio of figures to men assumed is 1:20, the ground scale is 1:10 yards, and One turn of play is roughly equivalent to one minute of time in battle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chainmail+rules+for+medieval+miniatures&rft.place=Belfast%2C+Maine&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Guidion+Games&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Gygax&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGygax1972" class="citation book cs1">Gygax, Gary (1972). <i>Chainmail rules for medieval miniatures</i> (2 ed.). Belfast, Maine: Guidion Games. p. 4. <q>The ratio of figures to men assumed is 1:20 .......The troop ratio will hold true for 30mm figures, but if a smaller scale is used it should be reduced to 1:10.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chainmail+rules+for+medieval+miniatures&rft.place=Belfast%2C+Maine&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Guidion+Games&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Gygax&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amazon_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Airfix-A04204-Bismarck-Warship-Classic/dp/B0002HZWIG">"Amazon.com: Airfix A04204 1:600 Scale Bismarck Warship Classic Kit Series 4: Toys & Games"</a>. <i>Amazon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=Amazon.com%3A+Airfix+A04204+1%3A600+Scale+Bismarck+Warship+Classic+Kit+Series+4%3A+Toys+%26+Games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FAirfix-A04204-Bismarck-Warship-Classic%2Fdp%2FB0002HZWIG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-1.2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S-1.2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmra.org/sites/default/files/standards/sandrp/pdf/S-1.2%202009.07.pdf">"NMRA Standards: S-1.2 Standards for Scale Models"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NMRA.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NMRA.org&rft.atitle=NMRA+Standards%3A+S-1.2+Standards+for+Scale+Models&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmra.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fstandards%2Fsandrp%2Fpdf%2FS-1.2%25202009.07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/scales.html">The Miniatures Page: All About Scales</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadmon2016" class="citation web cs1">Kadmon (2016-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkony.enerla.net/english/the-nexus/miniatures-nexus/miniature-hobby/miniature-size-miniature-scale">"The complete guide to miniature size and miniature scale"</a>. <i>alkony.enerla.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alkony.enerla.net&rft.atitle=The+complete+guide+to+miniature+size+and+miniature+scale&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.au=Kadmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falkony.enerla.net%2Fenglish%2Fthe-nexus%2Fminiatures-nexus%2Fminiature-hobby%2Fminiature-size-miniature-scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cincy-miniatures.org/index.php/about-miniature-scales/">"About Miniature Scales"</a>. <i>The Miniature Society of Cincinnati</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Miniature+Society+of+Cincinnati&rft.atitle=About+Miniature+Scales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcincy-miniatures.org%2Findex.php%2Fabout-miniature-scales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theminiaturespage.com/ref/scales.html">"TMP All About Scales"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TMP+All+About+Scales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheminiaturespage.com%2Fref%2Fscales.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tactilehobby.com/miniature-scales/">"Miniature Scales: The Complete Guide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miniature+Scales%3A+The+Complete+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftactilehobby.com%2Fminiature-scales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStew_Shearer2014" class="citation web cs1">Stew Shearer (2014-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/131345-Hero-Forge-Kickstarter-Aims-to-Provide-Custom-Minis-for-Tabletop-RPGs">"Hero Forge Kickstarter Aims to Provide Custom Minis for Tabletop RPGs | The Escapist"</a>. <i>Escapistmagazine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Escapistmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Hero+Forge+Kickstarter+Aims+to+Provide+Custom+Minis+for+Tabletop+RPGs+%26%23124%3B+The+Escapist&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.au=Stew+Shearer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escapistmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2F131345-Hero-Forge-Kickstarter-Aims-to-Provide-Custom-Minis-for-Tabletop-RPGs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+model+%28gaming%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gygax and Arneson, 1974, <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i> Vol-1, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gygax and Arneson, 1974, <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i> Vol-1, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gygax, 1979, <i>AD&D Dungeon Masters Guide</i>, p. 10-11: "The special figures cast for <i>Advanced Dungeons & Dragons</i> add color to play and make refereeing far easier. Each player might be required to furnish painted figures representing his or her player character and all henchmen and/or hirelings included in the game session."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gygax, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enworld.org/forum/1263669-post6.html">ENWorld game forums</a>: "I don't usually employ miniatures in my RPG play. We ceased that when we moved from Chainmail Fantasy to D&D."</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&oldid=1262448903">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miniature_model_(gaming)&oldid=1262448903</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Figurines" title="Category:Figurines">Figurines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Miniature_figures" title="Category:Miniature figures">Miniature figures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Role-playing_game_terminology" title="Category:Role-playing game terminology">Role-playing game terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scale_modeling" title="Category:Scale modeling">Scale modeling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_sculpture" title="Category:Types of sculpture">Types of sculpture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2021">Articles needing additional references from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2023">Articles needing additional references from July 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 December 2024, at 13:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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